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Feng Zhenluan： The heart after that will not be the heart before; the previous heart desired for sexual lust, what will the new heart desire? I would like to ask.
馮鎮巒：此後之心非向日之心也，向日之心好色，此後之心何好，吾欲問之。
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Yicong Wang: This edition of the text is from the Jain Publishing Company’s edition, edited and translated by Sidney L. Sondergard.
This edition also includes the Qing Dynasty's Commentaries (1644—1912), from editions edited by Ren Duxing.
The digital reading platform edition is edited, and the historical comments are translated by Yicong Wang.
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Yicong Wang: This edition is only used for the course assignment BKS 2000 at the University of Toronto.
Editor's Introduction:
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Feng Zhenluan: The writing was incisive.
馮鎮巒：筆鋒鋭入。
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Add Your Comments By Highlighting This Bubble.
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academic.oup.com academic.oup.comNotes1
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Loyalty is not the same as habit. A habit is something we do repeatedly without thinking first, while loyalty is shaped by love and felt deeply in our hearts. Whether it’s loyalty to our faith or to the people we care about. We cannot be loyal without love, a strong foundation, and careful consideration for what we’re committing to. Loyalty grows naturally from within us, with no force, orders, or need to please others. We act on it from the heart. It's not like loyalty, habits that run on autopilot without any real feeling.
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media.dltj.org media.dltj.org
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works with third party cameras. Which means that if you own a store and you install this retail network surveillance camera and your parking lot, Flock will happily act as a middleman and ingest and aggregate the data from it.
Flock now aggregates content from third-party camera systems
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_ How exactly does remotely spying on kids practicing gymnastics make them safer?_ from Benn Jordan on YouTube
Notes
Read the entire report here: https://jasonhunyar.substack.com/p/why-are-flock-employees-watching-720?r=7c08v8
I don't care if it's for technical reasons, product demos, or whatever excuse we'll hear. There is simply no acceptable reason to remotely view children via a preschool or private gym's cameras unless a serious crime was committed.
I want to be 100% clear here about something I don't take lightly. This post is NOT accusing anyone of pedophilia, and I'm not saying that because a lawyer told me to.
I do not know why they were accessed, but there certainly ARE reasons these cameras may have been accessed by employees that are not personal, such as product demos to other clients. I do not think that is an appropriate reason because the people in the community center did not consent, nor have a reason to believe that they were being watched by Flock employees or police via a remote location.
Regardless of the reason, I do not think it was appropriate, and it's up to the community center and its members on how seriously they want to take it or if they want to file charges.
I can't police every comment, nor do I want to, but please do consider that frivolous pedo accusations often chip away at the seriousness of circumstances where children were abused.
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no unauthorized users, including Flock Safety employees have access to the footage. Okay, well, a Dunwoody police officer by the name of Bob Carter searched the Flock database 63 times last year for all sorts of things like Person on skateboard or yellow truck. But the problem is, Bob isn't a Dunwoody police officer. He's not a police officer at all. He's Flock's VP of business development and also a registered lobbyist.
Flock's VP of Business Development accessing cameras
Seemingly against the company's stated policy, a Flock employee accessed public and private cameras.
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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Now it’s your turn, choose some data that you might want to store on a social media type, and think through the storage types and constraints you might want to use:
For these kinds of fields, it’s important to pick input types that make the data both accurate and easy to use. For age, it’s better to use a date of birth picker instead of just typing a number, because age changes over time and the system can calculate it automatically. For name, using a display name field works best, since it gives people flexibility, but you can also add optional first and last name fields if needed for organization. For address, structured fields like street, city, state, and country are better than free text because they keep the data clean and consistent, and autocomplete can help avoid mistakes.
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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Text messaging. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184681792. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Text_messaging&oldid=1184681792 (visited on 2023-11-24).
I found this source interesting and overall talked about the idea of SMS texting and how it evolved into a dominant communication tool. It mentions that text messaging originally came from the Short Message Service which was constrained to about 160 characters leading to users to abbreviate words to common words we use today like lol or u. Something that started as a technical limitation ended up influencing language and culture globally. Because early communication tools like texting weren't just about sending messages, but also about shaping how people interact and express themselves. These design constraints in tech can unintentionally create long term behavioral changes.
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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In the 1980s and 1990s, Bulletin board system (BBS) [e6] provided more communal ways of communicating and sharing messages.
This system actually stood out to me in this reading of this chapter because it shows how much effort and intention went into communication during the Web 1.0 era compared to our modern day now. For example, having to create your own personal webpage or actively join specific spaces like the BBS meant that users had to be way more deliberate about where and how they would interact. This made me think more about how different it was from now where content is constantly pushed to us through algorithms where back then you would have to go find conversations where the conversations find you now. I feel like this shift has contributed to things like doomscrolling because there is way less friction and work to accessing so much content. I do have a question if the web back then was able to create more or less meaningful interactions than nowadays because there weren't as many features but people had a sense to choose to be apart of something.
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siglo21.instructure.com siglo21.instructure.com
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fda sd a
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unjournal.github.io unjournal.github.io
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Approach
please see this paper for gene editing and what the technology can be used for https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004224021023
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how to fork
I agree this should be discussed, but should concern only the cells that end up in the final biomass, not any processing aids
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genetic modification, so jurisdictions that restrict GM inputs may face structurally higher GF costs
The fact that the GFs are produced by genetic modifications of a production organism does not restrict their use even in jurisdictions like the EU (which is the most strict). GFs are used as "processing aids" during cell culture, expected to be removed from the final biomass. Therefore it is not a concern per se if they are produced in genetically modified organisms (there are some requirements to prove their safety but it is something very simple to do)
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Technology breakthrough?
certain cells can be adapted to grow with reduced amounts, AND gene editing can reduce significantly the need for growth factors - there are multiple strategies to do that, including mutation in growth factor receptors (to activate them) or by "helping" the cells expressing their own growth factors
just saw this is mentioned below for the CRISPR-modified cell lines. I think the technology is there, but needs to be demonstrated and safety needs to be proven
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5-10 days
I am not sure this is true - this is more for a fed-batch system where you still supplement the cells with stuff, otherwise as cells increase in density they will run out of nutrients pretty fast
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cells lose performance.
cells in a bank don't lose performance; that's why the banking system is in place. All cells in a bank are supposed to perform the same way to ensure safety of the production process
also the banking system works in a tiered way, to also ensure that you don't easily "run out" of vials.
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Can become any cell type
not true, they are usually limited in what cell types they can differentiate into
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Immortalized lines
the description, Pros and cons here are more appropriate for the immortalised cells by gene editing. Spontaneous immortalisation don't have these Pros and Cons, and the reference paper refers to spontaneous immortalisation. The concepts of spontaneous vs gene edited immortalisation are used interchangeably throughout this page and it is confusing - especially because the distinction is extremely important when it comes to regulatory approvals but also risks during production process
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before senescence)
but they can be immortalised (spontaneously or by gene editing) --> immortalised cells are usually adult stem cells (from tissue) that are then immortalised
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Types Used
embryonic stem cells are also used, and they are naturally immortal, but might have problems with consumer acceptance
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expand the isolated cells by growing them in culture;
this here is contradicting the above explanation that a cell line is derived from only one cell
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living animal
or tissue at slaughter
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I would not say artificially -cells can only be immortalised spontaneously (as discussed in the table above explaining Why chicken) or through targeted genetic modification
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lines
a cell line in the cultivated meat context is never derived from one cell only (this is the case sometimes in pharmacies industry only), but from a population of cells that the researchers select for (based on the desired trait)
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living animal
or from animals at slaughter, which is more common
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a rare natural trait that avoids GMO concerns
this is not a natural trait - spontaneous immortalisation means that a few cells acquired some spontaneous mutations which allow them to divide in culture for longer than other cells. It is a rare event that can happen in all cells, but it is very random (hence "spontaneous"). In fish cells for example this can happen even more often. In other species (cow, pigs) it apparently happens less often, but it can still happen given enough time (Pasitka et al published the paper in 2025 spontaneously immortalising beef cells)
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www.google.com www.google.com
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video, or audio data to train Artificial
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JoHanna
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Case one: “Geoffrey”- Intent toward self-harm in the (apparent) absence of mental illness
make this match other headings. and then separate and indent the next sentence as the start of the paragraph.
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a fewyears ago.
? when was this written. 1991 was over 30 years ago.
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Consequently, thereseems to be no a priori reason why psychiatrists should always find themselves bound to tryto prevent a patient from taking their own life, or why cases of ‘psychiatric euthanasia’,similar in all morally relevant respects to cases of euthanasia in physical medicine, might notoccur.
I think.... misuse of a comma near the end. I am struggling to understand what the sentence is saying. Defining some words for myself may help with this. This sentence, and the ones that follow it, seem to be attempting to lead into/transition the next sentence.
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down patients,and also to affect a decrease in suicide rates generally. I
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on the other with ever greater pressures andincreasing personal responsibility
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diametrically opposite directions
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act provided they act
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However inrecent years
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In Belgium
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Despite several indictments
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a right to die
I have heard this term before and am considering whether or not it needs to be capitalized.
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In the US
comma after? style sheet - they use both United States and US in the previous sentence. So, while the usage is uniform to the previous abbreviated form its usage may be incorrect.
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US district court
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and a 1994 referendum by citizens of Oregonwhich approved assisted suicide
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. The legalityof this has been upheld in court decisions in the UK most notably that concerning Tony Blandwho survived in a persistent vegetative state following the Roseborough football stadiumdisaster (Sherban, 1992).
punctuation, wording, verify.
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However, before the development of modern medical techniques and the ability to extend lifein the case of chronic or terminal illness euthanasia was less of an issue than it is today, asmedicine advances in its abilities to prolong life the public acceptability of Euthanasiaappears to be growing.
this should be two sentences.
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before the development of modern medical techniques and the ability to extend lifein the case of chronic or terminal illness euthanasia
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icy (More, 1516).However,
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‘The Health of the Nation’,
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‘deliberate self harm”
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The decriminalisation of suicide consolidated its position as a subject deserving ofscientific research and medical endeavour.
huh?
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A. Purdie wrote about his ownattempt in the 1950’s:‘At some point the police came, as suicide in those days was still a criminal offence.They sat heavily but rather sympathetically by my bed and asked me questions they clearlydidn’t want me to answer. When I tried to explain they shushed me “It was an accident,wasn’t it sir?” Dimly I agreed. They went away.’ (Purdie, 1974).
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if indeed they yet have died outtoday.
reword?
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Unsure — I'd want to discuss this further
Initial feedback is closer to $200K as pilot but open to discuss
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What's the single biggest risk or concern you see with this concept?
Need for guardrails
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What's the single biggest opportunity you see with this concept?
Civic participation and a connectivity between the region and it's youth; research potential
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Yes
Yes but would want more definition to confirm diversity of the cohort
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Are there specific aspects you want to see changed?
More detail about selection criteria; more guidelines for grantmaking authority
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FYI This is labeled as We Can be in the hypothesis list.
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Other ideas have more optimism and potential
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What's the single biggest risk or concern you see with this concept?
Concept is built around identification of problems vs. opportunities and has risk of being confrontational
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Unsure — I'd want to discuss this further
Needs further discussion
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What's the single biggest risk or concern you see with this concept?
Time commitment and uncertainty of commitment of public officials
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What's the single biggest opportunity you see with this concept?
Cohort of new leaders coming from less likely corners of the community
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Partially — the intent is right but the mechanism may not reach them
Possibly but not certain
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Are there specific aspects you want to see changed?
Exploration of expanding existing regional leadership programs vs. launching something new
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Concerned about the length of time and commitment needed by participants and civic leaders
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You don’t realise how slow/laggy VSCode and the all of the forks are until
You don't? No, I do.
How could you not?
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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The kubelet is an agent running on each node, control plane and workers, and it communicates with the control plane. It receives Pod definitions, primarily from the API Server, and interacts with the container runtime on the node to run containers associated with the Pod. It also monitors the health and resources of Pods running containers.
The kubelet connects to container runtimes through a plugin based interface - the Container Runtime Interface (CRI). The CRI consists of protocol buffers, gRPC API, libraries, and additional specifications and tools. In order to connect to interchangeable container runtimes, kubelet uses a CRI shim, an application which provides a clear abstraction layer between kubelet and the container runtime.
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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The kube-proxy is the network agent which runs on each node, control plane and workers, responsible for dynamic updates and maintenance of all networking rules on the node. It abstracts the details of Pods networking and forwards connection requests to the containers in the Pods.
The kube-proxy node agent operates in conjunction with the iptables of the node.
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v0-painted-skin.vercel.app v0-painted-skin.vercel.app
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Bibliography: v0 by Vercel
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Dan Minglun: She was clearly a beautiful woman, yet had a bluish-green face and jagged, saw-like teeth, only wearing a coloured-painted human skin? Those in the world who confuse people with gaudiness are actually those people who wear human skin, and paint them with coloured pen every day. Alas, that is so scary!
但明倫：明明麗人也，而乃翠面鋸齒，徒披采繪之人皮者乎？世之以妖冶惑人者，固日日鋪人皮，執采筆而繪者也。吁！可畏矣！
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Feng Zhenluan: Everyone would see her and call her a beauty, but I would see her as a fiendish ghost. If everyone had my eyes, they would all be man with no amorous feelings. My heart is like a dead tree, abstinent like the sage, deity, or Buddha. Otherwise, if the mind is deluded by desires, I will be dust in the grave.
馮鎮巒: 人見呼佳人，我見如獰鬼，人人如我眼，便是魯男子。此心即枯木，聖賢仙佛矣，不然心眼迷，北邙山下土。
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Dan Minglun: Even if she were really an escapee, how could he just be greedy and keep her hidden? It was actually inviting the ghost into his house, his wife advised him, yet he would not listen; the Daoist priest warned him, yet he would not awaken. How deeply seductive beauty can be!
但明倫：即令真是在亡之人，又豈可貪而匿之？明明引鬼入宅，妻勸之而不從，道士言之而不悟，色之迷人甚矣哉！
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Dan Minglun: Death was about to come, but he did not awake. How clear that priest's advice to him; but when he first heard it, he doubted it; when he rethought about it, he thought it was crazy. Loyal advice is harsh to the ear; it is always this case!
但明倫：死將臨而不悟，其言何等真切；乃初聞之而疑，轉思之，且以爲妄矣。忠言逆耳，固如是夫！
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He Shouqi: Flirting Again.
何守奇：再挑之。
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Feng Zhenluan: How could there be few people like this in the world?
馮鎮巒：天下如此人豈少也哉？
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He Shouqi: Flirting for the third time.
何守奇：三挑之
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He Shouqi: Flirting.
何守奇：挑之。
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Sidney L. Sondergard: Qingdi: Literally, “Green Emperor.”
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Yicong Wang: This edition of the text is from the Jain Publishing Company’s edition, edited and translated by Sidney L. Sondergard.
This edition also includes the Qing Dynasty's Commentaries (1644—1912), from editions edited by Ren Duxing.
The digital reading platform edition is edited, and the historical comments are translated by Yicong Wang.
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Yicong Wang: Qing Dynasty's Commentators (1644—1912)
Dan Minglun 但明倫 (1782－1855)
He Shouqi 何守奇 (commented around 1816-1823)
Feng Zhenluan 馮鎮巒 (1760—1830)
Fang Shuyan 方舒巖 (commented around 1811)
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馮鎮巒：筆鋒鋭入。
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Sidney L. Sondergard: First watch: Approximately 7:00-9:00 p.m.
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〔何評〕魅挑生之言甚工。使非有以自持，無不入其彀中矣。然魅之爲魅可畏，非魅之魅仍可畏，是故君子慎之。道士以蠅拂授王生，終不能救王生之死，是道士不濟。瘋者以咯痰啖生妻，乃竟能致王生之生，彼瘋者何人？
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〔方評〕皮曷云畫？冶容也。畫曷云皮？臭囊也。乃世見容忘臭如王生者，以爲眉若遠山，眼如秋水，云鬢桃腮，櫻唇犀齒，與夫鷄頭乳、楊柳腰、金蓮步、芙蓉脂肉，聚天下之怡情悦目者悉備於此。一旦抱裯獨走，遂逃獅吼之憂；携手同歸，我慰蝶隨之慕，有不待玉體横陳，而魂已消于阿堵矣。蠅拂懸，寢門折，獰鬼口張，心亡肚裂。嗚呼！斬獰鬼首者獰鬼也，非道士也。掬王生心者王生也，非獰鬼也。設獰鬼能不害人，則可以免乎木劍；王生能不漁色，又何至使其妻遭夫亡之慘，復拒食唾之羞？由是觀之，較視玉容爲臭皮囊更爲毛髮悚然。其如狂且之不悟何。
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〔馮評〕此後之心非向日之心也，向日之心好色，此後之心何好，吾欲問之
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〔但評〕咯痰唾以爲人心，仙術則奇；所苦者，强啖之人耳。不知其復活以後，亦嘗撫膺而痛心及此否。
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〔馮評〕善寫狀。
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Dan Minglun: 彼在亡之人，固已登子之牀矣。不爲裂肚掬心，何以與子寢合乎？然此其共見者耳；更有甚於裂肚掬心而無形跡可窺者，父母、妻子、兄弟、朋友、皆不得知，何處求人而活之哉？
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Add Your Comments By Highlighting This Bubble.
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〔但評〕麗人也，而老嫗矣、厲鬼矣，且卧嗥如猪，變作濃煙矣。衾裯中得意時，可謂無美不備矣。
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〔但評〕彼固愛佳人而甘心就死者，活之何爲？彼愛人之佳人，人亦將愛彼之佳人，彼之佳人且將轉而愛人矣。「人盡夫也，活之何爲？」此仙人警人語也，勿作瘋顛語看。
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〔馮評〕納後婦者其心黑，應攫取而食之。
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Who are the prospective funders and program partners that come to mind for this concept?
All funders
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Recommended ($225K) - 250 dinners, 2,500 participants
Agree
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What's the single biggest risk or concern you see with this concept?
Lack of diverse participation; challenging to facilitate; clarity about what happens after the meal.
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What's the single biggest opportunity you see with this concept
Aspirational to show opportunity to bridge divides.
Good storytelling with opportunity to gain regional interest and participation from people who may not typically have opportunity for involvement.
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Yes — the design puts the right people at the center
Appears that the intent is there
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Highlight this text and annotate with your answer. A sentence or two is plenty — what is missing that needs to be addressed during revisions?
Add focus on youth; more detail about diversity of participation
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Is there or could there be a youth component?
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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The kubelet is an agent running on each node, control plane and workers, and it communicates with the control plane. It receives Pod definitions, primarily from the API Server, and interacts with the container runtime on the node to run containers associated with the Pod. It also monitors the health and resources of Pods running containers.
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Worker Node Components: Container Runtime
A runtime is required on each nod of a Kubernetes cluster, both control plane and worker.
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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A worker node provides a running environment for client applications. These applications are microservices running as application containers. In Kubernetes the application containers are encapsulated in Pods, controlled by the cluster control plane agents running on the control plane node. Pods are scheduled on worker nodes, where they find required compute, memory and storage resources to run, and networking to talk to each other and the outside world. A Pod is the smallest scheduling work unit in Kubernetes. It is a logical collection of one or more containers scheduled together, and the collection can be started, stopped, or rescheduled as a single unit of work.
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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etcd: Key-Value Data Store
etcd is a strongly consistent, distributed key-value data store
only the API Server is able to communicate with the etcd data store
etcd topologies support HA configurations: At any given time, one of the nodes in the group will be the leader, and the rest of them will be the followers. etcd gracefully handles leader elections and can tolerate node failure, including leader node failures. Any node can be treated as a leader.
Annotators
URL
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learning.edx.org learning.edx.org
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controller managers
Controllers are watch-loop processes continuously running and comparing the cluster's desired state (provided by objects' configuration data) with its current state (obtained from the key-value store via the API Server). In case of a mismatch, corrective action is taken in the cluster until its current state matches the desired state.
The kube-controller-manager runs controllers or operators responsible to act when nodes become unavailable, to ensure container pod counts are as expected, to create endpoints, service accounts, and API access tokens.
The cloud-controller-manager runs controllers or operators responsible to interact with the underlying infrastructure of a cloud provider when nodes become unavailable, to manage storage volumes when provided by a cloud service, and to manage load balancing and routing.
Annotators
URL
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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We think this is one of the lower value ideas when looking at the stated ROI. If this is an idea you think has higher potential, consider how to talk about the outcomes and deliverables to the group.
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Would be helpful to have some detail on the 21st to validate the likelihood that this campaign can be in place before the 4th? What decisions would need to be made and by when to provide you with enough time to activate.
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Change title so that would not be tied to a Heinz program
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Remove from 21st presentation
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uj-cm-workshop.netlify.app uj-cm-workshop.netlify.app
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hydrolysates (replacing growth factors
hydrolysates can't replace growth factors technically; they could help replace the fetal bovine serum potentially, but you still require growth factors
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next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev next250.matt-hannigan.workers.dev
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Remove this brief from presentation for the 21st but work with Matt Barron to bring this as an idea to the Press Forward SWPA chapter.
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accessmedicine.mhmedical.com accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
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Children living under any condition that seriously threatens healthy and successful transition through a developmental stage are at risk for behavioral problems.
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Disorders are diagnosed in children when problems are not related to normal development, symptoms meet the threshold set out by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or related criteria, and the behaviors cause distress or impairment for the child.
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Pediatric behavioral medicine is closely linked to child development because many problematic childhood behaviors are developmentally normal.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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eLife Assessment
This important study shows that orientation tuning of V1 neurons is suppressed during a continuous flash suppression paradigm, especially in neurons with binocular receptive fields. These findings, made using cutting-edge imaging techniques, convincingly implicate early visual processing in continuous flash suppression, in agreement with previous studies suggesting reduced effective contrast of such stimuli in V1.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
[Editors' note: this version has been assessed by the Reviewing Editor without further input from the original reviewers. The authors have submitted a second revision, largely to address a comment from Reviewer 2, which was "The failure to model the neural data with an explicit model is a missed opportunity." The authors have now included a computational model.]
This study makes a fundamental contribution to our understanding of interocular suppression, particularly continuous flash suppression (CFS). Using neuroimaging data from two macaque monkeys, the study provides compelling evidence that CFS suppresses orientation responses in neurons within V1. These findings enrich the CFS literature by demonstrating that neural activity under CFS may prevent high-level visual and cognitive processing.
Comments on previous revisions:
The authors have addressed all my previous comments.
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The goal of this study was to investigate the degree to which low-level stimulus features (i.e., grating orientation) are processed in V1 when stimuli are not consciously perceived under conditions of continuous flash suppression (CFS). The authors measured the activity of a population of V1 neurons at single neuron resolution in awake fixating monkeys while they viewed dichoptic stimuli that consisted of an oriented grating presented to one eye and a noise stimulus to the other eye. Under such conditions, the mask stimulus can prevent conscious perception of the grating stimulus. By measuring the activity of neurons (with Ca2+ imaging) that preferred one or the other eye, the authors tested the degree of orientation processing that occurs during CFS.
Strengths:
The greatest strength of this study is the spatial resolution of the measurement and the ability to quantify stimulus representations during CSF in populations of neurons preferring the eye stimulated by either the grating or the mask. There have been a number of prominent fMRI studies of CFS, but all of them have had the limitation of pooling responses across neurons preferring either eye, effectively measuring the summed response across ocular dominance columns. The ability to isolate separate populations offers an exciting opportunity to study the precise neural mechanisms that give rise to CFS, and potentially provide insights into nonconscious stimulus processing.
Weaknesses:
(The authors have now included a computational model in the second revision.)
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Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
In this study, Tang, Yu & colleagues investigate the impact of continuous flash suppression (CFS) on the responses of V1 neurons using 2-photon calcium imaging. The report that CFS substantially suppressed V1 orientation responses. This suppression happens in a graded fashion depending on the binocular preference of the neuron: neurons preferring the eye that was presented with the marker stimuli were most suppressed, while the neurons preferring the eye to which the grating stimuli were presented were least suppressed. Binocular neuron exhibited an intermediate level of suppression.
Strengths:
The imaging techniques are cutting-edge.
Weaknesses:
The strength of CFS suppression varies across animals, but the authors attribute this to comparable heterogeneity in the human psychophysics literature.
Comments on previous revisions:
The authors have addressed my comments from the previous round of review, and I have no further comments.
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Author response:
The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews
Public Reviews:
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
This study makes a fundamental contribution to our understanding of interocular suppression, particularly continuous flash suppression (CFS). Using neuroimaging data from two macaque monkeys, the study provides compelling evidence that CFS suppresses orientation responses in neurons within V1. These findings enrich the CFS literature by demonstrating that neural activity under CFS may prevent high-level visual and cognitive processing.
Comments on revisions:
The authors have addressed all my previous comments.
Thanks for the very warm comments!
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The goal of this study was to investigate the degree to which low-level stimulus features (i.e., grating orientation) are processed in V1 when stimuli are not consciously perceived under conditions of continuous flash suppression (CFS). The authors measured the activity of a population of V1 neurons at single neuron resolution in awake fixating monkeys while they viewed dichoptic stimuli that consisted of an oriented grating presented to one eye and a noise stimulus to the other eye. Under such conditions, the mask stimulus can prevent conscious perception of the grating stimulus. By measuring the activity of neurons (with Ca2+ imaging) that preferred one or the other eye, the authors tested the degree of orientation processing that occurs during CFS.
Strengths:
The greatest strength of this study is the spatial resolution of the measurement and the ability to quantify stimulus representations during CSF in populations of neurons preferring the eye stimulated by either the grating or the mask. There have been a number of prominent fMRI studies of CFS, but all of them have had the limitation of pooling responses across neurons preferring either eye, effectively measuring the summed response across ocular dominance columns. The ability to isolate separate populations offers an exciting opportunity to study the precise neural mechanisms that give rise to CFS, and potentially provide insights into nonconscious stimulus processing.
Weaknesses:
However, while this is an impressive experimental setup, the major weakness of this study is that the experiments don't advance any theoretical account of why CFS occurs or what CFS implies for conscious visual perception. There are two broad camps of thinking with regard to CFS. On the one hand, Watanabe et al., 2011 reported that V1 activity remained intact during
CFS, implying that CFS interrupts stimulus processing downstream of V1. On the other hand, Yuval-Greenberg and Heeger (2013) showed that V1 activity is in fact reduced during CFS. By using a parametric experimental design, they measured the impact of the mask on the stimulus response as a function of contrast, and concluded that the mask reduces the gain of neural responses to the grating stimulus. They presented a theoretical model in which the mask effectively reduced the SNR of the grating, making it invisible in the same way that reducing contrast makes a stimulus invisible.
In the first submission of the manuscript, the authors incorrectly described the Yuval-Greenberg & Heeger (2013) paper and Watanabe et al. (2011) papers, suggesting that they had observed the same or similar effects of CFS on V1 activity, when in fact they had described opposite results. Reviewer 1 also observed that the authors appeared to be confused in their reading of these highly relevant papers. In the revision, the authors have reworked this paragraph, now correctly describing these sets of opposing results. However, I still do not understand what the authors are trying to argue: "...these studies were not designed to quantify the pure effect of CFS on stimulus-evoked V1 responses." I do not understand what is meant by "pure" in this case.
This is clarified as: “Nevertheless, these studies contrasted monocular and dichoptic masking conditions to equate stimulus input while manipulating perceptual visibility, which were not designed to quantify the pure effect of CFS on stimulus-evoked V1 responses, that is, the difference of BOLD signals between binocular masking and stimulus alone conditions.” (line 63)
Regardless, it is clear that the measurements in the present study strongly support the interpretation of Yuval-Greenberg & Heeger (i.e., that V1 activity is degraded by CFS, 'akin' to a loss in the contrast-to-noise ratio of neural activity). It would be appropriate for the authors to communicate this clearly.
We agree and added the following sentence in the text: “These results support the conclusion of Yuval-Greenberg and Heeger (2013) that V1 activity is degraded by CFS, ‘akin’ to a loss in the contrast-to-noise ratio of neural activity” (line 122)
I continue to be of the opinion that this study is lacking an adequate model of interocular interactions that might explain the Ca2+ imaging. The machine learning results are not terribly surprising - multivariate methods, such as SVMs, are more sensitive than univariate approaches. So it is plausible that an SVM can support decoding of the coarse orientation information, even when no tuning is evident in the univariate analyses. However, the link between this result and the underlying neurophysiology is opaque. The failure to model the neural data with an explicit model is a missed opportunity.
We agree and put “An ocular-dominance-dependent gain control model” back to the text. Fig. 2D now shows the results of model fitting.
(line 167)
An ocular-dominance-dependent gain control model
We developed an ocular dominance-dependent gain control model to account for the impact of CFS on V1 population orientation tuning. The model development followed two steps.
Step I. Population orientation tuning functions before CFS
The population orientation tuning functions due to monocular stimulation exhibited different amplitudes among OD groups (Fig. 2D, red curves), which could be simulated with Equation 1, an OD-weighted Gaussian basis function:
where parameters A, σ, and B corresponded to the amplitude, standard deviation, and minimal response of the Gaussian basis function, respectively, and θ represented the preferred orientation of a bin of neurons relative to the actual orientation of the grating stimulus. The weight parameter w was the mean of linearly transformed ODIs of neurons in a neuronal group, which equated to (ODI +1)/2 or 1 - (ODI + 1)/2, depending on contralateral or ipsilateral eye grating stimulation, and ranged from 0-1. Thus, a smaller w would indicate a higher preference for the eye seeing the grating, and a larger w would indicate a higher preference for the unstimulated eye (or the eye seeing the flashing masker under CFS). The w equated to 0.33, 0.50, and 0.67 in Monkey A, and 0.32, 0.5, and 0.68 in Monkey B, for the grating eye-preferring group, binocular group, and the masker eye-preferring group, respectively. The exponent s represented a nonlinear transformation.
Equation 1 fitted the baseline data well (Fig. 2D, red curves), resulting in goodness-of-fit (R<sup>2</sup>) values at 0.94 and 0.95 for the two monkeys, respectively. This indicated that the equation captured the OD-dependent population orientation tuning characteristics of V1 neurons with monocular stimulation before CFS.
Step II. The impacts of CFS
In step II, the model introduced several binocular combination factors to account for population orientation tuning functions under CFS.
To account for the OD-dependent changes of orientation tuning bandwidths under CFS, a w-dependent inhibition factor wt was introduced, which scaled the σ of the tuning functions, changing the monocular tunings R into R’:
This allowed different groups of neurons to exhibit various degrees of orientation tuning function broadening, capturing the pattern in which neurons preferring the eye seeing the grating displayed a sharper population orientation tuning curve under CFS than those preferring the eye seeing the masker.
Previous studies have shown that binocular neuronal responses can be modeled by incorporating interocular suppression and summation processes (Kato et al., 1981; Dougherty, Cox, Westerberg, & Maier, 2019; Zhang et al., 2024). Therefore, R’ was further normalized by the neural response to the flashing masker to simulate interocular suppression, which was the first component of Equation 3. Additionally, the neural response to the flashing masker was summed to simulate binocular summation, which was the second component of Equation 3. These two components when summed, determining the final neural responses under CFS:
where N was the empirical neural response to the monocularly presented flashing masker stimulation, a and b were scaling parameters, and k and m were nonlinearity parameters. The interocular normalization by masker response led to amplitude reduction of population orientation tuning functions for different groups of neurons, while the binocular summation with masker response elevated the minimal responses of tuning functions to their corresponding heights.
During the step II model fitting, the parameters A, σ, and s were inherited from the monocular tuning fits derived from Equation 1 and served as inputs, while the parameters a, k, b, m, and t were optimized. The model captured the CFS modulation on population orientation tuning curves well, with R2 = 0.99 and 0.98 for Monkeys A and B, respectively (Fig. 2D, red curves).
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
In this study, Tang, Yu & colleagues investigate the impact of continuous flash suppression (CFS) on the responses of V1 neurons using 2-photon calcium imaging. The report that CFS substantially suppressed V1 orientation responses. This suppression happens in a graded fashion depending on the binocular preference of the neuron: neurons preferring the eye that was presented with the marker stimuli were most suppressed, while the neurons preferring the eye to which the grating stimuli were presented were least suppressed. Binocular neuron exhibited an intermediate level of suppression.
Strengths:
The imaging techniques are cutting-edge.
Weaknesses:
The strength of CFS suppression varies across animals, but the authors attribute this to comparable heterogeneity in the human psychophysics literature.
Comments on revisions:
The authors have addressed my comments from the previous round of review, and I have no further comments
Thanks!
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Local file Local file
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Worked? 1
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Worked? 2
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Mediation
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Demographics 4
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Instruments 1
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www.e-flux.com www.e-flux.com
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The question that remains is whether we will choose to embrace slop or cultivate desire for something else entirely: cultural forms moving beyond synthetic reproduction, oriented toward flourishing rather than extraction; toward ecological regeneration rather than a hyper-metabolic state of exhaustion and breakdown.
are these really the only options?
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AI-powered personas like Lil Miquela achieve engagement rates far beyond human influencers.21
this isn't true though — Lil Miquela has been around for years and there haven't been significant AI influencers who've taken it to the same level as her
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Each generative AI query burns at least ten times more power than traditional web searches
where is the citation for this, I wonder?
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Jean Baudrillard once said the simulation comes first and ultimately replaces the real.4
banger
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pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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patients
Case#: Patient 2 is a 24-year-old Japanese man. Birth weight was 1900 g (~4.2 lbs) and mental and motor development were both normal. He had graduated from high school. Physical examination demonstrated a height of 157.0 cm, body weight of 45.3 kg.
DiseaseAssertion: MPS1-S
FamilyInfo: He was born from nonconsanguineous, young and healthy parents. He had a healthy elder brother and an affected twin brother (Patient 1).
CasePresentingHPOs: Inguinal hernia, bronchial asthma, systolic ejection heart murmur, umbilical hernia, joint contractures, spastic gait, hypoesthesia, positive Romberg sign, Babinski signs, mild aortic valve stenosis (HP:0000023, HP:0002099, HP:0031664, HP:0001537, HP:0002828, HP:0002064, HP:0033748, HP:0002403, HP:0003487, HP:0001650)
CaseHPOFreeText: Admitted to the hospital due to a 3-month history of progressive gait disturbance, onset was 6 months after the development of gait disturbance in Patient 1. Exaggeration of deep tendon reflexes was slight in the upper extremities, and marked in the lower extremities. Radiographies of chest and cervical spine showed similar findings to those in Patient 1.
CaseNotHPOs: N/A
CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A
CaseEnzymeAssay: N/A
CaseUrineGAGs: Urine chemistry examination demonstrated increased excretion of uronic acid (51.7 mg/g creatinine).
CaseERT: N/A
CaseBMT: N/A
Variant1: c.164dup (p.Leu56AlafsTer7) (c.252insC - in paper but nomenclature is not current)
Variant1ClinVarID: 855487
Variant1CAID: CA355945969
Variant2: c.1121C>A (p.Thr374Asn) (c.1209C>A - in paper but nomenclature is not current)
Variant2ClinVarID: 4078984
Variant2CAID: CA355963378
AdditionalVariants: N/A
ParentalGenotype: N/A
PreviouslyPublished N/A
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twins
Case#: Patient 1 is a 24-year-old Japanese man. His birth weight was 2300 g (~5 lbs) and he had graduated from a vocational school. Physical examination demonstrated a height of 156.6 cm (mean height of Japanese male at age 24 is 170.9 ± 6.0 (SD) cm, body weight of 45.8 kg (mean body weight of Japanese male at age 24 is 62.6 ± 9.8 (SD) kg according to the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2006). He demonstrated overall intelligence quotient (IQ) of 101, verbal IQ of 93 and performance IQ of 112.
DiseaseAssertion: MPS1-S
FamilyInfo: He was born from nonconsanguineous, young and healthy parents. He had a healthy elder brother and an affected twin brother (Patient 2).
CasePresentingHPOs: Inguinal hernia (treated by surgical repair in childhood and again at age 20), systolic ejection heart murmur, umbilical hernia, scissor gait, Babinski sign, mild aortic valve stenosis, severe cervical cord compression (HP:0000023, HP:0031664, HP:0001537, HP:0012407, HP:0003487, HP:0001650, HP:0002341)
CaseHPOFreeText: Admitted to the hospital due to a 6-month history of progressive gait disturbance. Mental and motor development were normal. Past medical histories included Kawasaki disease at age 6 months. Deep tendon reflexes were mildly exaggerated in the upper extremities, and markedly exaggerated in the lower extremities with bilateral Babinski signs. Radiography of the chest demonstrated mild thoracic deformity and that of cervical spine demonstrated hypoplasia of vertebral body and spinous process. Brain MRI demonstrated enlarged perivascular space and small hyperintense lesions on fluid attenuated inversion recovery image. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examinations demonstrated an elevated protein level (440 mg/dL; normal range 10–40 mg/dL), which would be resulted from CSF circulatory disturbance caused by severe spinal canal stenosis, without pleocytosis.
CaseNotHPOs: N/A
CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A
CaseEnzymeAssay: N/A
CaseUrineGAGs: Urine chemistry examination demonstrated increased excretion of uronic acid (63.1 mg/g creatinine; normal range 8.3–12.3 mg/g creatinine).
CaseERT: N/A
CaseBMT: N/A
Variant1: c.164dup (p.Leu56AlafsTer7) (c.252insC - in paper but nomenclature is not current)
Variant1ClinVarID: 855487
Variant1CAID: CA355945969
Variant2: c.1121C>A (p.Thr374Asn) (c.1209C>A - in paper but nomenclature is not current)
Variant2ClinVarID: 4078984
Variant2CAID: CA355963378
AdditionalVariants: N/A
ParentalGenotype: N/A
PreviouslyPublished N/A
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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One widespread ethical principle is what English speakers sometimes call the “Golden Rule [b8]”:
I find the golden rule very interesting because it’s a good representation of how human nature can be. It shows that people naturally understand fairness and care about how others feel. It also suggests that empathy is something we are capable of without needing strict rules. I think it’s a simple idea, but it says a lot about how humans can connect and treat each other well.
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www.brookings.edu www.brookings.edu
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First, the United States should help develop regional networks for human rights.
Americans seemed to believe that human rights were necessary everywhere and that America should help with it worldwide.
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Indeed, many of the issues that define the American domestic policy agenda, including welfare and Social Security reform, are economic rights issues.
Despite how people saw the importance of human rights and such topics, they still had issues with subtopics within human rights, example right here with economic rights.
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The United States, for example, has ratified the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights but not the mirror Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, though it signed both in 1977.
Belief that the United States still had more work to do on the topic of human rights.
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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Act with unforced actions in harmony with the natural cycles of the universe. Trying to force something to happen will likely backfire.
Taoism makes me think about how I try too hard to control everything in my life, like forcing outcomes instead of letting things happen naturally. The idea of going with the flow, like water, reminds me that sometimes doing less actually works better than doing more. For me, this means I should relax more and not stress over things I can’t control. If I follow this, I think I could feel calmer and make better decisions.
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