In any case, it can be concluded that several procedures for the analysis of repeated measures data show excellent control of the Type I error rate for normal data, even for extremely small sample sizes.

Neural mechanisms underlying state mental fatigue: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis

"To make the preliminary test on variances is rather like putting to sea in a rowing boat to find out whether conditions are sufficiently calm for an ocean liner to leave port."

Like all biological entities, the brain and nervous system are products of evolution. That is, they were produced slowly, over millions of years, through a long series of modifications yielding a diversity of forms that were pruned by natural selection.

Having too much GABA can result in a number of side effects, including drowsiness and anxiety.

According to a recent Pew Research Center study, 46 percent of Americans say they could not live without their smartphones.

The study to be published on 19 July 2018 found that cumulative RF-EMF brain exposure from mobile phone use over one year may have a negative effect on the development of figural memory performance in adolescents, confirming prior results published in 2015.

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Although volunteers wrote by hand both with pen and paper or stylus and digital tablet, researchers say paper notebooks contain more complex spatial information than digital paper. Physical paper allows for tangible permanence, irregular strokes, and uneven shape, like folded corners. In contrast, digital paper is uniform, has no fixed position when scrolling, and disappears when you close the app.

Contrary to the popular belief that digital tools increase efficiency, volunteers who used paper completed the note-taking task about 25% faster than those who used digital tablets or smartphones.

“Actually, paper is more advanced and useful compared to electronic documents because paper contains more one-of-a-kind information for stronger memory recall,”

(positive social feedback concerning one's character) has been shown to occur in the human ventral striatum.

We held an expert panel consensus meeting to review the suitability of each of these techniques, in the light of our previously collected qualitative data, the context of the intervention and by referring to the APEASE criteria

In this study, we did not undertake the sixth step of the BCW relating to policy options in detail.

In the third step, we developed a specification of who would perform the target behaviours, what they would need to do differently to achieve change, where and when they need to do it and, if necessary, how often and with whom.

To refine our target, we carried out a Delphi review of SMS in audiology [58] involving 26 stakeholders including hearing aid users, providers and researchers

We first searched the literature detailing the negative consequences of hearing loss for adults with acquired hearing loss and the literature detailing a link between hearing aid use (behaviour) and amelioration of these negative consequences (outcomes). This allowed us to define the problem of poor outcomes for people with acquired hearing loss in behavioural terms (low levels of hearing aid use).

Brazilian adolescents and the excess time spent on-screen was defined as two hours or more daily.

Effects of Feedback Intervention on Decrease of Smartphone Usage of Smartphone Addiction Risk Group of College Students *

Interventions often last between a half hour and 90 minutes, but there is no mandatory time period.

The educational intervention was implemented only in the intervention group (6 sessions of ninety minutes).

The experimental group is given the meditation program sessions in the morning, two times a week for 20 min per session, for a total of 12 weeks.

Goals were set on the number of steps and the number of home-based exercises to do per day that were tailored to the participants’ needs and abilities

Participants then attended PA classes for two hours each week over a period of six weeks,

I demonstrate that approximately one-to two-thirds of variance in social media use is attributable to additive genetic traits; unique and shared environmental factors account for the remainder of variance.

This review found an additional five BCTs, which had not been cited in previous systematic reviews identifying strategies in interventions to reduce screen time in children: “demonstration of the behavior”, “behavior substitution”, “information about social and environmental consequences”, “instruction on how to perform the behavior”, and “feedback on behavior”.

We therefore recommend future studies to make use of clearly described standardized behaviour change techniques when designing and reporting intervention content

Thus, brain atrophy in the elderly can be prevented or slowed by aerobic exercise as a result of enhanced synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus and increased cell poliferation [30].

Although, significant increase in CO2 concentrations are noted with routinely used face-masks, the levels still remain within the NIOSH limits for short-term use. Therefore, there should not be a concern in their regular day-to-day use for healthcare providers

which suggest that children should not be forced to wear face masks.

The subjects exercised 1 hour, 3 times a week. After 16 weeks, the heart rate decreased from 120-135 to 104-108 beats/minute.

Despite reports of some side effects, tDCS is considered to be a safe technique [16]. The most common side effects are tingling and itching under the electrodes. Nausea, insomnia and headache are less frequently reported. It should be noted that these side effects have also been observed in sham conditions.

Problematic use patterns are more easily explained by passive-observant behavior associated with a certain Fear of Missing Out, rather than a strong desire to exhibit their body image and sports success.

“Social media has been described as more addictive than cigarettes and alcohol

For example, a married business professional and mother may use her smartphone for six hours per day while traveling to and from her office and client appointments. Her smartphone use while “on the go” for arranging appointments, engaging in client phone calls, and note-taking for later invoicing and reporting is clearly a productive use of her time, as long as she can adequately relax and enjoy her evening, and spend some quality time with her family. In this scenario, the professional’s smartphone use, although extensive (six hours daily) does not appear to involve functional impairment or significant distress

Differences were resolved by consensus involving a third researcher

Following this pilot, additional probes and prompts were included to further explore women’s experiences in terms of weight management and lifestyle changes.

Furthermore, when little is known about the population, qualitative research is useful to develop a theoretical understanding of the target behaviou

Michie and colleagues developed a framework derived from 33 commonly used behavioural theories and 128 psychological constructs called The Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). The TDF has been identified as a useful tool for identifying determinants of behaviour and barriers to behaviour change. The TDF is an elaboration of the COM-B model which stands for “capability”, “opportunity”, “motivation” and “behaviour”

Explanatory domains of the Theoretical Domains Framework, categorised by COM-B dimensions

The processes involved in human motivation according to PRIME theory. Arrows denote the ‘influence’ relationship. Reproduced from ref. 48.

As humans we have the capacity to think about what we do and make conscious decisions—what may be termed ‘reflective motivation’. So, apart from wants and needs, there are thought processes that create and compare evaluations: beliefs about what is beneficial or harmful and right or wrong. These processes underlie our conscious decision-making, when we weigh up the costs and benefits of courses of action or work out solutions to problems. We also have the capacity to plan ahead, and these plans form much of the structure of our behaviour over the course of minutes, hours, days, weeks and years.

Potentially competing impulses and inhibitions are controlled by instinct and habit processes, plus any motives (wants or needs) that are present at the time. Wants and needs are generated by feelings of anticipated pleasure or satisfaction and of anticipated relief from discomfort or drive states. All of this makes up our ‘automatic’ motivation.

Motivation refers to all those processes, conscious and unconscious, that energiseand direct behaviour. The model distinguishes between reflective and automaticprocesses. Reflective motivation refers to the conscious plans, beliefs, desires andintentions that influence behaviour, such as the specific intentions to behave in waysthat are consistent with an individual’s beliefs about their identity. Automaticmotivation refers to the largely unconscious influences that shape behaviour, suchas emotional reactions (e.g. the experience of guilt or shame if found to be doing anunsafe behaviour), impulses, inhibitions and drive states such as hunger and thirst,and habits (e.g. reaching for a lever that is typically on a certain side)

reflective and automatic motivation (i.e. all the brain processes that energize and direct behaviour, including goals, emotional responses, analytical decision-making, and habitual processes).

psychological and physical capability (i.e. the individual’s psychological and physical capacity to engage in the activity concerned, including the necessary knowledge and skills),

Automatic Motivation is less conscious and more reflexive, driven by emotional states, impulses and context triggers.

increasing self-regulatory demands are mirrored by an increase in LPFC activation.

used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to continuously monitor cerebral oxygenation in dorsal and ventral parts of the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC), brain regions associated with effortful attentional control and response inhibition, respectively.

In particular, qualitative methods using in-depth interviews and focus groups are useful to analyse the specific nature of the problem, ascertain who is involved or affected by the problem, and how the problem is perceived from different perspectives

indicated that student athletes were heavily influenced and affected by Twitter use across various domains in their lives.

. Patients from remote areas and patients with low socioeconomic status who cannot afford paying for face-to-face interventions can be additionally reached [

Multicomponent behavioral interventions including techniques of CBT, MI, and problem solving combined with reminders may be effective in young adults

Certain barriers relating to socioeconomic characteristics, such as younger ages, low education and income, may not be modifiable, however interventions can differentially target these groups and the particular mechanisms that contribute to MNA.

Effective components of behavioral interventions (mostly digitally delivered) across conditions included education, personalized motivational feedback, motivational interviewing, and reinforcement messages.

the TDF was extended to be relevant to other areas in which changing behaviour is important such as changing patient behaviours

Internet interventions work for many conditions, have long-term effects and can be as effective as face-to-face therapy.

the majority of the apps identified lack a psychological underpinning

lso, when people use ineffective apps, it may also deter them from trying other approaches

Aynı şekilde Garp ilim ve tekniğinin meydana getirdiği işlerin esasını anlamak için şuur altımızda Garplıda mevcut olduğunu tevehhüm ettiğimiz şeytânî zekâya ihtiyaç yoktur. Garplının akl-ı selimine olan güvencinden başka ikinci kerameti bu anladığı esasları birbirine eklemek, yani merdiven basamaklarını bire birer çıkmak hususunda gösterdiği sabır, azim ve sebattır. Bize bu sabrı, bilgiye olan iştiyakımız temin edecektir

Aynı zihniyetin bir başka tecellisi Garplıya, Garplının yaptığı işe olan aşırı güvenimizdir. Eskinin ilmi derin hocası yerine bugün âdeta Alman veya Amerikalı kaim olmuştur

These data indicate that a seemingly inconsequential turn of the head profoundly impacts audience engagement:

When no appropriate theory can be identified, or when more than one may seem relevant, intervention developers can use the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to organize evidence about key barriers and enablers and link back to relevant theories

Theory has a central role in this process. Intervention development is often based on operationalizing the principles from a single theory and selecting intervention techniques with the potential to modify the theoretical predictors of behavior

While usually systematic reviews of studies with low risk of bias are preferable, the most relevant evidence informing an intervention might be supplemented by grey literature such as local government reports or hospital records

IM (Bartholomew Eldredge et al., 2016) proposes to work backward from the targeted health problems (and that impact on quality of life), to the behavior and environmental factors that shape these health problems, and finally to the predictors of the causal behavioral and environmental risk factors

chatting with a person via WhatsApp (CARE, belonging), playing a game on a smartphone with another person (PLAY), our brain circuitry will not be nourished sufficiently.

Ancak şu bir gerçektir ki; fiziksel egzersiz önerilse de, egzersiz sırasında oksijen tüketimindeki artış vücutta serbest radikal üretimini arttırmaktadır. Özellikle akut ve yoğun egzersiz vücutta oksidatif hasarı tetiklemektedir. Diğer taraftan, fiziksel inaktivite de fizyolojik işlevlerde bozulmalara ve oksidatif strese karşı vücut direncinde düşüşlere yol açmaktadır. Epidomiyolojik çalışmalar düzenli egzersizin kardiyovasküler hastalıklar, diyabet, Alzheimer, Parkinson ve bazı kanserler gibi oksidatif stresle ilişkili hastalıkların insidansını azalttığı göstermektedir. Egzersizin bu yararlı etkisi, düzenli egzersizle oluşan oksidatif strese karşı vücudun geliştirdiği adaptasyonla ilişkili olabilir. Gelecekte fiziksel egzersizin DNA üzerindeki etkilerinin tam mekanizmasını anlamak için daha kapsamlı çalışmalar gerekecektir.

Egzersiz sırasında oluşan serbest radikallerden dolayı, düzenli egzersiz oksidatif hasarı önlemek için bir adaptasyon süreci geliştirir. Bu adaptasyon fizyolojik fonksiyonların iyileşmesine ve oksidatif strese karşı direncin artmasına yol açmaktadır

Serbest radikaller, hücrelerde endojen ve egzojen kaynaklı faktörlere bağlı olarak oluşurlar. Endojen etmenler organizmada normal olarak meydana gelen oksidasyon-redüksiyon reaksiyonları ve DNA’daki spontan değişimlerdir. Egzojen kaynaklı etmenler arasında stres, virüsler, enfeksiyon, hava kirliliği, hipoksi, ısı, egzersiz, iskemi, travma, çeşitli kimyasallara maruz kalma gibi durumlar sayılabilir

Identifying the potential mechanisms of change was a critical step in the development of the intervention. It was at this stage that we incorporated the first of our other intervention development approaches by identifying relevant behaviour change theories and techniques. We conducted a search to identify the intervention components most likely to contribute to successful weight loss, as well as components associated with successful and unsuccessful interventions. We also conducted a search for web-based and other technology-based interventions and those involving any kind of social support, whether from friends, family, colleagues or groups such as Weight Watchers. We also conducted an internet search for websites or apps aimed at changing health behaviours around diet and physical activity. We found many sites that utilised monetary incentives or prizes, competition with others, behavioural goals, and social support elements such as chat forums. However, we did not identify any that included family members and friends to encourage and promote weight-related behaviour change in the way we envisaged. Our review of the literature and 6SQuID steps 1 and 2 provided us with the rationale to develop an intervention for adults with obesity, using technology in the form of an app/website, to facilitate social support for weight loss. The resulting intervention is, thus, a combination of (1) individual behaviour change approaches, (2) social support and (3) the use of technology.

Influencing factors, such as the physiology of biological development and the psychosocial contexts in which interventions may take place, need to be fully understood and integrated into interactions with adolescents, and those who care for them, to have the best chance of being effective.

The VBM analysis revealed that gray matter volumes of the right hippocampus (RHPC) and right cerebellum (RCere) were significantly positively correlated with trait anxiety.

we focused on a region of right hippocampus (RHPC), which was associated with trait anxiety in a previous voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) study (Zhang et al., 2019) as well as in our sample.

Unlike previous studies, none of the selfie motivating factors was found to relate to narcissism.

previous injury was significantly associated with increased FMI.

People undergoing centralized quarantine have higher levels of anxiety. Unexpectedly, longer durations of quarantine did not lead to a significant increase in anxiety level.

Anatomically, the only available fMRI study highlights increased activity in cortical (e.g., prefrontal, motor, and parietal cortices) and subcortical (e.g., pons, thalamus, sub-parabrachial nucleus, periaqueductal gray, and hypothalamus) structures

Slow breathing techniques promote autonomic changes increasing Heart Rate Variability and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia paralleled by Central Nervous System (CNS) activity modifications.

Technology-enabled MBPs included in this analysis demonstrated small to medium effects on outcomes of negative affect and mindfulness.

These at-risk youths might prefer to access community interventions such as self-help on electronic platforms delivered using smartphone apps [20] rather than face-to-face therapy.

These results suggest that mindfulness concentration and attention techniques presented in an auditory verbal format are more immediately effective at the emotional level than when presented in visual format.

it appears that some MBIs have largely isolated mindfulness from the techniques and practice principles that traditionally supported it.

mindfulness-based interventions(MBI) is the third major treatment method emerging after behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy.

Hence, our data support the assumption that females and males rely on divergent processing strategies when solving emotional tasks: while females seem to recruit more emotion and self-related regions, males activate more cortical, rather cognitive-related areas.

Analyses of functional data revealed distinct neural networks in females and males, and females showed stronger neural activation across all three empathy tasks in emotion-related areas, including the amygdala

Data analyses revealed no significant gender differences in behavioral performance, but females rated themselves as more empathic than males in the self-report questionnaires.

An unobtrusive smartphone application called “Instant Quantified Self” monitored daily smartphone s and daily minutes of use.

In addition, this study indicated that adolescents' motives for smartphone use, such as gaining peer acceptance, can cause unintended negative outcomes beyond gratification of needs.

This study showed that females,children with low academic performance, children who have a poor relationship with their parents, and those who are less involved in and satisfied with school life are more likely to become compulsive smartphone users and more vulnerable to the negative life consequences associated with overuse of smartphones.

Adolescents with problematic use were found to be older than the others, with lower levels of maternal education and self-achievement

. Tablet computer use clearly results in different musculoskeletal stresses than desktop computer use.

The results show that stressful life events are significantly associated with the consumption of the Internet for mood management (such as entertainment and information seeking) and social compensation (such as recognition gaining and relationship maintenance) motives.

Older age, lower self-esteem, and lower satisfaction with daily life were associated with more severe addiction among males, but not among females

Special strategies accounting for gender differences must be implemented to prevent adolescents with risk factors from becoming addicted to online gaming

These findings suggest that tennis play is associated with the development of three foundational aspects of executive function (i.e. inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility).

Our findings suggest that prefrontal deficits among male athletes could contribute to poor impulse control and difficulty in anticipating the consequences of their antisocial and aggressive behavior.

Notably, MA showed higher GM and WM concentrations than SE in the subgyral, cuneus, and precuneus regions related to visuospatial function, motor control, and working memory (PFDR‐corrected < 0.005).

Both SE and MA showed lower gray matter (GM) concentrations than YC in the superior, inferior and middle frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, postcentral gyrus, and the cingulate gyrus (PFDR‐corrected < 0.001) and lower white matter (WM) concentrations in the inferior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus (PFDR‐corrected < 0.005)

Dry pressurized air cabin conditions during the flight or acute exposure to altitude may exacerbate a suppressed immune system

Neuromuscular training tend to be less susceptible to negative consequences of long distance traveling compared to high-volume work

Traveling westward reduces performance, particularly winning percentage and points per game

 Flying reduces oxygen saturation which slows down muscle recovery

short-haul flights (≤6 h) increase injury risk and impede performance

higher amounts of personal social media usage led to lower performance on the task, as well as higher levels of technostress and lower happiness.

This provides initial evidence that insular morphology can be associated with potential social media addiction,

we show that the gray matter volumes of the bilateral posterior insula are negatively associated with social media addiction symptoms.

because it has been shown to be instrumental to supporting the maintenance of substance addictions and problematic behaviors.

e therefore hypothesise that diabetes and hypertension treatment with ACE2-stimulating drugs increases the risk of developing severe and fatal COVID-19.

The guidelines recommend at least 150 to 300 min per week of aerobic exercise and 2 resistance training sessions per week

The international guidelines of PA for older people recommend 5 days per week, which in this particular quarantine situation could be increased to 5–7 days per week with adaptation in volume and intensity.

The smartphone addiction leaves significant impact on university athletes. Prevention education is required for athlete students to control their smartphone sue

The study found that physically inactive adolescent students were more likely to present with problematic smartphone use than those who were physically active, and girls were more likely to exhibit problematic smartphone use than boys.

Sex difference in the computerized neurocognitive battery administered to the PNC. Mean (±SEM) of z‐scores for accuracy (top) and speed (bottom) for females (red bars) and males (blue bars) across the sample on each behavioral domain. ABF, abstraction and mental flexibility; ATT, attention; WM, working memory; VME, verbal memory; FME, face memory; SME, spatial memory; LAN, language reasoning; NVR, nonverbal reasoning; SPA, spatial processing; EID, emotion identification; EDI, emotion differentiation; AGE, age differentiation; MOT, motor speed; SM, sensorimotor speed.

Sex differences in neuropsychological performance. Mean (±SEM) is shown for males (blue) and females (red) on abstraction and mental flexibility (ABF), attention (ATT), verbal memory (VMEM), spatial memory (SMEM), language reasoning (LAN), spatial processing (SPA), sensory function (SEN), and motor speed (MOT).

Female sociality (which is more affiliative) is related most closely to neocortex volume, but male sociality (which is more competitive and combative) is more closely related to subcortical units (notably those associated with emotional responses).

The claim that differences in brain size across primate species has mainly been driven by the demands of sociality (the "social brain" hypothesis) is now widely accepted. Some of the evidence to support this comes from the fact that species that live in large social groups have larger brains, and in particular larger neocortice

a finding that contrasts with the rapid decay for stimuli presented to other sense modalities

The latest studies indicate that the neuroendocrine response to competition depends more on subjective factors related to the cognitive evaluation of the situation than on the outcome itself.

Rats exposed to a cat show increased expression of Fos, a sensitive cellular marker for neuronal activation, in a medial hypothalamic zone including the anterior nucleus of the hypothalamus, the dorsomedial portions of the ventromedial nucleus, and the dorsal premammillary nucleus

Moreover, in a PET-study by Tian et al. (2014), association between D2 receptor level and glucose metabolism was detected in OFC in individuals with IGD, indicating that D2 receptor-mediated dysregulation of the OFC underlies processes of compulsive behavior and loss of control in IGD.

Reduced gray matter volume (GMV) of OFC was found in individuals with IGD and linked to inhibitory and behavioral control as well as decision making and, in line with our correlative findings, negatively associated with the severity of the behavior (Horvath et al., 2020, Lee et al., 2018, Zhou et al., 2019).

Voxel-based morphometry is a computational approach to neuroanatomy that measures differences in local concentrations of brain tissue

ALE meta − analysis was performed. Results indicated significant activation of the premotor, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor areas, inferior and superior parietal lobule, caudate, cingulate and cerebellum in both imagery tasks

The sport experts showed significant activation in the parahippocampus during imagery of professional skills relative to the novices, which might reflect the representation adapted to experience-related motor tasks. No significant difference was found between experts and novices when they imagined simple motor skills

Results also showed significantly less FA and AD measures of WM integrity in the MPD group relative to controls in bilateral hippocampal cingulum bundle fibers (

In light of underlying trait impulsivity, results revealed decreased GMV in the MPD group relative to controls in regions such as the right superior frontal gyrus (sFG), right inferior frontal gyrus (iFG), and bilateral thalamus (Thal).

Our result demonstrated that SPD had significantly lower white matter integrity than controls in superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), superior corona radiata (SCR), internal capsule, external capsule, sagittal stratum, fornix/stria terminalis and midbrain structures

Additional analyses using Freesurfer provided evidence for a positive correlation between delay discounting and gray matter volume of the caudate.

Cortical structural changes in prefrontal regions have been found for introspective impulsivity measures.

Discounting future rewards during impulsive decisions can be related to activation in the orbitofrontal cortex and striatum

Voxel‐based morphometry analysis revealed a negative correlation between Sensitivity to Reward scores and gray matter volume in the dorsal striatum and prefrontal cortex.

in particular higher daily frequency of checking Facebook on the smartphone was robustly linked with smaller gray matter volumes of the nucleus accumbens

the volume of the white matter that contains long axons increases disproportionally faster than the volume of the gray matter that contains cell bodies,

Mr. Gage's WM network may not have been more severe than expected from that of a similarly sized “average” brain lesion.

Participants averaged less than six minutes on task prior to switching most often due to technological distractions including social media, texting and preference for task-switching

Electronic communication is emotionally gratifying,

Overall, participants who rated more technoference in their relationships also reported more conflict over technology use, lower relationship satisfaction, more depressive symptoms, and lower life satisfaction

Most athletes had two or more social media-related apps in their top three most frequently used apps.

Social media applications (e.g., Instagram, Snapchat, and Facebook) accounted for a staggering amount of the participants’ total smartphone usage over the assessed nine-month period.

Growing up with Internet technologies, “Digital Natives” gravitate toward “shallow” information processing behaviors characterized by rapid attention shifting and reduced deliberations.

15-min of smartphone apps did not impair passing decision-making performance.

30-min of smartphone apps impaired passing decision-making performance.

30-min of smartphone apps exposition caused mental fatigue.

Social media can used to manage the moods of athletes during events

Positive and negative commentary presents distractions to athletes.

Damage to this region and/or its network contributes to impulse control disorders.

The right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) implements a brake over response tendencies.

This ability was, however, compromised in cases with right posterior parietal or left frontal lesions. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis that imagined prehension, like actual reaching and grasping, involves a network of highly interconnected areas distributed throughout parietal and frontal cortices.

The results of the study do not support the assumption that the primary visual cortex is involved in visual mental imagery

One of the major controversies in cognitive neuroscience is whether the primary visual cortex and nearby areas are involved in visual mental imagery.

More consistent activation in frontal regions during MI of transitive movements may suggest increased computational load related to motor programming and control for transitive movements rather than the processing of the objects’ characteristics

Activations of greater consistency for transitive vs. intransitive movements were mainly found in the frontal section of the MI network (SMA), suggesting that these regions may process the properties of the imaginary object.

Gri maddede bulunan kaynaklar tarafından üretilen bu etkinliğin kafatası üzerinde konumlanan elektrotlara hacimsel iletim kanalıyla ulaşmasının bir sonucu olarak EEG sinyali, oldukça düşük uzamsal çözünürlüğe sahiptir

while more anterior damages extending into the temporal lobe, especially in the left hemisphere, often cause VMI impairments

The dominant neural model of visual mental imagery (VMI) stipulates that memories from the medial temporal lobe acquire sensory features in early visual areas.

it is not known whether differences between the activity evoked during vision and reinstated during imagery reflect different codes for seen and mental images.

Low-level visual areas encode mental images with less precision than seen images

Visual perception is a constructive affair; it involves both feedforward and feedback signals working closely and interactively together.

As mentioned above, it is interesting that both in the normal population and in schizophrenia, a smaller V1 is associated with stronger imagery