Applied AI Literacies in Information Practice. (Exceptions can be made in the next question.) I would like my content included in the book titled AI in Information Work, which may be made available and known to broad audiences in the future.

配电、UPS、发电机、开关柜 HVAC（暖通） 20% 冷却系统、空调、冷冻水 Land / Shell（土地/建筑外壳） 15-20% 土地、结构、外墙 Fit-out（内装） 20-25% 机架、线缆、BMS、消防、安防

DCIM

WiFi 6/6E Chipset

美国数据中心建设市场正经历爆发式增长：

ey were very careful to not use gendered language during the exam.It was all very matter of fact and they actively took steps to minimize any chestexposure, any referring to the chest tissue as “breasts” and things of that nature.

I might bepregnant.

hey described situations in which, instead of a patient advocate,providers acted as agatekeeper, implicitly or explicitly asking transgender or genderqueerpeople to follow the recommendations of the provider before medical care such as surgery orhormones would be provided.

The present war having so long cut off all communication with Great-Britain, we are not able to make a fair estimate of the state of science in that country

Before we condemn the Indians of this continent as wanting genius, we must consider that letters have not yet been introduced among them. Were we to compare them in their present state with the Europeans North of the Alps, when the Roman arms and arts first crossed those mountains, the comparison would be unequal, because, at that time, those parts of Europe were swarming with numbers; because numbers produce emulation, and multiply the chances of improvement, and one improvement begets another. Yet I may safely ask, how many good poets, how many able mathematicians, how many great inventors in arts or sciences, had Europe North of the Alps then produced? And it was sixteen centuries after this before a Newton could be formed. I do not mean to deny, that there are varieties in the race of man, distinguished by their powers both of body and mind. I believe there are, as I see to be the case in the races of other animals. I only mean to suggest a doubt, whether the bulk and faculties of animals depend on the side of the Atlantic on which their food happens to grow, or which furnishes the elements of which they are compounded? Whether nature has enlisted herself as a Cis or Trans-Atlantic partisan? I am induced to suspect, there has been more eloquence than sound reasoning displayed in support of this theory; that it is one of those cases where the judgment has been seduced by a glowing pen: and whilst I render every tribute of honor and esteem to the celebrated zoologist, who has added, and is still adding, so many precious things to the treasures of science, I must doubt whether in this instance he has not cherished error also, by lending her for a moment his vivid imagination and bewitching language.

ut, 1. The skeleton of the mammoth (for so the incognitum has been called) bespeaks an animal of five or six times the cubit volume of the elephant, as Mons. de Buffon has admitted. 2. The grinders are five times as large, are square, and the grinding surface studded with four or five rows of blunt points: whereas those of the elephant are broad and thin, and their grinding surface flat. 3. I have never heard an instance, and suppose there has been none, of the grinder of an elephant being found in America. 4. From the known temperature and constitution of the elephant he could never have existed in those regions where the remains of the mammoth have been found. The elephant is a native only of the torrid zone and its vicinities: if, with the assistance of warm apartments and warm clothing, he has been preserved in life in the temperate climates of Europe, it has only been for a small portion of what would have been his natural period, and no instance of his multiplication in them has ever been known. But no bones of the mammoth, as I have before observed, have been ever found further South than the salines of the Holston, and they have been found as far North as the Arctic circle. Those, therefore, who are of opinion that the elephant and mammoth are the same, must believe, 1. That the elephant known to us can exist and multiply in the frozen zone; or, 2. That an eternal fire may once have warmed those regions, and since abandoned them, of which, however, the globe exhibits no unequivocal indications; or, 3. That the obliquity of the ecliptic, when these elephants lived, was so great as to include within the tropics all those regions in which the bones are found: the tropics being, as is before observed, the natural limits of habitation for the elephant. But if it be admitted that this obliquity has really decreased, and we adopt the highest rate of decrease yet pretended, that is, of one minute in a century, to transfer the northern tropic to the Arctic circle, would carry the existence of these supposed elephants 250,000 years back; a period far beyond our conception of the duration of animal bones left exposed to Page 44 the open air, as these are in many instances.

besides the usual process for generating shells by the elaboration of earth and water in animal vessels, nature may have provided an equivalent operation, by passing the same materials through the pores of calcareous earths and stones: as we see calcareous dropstones generating every day by the percolation of water through lime-stone, and new marble forming in the quarries from which the old has been taken out; and it might be asked, whether it is more difficult for nature to shoot the calcareous juice into the form of a shell, than other juices into the forms of chrystals, plants, animals, according to the construction of the vessels through which they pass?

The height of our mountains has not yet been estimated with any degree of exactness. The Alleghaney being the great ridge which divides the waters of the Atlantic from those of the Missisipi, its summit is doubtless more elevated above the ocean than that of any other mountain. But its relative height, compared with the base on which it stands, is not so great as that of some others, the country rising behind the successive ridges like the steps of stairs. The mountains of the Blue ridge, and of these the Peaks of Otter, are thought to be of a greater height, measured from their base, than any others in our country, and perhaps in North America

There will therefore be a competition between the Hudson and Patowmac rivers for the residue of the commerce of all the country westward of Lake Erié, on the waters of the lakes, of the Ohio, and upper parts of the Missisipi.

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Behavioral medicine, with its inherent awareness of the relationship between mind, body, and spirit is a field particularly amenable to incorporating the practices of IM.

While it is tempting to address a constellation of symptoms with complex treatments, careful attention to root causes and streamlining interventions may yield better patient outcomes.

CASE ILLUSTRATION A 70-year-old European American woman presents with “treatment-resistant” insomnia for over 20 years.

The National Acupuncture Detoxification Association (NADA) protocol is a type of auricular acupuncture that may lessen the severity of withdrawal symptoms when used adjunctively with detoxification treatment. The NADA protocol is typically administered in group settings to improve adherence and involves bilateral needle insertion at five specific acupoints located on the ear.

Acupuncture is one component of TCM treatment that involves placing thin needles on particular sites on the body in a specific way. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of healthy subjects, Hui and colleagues found that acupuncture stimulation affects the emotional brain through primary deactivation of the amygdala and hypothalamus.

Osteopathic manipulative therapy (OMT) is a set of hands-on techniques aimed to treat structural, muscle, and tissue abnormalities; relieve joint restriction and misalignment; and promote circulation.

Tai chi and qigong are ancient forms of body movement practices. Both tai chi and qigong apply slow, intentional meditative movements that rely on self-awareness of body positions to adapt energy flow in the mind and body.

Yoga was found to significantly reduce PTSD symptoms, with effect sizes comparable to well-researched approaches for PTSD, including psychopharmacology and psychotherapy.

By combining mindfulness with elements from a validated treatment for depression, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), MBCT was created in the 1990s to reduce depression relapse.

MBRP has similar features to MBCT but is intended for relapse prevention of substance use disorders

Examples of mind–body therapies are breathing exercises, meditation, guided imagery, biofeedback, hypnosis, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, tai chi, and qigong.

However, an RCT called the “SMILES” trial studied the effects of directly applying a dietary intervention to treat depression in participants with poor diet quality.

Kava is an herbal anxiolytic postulated to target the same neurotransmitter as benzodiazepines, gamma-aminobutyric acid. Several case reports of liver toxicity surfaced in the 1990s leading to an initial ban of kava in Europe.

Kava (Piper methysticum) is a commonly cited example where botanical quality and preparation make a difference.

The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) was enacted in 1994 to standardize how natural products are regulated, sold, and marketed in the United States.

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

In contrast, most IM therapies (similar to many behavioral interventions) have multiple components, need to be implemented by a skilled practitioner, and aim to influence multiple symptoms.

It may be helpful for the clinician to organize domains on a spectrum, noticing how close an approach fits into a scientific paradigm. Typically, approaches falling closer to a biological, scientific model are a more natural fit for double-blind, randomized controlled trials (RCT) and thus more widely accepted into conventional medical practice.

As the patient is also taking an antidepressant, concurrent use of SJW could also increase risk of serotonin syndrome, a medical emergency.

Conversely, seemingly benign foods, such as grapefruit, may inhibit metabolism of many drugs and increase drug levels, conferring risk for side effects and toxicity.

ou and Johnson analyzed 2012 NHIS data and identified 7493 respondents who both used CAM and had a primary care physician. Approximately 42.3% of respondents did not disclose CAM use to their primary care physician.

According to 2012 NHIS data, anxiety, stress, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and insomnia were among the top six conditions for which CAM was used in children.

One-fifth of patients used CAM because standard treatments were either ineffective or costly. One-fourth of patients used CAM due to recommendation by a conventional provider.

Data from NHIS consistently show that one-third of U.S. adults have reported complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) use in the previous year.

CAM use was more prevalent in adults with at least one neuropsychiatric symptom (43.8%) as opposed to adults without neuropsychiatric symptoms (29.7%).

Table 35-1.Five domain system for classifying complementary and alternative medicine modalities.

Psychological contexts include traumatic experiences, psychological defenses, and traits. Social contexts include community support, social skills, major life transitions, employment, cultural beliefs, values, spirituality, and access to health care.

The term, “integrative medicine” (IM) defines an approach to healing that explores the whole person, including individual values and lifestyle, while making use of all appropriate and evidence-informed therapeutic modalities, health care professionals, and disciplines to promote optimal well-being.

To maximize the therapeutic outcome, it is essential that the referring practitioner communicate with the specialist—before the visit—about the nature of the medical problem, the desired clinical outcome, and the patient’s expectations about treatment.

Table 5-3.Developing resourceful states with self-hypnosis.

Table 5-2.Eyeroll technique for self-hypnosis.

Table 5-1.Hypnotic smoking-cessation interview.

Certain dermatological conditions, such as warts and alopecia, have been treated successfully with hypnosis.

There is evidence that hypnosis is effective in alleviating the chronic pain associated with cancer.

Hypnosis has been used adjunctively with other therapies to help patients with chronic and terminal illnesses.

In some surgical or dental procedures, hypnosis can be used as an adjunct to, or instead of, anesthesia. In addition, patients with chronic pain can be taught to relax the muscles they tense around areas of pain as part of their “guarding” or bracing efforts.

The clinician can devote 15–20 minutes to inducing a trance, during which the patient is led to form a full sensory recall of an experience in which he or she felt deeply relaxed.

Recent brain imaging studies, employing PET and functional MRI, have shown that the hypnotic state is related to a widespread set of cortical areas involving the occipital, parietal, precentral, premotor, and ventrolateral prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortices.

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Los valores más bajos de la métrica de error para pendientes superiores a 20° se lograron con la combinación B5-S5. Esta novedosa combinación

para ángulos de pendiente inferiores a 20°, esta combinación logró un MBE bajo y positivo

En general, como era de esperar, el rendimiento de los modelos de corrección de pendiente depende significativamente del ángulo de la pendiente. La combinación de modelos B3-S1 mostró un rendimiento relativamente equilibrado

mientras que el modelo B2 muestra una marcada tendencia a sobreestimar los valores medidos

Los modelos B1, B3, B4 y B5 producen predicciones que, en general, se encuentran dentro de un margen de error de ±35%

reconociendo la importancia crítica de evitar la subestimación

se prestó especial atención a la naturaleza "conservadora" de las predicciones

El MBE proporciona información sobre la tendencia de un modelo a sobreestimar

La evaluación cuantitativa emplea tres métricas de error estadístico para evaluar la precisión del modelo: el Error Medio Sesgado (MBE), el Error Porcentual Absoluto Medio (MAPE) y el Error Cuadrático Medio (RMSE)

identificar posibles vías para su perfeccionamiento, con el fin de representar mejor los mecanismos físicos que impulsan la propagación del fuego ladera arriba.

En este contexto, el objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar hasta qué punto los modelos investigados capturan adecuadamente los efectos de la pendiente y

incluyendo modelos relativamente recientes y probando nuevas combinaciones de modelos

El presente estudio amplía estos esfuerzos mediante una evaluación

lo que posibilita una evaluación específica

la experimentación en laboratorio ofrece un mayor control

Sin embargo,

no replican directamente las condiciones en eventos reales

Todos los estudios mencionados anteriormente se basan en experimentos de laboratorio que

Weise y Biging

Vaccaro y Battipaglia

Menos estudios han abordado los efectos de la pendiente

Kolaitis et al.

White et al.

Marino et al.

McAlpine y Xanthopoulos

Varios estudios previos han realizado evaluaciones similares utilizando datos de laboratorio

se suele tener en cuenta mediante modelos complementarios

El efecto de la pendiente del terreno,

Los modelos de predicción de ROS empíricos y semiempíricos suelen adoptar la forma de expresiones matemáticas simples

se ha propuesto un amplio espectro de enfoques de modelado, buscando equilibrar la fidelidad física y química con la eficiencia computacional

para guiar la planificación de evacuaciones y el despliegue de recursos de extinción

se requieren estimaciones precisas de la evolución espacio-temporal

su tasa de propagación (ROS)

Los incendios forestales son un fenómeno sumamente complejo que plantea graves riesgos tanto para el entorno urbano como para el natural. Un objetivo central de la investigación sobre incendios forestales es el desarrollo de modelos prácticos para la predicción de

Evaluación comparativa de modelos de velocidad de propagación de incendios forestales: Influencia de la pendiente del terreno

Additional debate flows

Always give credit to original sources when sharing ideas, quotes, or materials created by others. Familiarize yourself with citation practices and plagiarism guidelines.

Generate ideas for arguments or topics.Conduct preliminary research and gather information.Practice speech delivery through AI simulations or feedback tools.

Quizzes: Complete quizzes on argumentation theory and logical fallacies, reflecting on their real-world applications.

In order to scaffold the process of building in student choice, consider focusing on one area of choice at a time. Consider how you can build student choice in terms of who students work with, what academic tasks they do to demonstrate learning, when they work on certain tasks, and where they sit for their work.

Student choice should be thoughtfully planned and implemented in order to build student autonomy and students’ capabilities at making choices that will be most beneficial and engaging to their learning. It is also important that student learning choices be aligned to content and language standards.

importance of peer and self-assessment as a tool for self-regulated learning. Among the many benefits that she cites of self-assessment include the role that it can have in supporting students in taking responsibility for their learning, recognizing the value of students’ perspective as a data source, and offering a shared set of expectations between teacher and student.

n cultures with strong oral traditions, information is communicated through storytelling, music, and poetry. The sharing of knowledge in this way requires strong interpersonal relationships. Such information is often pragmatic and extremely relevant to day to day life (Marshall & DeCapua, 2013).

La cobertura de fragmentos de roca tuvo un efecto significativo en la tasa de pérdida de suelo

La cobertura de fragmentos de roca redujo significativamente la concentración de sedimentos

En general, la profundidad de escorrentía disminuyó significativamente con el aumento de la cobertura de fragmentos de roca

3. Resultados

y desarrollar un modelo acoplado para calcular b que incorpore los efectos de la pendiente.

Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo investigar sistemáticamente los efectos interactivos de la pendiente y la cobertura de fragmentos de roca sobre la erosión del suelo mediante una serie de experimentos de lluvia simulada. Los objetivos son revelar cómo varía la efectividad de los fragmentos de roca

el efecto exacto de la pendiente sobre b aún no está claro

Sin embargo, los procesos de erosión reales son mucho más complejos

En modelos ampliamente utilizados como la Ecuación Universal Revisada de Pérdida de Suelo (RUSLE), la cobertura superficial y los factores topográficos se calculan generalmente por separado

Sin embargo, estas estimaciones se derivaron principalmente de experimentos realizados en pendientes aisladas, sin evaluar sistemáticamente el efecto de la pendiente sobre el valor de b .

la tasa de pérdida de suelo disminuye exponencialmente con el aumento de la cobertura de fragmentos de roca, una relación que se expresa comúnmente como C = a·exp(−b·R c ) .

Las investigaciones existentes sobre los efectos de los fragmentos de roca en la erosión del suelo se han centrado principalmente en sus características físicas, como el tamaño, el contenido y la cobertura superficial

han atraído un considerable interés de investigación

ntre los diversos tipos de cobertura, la cobertura de fragmentos de roca

Numerosos estudios han demostrado que la cobertura vegetal es un método eficaz para controlar la erosión

La erosión de laderas es uno de los principales procesos que causan la degradación del suelo en las regiones montañosas. Impulsada por el cambio climático y las actividades antropogénicas, representa una amenaza constante para la seguridad alimentaria mundial y la estabilidad de los ecosistemas

lo que exige medidas efectivas de control de la erosión

Control de la erosión dependiente de la pendiente mediante fragmentos de roca: experimentos y mejoras del modelo.

household

haped how Americans experienced culture and shaped their identities. The Affluent Society gave Americans new experiences, new outlets, and new ways t

hallenge the assumptions that “separate” was constitutional at all.

Law and custom in the South hardened antiblack restrictions. But through a series of carefully chosen and contested court cases concerning education,

A look at the relationship between federal organizations such as the HOLC, the FHA, and private banks, lenders, and real estate agents tells the story of standardized policies that produced a segregated housing market.

White privilege is like an invisible weightless knapsack of special provisions, maps, passports, codebooks, visas, clothes, tools and blank checks.

This is L.A.’s oldest paper store, and used to be the gold lining supplier for the Oscars. What started at UCLA campus in 1923, this is McManus and Morgan in West Lake, run by Gary Wolin.

The smallest of the URF's (URFA6L), a 207-nucleotide (nt) reading frame overlapping out of phase the NH2-terminal portion of the adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 gene has been identified as the animal equivalent of the recently discovered yeast H+-ATPase subunit 8 gene. The functional significance of the other URF's has been, on the contrary, elusive. Recently, however, immunoprecipitation experiments with antibodies to purified, rotenone-sensitive NADH-ubiquinone oxido-reductase [hereafter referred to as respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase or complex I] from bovine heart, as well as enzyme fractionation studies, have indicated that six human URF's (that is, URF1, URF2, URF3, URF4, URF4L, and URF5, hereafter referred to as ND1, ND2, ND3, ND4, ND4L, and ND5) encode subunits of complex I. This is a large complex that also contains many subunits synthesized in the cytoplasm.*

science. We have striven not for simplification but for clarification.

Here is a secret about college success that not many people know: successful students seek help. They use resources. And they do that as often as necessary to get what they need.

First-Year College Student Milestones for the First Semester AugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember Expanding social circlesCompleting first test and projectsFeeling more confident about abilitiesBalancing college with other obligationsFocusing on finishing strong Experiencing homesickness or imposter syndromeEarning “lower-than-usual” grades or not meeting personal expectationsDealing with relationship issuesStaying healthy and reducing stressHandling additional stress of the end of the semester Adjusting to the pace of collegeLearning to access resources for supportPlanning for next semester and beyondThinking about majors and degreesThinking about the break and how to manage changes

easy and available

unlimited

listening itself is tied to infrastructure

access

But this playlist depends entirely on digital access.

At the same time, I am still using the phone while working through this.

Battery shows how the device wears down over time

each app becomes a way of noticing a different layer of the device.

I use my phone constantly, but I don’t really think about what it is or what it depends on.

For these who weretoo soon Baptized willingly came to Church, but it was to mutter there their ancientidolatries. They observed the appointed saints' days, but it was while carrying on theirancient sacrifices, dances, and superstitions; they went to holy Communion, if it was desired,but without knowing either the Creed or Confession, and emerging from there, they went off toget drunk and to sing to the Devil their usual sorceries.

For they well understood that to do otherwisewould not only be a profanation of Christianity, but also an injustice towards the Savages.For, inasmuch as it is an injustice to induce any one to sign a promise, or compulsory oath,without giving him to understand the conditions to which he binds himself: how muchworse is it to force a rational being of competent age to make a solemn profession of the lawof God (which is done through Baptism), when he has never before been a novice, nor beenmade to understand the rules and duties of this profession? The Savages were not so stupidbut that they knew enough to reproach us for this injustice,

92

In the relation between a photograph and words, the photograph begs for an interpretation, and the words usually supply it.

What is happening? It requires a caption for us to understand the significance of the event.

The ambiguity arises out of that discontinuity which gives rise to the second of the photo- graph’s twin messages.

Between the moment recorded and the present moment of looking at the photograph, there is an abyss.

Yet it tells us nothing of the significance of their existence.

FILM IS ALL LIGHT AND» SHADOW. INCESSANT MOTION, TRANSIENCE, FLICKER, A SOURCE OF BACHELARDIAI REVERIE LIKE THE FLAMES © IN THE GRATE.

Some light is thrown on these questions by the verb-forms used in cantidus,

It is useful to approach photography in the light of these categories. Is the signified of a photographic image to be seen as a state, a process or an event?

or example, Roland Barthes’ antipathy towards the cinema and absorption in the still photograph.

The lover of photography is fascinated both by the instant and by the past. The moment captured in the image is of near-zero duration and located in an ever-receding ‘then’. At the same time, the spectator’s ‘now’, the moment of looking at the image, has no fixed duration.

activate

SWE-CI: Evaluating Agent Capabilities in Maintaining Codebases via Continuous Integration Authors:Jialong Chen, Xander Xu, Hu Wei, Chuan Chen, Bing Zhao View a PDF of the paper titled SWE-CI: Evaluating Agent Capabilities in Maintaining Codebases via Continuous Integration, by Jialong Chen and 4 other authors View PDF HTML (experimental) Abstract:Large language model (LLM)-powered agents have demonstrated strong capabilities in automating software engineering tasks such as static bug fixing. However, in the real world, the development of mature software is typically predicated on complex requirement changes and long-term feature iterations -- a process that static, one-shot repair paradigms fail to capture. To bridge this gap, we propose SWE-CI, the first repository-level benchmark built upon the Continuous Integration loop, aiming to shift the evaluation paradigm for code generation from static, short-term functional correctness toward dynamic, long-term maintainability. The key insight is simple: Maintainability can be revealed by tracking how functional correctness changes over time. The benchmark comprises 100 tasks, each deriving from a real-world code repository with a development history spanning an average of 233 days and 71 consecutive commits. SWE-CI requires agents to systematically resolve these tasks through dozens of rounds of analysis and coding iterations. SWE-CI provides valuable insights into how well agents can sustain code quality throughout long-term evolution. Subjects: Software Engineering (cs.SE); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI); Computation and Language (cs.CL) Cite as: arXiv:2603.03823 [cs.SE]   (or arXiv:2603.03823v4 [cs.SE] for this version)   https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2603.03823 Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history From: Jialong Chen [view email] [v1] Wed, 4 Mar 2026 08:20:25 UTC (3,311 KB) [v2] Tue, 17 Mar 2026 15:22:33 UTC (3,312 KB) [v3] Wed, 18 Mar 2026 12:07:41 UTC (3,315 KB) [v4] Wed, 1 Apr 2026 05:06:38 UTC (6,535 KB)

Among California’s young Latino workers,Latina women are consistently enrolledin school at higher rates and have higherformal education levels than Latino men(Figure 10). About 10% of young Latinomen in high automation risk jobs did nothave a high school diploma and were notcurrently enrolled in school, twice the rate ofyoung Latina women in the same jobs (5%).Additionally, fewer Latino men in high-riskroles were enrolled in school compared toLatina women (39% compared to 53%,respectively).

Este término acuñado relativamente hace poco, que se basa en los principios de la restauración, se fundamenta en devolver un sistema o producto a su estado original o incluso a un estado mejorado

Origo folder for the Peergos Network Participant named indy

link - indy.wiki// Link to launch Indyi.Wiki

Parce que les stéréotypes se manifestent via des images et des vidéos publiées par des influenceurs,

En grandissant, elles continuent de nous suivre, invisibles mais puissantes

Depuis tout petit, on nous dit comment être un garçon ou une fille

Selected generative artificial antelligence risks and challenges that could result in human effects

Une fois la crise passée, il est essentiel de tirer des enseignements. L’analyse du “Bad Buzz” permet d’identifier les erreurs et d’améliorer les pratiques. La reconstitution de l’image passe par : Des actions concrètes. Une communication cohérente. Un engagement durable.

Notes

One position, called formalism, holds that games are identified by their rules—if you changed the rules of chess, it wouldn’t be chess

Some argue that videogames are interactive films and so, like films, are art

We can avoid this consequence by identifying the moral difference not in motivation, but instead within the actions themselves. For instance, virtual child abuse, like virtual racism or sexism, targets individuals using the same criteria for which actual individuals are targeted and harmed: victimizing a child because they are a child (or a woman because she’s a woman). Enjoying such actions comprises a lack of sensitivity towards these actual victims. Virtual murder, however, is often represented very differently from actual murder: the “victims” are usually just random and non-descript; they aren’t killed because of anything in particular about them

In the video, notice the many different ways of learning that Tim talks about. Most of his languages were learned on his own or ‘in the wild’ outside of a classroom, but he also has experience with French in a formal setting. He mentions different memory strategies for vocabulary learning as well as interacting with people to practice everyday phrases and gain cultural awareness.

In fact, all of these can contribute to language learning in different ways. Many people believe that learning a language is a long, tedious process. Well, it’s true that it IS a long and sometimes tedious process, but you, the learner, can decide whether to make it also really fun and to make the effort worth it.

Before we get started, we have a question for you. Have you ever questioned how you have been learning language? Have you paused and wondered if the ways you’ve been learning match your own preferences or goals?  For example, you might ask whether memorizing flashcards for a written test about vegetables in your Mandarin class will help you to be conversationally fluent. Or you might wonder if studying dialogues in French class was a good approach to learning to recognize grammar patterns. Or you may question whether your decision to learn Spanish just by talking with your friends will work for you in the long run.

Constructivism is a theory that stresses how learners actively build their own understanding in their learning environments. It emphasizes the role of interaction with others and reflection in the learning process. It is important to note that constructivism, unlike cognitivism, does not separate learners’ mental process from their learning experience.  Instead, it highlights that “… the individuals’ contributions to what is learned are not negligible and the culture and social environments in which individuals interact with others are also important in acquisition of skills and knowledge” (Baştürk, 2016, p. 904).

Cognitivism is a vastly different learning theory from behaviorism. It acknowledges that “information is actively processed inside the mind of the person and the behaviour modification takes place by searching for the relationships that exist between the various bits of information” (Bates, 2019, p. 39). Instead of the regurgitation of knowledge and skills that occurs in behaviorism, there is more active engagement of the learner’s brain than we see in behaviorist tasks. Cognitivist learning can include things like solving language puzzles, analyzing scripted dialogues, or using clever memory strategies since these activities encourage our brains to search for relationships in the material.

Behaviorism explains learning by saying, “People need to be directed and […] if the stimulus is something that the individual wants (a reward) or fears (a punishment), then the individual will respond accordingly and there will be a noticeable change in behaviour” (Bates, 2019, p. 23).  This means that you are training your brain like a ringmaster trains a lion to do tricks in the circus. Much like the lion and the ringmaster in the image below, behaviorism relies on eliciting a specific response to a specific stimulus and the consequential reward to indicate correct behavioral patterns.

There are many different learning theories, but let’s talk about three very influential ones: behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism. You’ve likely been influenced by all of these during your years of education, but have not known how to identify them. “Why is it important to identify them?”, you might ask. Since many people have different ways and preferences for learning, these theories can help us understand what we are actually doing when we learn. Different strategies are supported by different theories, and a strategy that builds long-term recollection of vocabulary for one person might not work for another person. Diving into learning theories is imperative to optimize your knowledge of not only your target language but also how you learn in general.

Cela crée un cercle : les utilisateurs reproduisent ce qui fonctionne, ce qui renforce encore ces modèles.

aesthetic

Aesthetics

Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only theAndroid half was published on. Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half. August 2016. URL: http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ (visited on 2023-11-24).

Sara Baker. Why Online Anonymity is Critical for Women. Women's Media Center, March 2016. URL: https://womensmediacenter.com/speech-project/why-online-anonymity-is-critical-for-women (visited on 2023-11-24).

Emily St James. Trans Twitter and the beauty of online anonymity. Vox, September 2020. URL: https://www.vox.com/culture/21432987/trans-twitter-reddit-online-anonymity (visited on 2023-11-24).

COVID-19 pandemic. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186598722. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=COVID-19_pandemic&oldid=1186598722 (visited on 2023-11-24).

Code-switching. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1185649746. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Code-switching&oldid=1185649746 (visited on 2023-11-24).

Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only theAndroid half was published on. Text analysis of Trump's tweets confirms he writes only the (angrier) Android half. August 2016. URL: http://varianceexplained.org/r/trump-tweets/ (visited on 2023-11-24).

Since we have different personas and ways of behaving in different groups of people, what happens if different groups of people are observing you at the same time? For example, someone might not know how to behave if they were at a restaurant with their friends and they noticed that their parents were seated at the table next to them. This is phenomenon is called “context collapse [f31].”

Anonymity can encourage inauthentic behavior because, with no way of tracing anything back to you[1], you can get away with pretending you are someone you are not, or behaving in ways that would get your true self in trouble.

ils imposent des normes visuelles

6.3.1. Inauthentic Behaviors# Inauthentic behavior is when the reality doesn’t match what is being presented. Inauthenticity has, of course, existed throughout human history, from Ea-nasir [f14] complaining in 1750 BCE that the copper he ordered was not the high quality he had been promised [f15], to 1917 CE in England when Arthur Conan Doyle [f16] (the author of the Sherlock Holmes stories) was fooled by photographs that appeared to be of a child next to fairies. Fig. 6.4 A 1917 photograph whose creators claimed was a photo of a child with fairies [f17], proving that fairies exist (the fairies were actually cardboard cut-outs).# There are many ways inauthnticity shows up on internet-based social media, such as: Catfishing: Create a fake profile that doesn’t match the actual user, usually in an attempt to trick or scam someone Sockpuppet (or a “burner” account): Creating a fake profile in order to argue a position (sometimes intentionally argued poorly to make the position look bad) Fig. 6.5 US Congressional candidate Dean Browning in 2020 posting what appears to be a post intended for a sockpuppet account where he was pretending to be a gay Black man [f18].# Astroturfing: An artificially created crowd to make something look like it has popular support Parody accounts: An account that is intentionally mimicking a person or position, but intended to be understood as fake. Schrodinger’s asshole: the guy who says awful shit, and decides if he was “only kidding” depending on your reaction. [f19] Various types of trolling, which we will cover in the next chapter

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