23% Google Technology

Artificial intelligence

My professors encourage academic freedom

I am teaching and you are learning online. When we're submerged in this kind of environment

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

Students, even those in high school, enjoy information privileges that aren't afforded to the general public.

When we're submerged in this kind of environment, it's sometimes easy to forget that what's known as the digital divide still exists. Our access to technology gives us advantages in accessing information that many around the world do not have.

Table 1.4.11.4.1\PageIndex{1}: Base Units of the SI System Property Measured Name of Unit Symbol of Unit length meter m mass kilogram kg time second s temperature kelvin K electric current ampere A amount of substance mole mol luminous intensity candela cd

CT scans can be used to locate brain tumors, injury, or atrophy. However, the CT scan uses Xrays to provide an image of the brain which could pose risk to brain tissue.

Roman Empire, the Greek anatomist Galen (A.D. 130-200) dissected the brains of sheep, monkeys, dogs, pigs, among other non-human mammals (Carlson, 2014). He believed the brain to be the site of sensation and thought, and the controller of movement (Gross, 1987). He stated that spinal cord was an extension of the brain and chronicled the relationship between the spinal nerves and specific muscles each controlled. For the next advance in understanding spinal function, we must await Bell and Magendie in the 19th Century.

Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.E.) , who believed that it was the brain and not the heart where the locus of the mind resided. He wrote: "It ought to be generally known that the source of our pleasure, merriment, laughter, and amusement, as of our grief, pain, anxiety, and tears is none other than the brain. It is specially the organ which enables us to think, see, and hear......It is the brain too which is the seat of madness and delirium, of the fears and frights which assail us"

Two neuroanatomists, Herophilos and Erasistratos,

Plato (428-347 B.C.E.) argued that the executor of reason was the heart and our animalistic desires and emotions were controlled by the liver

(384-322 B.C.E.), believed that one's mind resided in the heart. He believed that since our blood started from the heart, the soul also originated there.

invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans, scientists began to link the brain to specific behavior and cognition as biopsychology as a discipline began to emerge.

case studies such as Phineas Gage

1949, Donald Hebb wrote his influential book, The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning, such as thought, memories, emotions and perceptions.

An Outline of Psychobiology,  Knight Dunlap used the term "psychobiology" to explain the role of biology in behavior.

William James in his book, The Principles of Psychology (1890), argued that the scientific study of psychology should be grounded in an understanding of biology

Biopsychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries.

mental experiences, must also be entirely physical processes in an entirely material brain

cans of the head are often used to help psychologists understand the links between brain and behavior

second major assumption among most scientists is determinism

Because all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions in order to understand behavior and mental activitie

s mind-body dualism or mind-brain dualism, which literally means that the mind and the functioning of the brain (assumed to be entirely physical) are two (dual) separate processes, completely independent of one another.  The origin of dualism is often attributed to the 17th century French philosopher and mathematician, Rene Descartes. If this view were true, then we would expect that brain damage would have no effect on the mind.  However, brain damage does affect the mind and the specific location of the damage produces more or less specific, fairly predictable, effects on the mind, modifying the mind and behavior in various ways.  Examples of this are coma due to head injury; the effects of Parkinson's disease on movement after the disease damages areas of the brain known as the basal ganglia; changes in personality and emotion due to injury to the front of the brain, specifically the frontal lobes; memory loss in Alzheimer's Disease; and so on.  Though you don't have to accept the assumption of physicalism when studying the brain if your religious beliefs are contrary to the idea, nevertheless it is important that you be aware of the assumption of physicalism/materialism that most biological psychologists accept, at least as a working hypothesis, if not a philosophical position, as they do their brain research.

Although this is the view among most biological psychologists, there are a few who believe, like many students do, that the brain, along with the rest of life, was created by a divine being and that therefore the mind has divine origins

The scientific answer is evolution.

That is, a mind, consciousness, can only emerge from matter, energy, and physical processes if they are organized in a very specific and complex form--that form that we know as a brain and its physical operations.

subjective

principle

Different brain-imaging techniques provide scientists with insight into different aspects of how the human brain functions.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI

PET scan (positron emission tomography), CT scan (computed tomography),

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scans

neurochemical makeup,

This folding increases in mammal species with increasing complexity of the brain of the species and is thought to originate from the "cramming" of more cortical tissue into the skull over evolutionary time.

specific psychological and behavioral processes are localized to specific regions and networks of the brain.

incorrect assumption

key organizational principle of the brain: the localization of function

destroyed and/or removed as much as 90% of the brain tissue of their animal subjects

humans use only 10% of their brains is false.

branch of

measuring biological, physiological, or genetic variables in an attempt to relate them to psychological or behavioral variables.

attempts to explain behavior and the mind from a wide range of perspectives

study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.

language, reasoning, decision making, intelligence, and consciousness

sensation and perception; motivated behavior (such as hunger, thirst, and sex); control of movement; learning and memory; sleep and biological rhythms; and emotion

all behavior is controlled by the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), biopsychologists seek to understand how the brain functions

concentrates on the role of biological factors, such as the central and peripheral nervous systems, neurotransmitters, hormones, genes, and evolution on behavior and mental processes.

application of the principles of biology to the study of physiological, genetic, evolutionary, and developmental mechanisms of behavior in humans and other animals

Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes in animals and humans.

role of the nervous system, particularly the brain, in explaining behavior and the mind.

biological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and psychobiology

specifically interested in the biological causes of behavior and mental processes.

Anthropology, the study of humanity, is guided by a central narrative and set of research commitments.

Marijuana use has generated similar controversies in other countries, including the United States, with some arguing that the drug provides relaxation and pain relief while others claim it interferes with cognitive abilities and motivation.

∝(19A.2)(19A.2)at=r∝ a_t=r \propto \label{19-1} A Rotating Rigid Body The characterization of the motion of a rotating rigid body has a lot in common with that of a particle traveling on a circle. In fact, every particle making up a rotating rigid body is undergoing circular motion. But different particles making up the rigid body move on circles of different radii and hence have speeds and accelerations that differ from each other. For instance, each time the object goes around once, every particle of the object goes all the way around its circle once, but a particle far from the axis of rotation goes all the way around circle that is bigger than the one that a particle that is close to the axis of rotation goes around. To do that, the particle far from the axis of rotation must be moving faster. But in one rotation of the object, the line from the center of the circle that any particle of the object is on, to the particle, turns through exactly one rotation. In fact, the angular motion variables that we have been using to characterize the motion of a line extending from the center of a circle to a particle that is moving on that circle can be used to characterize the motion of a spinning rigid body as a whole. There is only one spin rate for the whole object, the angular velocity ωω\omega, and if that spin rate is changing, there is only one rate of change of the spin rate, the angular acceleration ∝∝\propto. To specify the angular position of a rotating rigid body, we need to establish a reference line on the rigid body, extending away from a point on the axis of rotation in a direction perpendicular to the axis of rotation. This reference line rotates with the object. Its motion is the angular motion of the object. We also need a reference line segment that is fixed in space, extending from the same point on the axis, and away from the axis in a direction perpendicular to the axis. This one does not rotate with the object. Imagining the two lines to have at one time been collinear, the net angle through which the first line on the rigid body has turned relative to the fixed line is the angular position θθ\theta of the object. The Constant Angular Acceleration Equations While physically, there is a huge difference, mathematically, the rotational motion of a rigid body is identical to motion of a particle that only moves along a straight line. As in the case of linear motion, we have to define a positive direction. We are free to define the positive direction whichever way we want for a given problem, but we have to stick with that definition throughout the problem. Here, we establish a viewpoint some distance away from the rotating rigid body,but on the axis of rotation, and state that, from that viewpoint, counterclockwise is the positive sense of rotation, or alternatively, that clockwise is the positive sense of rotation. Whichever way we pick as positive, will be the positive sense of rotation for angular displacement (change in angular position), angular velocity, angular acceleration, and angular position relative to the reference line that is fixed in space. Next, we establish a zero for the time variable; we imagine a stopwatch to have been started at some instant that we define to be time zero. We call values of angular position and angular velocity, at that instant, the initial values of those quantities. Given these criteria, we have the following table of corresponding quantities. Note that a rotational motion quantity is in no way equal to its linear motion counterpart, it simply plays a role in rotational motion that is mathematically similar to the role played by its counterpart in linear motion. Linear Motion Quantity Corresponding Angular Motion Quantity xxx θθ\theta vvv ωω\omega aaa ∝∝\propto The one variable that the two different kinds of motion do have in common is the stopwatch reading ttt. Recall that, by definition, ω=dθdtω=dθdt \omega=\frac{d\theta}{dt} \nonumber and∝=dωdtand∝=dωdt\mbox{and} \quad \propto= \frac{d\omega}{dt} \nonumber While it is certainly possible for ∝∝\propto to be a variable, many cases arise in which ∝∝\propto is a constant. Such a case is a special case. The following set of constant angular acceleration equations apply in the special case of constant angular acceleration: (The derivation of these equations is mathematically equivalent to the derivation of the constant linear acceleration equations. Rather than derive them again, we simply present the results.) θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2(19A.3)(19A.3)θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2 \theta=\theta_0+\omega_0t+\frac{1}{2} \propto t^2 \label{19-2} θ=θ0+ω0+ω2t(19A.4)(19A.4)θ=θ0+ω0+ω2t \theta=\theta_0+\frac{\omega_0+\omega}{2} t \label{19-3} ω=ω0+∝t(19A.5)(19A.5)ω=ω0+∝t \omega=\omega_0+\propto t \label{19-4} ω2=ω20+2∝Δθ(19A.6)(19A.6)ω2=ω02+2∝Δθ \omega^2=\omega_0^2 +2\propto \Delta\theta \label{19-5} The rate at which a sprinkler head spins about a vertical axis increases steadily for the first 2.00 seconds of its operation such that, starting from rest, the sprinkler completes 15.0 revolutions clockwise (as viewed from above) during that first 2.00 seconds of operation. A nozzle, on the sprinkler head, at a distance of 11.0 cm from the axis of rotation of the sprinkler head, is initially due west of the axis of rotation. Find the direction and magnitude of the acceleration of the nozzle at the instant the sprinkler head completes its second (good to three significant figures) rotation. Solution We’re told that the sprinkler head spin rate increases steadily, meaning that we are dealing with a constant angular acceleration problem, so, we can use the constant angular acceleration equations. The fact that there is a non-zero angular acceleration means that the nozzle will have some tangential acceleration at→at→\vec{a_t}. Also, the sprinkler head is spinning at the instant in question so the nozzle will have some centripetal acceleration ac→ac→\vec{a_c}. We’ll have to find both at→at→\vec{a_t} and ac→ac→\vec{a_c} and add them like vectors to get the total acceleration of the nozzle. Let’s get started by finding the angular acceleration ∝∝\propto. We start with the first constant angular acceleration equation (equation 19A.319A.3\ref{19-2}): θ=0+0⋅t+12∝t2θ=0+0⋅t+12∝t2 \theta= 0+ 0\cdot t+\frac{1}{2} \propto t^2 \nonumber The initial angular velocity ω0ω0\omega_0 is given as zero. We have defined the initial angular position to be zero. This means that, at time t=2.00st=2.00st = 2.00 s, the angular position θθ\theta is 15.0rev=15.0 rev2π radrev=94.25rad15.0rev=15.0 rev2π radrev=94.25rad15.0 \, \mbox{rev}=15.0\space \mbox{rev}\frac{2\pi \space\mbox{rad}}{\mbox{rev}}=94.25 \mbox{rad}. Solving equation 19A.319A.3\ref{19-2} above for ∝∝\propto yields: ∝=2θt2∝=2θt2 \propto=\frac{2\theta}{t^2} \nonumber ∝=2(94.25rad)(2.00s)2∝=2(94.25rad)(2.00s)2 \propto=\frac{2(94.25 \mbox{rad})}{(2.00s)^2} \nonumber ∝=47.12rads2∝=47.12rads2 \propto=47.12 \frac{\mbox{rad}}{s^2} \nonumber Substituting this result into equation 19A.219A.2\ref{19-1}: at=r∝at=r∝a_t= r \propto \nonumber gives us at=(.110m)47.12rad/s2at=(.110m)47.12rad/s2 a_t=(.110m)47.12\mbox{rad}/s^2 \nonumber which evaluates to at=5.18ms2at=5.18ms2a_t=5.18 \frac{m}{s^2} \nonumber Now we need to find the angular velocity of the sprinkler head at the instant it completes 2.00 revolutions. The angular acceleration ∝∝\propto that we found is constant for the first fifteen revolutions, so the value we found is certainly good for the first two turns. We can use it in the fourth constant angular acceleration equation (equation 19A.619A.6\ref{19-5}): ω2=0+2∝Δθω2=0+2∝Δθ \omega^2= 0+2\propto \Delta\theta \nonumber where Δθ=2 rev=2.00 rev2π radrev=4.00π radΔθ=2 rev=2.00 rev2π radrev=4.00π rad\Delta\theta=2\space \mbox{rev}=2.00\space\mbox{rev}\frac{2\pi\space\mbox{rad}}{\mbox{rev}}=4.00\pi \space\mbox{rad} ω=2∝Δθ−−−−−−√ω=2∝Δθ\omega=\sqrt{2\propto\Delta\theta} \nonumber ω=2(94.25rad/s2)4.00πrad−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√ω=2(94.25rad/s2)4.00πrad\omega=\sqrt{2(94.25 \mbox{rad}/s^2)4.00\pi \mbox{rad}} \nonumber \omega=48.67 \mbox{rad}/s\label{19-6}\omega=48.67 \mbox{rad}/s\label{19-6}\omega=48.67 \mbox{rad}/s\label{19-6} (at that instant when the sprinkler head completes its 2nd turn) Now that we have the angular velocity, to get the centripetal acceleration we can use equation ??????\ref{18-6}: ac=rω2ac=rω2 a_c=r\omega^2 \nonumber ac=.110m(48.67rad/s)2ac=.110m(48.67rad/s)2 a_c=.110m(48.67 \mbox{rad}/s)^2 \nonumber ac=260.6ms2ac=260.6ms2a_c=260.6 \frac{m}{s^2} \nonumber Given that the nozzle is initially at a point due west of the axis of rotation, at the end of 2.00 revolutions it will again be at that same point. Now we just have to add the tangential acceleration and the centripetal acceleration vectorially to get the total acceleration. This is one of the easier kinds of vector addition problems since the vectors to be added are at right angles to each other. From Pythagorean’s theorem we have a=a2c+a2t−−−−−−√a=ac2+at2 a=\sqrt{a_c^2+a_t^2} \nonumber a=(260.6m/s2)2+(5.18m/s2)2−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−√a=(260.6m/s2)2+(5.18m/s2)2 a=\sqrt{(260.6m/s^2)^2+(5.18m/s^2)^2} \nonumber a=261m/s2a=261m/s2 a=261m/s^2 \nonumber From the definition of the tangent of an angle as the opposite over the adjacent: tanθ=atactanθ=atac tan\theta=\frac{a_t}{a_c} \nonumber θ=tan−15.18m/s2260.6m/s2θ=tan−15.18m/s2260.6m/s2 \theta=tan^{-1} \frac{5.18 m/s^2}{260.6m/s^2} \nonumber θ=1.14∘θ=1.14∘\theta=1.14^{\circ} \nonumber Thus, a=261m/s2at 1.14∘ North of Easta=261m/s2at 1.14∘ North of Easta=261m/s^2 \quad \mbox{at \(1.14^{\circ}\) North of East} \nonumber When the Angular Acceleration is not Constant The angular position of a rotating body undergoing constant angular acceleration is given, as a function of time, by our first constant angular acceleration equation, equation 19A.319A.3\ref{19-2}: θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2\theta=\theta_0+\omega_0t+\frac{1}{2}\propto t^2 \nonumber If we take the 2nd derivative of this with respect to time, we get the constant ∝∝\propto. (Recall that the first derivative yields the angular velocity ωω\omega and that ∝=dωdt∝=dωdt\propto=\frac{d\omega}{dt}. ) The expression on the right side of θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2θ=θ0+ω0t+12∝t2\theta=\theta_0+\omega_0t+\frac{1}{2}\propto t^2 contains three terms: a constant, a term with ttt to the first power, and a term with ttt to the 2nd power. If you are given θθ\theta in terms of ttt, and it cannot be rearranged so that it appears as one of these terms or as a sum of two or all three such terms; then; ∝∝\propto is not a constant and you cannot use the constant angular acceleration equations. Indeed, if you are being asked to find the angular velocity at a particular instant in time, then you’ll want to take the derivative dθdtdθdt\frac{d\theta}{dt} and evaluate the result at the given stopwatch reading. Alternatively, if you are being asked to find the angular acceleration at a particular instant in time, then you’ll want to take the second derivative d2θdt2d2θdt2\frac{d^2\theta}{dt^2} and evaluate the result at the given stopwatch reading. Corresponding arguments can be made for the case of ωω\omega. If you are given ωω\omega as a function of ttt and the expression cannot be made to “look like” the constant angular acceleration equation ω=ω0+∝

Stereotypes are sets of beliefs that we develop about groups, which we then apply to individuals from that group.

Prejudice is negative feelings or attitudes toward people based on their identity or identities. Prejudice can have individual or widespread negative effects.

Interpretation is the third part of the perception process, in which we assign meaning to our experiences using mental structures known as schemata.

Organizing is the second part of the perception process, in which we sort and categorize information that we perceive based on innate and learned cognitive patterns.

Selecting is the first part of the perception process, in which we focus our attention on certain incoming sensory information.

Ancient Greek philosophers and scholars such as Aristotle theorized about the art of rhetoric, which refers to speaking well and persuasively. Today, we hear the word rhetoric used in negative ways. A politician, for example, may write off his or her opponent’s statements as “just rhetoric.” This leads us to believe that rhetoric refers to misleading, false, or unethical communication, which is not at all in keeping with the usage of the word by ancient or contemporary communication experts. While rhetoric does refer primarily to persuasive communication messages, much of the writing and teaching about rhetoric conveys the importance of being an ethical rhetor, or communicator. So when a communicator, such as a politician, speaks in misleading, vague, or dishonest ways, he or she isn’t using rhetoric; he or she is being an unethical speaker.

Max Planck explain the spectral distribution of blackbody radiation as result from oscillations of electrons. Similarly, oscillations of electrons in an antenna produce radio waves. Max Planck concentrated on modeling the oscillating charges that must exist in the oven walls, radiating heat inwards and—in thermodynamic equilibrium—themselves being driven by the radiation field. He found he could account for the observed curve if he required these oscillators not to radiate energy continuously, as the classical theory would demand, but they could only lose or gain energy in chunks, called quanta, of size hνhνh\nu, for an oscillator of frequency νν\nu

joke

The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic material.

Our access to technology gives us advantages in accessing information that many around the world do not have. This information graphic from the International Monetary Fund illustrates that:

My hope is that someday more academic information will be freely available. Until then - we should all be part of this fight.

We are active users of technology - I am teaching and you are learning online. When we're submerged in this kind of environment, it's sometimes easy to forget that what's known as the digital divide still exists

Academic publishing is big business. These companies are making billions of dollars. You've undoubtedly been directly impacted by this; you've likely faced decisions on whether to buy a $100+ textbook that is required for a course.

Academic publishing is big business. These companies are making billions of dollars. You've undoubtedly been directly impacted by this; you've likely faced decisions on whether to buy a $100+ textbook that is required for a course.

Our access to technology gives us advantages in accessing information that many around the world do not have.

Any language system has to have rules to make it learnable and usable. Grammar refers to the rules that govern how words are used to make phrases and sentences. Someone would likely know what you mean by the question “Where’s the remote control?” But “The control remote where’s?” is likely to be unintelligible or at least confusing (Crystal, 2005, p. 180). Knowing the rules of grammar is important in order to be able to write and speak to be understood, but knowing these rules isn’t enough to make you an effective communicator.

The triangle of meaning is a model of communication that indicates the relationship among a thought, symbol, and referent and highlights the indirect relationship between the symbol and referent (Richards & Ogden, 1923). As you can see in Figure 1, the thought is the concept or idea a person references. The symbol is the word that represents the thought, and the referent is the object or idea to which the symbol refers. This model is useful for us as communicators because when we are aware of the indirect relationship between symbols and referents, we are aware of how common misunderstandings occur.

For example, the word calculate comes from the Latin word calculus, which means “pebble.” But what does a pebble have to do with calculations? Pebbles were used, very long ago, to calculate things before we developed verbal or written numbering systems

Our language system is primarily made up of symbols. A symbol is something that stands in for or represents something else. Symbols can be communicated verbally (speaking the word hello), in writing (putting the letters H-E-L-L-O together), or nonverbally (waving your hand back and forth). In any case, the symbols we use stand in for something else, like a physical object or an idea; they do not actually correspond to the thing being referenced in any direct way. Unlike hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt, which often did have a literal relationship between the written symbol and the object being referenced, the symbols used in modern languages look nothing like the object or idea to which they refer.

We arrive at meaning through the interaction between our nervous and sensory systems and some stimulus outside of them. It is here, between what the communication models we discussed earlier labeled as encoding and decoding, that meaning is generated as sensory information is interpreted.

there have been more than 126 published definitions of communication (Dance & Larson, 1976).

This eventually led to the development of a “Talking Culture” during the “Talking Era.” During this 150,000 year period of human existence, ranging from 180,000 BCE to 3500 BCE, talking was the only medium of communication, aside from gestures, that humans had (Poe, 2011).

Since communication studies is a broad field, many students strategically choose a concentration and/or a minor that will give them an advantage in the job market. Specialization can definitely be an advantage, but don’t forget about the general skills you gain as a communication major. This book, for example, should help you build communication competence and skills in interpersonal communication, intercultural communication, group communication, and public speaking, among others. You can also use your school’s career services office to help you learn how to “sell” yourself as a communication major and how to translate what you’ve learned in your classes into useful information to include on your resume or in a job interview. The main career areas that communication majors go into are business, public relations / advertising, media, nonprofit, government/law, and education.[1] Within each of these areas there are multiple career paths, potential employers, and useful strategies for success. For more detailed information, visit http://whatcanidowiththismajor.com/major/communication-studies.

At a cultural level, communication scholars could study how the election of an African American president creates a narrative of postracial politics. Our tour from Aristotle to Obama was quick, but hopefully instructive. Now let’s turn to a discussion of the five major forms of communication.

The end of the “Manuscript Era” marked a shift toward a rapid increase in communication technologies. The “Print Era” extended from 1450 to 1850 and was marked by the invention of the printing press and the ability to mass-produce written texts. This 400-year period gave way to the “Audiovisual Era,” which only lasted 140 years, from 1850 to 1990, and was marked by the invention of radio, telegraph, telephone, and television. Our current period, the “Internet Era,” has only lasted from 1990 until the present. This period has featured the most rapid dispersion of a new method of communication, as the spread of the Internet and the expansion of digital and personal media signaled the beginning of the digital age.

Some scholars speculate that humans’ first words were onomatopoetic. You may remember from your English classes that onomatopoeia refers to words that sound like that to which they refer—words like boing, drip, gurgle, swoosh, and whack. Just think about how a prehistoric human could have communicated a lot using these words and hand gestures. He or she could use gurgle to alert others to the presence of water or swoosh and whack to recount what happened on a hunt. In any case, this primitive ability to communicate provided an evolutionary advantage.

slowly reverting later

Today, it is well understood that the prefrontal cortex of the brain controls the organization of behavior, including emotions and inhibitions.

These powerful forces serve positive functions but can also set into motion negative patterns of self-perception

Other times we are extrinsically motivated, meaning we do something to receive a reward or avoid punishment.

Even a positive first impression can be tarnished by a negative final impression.

If we experience something that we weren’t expecting and that is significantly different from our routine experiences, then we will likely find it salient. We can also apply this concept to our communication. I always encourage my students to include supporting material in their speeches that defies our expectations. You can help keep your audience engaged by employing good research skills to find such information.

In many cases we know what interests us and we automatically gravitate toward stimuli that match up with that.

These strategies for organizing information are so common that they are built into how we teach our children basic skills and how we function in our daily lives.

. If you are expecting a package to be delivered, you might pick up on the slightest noise of a truck engine or someone’s footsteps approaching your front door.

It’s probably better to have a serious conversation with a significant other in a quiet place rather than a crowded food court. As we will learn later in the chapter titled “Public Speaking in Various Contexts”, altering the rate, volume, and pitch of your voice, known as vocal variety, can help keep your audience engaged, as can gestures and movement.

find their own identity and style

o longer assert that Standard English is superior.

families who speak something similar to standard English

allow you to have more of a voice in our democracy

dopamine

Both terms are still used in neuroanatomy today

theory of dualism

(Gross, 1987)

Revision can be one of the most important, instructive, and even pleasurable parts of the writing process.

Focus on the Thesis

mind map or cluster is a method of brainstorming that allows you to draw connections between ideas.  To make a cluster, start with a big concept related to your assignment prompt. Write this in the center of a page or screen and circle it. Think of ideas that connect to the big concept or branch out of it. Write these around the big concept and draw connecting lines to the big concept. As you think of ideas that relate to any of the others, create more connections by writing those ideas around the one idea that connects them and draw connecting lines. Notice that you can use color, larger type, etc., to create organization and emphasis.

Annotating can help us stay focused on, and emotionally and intellectually connected to, what we are reading. It suggests that we feel empowered to speak back to the text.

Below are the common steps most writers follow to move through the early stages of murky thoughts. In general, the order of these steps makes sense, but we are not bound to it. We can customize the process to fit our own style and the particular assignment.  The key is to notice what is challenging at each point and find the strategy that will help the most. Often, a question or problem will arise as we work, and returning to an earlier strategy in the writing process can help us resolve the difficulty.  Studying the prompt: The instructor's guidance can help us focus our efforts from the start so we don't spend time writing something that doesn't fit the assignment.  Reading and annotating: Reading, rereading, and making notes on other texts is often the first step toward coming up with our own contribution to the larger conversation. As we have seen, most college writing comments on or responds to the arguments of others.  Generating ideas: Various prewriting strategies can help us decide what to write about and gather specifics to support or explain what we want to say. Planning how to organize the ideas: Outlines, formal or informal, can help us structure the essay. Drafting: Writing the first version of the essay, often called the rough draft. Most writers go through many drafts. Revising: Reconsidering the ideas and content of the essay as well as refining the style and structure of the paper. Editing: Correcting grammar, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics. We can also call this proofreading. Publishing: Sharing the final draft with others

We can customize the process to fit our own style and the particular assignment.

Planning how to organize the ideas: Outlines, formal or informal, can help us structure the essay.

You need to start somewhere.” Writing itself will help us form our ideas if we take it step by step.

Editing: Correcting grammar, punctuation, spelling, and mechanics. We can also call this proofreading.

Writing can be daunting. So many of us, whether we are beginning or experienced writers, feel anxious or even paralyzed as we face a new assignment.

A press release on the World Association of Nongovernmental Organizations’s official website states that from the dusty refugee camps of Lebanon to the upscale new neighborhoods in Buenos Aires, “soccer turns heads, stops conversations, causes breath to catch, and stirs hearts like virtually no other activity.”

Being too vague or getting too creative with your speech signposts can also make them disappear into the background of your speech.

H+, Li+, Na+, K+

scaffolding

from his feet the sudra [servile class] was born

Used clothing is called obruni wawu, or “a foreign person has died,” reflecting the assumption that no living person would give away such wearable clothing.

Put simply, anthropology is the study of humanity across time and space.

Anthropology aims to overcome bias by examining cultures as complex, integrated products of specific environmental and historical conditions.

Key Takeaways

Response

Information privileges identified for high school students in text boxes include:

Information privileges identified for high school students in text boxes include

both

to inform, to persuade, or to entertain.

Psychological audience analysis considers your audience’s psychological dispositions toward the topic, speaker, and occasion and how their attitudes, beliefs, and values inform those dispositions.

Non-Experimental Designs

Quasi-Experimental Designs

Experimental Designs

To solidify your understanding of sampling bias, consider the following example. Try to identify the population and the sample, and then reflect on whether the sample is likely to yield the information desired.

We are interested in examining how many math classes have been taken on average by current graduating seniors at American colleges and universities during their four years in school.

It is not practical to ask every single American how he or she feels about the fairness of the voting procedures. Instead, we query a relatively small number of Americans, and draw inferences about the entire country from their responses. The Americans actually queried constitute our sample of the larger population of all Americans.

For example, experimental subjects may be asked to rate their level of pain, how much they like a consumer product, their attitudes about capital punishment, their confidence in an answer to a test question.

Ratio scales

Interval scales

Ordinal scales

Nominal scales

The essential point about nominal scales is that they do not imply any ordering among the responses.

Other variables such as “time to respond to a question” are continuous variables since the scale is continuous and not made up of discrete steps

Variables such as number of children in a household are called discrete variables since the possible scores are discrete points on the scale. For example, a household could have three children or six children, but not 4.534.534.53 children

Some examples of quantitative variables are height, weight, and shoe size

Qualitative variables are those that express a qualitative attribute such as hair color, eye color, religion, favorite movie, gender, and so on.

If an experiment were comparing five types of diets, then the independent variable (type of diet) would have 555 levels

control

experimental

systematically

39,000 women aged 45 and up

However, a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggests this is false

Does beta-carotene protect against cancer?

Although all supplemented rats showed improvement

blueberry, strawberry, or spinach powder

Can blueberries slow down aging?

In this example, relief from depression is called a dependent variable. In general, the independent variable is manipulated by the experimenter and its effects on the dependent variable are measured.

In this case, the variable is “type of antidepressant.” When a variable is manipulated by an experimenter, it is called an independent variable

Many of the numbers thrown about in this way do not represent careful statistical analysis

People tend to be more persuasive when they look others directly in the eye and speak loudly and quickly.

Almost 85%85%85\% of lung cancers in men and 45%45%45\% in women are tobacco-related.

If you cannot distinguish good from faulty reasoning, then you are vulnerable to manipulation and to decisions that are not in your best interest.

Technical descriptions are similar to technical definitions. but technical descriptions can be stand-alone documents, whereas technical definitions are always components of a larger document

Analyze your audience and give your audience members what they need, in a way they can understand it.

If you're using relatively simple terms and have a knowledgeable audience, use simple, short definitions that fit within an ordinary sentence. If the definition is a bit more complex and/or your audience needs a bit more information, use a parenthetical statement. If you're defining complicated or detailed information, even to a knowledgeable audience, insert full paragraphs or subsections.

many students view statistics as a math class, which is actually not true

In addition, the statistic provided does not rule out the possibility that the number of interracial marriages has seen dramatic fluctuations over the years and this year is not the highest.

The more churches in a city, the more crime there is. Thus, churches lead to crime.

This effect is called a history effect

On this view, the mind is what the brain does, and the brain and its processes are completely physical

We now know that damage to a small area less than the size of a quarter at the very base of your brain results in disruption of feeding and regulation of body weight.  Damage to another area of the brain located near your temples disrupts your ability to form new memories for facts and events, while leaving your ability to learn new motor tasks (such as skating or riding a bike) completely unaffected.  Damage to another brain area causes face blindness, or prosopagnosia, a disorder in which the afflicted individual can still see normally except that they cannot recognize familiar faces, even the faces of close family members or even their own face in a photograph

To do this, the transaction model considers how social, relational, and cultural contexts frame and influence our communication encounters.

Psychological context includes the mental and emotional factors in a communication encounter. Stress, anxiety, and emotions are just some examples of psychological influences that can affect our communication. I recently found out some troubling news a few hours before a big public presentation. It was challenging to try to communicate because the psychological noise triggered by the stressful news kept intruding into my other thoughts.

Noise is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter. Even if a speaker sends a clear message, noise may interfere with a message being accurately received and decoded. The transmission model of communication accounts for environmental and semantic noise.

The sender is the radio announcer who encodes a verbal message that is transmitted by a radio tower through electromagnetic waves (the channel) and eventually reaches your (the receiver’s) ears via an antenna and speakers in order to be decoded. The radio announcer doesn’t really know if you receive his or her message or not, but if the equipment is working and the channel is free of static, then there is a good chance that the message was successfully received.

When you become aware of how communication functions, you can think more deliberately through your communication encounters, which can help you better prepare for future communication and learn from your previous communication.

Audiencia

Audiencia

Do not insert any of your own opinions, interpretations, deductions or comments into a summary.

to explain or interpret it in more detail

quote” is a direct restatement of the exact words from the original source. The general rule of thumb is any time you use three or more words as they appeared in the original source, you should treat it as a quote. A “paraphrase” is a restatement of the information or point of the original source in your own words.

we sometimes assume that our readers already know what we are talking about

Experimental data serve as the primary form of scientific evidence.

in this case, “primary” means “first” or “original,” not “most important”

a survey of public opinion as your primary evidence

Use numbered lists to show sequence, order, or hierarchy. Use bulleted lists for items that can appear in any order.

Consider the "hanging-head" format for major headings. In this design, some or all of the headings are on the left margin, while all text is indented one to two inches. This format will make headings stand out more and reduce the main text's line length.

5G mobile phones Artificial intelligence Robotics Self-driving cars Interconnected physical objects 3D printing

Rather than assessing students on what they are doing, they should be understood in terms of what they are capable of doing with the proper guidance.

Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.

William James

This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism

Studies show reading literature may help promote empathy and social skills (Castano and Kidd) alleviate symptoms of depression (Billington et al.) business leaders succeed (Coleman) prevent dementia by stimulating the mind (Thorpe)

Let's say you come to the conclusion that a meme, a gossip magazine, or the Twilight Series is not literary. Does that mean you have to feel guilty and give up reading it forever? Or that it is not "good"? No!

A meme is an image or video containing cultural values or ideas, often represented through allusion (implied reference to another work, without naming that work or its author). Memes can spread rapidly spreads through social media. Why? Because the best ones are #relatable; that is, they speak to a common human experience. Usually memes take the form of text superimposed on an image. For example, the meme above conveys the dramatic reaction students sometimes give when I assign an essay. This is done primarily through a literary device called hyperbole, or exaggeration for rhetorical effect. It conveys its message comically through certain conventions that come along with the meme genre,

A literary critic is a person who studies and analyzes literature. A literary critic produces scholarship called literary criticism. An example of this would be Aristotle’s Poetics, in which he identifies the defining qualities of a “good” Tragedy. Aristotle’s analysis of Tragedy was so influential that it is still used today, over two thousand years later!

be a helpful way to think about literature because it provides a more open-ended way to discuss writing as art than simply labeling works as literary or not.

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