10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Sep 2021
    1. To get a job, we’ll have to write cover letters, resumes, and emails.

      I've had 3 jobs so I've completed a bunch of applications filled out with a bunch of writing.

    2. Most of us are probably familiar with the practical reasons to study writing in college. It’s worth getting good at because we’re going to do it a lot. No matter our major, as we get into higher-level classes we will need to do more writing, whether that looks like lab reports, explanations of mathematical methods, or essays in psychology, political science, literature, or economics

      Writing is always going to be an essential part in school. Most of our assignments are based on writing.

    3. I imagined that this challenge to my thinking habits would come from the class readings and discussions.

      All the challenges for my thinking came from all questions I had to answer in my classes and also T2T is making me have deeper connections with the text.

    4. When I was starting college, friends and relatives  told me “college teaches you to think.”

      I can relate to this statement. Ever since I started college, I've had to think deeper in class and when I'm doing my assignments. My parents and friends always told me it's not going to be the same as high school anymore and its when you start getting more serious about school.

    1. γγ\large\gamma = angle in the xy plane

      Need to know for Exam 1.

    2. ββ\large\beta = angle in the xz plane

      Need to know what this is for Exam 1.

    3. αα\large\alpha = angle in the yz plane

      Important for Exam 1 need to know what this is.

    1. parents with smaller bills had more offspring and the size of bills had evolved to be smaller.

      Would this be an example of a genetic mutation? or is it just a gradual process through years and generations?

    1. ________________________________________________________________________

      Children can learn about responsibility and caring for others by having a pet in the house.

    1. No Perfect Organism

      Excuse me anomalocaris existed and is very offended by this statement! Though in all seriousness this probably seems obvious at least for me I feel like I can get into the trap of thinking that all organisms are perfect how they and don't consider how there imperfections drive evolution.

    2. The result of this type of selection is increased genetic variance as the population becomes more diverse.

      So even though only one or two colors would be preferred to stay under a predators radar, the diversity would still grow? Even though more similar traits are wanted?

    3. Similarly, the hypothetical mouse population may evolve to take on a different coloration if something were to cause the forest floor where they live to change color.

      An example of directional selection that I learned about in biology class was the survival of brown and white mice in the desert because they either blend in with the sand or rocks making them less likely to be eaten by hawks

    1. The theory of natural selection stems from the observation that some individuals in a population are more likely to survive longer and have more offspring than others; thus, they will pass on more of their genes to the next generation.

      I think it's interesting that sometimes frequencies just happen, and do not need to be accurate for the next population to survive. Has this ever happened to any known species ?

    2. population variation

      Fur color is always interesting to think about, especially in calico cats!

    3. Genetic drift can also be magnified by natural events, such as a natural disaster that kills—at random—a large portion of the population. Known as the bottleneck effect, it results in a large portion of the genome suddenly being wiped out

      As climate change continues, and more natural disasters such as forrest fires occur, how will this impact the ecosystem as a result of the bottleneck effect that many different populations will be impacted by?

    4. Small populations are more susceptible to the forces of genetic drift. Large populations, on the other hand, are buffered against the effects of chance. If one individual of a population of 10 individuals happens to die at a young age before it leaves any offspring to the next generation, all of its genes—1/10 of the population’s gene pool—will be suddenly lost. In a population of 100, that’s only 1 percent of the overall gene pool; therefore, it is much less impactful on the population’s genetic structure.

      With this in mind would it be accurate to say that species on island evolve faster than mainland species or are the effects of genetic drift not substantial enough?

    5. they try to increase a population’s genetic variance to preserve as much of the phenotypic diversity as they can.

      while its explained a bit after this sentence, in zoos how is this possible when they have no control over some factors such as the animals they have available and their genetics?

    6. some turtles and other reptiles have temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). TSD means that individuals develop into males if their eggs are incubated within a certain temperature range, or females at a different temperature range.

      This is interesting to me. I'm interested to know the mechanism of such a dramatic difference in genomics being triggered by temperature.

    7. reduce the genetic variability within a population.

      A real world example of the bottleneck effect are Northern elephant seals whose population was almost completely hunted to extinction, and then repopulated from a very small surviving population.

    8. founding colonists carried these mutations

      I was talking with a friend recently about human evolution and we both thought of this idea (the founder effect) in the context of colonizing different planets. I thought the idea of evolution taking a different path for colonists on mars for example could be a cool idea for a sci-fi movie.

    1. Fecundity Selection Certain phenotypes (thus genotypes) may make a disproportionate contribution to the gene pool of the next generation by producing a disproportionate number of young. Such fecundity selection is another way of describing another criterion of fitness described by Darwin: family size. In each of these examples of natural selection, certain phenotypes are better able than others to contribute their genes to the next generation. Thus, by Darwin's standards, they are more fit. The outcome is a gradual change in the gene frequencies in that population.

      This may be silly to ask but if an increase in fecundity some how lead to a deacres in fitness would that mean that they could cancel each other our without anyone even knowing ?

    2. The effect of natural selection on gene frequencies can be quantified.

      Could we go through a few examples of questions like this in class?

    3. family size.

      Family size has a greater influence than I thought in the survival of a species. It can contribute to genes for the next generation depending how each organisms contribute to the gene pool. The amount of energy in reproduction and amount of care after affects if the phenotypes that best help with survival make it to the next generation.

    4. Drift produces evolutionary change, but there is no guarantee that the new population will be more fit than the original one. Evolution by drift is aimless, not adaptive.

      Can you provide an example of a population going through genetic drift? I know It occurs randomly but I would like to see how it looks like in a population.

    5. introgression

      I was under the impression that most hybrids were infertile so how often does this phenomenon actually occur?

    1. Ion-ion interactions fall off slower than ion-dipole. Tripling the distance between two ions reduces the energy by 1/3, while tripling the distance between the ion and a dipole reduces it by 1/9. That is, one is inversly proportional to the distance between them (1/r) and one is proportional to the inverse square of the distance (1/r2).
    2. The name "Ion dipole forces" describes what they are, which simply speaking, are the result of the Coulombic electrostatic interactions between an ion and the charged ends of a dipole.
    1. is not the frequencies of different alleles

      despite this not being the most interesting part to biologists, this reminds of lactose tolerance, and malaria immunity in connection to sickle cell anemia

    2. no advantage

      Is there an example of this that you could go over? I wonder if even these changes that we don't understand as being an advantage could be somehow an advantage, just one that we haven't recognized? Like subconscious preferences or attractiveness?

    1. Social, emotional and psychological factors are not believed to cause unhealthy conditions.

      However, fixating on a disease or ailment can bring your subconscious mind to believe there is something wrong with the body. Thus, bringing the sickness into demonstration in the individuals body.

    1. microaggressions

      reminds me similar to like a backhanded compliment. May seem like good intentions but is actually a hidden insult

    2. mass media plays a key role in how many people learn to be prejudiced

      The media will also show mugshots of African Americans but will use family/smiling pictures of white people.

    3. authoritarian personality

      Won't be so welcoming to other individuals, need everyone to abide by the rules.

    4. rustration theory (or scapegoat theory)

      They take out their frustration on others. Blame other people for their problems. For example someone who is unemployed might blame immigrants for "stealing their jobs"

    5. social learning theory

      People absorb the things/ideas that surround them. Similar to sponges, they are gonna soak up whats close to them.

    1. The following year Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species, was published. His book outlined in considerable detail his arguments for evolution by natural selection.

      I just find it very interesting how famous Darwin and his works are, while Wallace remains in relative anonymity. We learn about Darwin and his accomplishments from a very young age, but not Wallace, even though they had very similar research and discoveries

    2. Darwin’s journey, like Wallace’s later journeys to the Malay Archipelago, included stops at several island chains, the last being the Galápagos Islands west of Ecuador.

      Why do we know and learn so much about Darwin, but not Wallace? I also find it interesting that Wallace's later journeys are mentioned but not Darwin's. Did Darwin not go on later journeys after his initial one?

    3. Like anatomical structures, the structures of the molecules of life reflect descent with modification.

      I find the fact that structures of molecules also reflect descent with modification interesting because I had only learned how organisms reflect descent with modification, not molecules

    4. The Grants found changes from one generation to the next in the distribution of beak shapes with the medium ground finch on the Galápagos island of Daphne Major. The birds have inherited variation in the bill shape with some birds having wide deep bills and others having thinner bills. During a period in which rainfall was higher than normal because of an El Niño, the large hard seeds that large-billed birds ate were reduced in number; however, there was an abundance of the small soft seeds which the small-billed birds ate. Therefore, survival and reproduction were much better in the following years for the small-billed birds. In the years following this El Niño, the Grants measured beak sizes in the population and found that the average bill size was smaller. Since bill size is an inherited trait, parents with smaller bills had more offspring and the size of bills had evolved to be smaller. As conditions improved in 1987 and larger seeds became more available, the trend toward smaller average bill size ceased.

      I always found it fascinating how natural selection can be observed in essentially real time. It doesn't only take millions of years and can happen over one lifetime.

    5. best explained by evolution in conjunction with the movement of tectonic plates over geological time

      I wonder how this idea more specifically can be supported given the vastness of time. Yes patterns can be observed, but how did this idea come to materialize as a fact or statement? Were there records?

    6. For example, the ground finches inhabiting the Galápagos Islands comprised several species with a unique beak shape (Figure 2.1.1

      Interestingly this same exact example was used in Bio 111 today to explain same species ancestor, similar concepts, and natural selection.

    7. he Grants found changes from one generation to the next in the distribution of beak shapes with the medium ground finch on the Galápagos island of Daphne Major.

      What are the various methods used or are common to collect data on adaptations in a population within their local environment?

    8. Both Darwin and Wallace’s understanding of this principle came from reading an essay by the economist Thomas Malthus who discussed this principle in relation to human populations.

      It is interesting how Darwin and Wallace were able to draw similar conclusion through their observations and build on it through others works too. However, Darwin is the one we hear and learn the most from. Also, the way they collected their data and made their observations are important in how they grew their field.

    9. vestigial structures

      Another example of a vestigial structure are the pelvic bones in snakes. It suggests that they evolved from organisms that had four legs, but now do not have the legs, but only the pelvic structure that no longer has the purpose of assisting in movement on legs.

    10. Embryology,

      Could this be further evidence on what evolutionary line certain species follow?

    11. It is over these large time spans that life on earth has changed and continues to change.

      Continued evolution seems to be more important the more our oceans, rivers, and forests change do to change in our climates. While I do think evolution is important it makes me upset to think about how quickly some species are going to have to adapt because of the rate of change happening.

    12. natural selection

      The idea of natural selection seems so simple and logical when spelled out like this in a textbook that it is hard to believe the idea was not prevalent sooner. I think this section goes to show the importance of basic science as without the basis of knowledge Darwin and Wallace had the logical chain could not have been made.

    1. Dispersal is when a few members of a species move to a new geographical area, and vicariance is when a natural situation arises to physically divide organisms.

      Which of these two categories is the more common cause of allopatric speciation? Also, will climate change make the vicariance category more common or the dispersal category more common?

    2. I think it's interesting that populations have to adapt and go through evolution together, rather than individually. But I wonder if there have been occasions in which virus/bacteria populations evolve individually? or is that completely different.

    3. So is this saying that some adaptation is error?

    4. In short, organisms must be able to reproduce with each other to pass new traits to offspring.

      If 2 animals that looked entirely different and behaved differently were able to reperduce fertile offspring would they still be one species?

    5. With such a high rate of polyploidy in plants, some scientists hypothesize that this mechanism takes place more as an adaptation than as an error

      Could you please go over this in class? I don't understand how this figure 2.2.8 relates to the organismal level/example.

    6. The process of speciation within the same space is called sympatric speciation; the prefix “sym” means same, so “sympatric” means “same homeland” in contrast to “allopatric” meaning “other homeland.”

      Do sympatric speciation and allopatric speciation occur at relatively the same rate or does the demand from different environments push allopatric speciation to occur more quickly?

    7. that offspring, called a hybrid (a cross between two species), would probably be infertile—unable to successfully reproduce after it reached maturity

      This case of producing infertile hybrid offspring also occurs when breeding a horse with a donkey, as well as when breeding a lion with a tiger.

    8. Figure 2.2.22.2.2\PageIndex{2}: The (a) African fish eagle is similar in appearance to the (b) bald eagle, but the two birds are members of different species. (credit a: modification of work by Nigel Wedge; credit b: modification of work by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service)

      I think it's interesting that these two species convergently evolved camouflage on only their head despite these continents being apart for over 500 million years

    9. species is distinguished from another when, in nature, it is not possible for matings between individuals from each species to produce fertile offspring

      Have two species ever coevolved so that they can begin mating together and producing fertile offspring and not infertile hybrids? Would this cause a new third species or would one species be combined with another?

    1. header information

      Is there a way to differentiate the header of the paper from header in the word processing context? I ask because some of my students confuse the two until I explain it more clearly.

    2. MLA

      Should MLA and APA also be written out for the first time they are mentioned?

    1. petroleum

      raakaöljy, kiviöljy, petroli

    2. crude

      jalostamaton,raaka

    3. refining

      jalostus

    4. apparatus

      laitteet,laitteisto

    5. separated

      erottaa

    6. boiling points

      kiehumispiste

    7. converted

      muuttuu

    8. volatility

      haihtuvuus,räjähdysherkkyys, tulenarkuus, epävakaus

    9. crystallization

      kiteyttäminen

    10. distillation

      tislaus

    11. isolated

      erottaa

    12. embedded

      upotettu,uponnut

    13. gold nuggets

      kultahiukkaset

    14. gravel

      sora

    15. usually necessary

      usein tarpeellisia

    16. In principle

      periaatteessa

    17. components

      komponentti

    18. heterogeneous

      heterogeeninen liuos, liuoksen alkuaineet ovat eri faaseissa (olomuoto), esim. hernekeitto,vesi ja hiekka (liete)

    19. solutions

      liuos

    20. homogeneous

      homogeeninen lious, kaikki seoksen alkuaineet ovat samassa faasissa (olomuoto)

    21. retain

      säilyttää

    22. odorless

      hajuton,tuoksuton

    1. eigenvector

      Eigen vector of a matrix P is that matrix Q which when multiplied by P gives a value of some scalar k times the matrix Q.

    2. eigenvalue

      So the eigen value of a matrix A can be defined as the scalar quantity k with which an eigen vector of the matrix A is multiplied by to get the product of the matrix A and the Eigen vector.

    1. Never mind that I had no idea what ginger beer was.

      diff experiences

    2. All my characters were white and blue-eyed, they played in the snow, they ate apples, and they talked a lot about the weather, how lovely it was that the sun had come out.

      Incredibly different from herself

    1. that

      The word that here would be considered an unnecessary filler. See the rule below: "To decide whether you can omit “that” from a sentence, check how naturally and intelligibly the sentence reads without it. Usually, you can drop “that” if it follows a verb that essentially means “to say.” This omission mimics natural speech and shouldn’t change the meaning of the sentence.

      The children claimed an ice cream break would help them study more effectively.
      She insisted she wasn’t responsible for the houseplant’s untimely death.
      

      However, it’s usually better to keep “that” if other words fall between the verb and the dependent clause.

      The kids also said this morning that a television break would enhance their studying.
      She admitted begrudgingly that she might have contributed to the plant’s demise."
      
    2. .

      Extra period

    1. Anti-elitist rigor

      I almost think this can be combined with #6 - anti-elitist language?

    2. This is especially beneficial for students who are trying to educate themselves against the odds, who have to make efficient use of their time and prioritize practical concerns given family and work obligations.

      This is especially beneficial for students who are trying to educate themselves while prioritizing practical concerns given family and work obligations.

    3. Students who are the first generation

      Do we want to focus on first gen students specifically here? Then, we leave out ELL and many other groups.

    4. text.

      These are fantastic and realistic improvements. I don't have any comments on them.

    5. This is achieved through scaffolded instruction that breaks down analytical reading and writing into steps and makes explicit the moves that will lead to success.

      Again, so powerful.

    6. hold in your hands (or more likely that you view on your screen)

      are reading ?

    7. culturally responsive teaching

      Just an idea for instructors who are unfamiliar - can we embed a link to CRT resources?

    8. n.  

      Wow - well said!!!

    9. socio-economic

      one word?

    10. Do you need elipses at the end of a quote?

    11. One of the realizations that has emerged from our critical examination is that Euro-centric and mainstream dominant curriculum and pedagogy, in addition to leaving historically underserved students out,  has also failed to build upon diverse students' capacity for rigorous and strategic critical thinking and learning

      Educators have realized that Euro-centric curriculum and pedagogy leaves out historically underserved students and fails to build upon diverse students' capacity for rigorous and strategic critical thinking and learning.

    12. d

      ,

    1. ΔScold = q/Tcold

      Doesn't it say above that this definition is only valid for reversible processes?

    2. ΔSuniv approaches zero will not occur spontaneously as written but will occur spontaneously in the reverse direction

      I don't understand this sentence. Is the ice reversibly drawing in heat from the environment an example that would fit this description? Does that then mean that ice spontaneously looses heat to the environment?!

    3. absorbed reversibly from the surroundings

      So, if I understand correctly, this heat transfer is not due to the temperature difference between the ice and the warmer block - which would be the mechanism referred to in the irreversible example below?

    1. everal differen

      knowing the difference between when to use what size of pipet for an experient could make a huge difference in accuracy.

    1. To become an ecologist requires an undergraduate degree, usually in a natural science. The undergraduate degree is often followed by specialized training or an advanced degree, depending on the area of ecology selected. Ecologists should also have a broad background in the physical sciences, as well as a sound foundation in mathematics and statistics.

      What are the most common majors and degrees of ecologists, I wonder? It seems like there is a range of options, I wonder what some of them are.

    2. tegration of scientific disciplines

      I think it's valuable to understand how multi-disciplinary the study of ecology is, I was especially interested in all of the subfields listed. I was surprised to learn about the scale of the scope of the field.

    3. The availability of nutrients is an important factor in the distribution of the plants that live in this habitat.

      Is there an environment where nutrient availability wouldn't be an important factor to plants?

    4. These interactions can have regulating effects on population sizes and can impact ecological and evolutionary processes affecting diversity.

      In heterospecific interactions, what are some examples that show how a species try to compete with other species for limited resources.

    5. they may develop those policies and legislation themselves

      What level of schooling would be necessary for an ecologist to develop their own legislation? Is a degree in law necessary?

    6. Mutualism is a form of a long-term relationship that has coevolved between two species and from which each species benefits.

      Mutualistic relationships between species sharing a habitat are quite prevalent and often necessary for the survival of either species. For example, the establishment of mycorrhizae between subterrestrial fungi and the roots of plants provides critical nutrient exchange that keeps many species alive.

    1. Sub-discipline of ecology – which studies host-pathogen interactions, particularly those of infectious diseases, within the context of environmental factors

      Do researchers identify solely as ecologists in a field like this, or is it like a focus within a more broad field like epidemiology?

    1. In part, this emerging simplicity is because levels of detail again merge together.

      It seems that this is describing the way ecologists start understanding. Once one thing is figured out it becomes clumped and simplified, and then more complex as new things are discovered about it.

    2. From its early days, ecology has been in part a theoretical– mathematical science

      After reading this it is interesting how mathematical ecology really is especially against sciences that I would have considered more mathy.

    3. It turns out to be at about one meter. In other words, at our scale

      I understand that theory can be used to deal with some of this complexity but how does an ecologist manage to do repeatable experiments in an environment and at a scale with such complexity and unpredictability?

    1. It destroys the cultures and will ruin the hypotheses we are trying to test.” But instead he capitalized on the serendipity, wondered what was happening, and found a substance in penicillium mold that kills bacteria. Fungi and bacteria have been archenemies for perhaps a billion years. Fleming’s discovery has helped physicians actually cure disease, rather than being limited to diagnosing and prognosticating.

      I think it's interesting that despite the experiment seeming to have been ruined, Fleming shifted his study to accommodate the change occurring from the mold which led to the discovery of penicillin. If he had decided otherwise, and scrapped it, it could change the outcome of future medicines.

    2. serendipity—luck and chance—

      If so much of ecology is luck and chance is it possible to to use tat to a scientists advantage?

    3. A large part of science turns out to be serendipity—luck and chance—capitalizing on chance and doing something with it.

      As someone who struggles with perfectionism and overthinking, it brings me a lot of peace of mind knowing that a hypothesis never has to be perfect.

      Question: Are there limits to what one can experiment with?

    4. A large part of science turns out to be serendipity—luck and chance—capitalizing on chance and doing something with it.

      The lucky outcomes in experiments are also influenced by the careful collections of observations and how the data is later interpreted. Without Fleming carefully collecting data he would not have seen how the mold affected his cultures.

    5. Theory then leads to expectations, which in turn lead to experiments. Commonly, experiments aren’t undertaken until there is some theory to be tested and understood

      Sounds like Deductive reasoning is most common in this field

    1. What for?

      I notice that this question comes up often in discussions of space exploration in particular. This is most likely because space exploration is one of the most extreme cases of basic science in that the information about a distant galaxy seemingly has little to no application on Earth.

    1. The construction of a nutritious meal requires learning about which foods are healthy and which foods are not-so-health, how foods and nutrients function in your body, and how to use scientific resources to make healthful choices for you and those you care about.

      use these guidelines to make a healthy meal

    1. Do you want to be the master or the servant?

      dash indicates a file while the d represents directory r-read w-write x-executable

      other is like a web server, so r is readable for people accesssing data through a webserver.

  2. Aug 2021
    1. Research shows that children who play outside regularly have healthier body weight, improved vision, and immune function, reduced stress, better sleep, improved motor skills. There are substantial immediate and long-term health consequences for children who aren't able to play outside or get enough physical activity such as increased obesity and chronic diseases. The research also shows us that kids who play outdoors have increased school readiness because outdoor play contributes to better social skills such as cooperation, increased attention span, improved school attendance, and improved brain development and cognition. Physical activity plays a critical role in supporting health and learning.

      outdoor activity

    1. Families “are naturally concerned for their child’s safety, particularly when cared for outside of the home. However, children who spend more time in nonparental child care have a reduced risk of (unintentional) injury. This may be because child care centers and family day homes provide more supervision and/or safer play equipment. Nevertheless, injuries in child care settings remain a serious, but preventable, health care issue.”55

      families

    1. The following scientific record is some of what took place in order to conclude that iodine is a nutrient.1,2

      Use as an example of how the scientific method was applied.

    1. In general, when a closed interval [a,b][a,b][a, b]is mapped to an arc on the unit circle, the point corresponding to t=at=at = a is called the initial point of the arc, and the point corresponding to t=at=at = a is called the terminal point of the arc.

      This doesn't make sense. How can t=a be both the start and the end of an arc.

      Then, also confusing, the picture below shows an equation with x and y.

    1. influential in changing the direction or tone of the conversation by looking at it from a new angle or focusing on a different aspect

      creating more conversation by looking at things from a different perspective

    2. the conversation never truly ends

      !!!

    3. expected to engage with, and join, the conversations about myriad topics

      expects to explore many topics

    1. defibrillators

      Defibrillation is a treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias, specifically ventricular fibrillation (VF) and non-perfusing ventricular tachycardia (VT).[1][2] A defibrillator delivers a dose of electric current (often called a counter-shock) to the heart. Although not fully understood, this process depolarizes a large amount of the heart muscle, ending the dysrhythmia. Subsequently, the body's natural pacemaker in the sinoatrial node of the heart is able to re-establish normal sinus rhythm.[3] A heart which is in asystole (flatline) cannot be restarted by a defibrillator, but would be treated by cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).

    1. inductive reasoning, which begins from new observations and attempts to discern underlying generalized principles. A conclusion made through inductive reasoning comes from analyzing measurable evidence, rather than making a logical connection. For example, to determine whether bats are birds a scientist might list various characteristics observed in birds–the presence of feathers, a toothless beak, hollow bones, lack of forelegs, and externally laid eggs. Next, the scientist would check whether bats share the same characteristics, and if they do not, draw the conclusion that bats are not birds.

      Explaining what inductive reasoning is, and giving examples.

    1. Astrology is an example of pseudoscience. It is a belief system that attributes the movement of celestial bodies to influencing human behavior.

      PSEUDOSCIENCE

    2. An explanation that cannot be tested or does not meet scientific standards is not considered science, but pseudoscience.

      Explaining what pseudoscience is

    3. For example, describing a rock as red or heavy is a qualitative observation. Determining a rock’s color by measuring wavelengths of reflected light or its density by measuring the proportions of minerals it contains is quantitative. Numerical values are more precise than general descriptions, and they can be analyzed using statistical calculations. This is why quantitative measurements are much more useful to scientists than qualitative observations.

      Qualitative observation are mostly important in science. Quantitative is also an important element.

    1. Kekule: Lewis structures using lines to represent covalent bonds and showing all atoms and lone pair electrons Bond-line (Skeletl-line): shows bonds between carbon atoms and heteroatoms) (with lone pair electrons when requested) Condensed: all atoms are written to communicate structure without drawing any chemical bonds based on the carbon backbone

      I believe I am most familiar with the method Kekule method because of its relation with Lewis Structures. However, I have seen the other two methods. I'm still practicing but I hope to become more familiar with the Bond-line and Condensed methods and when it would be best to use them.

    1. Should the gov. regulate fishing? I say yes, to an extent. If it is regulating it to the point where people can't make a living, then the regulations need to be brought back, but we also don't want to abuse the resources that he have. It is a tricky line to walk, but a necessary one if we are to keep people employed and have fish for the next set of fishermen.

    1. For helium, there is approximately one isotope of Helium-3 for every one million isotopes of Helium-4, hence the average atomic mass is very close to 4 (4.002602).
      • Need more understanding on this
    1. In discrete mathematics, we almost always quantify over the natural numbers, 0, 1, 2, …, so let's take that for our domain of discourse here.

      Natural Numbers?? These is a whole number set :/

    2. We make no claim about the conclusion in situations when the hypothesis is false.

      Yet they make the implication statement true when hypothesis P is false :/

    1. This is an excellent equation for spin-less particles or spin one particles (bosons), but not to describe fermions (half-integer spin), since there is no information about spin is in this equation. This needs careful consideration, since spin must be an intrinsic part of a relativistic equation!

      hmm

      1. does it describe spin one particles, really?
      2. why it must be an intrinsic part?
    1. plethora of resources

      I would point out that finding OER can be challenging since there is no single comprehensive search tool. You might want to break the tools into categories: Publishers and Publishing Platforms: Pressbooks Directory: https://pressbooks.directory/ OpenStax Lumen Learning LibreTexts etc...

      Global Repositories: MERLOT OER Commons

      Search Engines: CC Search OASIS

      Regional Repositories Affordable Learning Georgia Open Oregon, etc.

      Open Textbooks

      I find that faculty get confused by all the different ways to search...

    1. a tradition of telling African stories in the West: A tradition of Sub-Saharan Africa as a place of negatives, of difference, of darkness, of people who, in the words of the wonderful poet Rudyard Kipling, are "half devil, half child."

      Countered by narratives written by African writers? c.f. The Famished Road by Ben Okri - abiku (spirit children)

    2. I grew up on a university campus in eastern Nigeria

      q.v. "Cell One" from The Thing Around Your Neck - fictional Nsukka campus in Nigeria

    1. The parachutist opens the parachute as soon as he jumps out of the plane

      parachute OPENS immediately on jumping out of plane