10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Aug 2023
    1. Conversely, the breakdown in the ability of a person to intrapersonally communicate is associated with mental illness (Dance & Larson, 1976).

      Those suffering from the symptoms of mental illness disconnect from their internal voice. When someone who suffers from mental illness is exhibiting symptoms usually they stop having intrapersonal narrative. This is caused by the individuals mistrust of their own brain. They know somethings wrong so they cannot rely on their thoughts to be based on reality. Once treated individuals slowly learn to trust oneself again.

    2. Later, as social psychology began to expand in academic institutions, speech communication scholars saw places for connection to further expand definitions of communication to include social and psychological contexts.

      Using physical and oral cues can provoke a desired response. Ask any good therapist or market manager. People are hardwired to respond to certain sounds and sights with preprogramed responses. Most individuals never know they are being manipulated.

    3. The end of the “Manuscript Era” marked a shift toward a rapid increase in communication technologies. The “Print Era” extended from 1450 to 1850 and was marked by the invention of the printing press and the ability to mass-produce written texts. This 400-year period gave way to the “Audiovisual Era,” which only lasted 140 years, from 1850 to 1990, and was marked by the invention of radio, telegraph, telephone, and television. Our current period, the “Internet Era,” has only lasted from 1990 until the present.

      The way we communicate now through text and e-mail is still a form of written communication. The real difference is the words used and their context. Letters written by Presidents Lincoln and Reagan were so elegant and descriptive. Now its all about brevity, There would be less misunderstandings if e-mail and text were filled with descriptive words that conveyed the authors true meaning.

    4. One way to begin to manage anxiety toward public speaking is to begin to see connections between public speaking and other forms of communication with which we are more familiar and comfortable. Despite being formal, public speaking is very similar to the conversations that we have in our daily interactions. For example, although public speakers don’t necessarily develop individual relationships with audience members, they still have the benefit of being face-to-face with them so they can receive verbal and nonverbal feedback.

      This was touched on at the beginning of the chapter, but the involvement and importance of other forms of communication outside merely spoken language is vitally important, and being taught how to convey and control something as subtle but impactful as body language while speaking can make a huge difference in the success and reception of someone's speech. No matter the topic or even the language at hand, someone standing on a stange speaking has a far greater chance of engagement if they're walking, gesturing, giving he appearance that they themselves are invested in whatever it is they're talking about over someone standing bone still and simply talking; it conveys a lack of interest or potentially a lack of knowledge about what they're talking about, even if that's not inherently true when listening to the words being said, which is why using body language and imagery in addition to speaking is so vital, and I am personally so interested in this class over other typical "speech" classes that just tell you how to talk at someone for a few minutes. Engagement in the targeted recipient is key, and that's something I think most don't initially consider when they think of a oral communication class.

    5. ntrapersonal communication serves several social functions. Internal vocalization, or talking to ourselves, can help us achieve or maintain social adjustment (Dance & Larson, 1976). For example, a person may use self-talk to calm himself down in a stressful situation, or a shy person may remind herself to smile during a social event.

      This particular concept hits home for me, as someone who first of all has ADHD behaviors and finds myself scattered amongst many tasks inadvertently simultaneously, as well as someone who works in the critical care department of a hospital and often has to juggle many time-sensitive tasks at once. Speaking to myself out loud can help he focus on what I'm doing rather than the cacophony of sounds going on around me to help me stay grounded in what I'm doing. It can also help redirect me when I have gone down a rabbit hole in my to-do list at home and help bring me back to the task at hand to help me complete tasks rather than do several only partially. Talking to myself from time to time helps pull my immediate conscious focus to what I'm saying, away from all of the other scattered communication going on all around me, whether it's meant for me or not.

    6. The beginning of the “Manuscript Era,” around 3500 BCE, marked the turn from oral to written culture. This evolution in communication corresponded with a shift to a more settled, agrarian way of life (Poe, 2011). As hunter-gatherers settled into small villages and began to plan ahead for how to plant, store, protect, and trade or sell their food, they needed accounting systems to keep track of their materials and record transactions.

      The first documented form of written language was cuneiform, which was simply crude small symbols of literal objects like birds, trees, etc to convey a message. It initially could've transcended language barriers of small pockets of societies that had their own, different spoken languages if the symbols were easily recognizable. This is a fascinating second boom in the broad term of communication that helped further bring that definition into a more widespread and even more cohesive ability to convey a message. It plays into the humans innate ability to recognize visual cues in combination with language to solidify a point.

    7. Those humans who could talk were able to cooperate, share information, make better tools, impress mates, or warn others of danger, which led them to have more offspring who were also more predisposed to communicate (Poe, 2011).

      This ability to share a common form of communication and subsequently understanding helps create pockets of societies and further advancements possible with the use of teamwork that other, solo individuals could achieve. This pushed the success of this communication forward into more widespread use, like a black hole sucking in others around it attracted to the safety and success of that society. Like group projects or a complicated or large task, more is generally achievable with multiple individuals all communicating their role in the overall goal, rather than one person doing all the work themselves, especially with any level of time frame involved in the task being completed.

    8. While there are rich areas of study in animal communication and interspecies communication, our focus in this book is on human communication. Even though all animals communicate, as human beings we have a special capacity to use symbols to communicate about things outside our immediate temporal and spatial reality (Dance & Larson, 1976). For example, we have the capacity to use abstract symbols, like the word education, to discuss a concept that encapsulates many aspects of teaching and learning. We can also reflect on the past and imagine our future. The ability to think outside our immediate reality is what allows us to create elaborate belief systems, art, philosophy, and academic theories. It’s true that you can teach a gorilla to sign words like food and baby, but its ability to use symbols doesn’t extend to the same level of abstraction as ours. However, humans haven’t always had the sophisticated communication systems that we do today.

      With 126 published definitions of "communication," touching on other forms of communication other than merely speaking in a speech class is vital. With humans having some of the widest range of speech (i.e. various languages) that often times are not seamless, other universal abstract symbolism in conjunction with spoken communication is necessary to bridge the gap. Even our written language and assigned meaning to certain methodic squiggles displayed on paper varies widely, as well as other less obvious ways of communicating like gestures and body languages that could seem inconsequential to one may be monumentally offensive to others, the intricate woven methods to communicate within the complexities we as a human species have created is a fascinating study beyond merely standing in front of a group of peers and talking at them for 3-5 minutes about a chosen topic.

    9. Of the forms of communication, intrapersonal communication has received the least amount of formal study.

      I "talk to myself" all the time. I feel like my intrapersonal dialogue with myself helps me stay organized and helps me be calm. It makes sense that intrapersonal communication doesn't have a lot of research on it because everyone's minds are different. I have to run conversations through my head when I am about to make a phone call. I practice what I am going to say.

    10. Interpersonal communication can be planned or unplanned, but since it is interactive, it is usually more structured and influenced by social expectations than intrapersonal communication.

      I'd like to reflect on this statement using situations that I experience on the daily as a central receptionist. My entire job is speaking to people on the phone that I will never interact with again. When the conversation drifts from connecting people to sales and service, it can range anywhere from people asking about my day, or commenting on the weather, to complete strangers explaining their situations with their vehicles and other tidbits of their life. Along with customers, I also interact on the daily with advisors and salespeople, from the Ford dealership down the street, to other receptionists up in Alaska. Although I never see these people in real life (save for a few advisors at one of our local locations) I can call them my friends, rather than coworkers, based on our interactions with each other. The dichotomy of interpersonal relations I experience on the daily is an interesting example of the variety of communication we experience in our lives.

    11. there have been more than 126 published definitions of communication (Dance & Larson, 1976).

      I find it very interesting that there are quite literally over a hundred definitions of the word 'communication.' If you step back and look at a popular definition, "the imparting or exchanging of information or news" (Oxford Definitions), it paints a picture of the irony of such a statement. Human communication has such a span on our history as a species, that the literal definition of the word we use to describe understanding each other has gone through a telephone-game- style treatment. As word of mouth has translated to written word, even now we can't decide on the definition of key phrases in human nature, such as 'communication'.

    12. We also use intrapersonal communication or “self-talk” to let off steam, process emotions, think through something, or rehearse what we plan to say or do in the future.

      Intrapersonal communication is one of the many types of communication that is a conversation of an individual taking place in one's mind. Percy Jackson main protagonist of Percy Jackson and The Olympians series by Rick Riordan uses a good majority of intrapersonal communication throughout the series. Percy uses this communication to let out his anger and also to process of losing his mom from the "mortal" world, (which she was taken to the Underworld). At the end of the first book he communicates to himself once he learned that one of his friends was "the lightning thief".

    13. Public communication becomes mass communication when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media.

      Mass communication is electronically sending a message to a large group of people in one go. This type of communication reminds me of the screens in the Hunger games movies. President Snow the main antagonist of the movies "electronically sends a message" to the different districts of the Capital. President Snow uses mass communication to his advantage to present warnings to those who break a law of the Capital.

    14. Unlike other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication takes place only inside our heads.

      Intrapersonal communication is directly focused on communication in our heads. Which can make us reflect our individual thoughts. I can connect this type communication to the main character in the book Matched by Allly Condle. The main character Cassia Reyes reflects lots of her thoughts, having a intrapersonal communication with herself.

    15. Group communication is communication among three or more people interacting to achieve a shared goal. You have likely worked in groups in high school and college, and if you’re like most students, you didn’t enjoy it. Even though it can be frustrating, group work in an academic setting provides useful experience and preparation for group work in professional settings.

      I don't like to do group project with people I don't know. But I learned doing them helps others receive different ideas on the topic. I tend to be quiet and listen to other peoples ideas on the topic. I 100% agree that group communication / projects "it provides useful experience and preparation" even if I don't like participating in them.

    16. Public speaking is something that many people fear, or at least don’t enjoy. But, just like group communication, public speaking is an important part of our academic, professional, and civic lives.

      I can connect this piece of text that talks about public speaking and how people have a fear of it. When I took my speech classes in highschool I would tend to talk really fast due to my nervousness. When I do public speaking for instance like a presentation for a class I don't have the clearest voice because it tends to get shaky. I'm hoping that this class will help with my fear of public and also provide techniques that I can use.

    17. Interpersonal communication can be planned or unplanned, but since it is interactive, it is usually more structured and influenced by social expectations than intrapersonal communication.

      I feel like we plan to have conversations every day with somebody we love or even a peer, but I feel even more strongly about unplanned conversations are almost more common. For example, the cashier at the grocery store that we just have a conversation about how there day might have been, or how the weather might have been. Another example could be your neighbor outside when you arrive home from work, and you conversate about how busy your day was. In all actuality we are having Interpersonal conversations in every aspect of our lives and days.

    18. Intrapersonal communication is communication with oneself using internal vocalization or reflective thinking. Like other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication is triggered by some internal or external stimulus. We may, for example, communicate with our self about what we want to eat due to the internal stimulus of hunger, or we may react intrapersonally to an event we witness.

      I think that this is a very interesting part of the text, and never really put much thought into Intrapersonal Communication because we do it without thinking about it. I mean i actually sit here throughout my day and tell myself I need to do this, or this should be done by this date. It is just something we do every day.

    19. Public communication becomes mass communication when it is transmitted to many people through print or electronic media. Print media such as newspapers and magazines continue to be an important channel for mass communication, although they have suffered much in the past decade due in part to the rise of electronic media.

      Mass communication wasn't able to be accessed easily at one-point in time. Now because of social media and the internet pretty much anyone can gain a platform and say almost anything they want. Journalists at one point were one of the biggest forms of mass communication, now newspapers are hardly read, and articles are read by the niche group they're written for. Magazines are rarely read for anything other than gossip. Mass communication is everywhere. The FBI has a twitter account, local police departments have Facebook pages. Mass communication is everywhere amber alerts and extreme weather announcements are a few forms. mass communication is everywhere "Television, websites, blogs, and social media are mass communication channels that you probably engage with regularly. Radio, podcasts, and books are other examples of mass media. The technology required to send mass communication messages distinguishes it from the other forms of communication."

    20. Public speaking is something that many people fear, or at least don’t enjoy. But, just like group communication, public speaking is an important part of our academic, professional, and civic lives.

      I actually enjoy public speaking; I talk a lot, so I rarely have a problem with presentations or speaking events. I know a lot of people that have immense anxiety when it comes to talking in front of a group, and I used to but one day I just got over it. So many people have to speak publicly, politicians, teachers, singers, cops, judges, and many other positions. Whenever I have to present something, I ask myself, "What is the worst thing that could happen?" I stumble over my words, I mess up a sentence, someone in my class thinks I'm stupid. None of it matters to me, because at the end of the day I'm likely going to be the only person that remembers the topic or the presentation. Many people fear public speaking, " It is precisely this formality and focus on the sender that makes many new and experienced public speakers anxious at the thought of facing an audience." A lot of people don't know how to talk to a group or simply can't, and that's okay. Public speaking can be extremely nerve racking, some people will never be able to, and that's totally fine because it's not really an everyday thing like intrapersonal communication.

    21. You know from previous experience working in groups that having more communicators usually leads to more complicated interactions. Some of the challenges of group communication relate to task-oriented interactions, such as deciding who will complete each part of a larger project.

      I have slight control issues and I usually am the group talker/presenter. So, when group events arise, I usually try to put myself in a leadership role. I have had previous issues when I meet someone like myself and I have learned to let go of some of my "controlling behavior." Group communication occurs, obviously, in groups. Groups always have a task or a responsibility to do, "Goal-oriented communication at the group level usually focuses on a task assigned to the whole group; for example, a group of people may be tasked to figure out a plan for moving a business from one office to another." Group communication can be either wonderful or the worst thing you have ever experienced.

    22. Like other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication is triggered by some internal or external stimulus. We may, for example, communicate with our self about what we want to eat due to the internal stimulus of hunger, or we may react intrapersonally to an event we witness. Unlike other forms of communication, intrapersonal communication takes place only inside our heads.

      Everyone on this planet has intrapersonal communication. I talk to myself every day, and I have conversations with myself on what I'm going to do or what I need to do. Some people talk to themselves to calm down, or they journal to ease their minds. When something surprising happens people usually react somehow in their head, basically when anything happens people react to themselves. Just as the text states, "We also use intrapersonal communication or “self-talk” to let off steam, process emotions, think through something, or rehearse what we plan to say or do in the future." Intrapersonal communication happens almost every second throughout one person's day.

    23. During this period, villages also developed class systems as more successful farmers turned businessmen prospered and took leadership positions. Religion also became more complex, and a new class of spiritual leaders emerged.

      We still see this today, there are set class systems in today's society. There is of course; lower class, middle class, and high class. There have always been class systems in human society and there will always continue to be class systems. There is always someone on top and someone on the bottom. This ties into the paragraph preceding this one, "While such transactions were initially tracked with actual objects that symbolized an amount—for example, five pebbles represented five measures of grain—symbols, likely carved into clay, later served as the primary method of record keeping. In this case, five dots might equal five measures of grain." Class starts with money and money creates class. In the early ages of society, religions had multiple Gods and deities. As society progressed these religions were slowly lost. The further that society came the more religion became a high power. Religion is still deeply rooted in our economic and political systems today.

    24. One way to begin to manage anxiety toward public speaking is to begin to see connections between public speaking and other forms of communication with which we are more familiar and comfortable. Despite being formal, public speaking is very similar to the conversations that we have in our daily interactions.

      In certain situations where public communication was present I struggle a bit. I have participated in theatre and I have no problem presenting myself in front of an audience. However in front of my english class it felt different. I realize now that because I was telling stories to people, there was a personal connection present. In english class I didn't make a connection. Now i know making that more comfortable link to people I do not know will benefit the way i communicate publicly.

    25. We also communicate intrapersonally to pass time. I bet there is a lot of intrapersonal communication going on in waiting rooms all over the world right now.

      I find myself using forms of intrapersonal communication in places like the dentist office. I arrive early and check in and then sit down pondering upon many things like what i'll do for the rest of my day. Other places could include waiting in line at the movie theater. It indeed does help pass time, and i find it interesting that we as human collectively do this. Learning that intrapersonal communication is used by all makes me feel more knowledgeable about our society.

    26. Instruction in the latter stressed the importance of “oratory” or “elocution,” and this interest in reading and speaking aloud is sustained today in theatre and performance studies and also in oral interpretation classes, which are still taught in many communication departments.

      The act of theatrical improv is a form of public speaking in an entertaining way. An actor presenting in front of an audience and shaping the show around what pops into their head. They might ask several audience members for different situations and come up with an amusing scene. This makes the audience feel connected and encourages further participation. This practice is beneficial and a positive form of communication.

    27. Interpersonal communication builds, maintains, and ends our relationships, and we spend more time engaged in interpersonal communication than the other forms of communication.

      I find it very interesting that the paper says that we use interpersonal communication more than any other form of communication. It seems to me like intrapersonal communication would be used the most, as we seem to be in constant dialogue with ourselves, or at least I am. I also feel like this would be a varying factor from person to person. I would assume some people are introverted and surely communicate interpersonally more than interpersonally.

    28. Communication scholars who focus on mass communication and media often take a critical approach in order to examine how media shapes our culture and who is included and excluded in various mediated messages.

      In my opinion, I think it's amazing that there are people out there who study or examine how media shapes our culture. I think its great that those people are also often times people interested in mass communicating themselves. There are a large amount of social media influencers out there today, and I would bet that a lot of them have not done a lot of research about how what they are mass communicating could be effecting people in there everyday lives. I personally watch YouTube shorts, and have seen tons of reels. I think a lot of them are hilarious and inspiring, and I love and support what a lot of people are doing. On the contrary, I have also seen a lot of very negative reels and videos that have gone viral. I think that its likely that if everyone, or a lot more people were more educated about the effects there messages could have on people, then maybe there would be less content out there that likely to make someone feel put down or insecure about themselves.

    29. I’m sure we have all had the experience of laughing aloud because we thought of something funny.

      I do this all the time. It's one of the things that I love very much about life and I couldn't imagine not being able to talk to myself and make myself laugh, or help myself understand things that are going on in life, or many other things I use self talk for. I have also read a lot about self talk, and how it can effect our lives in such a dramatic way. I therefore try hard to have uplifting, positive self talk, and refrain from anything that would be considered negative toward myself or others. I have had good luck transforming my self talk over time and been able to become more optimistic by doing so.

    30. Even though Aristotle and other ancient rhetoricians and philosophers had theorized the connection between rhetoric and citizenship, the role of the communicator became the focus instead of solely focusing on the message

      I find it very cool that philosophers in the age of Aristotle were studying the connection between rhetoric and citizenship. My understanding of the development of society, that I have formed mostly from the books I have read and things I have heard, is that there have been very influential and persuasive people that have made large contributions to society and helped mold it into what it is today. I know this can be for the good or bad, for example, Adolf Hitler was a very persuasive man, and he used his influence to have a horribly negative impact on the world. On the flip side of that, there were of course people like Gandi, who did just the opposite. In conclusion to this, I have been thinking about how I can be rhetorical in my own life, and how I can be persuasive and have a positive effect come from it.

    31. Some scholars speculate that humans’ first words were onomatopoetic. You may remember from your English classes that onomatopoeia refers to words that sound like that to which they refer—words like boing, drip, gurgle, swoosh, and whack.

      I find it very interesting that there is speculation about humans first words being onomatopoetic. It makes a lot of sense to me that humans first words would be them mimicking sounds that they heard in attempt to communicate what it is that made that sound. I can remember times in the past that I have personally done this to try to explain to a friend what I was talking about. I also have a friend who has a pet bird, he is a macaw. I have spent time with this bird, whose name is Earnie, and have personally witnessed him mimic the sounds i have made.

    32. In order to be a competent interpersonal communicator, you need conflict management skills and listening skills, among others, to maintain positive relationships.

      This is an active part of communication. If you do not listen and don't have conflict management then you are only speaking. Not having a back and forth dialogue with another person. Training yourself these skills aren't easy if you had not been practicing this since the start of communicating. Half sentences and cutting in someones conversation has become a normal for communicating with one another.

    33. Even though creating the illusion of a personal connection is often a goal of those who create mass communication messages, the relational aspect of interpersonal and group communication isn’t inherent within this form of communication.

      Through social media people have become very bold in their mass communication. A lot of the time the communication is merely to put a group of people down, calling them "lesser" for their identity or their beliefs. Due to the impersonal nature of mass communication, act like these can be done with absolutely no repercussions. No local worker will be able to "get back at" the person who published a nation-wide article. The lack of "real" relationship in mass communication is defiantly one downside to its rise.

    34. Sometimes we intrapersonally communicate for the fun of it.

      If you aren't making jokes to yourself, what are you doing bro. (I laughed to myself thinking about this). It makes life much more enjoyable to have fun conversations to yourself. Laughing is good for you and if you can make yourself laugh, then at least you don't need to find someone else to make you laugh. I fully believe everyone should be able to laugh with themselves.

    35. Instruction in the latter stressed the importance of “oratory” or “elocution,” and this interest in reading and speaking aloud is sustained today in theatre and performance studies and also in oral interpretation classes, which are still taught in many communication departments.

      The modern form of an "entertainment speech" would be a comedian preforming. You can almost imagine that being an audience member at the Globe theater during Shakespearian times would be the very same. As we know, it would contain the same amount of dirty joke, but at least at a comedy routine we can understand them. Altogether, oral comedy performances have been widely attended and have defiantly not lost their popularity with society.

    36. This 400-year period gave way to the “Audiovisual Era,” which only lasted 140 years, from 1850 to 1990, and was marked by the invention of radio, telegraph, telephone, and television.

      I love how the engineering aspect in all of life mainly is to further the beauty and efficiency of communication. The way both the arts need the sciences to be able to reach their full potential and how the sciences would not have a purpose without art is fascinating. Architects need engineers to make their ideas possible. Engineers need a place to apply physics in a non-lab environment. It's amazing that even with a lot of competition between "STEM" and "liberal arts" they still very much need the other side to achieve anything great.

    37. they needed accounting systems to keep track of their materials and record transactions

      The idea of needing communication for the advancement of society is exactly like needing communication in relationships. Societies, in order to become high functioning cohesive units, developed and perfected ways to get ideas across to another party in an almost perfect fashion. All different types of interpersonal relationships follow the exact same path, needing clear ideas to diffuse. Although, occasionally for fun human do the very opposite and be purposely misleading with their communication.

    1. that people do not always listen actively, and that people often do not speak up when they are unsure of instructions for fear of appearing incompetent or embarrassing themselves.

      The best way to learn is by asking questions. This is a philosophy I've lived with for most of my life, and it has helped me progress far further than I ever would if I'd been too afraid to ask certain questions in my life. One of the biggest things you can learn in life is that communication can be used for your benefit. My biggest hobby is cars, and there is so much I wouldn't know if I didn't ask more seasoned enthusiasts, or owners of specific cars I didn't know much about, even if it makes me look unknowledgeable and novice. As my friend Cody says, "Sometimes you gotta be cringe to be happy."

    2. Identify and manage misunderstandings.

      This has become more prevelant in out lives now that most of us communicate a lot through text messages. You can't see/feel the emotion behind the message so things can be taken the wrong way. It is so easy to be offended when the message is read wrong. Even through texting you can clarify what the sender was trying to communicate and to learn the context.

    3. A Taiwanese woman who speaks English as her second language may be praised for her competence in the English language in her home country but be viewed as less competent in the United States because of her accent.

      People who have taken the time to learn to communicate in a different language are competent. From my experience with my family which for some members English is not their first language, it surprises me when people see it as a negative. That it is a hinderance to speak in a broken tone. It is interesting to see that competence in communication changes on the different spaces you are in. It fascinates me because it is visible in many different places.

    1. This type of civic engagement is crucial to the functioning of a democratic society.

      I find this paragraph interesting in the way that our entire government and way of life in America as a democratic country is dependent on communication, in this case mass communication through a voting system. With a presidential election coming up next year, forms of communication from politicians to voters such as advertisements and debates are going to become more front and center, as politicians play on your civic duty to vote. Voting is not the only form of civic communication, as things like serving jury duty are, too. When you are tried by your peers in a court of law, they are communicating to you their response to your actions and character, in determining whether or not you are guilty or not guilty.

    2. . Researchers have identified many tactics that people typically use in compliance-gaining communication

      Most of these tactics, i hate to say that I have used when parenting my children. After reading about these tactics it makes sense that everyone uses these tactics in their personal or professional lives. In my parenting, loss of privileges and grounding works best with my teenagers. Altruism works with my littles because Mother knows best. Also giving my kids compliments and encouragement to get a task done helps their self-esteem.

    3. Poor listening skills were shown to contribute significantly to failure in a person’s first year of college

      I never thought about how communication can help with poor listening skills and lack of conciseness when speaking, I would think that communication was just that how to speak to someone. It is interesting to think that if we do not communicate well, it can affect our success.

    4. Aside from surviving, communication skills can also help us thrive. People with good interpersonal communication skills are better able to adapt to stress and have less depression and anxiety (Hargie, 2011).

      When moving to a new town I noticed how much harder it was to thrive in the various social situations. Any attempt I didn't make was detrimental to my health. Once i made connections the improvement was visible. I find it helpful to know this information is proven to benefit us as humans. Yes, for our survival, but also allowing us to live fulfilled and complete lives.

    1. When you take a moment to think about how, over the past twenty years, CMC has changed the way we teach and learn, communicate at work, stay in touch with friends, initiate romantic relationships, search for jobs, manage our money, get our news, and participate in our democracy, it really is amazing to think that all that used to take place without computers.

      As someone who grew up in a time where every household had a computer, and computers were widely used in schools, I think this whole paragraph is fascinating in reviewing the way that the internet and social media has affected our way of communication. It seems that everyone nowadays has some form of social media, and when I meet new people in real life, one of the first things that they ask me is "do you have Snap or Insta?" The thought have having to call on the phone or go to someone's house to talk to them or make plans is so foreign to me in my life, since I can send a text to my best friend asking what we want to do after work. I think looking at the way social media has changed the way that we communicate and connect will be interesting as we progress through this class.

    2. The interaction model is also less message focused and more interaction focused.

      Texting is very straight to the point and straightforward for the transmission model. But for the interaction model it's about the interaction. Now a days my friends and I have whole conversations through text. WE are great friends that I usually know the emotion that is behind a message. Texting can be hard though without seeing the persons demeanor ofr facial expressions.

    3. Think of how a radio message is sent from a person in the radio studio to you listening in your car.

      I believe that this is a major part of communication in today's society. I mean we are always driving from one place to another if it's not to work or to a friend's house, it could be on a vacation but we as people are always listening to something in the car. The news for example is always interesting and is a good way to make people aware of what could be going on around them. If not, the news it could be music that you perceive messages through with quick ad breaks in between trying to sell or promote something.

    4. If your roommate has headphones on and is engrossed in a video game, you may need to get his attention by waving your hands before you can ask him about dinner.

      This is exactly the way society has become these days. Everyone is either on a phone or some device while others are into their video games. I mean it is always a daily struggle with me and my family since I choose not to be consumed every day by a device. I have to always repeat myself to my kids or partner because they are consumed by their technology or faces so deep in their phones. It literally drives me crazy.

    5. Noise is anything that interferes with a message being sent between participants in a communication encounter. Even if a speaker sends a clear message, noise may interfere with a message being accurately received and decoded. The transmission model of communication accounts for environmental and semantic noise.

      I never really understood this aspect of communication until I read this in the text. I mean it is very important that the person who is trying to get a point across or relays a message is being heard and understood. Never really pay attention to how they might not get the message perceived due to the nature of their surroundings. I do take note of this because sometimes I have to repeat something or have someone relay a message back to me because of surrounding noises blocking what they were trying to convey.

    1. What is interesting about this clip is that its author does not seem to realize that she is engaging in rhetoric as she is criticizing the term.

      So she is contradicting herself.

    2. The word “rhetoric” in this context implies a strategy to deceive or distract.

      So in this article they used the word rhetoric to distract the audience of what the actual problem is? Was rhetoric being misused?

    3. too much rhetoric and not enough substance.

      What do they mean by this? What is wrong with too much rhetoric? What do they mean by substance?

    4. Purpose of writing Intended audience, Occasion, or context in which the text will be written and read

      Never knew these were rhetorical situations.

    5. Every act of writing takes places in a specific rhetorical situation.

      So every piece of writing has a rhetorical situation.

    6. principles

      What are these principles? Do all writers follow these principles?

    7. rhetoric

      So rhetoric is the key to creating an effective argument? Are there different variations of using rhetoric. How do you do you know your argument is good enough?

    1. P(A OR B)=P(A)+P(B)

      Addition Rule #1

      • Events that are mutually exclusive!

      *** think - there should be NO overlap outcomes between events! ***

      • Remember to add all of the trail event outcomes!
    2. P(A OR B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A AND B)

      Addition Rule #2

      • Events that are NOT mutually exclusive!

      *** think - it has overlap outcomes between events! ***

      • Remember to subtract the overlap outcomes!
    1. Even a single grammatical or spelling error can cause your reader to dismiss you as not professional, as not caring enough to edit carefully

      It's always great to double check your work for any issues before submitting the final draft.

    2. Your document should be attractive and pleasing to look at. Just as you wouldn't eat a hamburger from a dirty plate, your reader will not be moved by a document that is not carefully designed and professional.

      I agree, readers like myself need something that will catch my attention. If it's not appealing then why would anyone want to continue reading it ?

    3. First and most important, your writing must be honest. Your trustworthiness in communication reflects not only on you personally but on your organization or discipline.

      Very true. How can I trust what your writing if your not confident with what your trying to tell your reader

    4. Your trustworthiness in communication reflects not only on you personally but on your organization or discipline.

      Your readers must feel confident in trusting your writing.

    5. Without exception, grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence structure have to be correct.

      Sentence structure and punctuation are my problem areas when in my writing. I hope to improve wthis.

    6. Identification of a specific purpose and a particular audience are the first two steps of technical writing.

      If you know what your purpose is and who the targeted audience is, your writing will be much easier to complete.

    7. Technical and workplace documents address a specific audience.

      Knowing who the audience is, will help with the topic and tone used in the writing.

    8. First and most important, your writing must be honest. Your trustworthiness in communication reflects not only on you personally but on your organization or discipline. Your writing has to be clear so that your reader can get from it the information you intended. Strive to make sure that you have expressed exactly what you mean, and have not left room for incorrect interpretations. Next, good writing is accurate. Do your homework and make sure you have your facts right. There is no excuse for presenting incorrect information. Also make sure you have all the facts, as your writing must also be complete. Have you included everything that your reader needs? Your audience has neither time nor patience for excessive verbiage, so simplify and cut any clutter. Good writing is always concise writing. Your document should be attractive and pleasing to look at. Just as you wouldn't eat a hamburger from a dirty plate, your reader will not be moved by a document that is not carefully designed and professional.

      Six steps for successful writing (HCACAC) - Honest - Clear - Accurate - Complete - Attractive - Correct

    9. Technical and workplace documents address a specific audience. The audience may be an individual or a group, and it may or may not be known to the writer. While there is always a primary audience addressed, there may be a secondary audience. Thus, an understanding of the reader or user of a technical document is important.

      Such as addressing issues or temporary changes

    1. 7,9

      Note that Event A and Event C does NOT have similar number outcomes.

      Since there is no overlap, this would make both events as mutually exclusive!

    2. 4,5

      Note that Event A and Event B have overlap.

      They both have the same outcome number: 4 and 5

      Which means that there are 2 outcomes that occurs. This makes Event A and Event B NOT mutually exclusive!

    3. Without replacement

      Event A affects the change sample space (sum) for Event B.

      Event B's sample space will be smaller compared to Event A's sample space.

    4. With replacement

      Event A does not change sample space (sum) for Event B

    1. First, make sure your writing is legible

      The readers have to be able to understand what they are reading.

    2. You can evaluate how easy your document is to comprehend by getting another set of eyes on it.

      Having someone else read your writing, is always good. Having another set of eyes will give you a different perspective of your writing and could point out mistakes they you as the writer could have overlooked.

    3. Readable means that your document can be easily understood by your target audience, and refers to the formula where by words, sentence length, and sentence complexity determine how hard or easy your sentences are to read.

      It is important for the audience to be able to read your writing without feeling confused. If they are confused, they will not be able to enjoy what they read

    4. clear, simple, and easy to understand

      Direct and simple

    5. Technical or workplace writing is intended to solve problems, seek solutions, and provide necessary information that workers will use to, well, solve problems, seek solutions, and provide necessary information.

      Reason why we need Technical writing

    1. e this in the following table for the reaction, where A, B and C are reactants, and the order of reaction is m for A, n for B and p for C, with an overall order ΘΘ\Theta= m+n+p

      test for incognito

    1. r negative end of a dipole) approached a neutral molecule, the opposite would occur, as it would repel electrons, inducing a positive dipole in the neutral molecule that is near it,

      test

    1. l, 98.89% of the carbon atoms also contain 6 neutrons, so each has a mass number of 12. An isotope of any element can be uniquely represented as AZX, where X is the atomic symbol of the element, A is the mass number and Z is the atomic number. The isotope of carbon that has 6 neutrons is therefore 126C. The subscript indicating the atomic number is actually redundant because the atomic symbol already uniquely specifies Z. Consequently, it is more often written as 12C, which is written as “carbon-12,”  (14C, would thus be written as “carbon-14.”) Nevertheless, the value of Z is commonly included in the notation for nuclear reaction

      test

    1. The message can also be intentional or unintentional. When the message is intentional, this means that we

      Just like poetry a sentence can have a disguise to it.

    2. “I don’t think so,” “That doesn’t make sense,” or “You’re crazy!”). Thus, communication is always a transactional process – a give and take of messages.

      Its crazy to think that animals and plants have their own way of communication.

    3. paralinguistic

      wow thats a word!! Paralinguistic- relating to or denoting paralanguage or the nonlexical elements of communication by speech.

    1. we shouldn’t be so quick to jump to conclusions, and we should examine the evidence! However, psychologists have also found that people need their emotions to think clearly.

      I agree with this sentence I think people shouldn't jump to conclusions and should take time to think before jumping into any. A way I am guilty of jumping to conclusions and ways I know others are as well is for example sometimes I think about a task I would like to complete and then I jump into conclusion by thinking that I am not capable of getting that task done and I often completely shut down trying to attempt the task but if I just stop and think about it for a moment and take it slowly/one step at a time I bet I can be more then capable of getting it done.

    2. Look at this picture, and notice your first reaction. Do you have an emotional reaction, good or bad? What is your opinion right off the bat? Going with your gut, what do you think? Notice I am asking you about two things: (1) your emotional reaction and (2) your first thought.

      My initial reaction to this picture is wondering what they are specifically protesting but given the photo shown I can imagine it has something to do with letting people be free to express themselves. I think the phrase "Dreamers Make America Great" means that people with a vision and goal made this country what it is today.

    1. Summary of species interactions, showing how each species is impacted by the interaction. Produced by N. Gownaris.

      The figure shows either which species benefits from the interaction (+) or if the species is negatively impacted by the interaction (-).

    1. college success reveals that intellect usually has nothing to do with having difficulty with, or failing, college courses. More often, success depends on how fully you embrace and master the following seven strategies:

      That is true. If you are not interested in what you are doing your lack of care or effort with surely show. Although, some people might just have that sorry kind of luck to have something come along their paths that are unexpected and are effective enough to have an impact on their work ethics. Life has its own balance with positive and negative- Some have it worse than others. In the end, no matter what does happen, if you are determined to succeed, you WILL make it happen. If at first you don't succeed, try, try and try again.

    1. The Levels of Organization

      Six levels of organization to the human body structure is: Organismal Level, Organ system level, organ level, tissue level, Cellular level, and finally chemical level.

    1. One is the Arrhenius definition defined above, which revolves around the idea that acids are substances that ionize (break off) in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen (H+) ions while bases produce hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution.

      this theory is the one used by schools, acids and bases ionize in aqueous solutions and give hydronium ions or hydroxide ions.

    1. Gender Stratification Each of us is born with physical characteristics that represent and socially assign our sex and gender. Sex refers to our biological differences, and gender the cultural traits assigned to females and males (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2012). While our physical make-up distinguishes our sex, society and our social interaction implicates the gender socialization process we will experience throughout our life. Gender identity is an individual’s self-concept and their association with femininity, masculinity and perhaps questioning of these social categories. Children learn gender roles and acts of sexism in society through socialization (Griffiths, Keirns, Strayer, Cody-Rydzewsk, Scaramuzzo, Sadler, Vyain, Byer & Jones, 2015). Children become aware of gender roles between the ages of two and three and by four to five years old; they are fulfilling gender roles based on their sex (Griffiths et al., 2015). Nonetheless, gender-based characteristics do not always match one’s self or cultural identity as people grow and develop. 1. Why do people need and use gender labels? 2. Why do people create gender roles or expectations? 3. Do gender labels and roles influence limitations on individuals or the social world? Explain. Gender stratification focuses on the unequal access females have to socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom as compared to men based on differing positions within the socio-cultural hierarchy (Light, Keller, & Calhoun, 1997). Traditionally, society treats women as second-class citizens in society. The design of dominant gender ideologies and inequality maintains the prevailing social structure, presenting male privilege as part of the natural order (Parenti, 2006). Theorists suggest society is a male dominated patriarchy where men think of themselves as inherently superior to women resulting in unequal distribution of rewards between men and women (Henslin, 2011).

      0

    2. Racial Stratification Probably the best way to begin to understand racial and ethnic inequality in the United States is to read first-hand accounts by such great writers of color as Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, Piri Thomas, Richard Wright, and Malcolm X, all of whom wrote moving, autobiographical accounts of the bigotry and discrimination they faced while growing up. Sociologists and urban ethnographers have written their own accounts of the daily lives of people of color, and these, too, are well worth reading. One of the classics is Elliot Liebow’s (1967)Tally’s Corner, a study of Black men and their families in Washington, DC.

      0

    3. In general, all societies are stratified along one or more lines comprised of race/ethnicity, sex/gender, age, religion, disability, and/or social class or socioeconomic status (SES), which is a measured by similar levels of income, education, and occupation. Social stratification is the unequal ways in which the resources of society are distributed. Sociologist Craig Oettinger defines stratification as who gets what and how much they get over time. According to Abercrombie and Urry (1983), social differences become social stratification when people are ranked hierarchically along some dimension of inequality whether this be income, wealth, power, prestige, age, ethnicity or some other characteristic. Sociologists use the term social stratification to describe the system of social standing.

      0

    4. Gender stratification focuses on the unequal access females have to socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom as compared to men based on differing positions within the socio-cultural hierarchy (Light, Keller, & Calhoun, 1997). Traditionally, society treats women as second-class citizens in society. The design of dominant gender ideologies and inequality maintains the prevailing social structure, presenting male privilege as part of the natural order (Parenti, 2006). Theorists suggest society is a male dominated patriarchy where men think of themselves as inherently superior to women resulting in unequal distribution of rewards between men and women (Henslin, 2011).

      .

    5. Gender Stratification Each of us is born with physical characteristics that represent and socially assign our sex and gender. Sex refers to our biological differences, and gender the cultural traits assigned to females and males (Kottak & Kozaitis, 2012). While our physical make-up distinguishes our sex, society and our social interaction implicates the gender socialization process we will experience throughout our life. Gender identity is an individual’s self-concept and their association with femininity, masculinity and perhaps questioning of these social categories. Children learn gender roles a

      .

    6. Racial Stratification Probably the best way to begin to understand racial and ethnic inequality in the United States is to read first-hand accounts by such great writers of color as Maya Angelou, Toni Morrison, Piri Thomas, Richard Wright, and Malcolm X, all of whom wrote moving, autobiographical accounts of the bigotry and discrimination they faced while growing up. Sociologists and urban ethnographers have written their own accounts of the daily lives of people of color, and these, too, are well worth reading. One of the classics is Elliot Liebow’s (1967)Tally’s Corner, a study of Black men and their families in Washington, DC.

      .

    1. Reform movements seek to change something specific about the social structure, including political, economic, or social systems. Historical examples include the abolitionist movement preceding the Civil War, the woman suffrage movement that followed the Civil War, the Southern civil rights movement, the gay rights movement, and the environmental movement. Contemporary examples of reform movements include the DREAMers movement for immigration reform and the Black Lives Matter movement. Revolutionary movements extend one large step further than a reform movement in seeking to overthrow the existing government and to bring about a new one and even a new way of life. These revolutionary or political movements seek to completely change every aspect of society. The United States, French, Mexican and other national revolutions fall under this category. Reactionary movements seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure. The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the Minutemen militia represent examples of reactionary movements. Both of these movements reflected white supremacy, while the KKK projected anti-Black, anti-Jewish and anti-immigrant attitudes, and the latter reflected nativism, the policy and practice of promoting the interests of "native" inhabitants against those of immigrants. In their attempt to return the institutions and values of the past by doing away with existing ones, conservative reactionary movements seek to uphold t

      0

    2. family has a high potential to impact quality family time, sometimes resulting in lesser educational outcomes. Connecting dysfunctional social institutions, Shirley Better presented the term web of institutional racism, further discussed in Chapter 6.5, to explain the interrelated impact of substandard housing, poor schooling opportunities, lack of job opportunities, and inadequate health care.

      .

    1. But there is another goal for safety, and this deals with safety literacy in the digital age, that is, in this age of instant information, where people can post false claims online, it is important that students develop the skills to evaluate chemical safety information.

      We added chemical literacy

    1. second is to develop the proper protocols and procedures for performing experimental activities so that when the student enters advanced courses or the work force, t

      What we will see is we added safety literacy in the post pandemic description

    1. All atoms of an element are alike in mass and other properties, but the atoms of one element differ from all other elements.

      second rule

    1. First, let's get a list of SIDs that are associated CID 1174 (uracil)

      the following python code gets you the number of substance IDs that are associated with a compound ID within PubChem

    1. The piston moves as the molecules of the gas rapidly equilibrate to the applied pressure such that the internal and external pressures are the same.

      Goes from pressure difference (gradient) to equilibrium

    1. The Conflict Paradigm The Conflict paradigm does a very good job of explaining racism, sexism, ageism, socioeconomic inequality (wealth and poverty), etc. The Conflict paradigm describes the inequalities that exist in all societies around the globe.

      The Conflict Paradigm.

    2. SES is an abbreviation of socioeconomic status and is comprised of the combined effects of income, education, and occupation.

      SES - Socio-Economic Status

    3. A paradigm is a description of the world of human behavior; it is a description of society. A paradigm is a description of the interactions of human beings within any society. Paradigms are broad viewpoints or perspectives that permit social scientists to have a wide range of tools to describe society, and then to build hypotheses and theories. Paradigms don't do anything but DESCRIBE!

      What is a paradigm

    1. work done W is equal to the strain energy U stored when deforming the system

      This should be declared as follow: the work done W is equal to half the strain energy U stored when deforming the system. Because if so, mathematically W would equal to half the product of force and displacement.

  2. Jul 2023
    1. He explains that rich white men have convinced poor white men that all of their problems are the result of Black and Brown people. Rather than poor white men aligning their interests with poor people of color, they instead align themselves with the elite white men who control the country. His mantra is that white men particularly have engrained racial superiority, white supremacy, and white privilege, yet he also projects that this racism can be unlearned in pursuit of anti-racism which is discussed in the final section of this chapter.

      I want to explore it in relation to white trans femmes in particular [11:27 PM]Decay Toad: How their experiences with racial superiority contrast/compare to white cis people's experiences vs trans poc, and then how the transgender identity intersects with that and perhaps increases exposure/understanding of leftist politics [11:28 PM]Decay Toad: OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO the phenomenon of former alt-right white people who become deradicalized and then come out as trans

    1. The image below the following text has the energies reversed compared to the text itself. I think it was a typo in the image, as it shows the conjugated pentadiene having a greater energy release (implying a higher initial state) than the 1,4-pentadiene

      "A very important concept to keep in mind is that there is an inherent thermodynamic stability associated with conjugation. This stability can be measured experimentally by comparing the heat of hydrogenation of two different dienes. (Hydrogenation is a reaction type that we will learn much more about in chapter 15: essentially, it is the process of adding a hydrogen molecule - two protons and two electrons - to a p bond). When the two conjugated double bonds of 1,3-pentadiene are 'hydrogenated' to produce pentane, about 225 kJ is released per mole of pentane formed. Compare that to the approximately 250 kJ/mol released when the two isolated double bonds in 1,4-pentadiene are hydrogenated, also forming pentane."

    1. a cooler body radiates less energy than a warmer body.

      As the temperature rises of a body change in colour is observed from red to orange then yellow the almost white. White colour states that the body is radiating heat[Energy] at max level.

    1. -131kJ/mol

      Another errata, based on the video's formula it should be -137kJ/mol, and the video also mistakenly says -136kJ/mol.

    2. 3/2O2

      Quick reminder that this is incorrect. Instead of three halfs, it should be 3 and a half, 3 1/2 or 7/2. Save yourself from being stupid like me.

    1. Después de la extracción, los analitos en el acetato de etilo tienen una concentración 67 veces mayor que la de la muestra original (asumiendo que la extracción es 100% eficiente).

      La concentración aumenta x67

    1. Concepts, Constructs, and Variables Last updated Aug 21, 2021 Save as PDF 2.1: Unit of Analysis 2.3: Propositions and Hypotheses picture_as_pdfFull BookPageDownloadsFull PDFImport into LMSIndividual ZIPBuy Print CopyPrint Book FilesSubmit Adoption ReportPeer ReviewDonate /*<![CDATA[*/ window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { "showHighlights": false }; }; //localStorage.setItem('darkMode', 'false'); window.beelineEnabled = true; document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].prepend(document.getElementById('mt-screen-css'),document.getElementById('mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-print-css')); //$('head').prepend($('#mt-screen-css'));/*]]>*/ Page ID26212 /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', ()=>LibreTexts.TOC(undefined, undefined, true));/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ //CORS override LibreTexts.getKeys().then(()=>{ if(!$.ajaxOld){ $.ajaxOld = $.ajax; $.ajax = (url, options)=> { if(url.url && url.url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')) { let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; url.headers = Object.assign(url.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } else if (typeof url === 'string' && url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')){ let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; options.headers = Object.assign(options.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } return $.ajaxOld(url, options); } } });/*]]>*/ Anol BhattacherjeeUniversity of South Florida via Global Text Project

      Bhattacherjee, A. (2021). Unit of Analysis: Concepts, Constructs, and Variables. (2), 3. Libre Texts Social Sciences

    1. Words have limitations. There are numerous areas where nonverbal communication is more effective than verbal (describing the shape of something, or providing quick direction, for instance). We can't control nonverbal behaviors as easily as spoken words. Since nonverbal communication may be unconscious, it tends to be more genuine than words. Nonverbal signals can express feelings inappropriate to state: social etiquette limits what can be said, but nonverbal cues can communicate thoughts. A separate communication channel is useful to help send complex messages: a speaker can add enormously to the complexity of the verbal message through simple nonverbal signals."  (Jones)

      Why humans continue to use noverbal communication

    1. 4.4: Decide How Strong the Evidence Is

      Inductive reasoning is widely used in academic arguments to draw general conclusions from supporting evidence such instances, facts, statistics, testimonials, or anecdotes. It helps prevent negative assumptions and determines whether there is enough information to make a judgment.

    1. Why are generalizations important to arguments?

      Argument from deduction asserts All Citizens, including instructors, are entitled to free expression under the First Amendment, albeit this right may not always apply. Employers may prescribe rights, and deductive reasoning may refute the broad assertion.

    1. In Chapters 2 and 3

      Chapters 2 and 3 analyze and summarize ideas without taking a position. Readers should understand the author's objectives, the original content, and its relevance before developing a judgment. Youngsters can then understand the reasoning behind the debate and provide their own perspective as a result. In order to stress the need of thoroughly reading the material before passing judgment, the essay compares one movie reviewer with another.

    1. The U.S. Senate is pretty much a millionaires’ club now, for example, and while it’s not impossible for a very wealthy person to understand the concerns of someone who is poor, it may also be harder for them to understand the concerns of the less wealthy

      if those of a lower economic class were able to sustain political election campaigns, I believe that there would be greater support and empathy for the oppression of the lower economic classes. There is limited understanding on improving a system, or admitting there is an unfair system, if that very system has only shown to benefit you. This means if you believe the current system has no fundamental flaws for those of different class because your class is comfortable, then it may seem like there is nothing to adjust to begin with.

    1. El razonamiento analógico es omnipresente en la vida cotidiana. Nos basamos en analogías —similitudes entre las circunstancias actuales y las que ya hemos vivido— para guiar nuestras acciones. Utilizamos comparaciones con personas, lugares y cosas familiares para guiar nuestras evaluaciones de las nuevas. Criticamos los argumentos de la gente a partir de su parecido con líneas de razonamiento obviamente absurdas.

      importante

    1. political issue

      It is not just a "political issue." There is scientific debate as far as the effectiveness of masking, the effectiveness of the vaccines, if 90% vaccination rate really means anything, and much more. Labeling it as simply a political issue effectively stifled any criticism, as any criticism was seen as coming from one political group directed at a different political group, rather than a criticism of any facts. One could not even present facts since they were quickly shut down with statments like, "You must be a Trump-supporting racist!"

    2. wearing masks for the unvaccinated

      Is that to say that only the "unvaccinated" can get and spread COVID? It is still a common misconception being spread that vaccination prevents infection and spread of COVID.

    1. Sample Assessment- "Typography and Identity"

      In visual communication, typography is essential because it affects identity in ways that go beyond aesthetics. With relation to visual branding and cultural representation, this article examines how font design affects cultural identity, communicates meaning, and changes perceptions. Designers may produce powerful and meaningful designs that resonate with a variety of people and cultures by grasping the power of typography.

    1. Sample Assessment- "Spread Feminism, Not Germs"

      The COVID-19 epidemic has brought attention to the importance of public health initiatives and their effects on society. We emphasize the importance of feminism and gender equality in public health in this article. Assessing healthcare access, gender roles in policy, and the disproportionate impact on low-income areas serve to highlight the need for an inclusive and equitable approach. A more inclusive and equitable public health system may result from addressing gender differences in pandemic response, policymaking, and access to healthcare. Feminist public health advocacy can result in improved health outcomes and a culture that values the dignity and welfare of people of all genders.

    1. Sample Assessment Essays

      A sample assessment essay is an example of a written piece that demonstrates the ability to examine, evaluate, and provide critical feedback on a certain topic or issue. These essays are commonly used in educational settings to evaluate students' reading comprehension, critical-thinking skills, and writing prowess.

    1. Common Assessment Phrases

      Use concise, evaluative language when making remarks or evaluations. Common evaluation criteria include having great understanding, critical thinking, attention to detail, meeting deadlines, collaboration, considerable improvement, innovative problem-solving, a strong work ethic, organizational abilities, a positive attitude, flexibility, and exceptional professionalism.

    1. Common Argument Phrases

      Word choice is an important component in developing an argument and conveying ideas. These words can provide evidence, connect concepts, give refutations, and summarize significant points to assist you in organizing your thoughts, establishing a logical flow, and defending your stance.

    1. Sample Notes on an Argument's Limits

      A number of the argument's shortcomings include using data from the preceding ten years, focusing primarily on case studies, neglecting examination of counterarguments, ignoring contextual elements, stakeholder viewpoints, and ethical issues. In addition, it overlooks social or environmental repercussions and only considers data from the preceding ten years.

    2. Common Phrases Used to Limit Arguments

      By setting clear expectations and boundaries, conflicts can be reduced. Typical expressions include acknowledging potential scope, limitations, focusing on specific aspects, realizing that it might not apply universally, viewing within a specific framework, providing helpful insights but not covering all, serving as a starting point for further discussion, and not addressing complexities. The argument is supported and overgeneralization is prevented.

    1. Common Phrases for Responding to Counterarguments

      Assess the issues raised by the counterarguments, acknowledge their truthfulness, set them apart from the primary argument, and then develop a well-thought-out response to address them. The expressions "consider the topic," "acknowledge the concern raised," "acknowledge the validity," "compare the counterargument with the major problem," "address the essential point," and "display a comprehensive comprehension of the subject" are frequent examples.

    1. Common Phrases That Introduce Counterarguments

      In making a counterargument, it's important to consider competing ideas and objections. The phrases "Some may argue that," "Opponents may state that," "It may be argued that," "On the other hand," "However," and "However" are frequently used to introduce counterarguments. But, despite this, detractors claim that..., it's important to understand the opposing perspective, and one to take into account is...

    1. Finding the Reasons

      Understanding the counterarguments makes it easier to grasp the supporting logic and evidence for the primary claim. While supporting material, such as data, facts, figures, professional opinions, research findings, or narratives, is crucial, key statements offer explanations, reasons, and examples. Evaluating the validity and applicability of the evidence is necessary to ascertain the arguments' persuasiveness. It is simple to evaluate the author's persuasiveness as well as the logic and supporting evidence for the primary argument by identifying both explicit and implicit reasons.

    1. Deciding Which Is the Main Claim

      An argument's central assertion acts as its center of gravity and expresses the author's point of view. That is consistent with the main argument and the author's final goal. Look for specific statements, choose the most important point, assess the evidence, take the logical flow into account, and focus on the author's goal when choosing the major claim. It is crucial to carefully think over and evaluate the entire argument.

    1. Sample Margin Notes on an Argument's Claims

      Margin notes are annotations or comments made in the margins that offer commentary, analysis, or clarification. They interact with the material, draw attention to key ideas, pose queries, and present opposing viewpoints. Margin notes encourage readers to interact with the argument critically and evaluate the reality of the assertions, serve as reminders for further inquiry or discussion, and provide further resources.

      The reasons given by Margin for migration—economic inequality, political unpredictability, environmental concerns, family reunion, and interpersonal relationships—are confirmed by facts and case studies.

    2. Sample Argument: "Wouldn’t We All Cross the Border?"

      The idea that people move for pragmatic or opportunistic reasons is challenged by the widespread disagreement regarding the motivations for migration in the discussion over immigration laws. Understanding the intricate causes of migration may increase empathy and give one a richer perspective on the human condition. Compassionate causes and reasonable laws may arise from addressing the fundamental causes of migration as well as economic inequality, political irrationality, environmental problems, and interpersonal connections.

    1. Claims of Value

      Claims of value are arbitrary evaluations of something's value, morality, or quality that are typically influenced by the preferences, convictions, cultural norms, or subjective opinions of the individual making the claim. These can vary from person to person and involve developing a hierarchy of values or desirable qualities and engaging in comparison thinking. For instance, the value evaluation of education places a strong emphasis on the importance of education for societal advancement as well as personal accomplishment. In debating these value claims, it is critical to respect opposing viewpoints and engage in polite debate.

    2. Claims of Fact

      Claims of fact are unbiased claims that make certain facts about a subject known and are backed by evidence and logic. They are crucial in academic and scientific discourse, public debates, and judicial processes because they encourage critical thinking and discussion of the available evidence. These claims are supported by reliable sources like empirical research, facts, statistics, professional testimony, or first-hand observations.

    1. In Chapter 3, we’ll discuss how to use this logical map to write a summary, and in Chapter 4, we’ll see how to follow up the summary with our own opinions.

      Students are required to read, evaluate, and criticise the writing of others for their college courses. Resources are provided in this chapter for understanding argument structure and assessing how it affects audience trust and emotion. The objective of the argument and its linkages to other portions should be recorded in a visual map that the students create. Using this logical map, they provide their own findings in Chapter 4 after summarizing their study.

  3. Jun 2023
    1. Why assumptions matter

      Questioning assumptions is a crucial technique for testing argument validity and proving its assumptions. It is a core slow thinking practice in college and can be empowering in various aspects of life. It empowers those less privileged, sets aside stereotypes, and connects authentically, as encouraged by Michelle Obama. Questioning assumptions also helps problem-solve and think outside the box, challenging power structures that limit our views.

    1. The evidence may not be representative (hasty generalization)

      Inductive reasoning is a crucial method in academic arguments to explore evidence, such as examples, facts, statistics, testimonials, or anecdotes, to arrive at a general conclusion. Hasty generalization can lead to negative stereotypes about various aspects, but absence of evidence can sometimes provide useful information. Inductive reasoning is essential for determining when enough evidence is enough to support a general conclusion.

    1. The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans. Therefore, teachers have the right to express themselves freely in the classroom.

      The deductive argument asserts that the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech to all Americans, including teachers. However, it does not guarantee absolute freedom in all situations, as courts recognize exceptions like doctor confidentiality, teacher violence, and hate speech. Additionally, the First Amendment does not apply when an individual works for an employer, as employers can dictate their rights. Inductive arguments may not invalidate the argument if they uncover an exception to the general claim.

    1. In Chapters 2 and 3,

      Chapters 2 and 3 analyze and summarize arguments without offering opinions. We as Readers are ready to listen to our assessment, as we understand the original text and understand the author's purpose and meaning.

    2. a reviewer has to give some picture of what the movie is like before praising or panning it.

      I like how they made the comparison to the movie reviewer. You must first explain what the text is about then give your opinion.

    3. Our critique will be clearer since we have spent time thinking about the foundations of the argument and the author’s purpose and meaning.

      The text is explaining that it is important that before you give your opinion on the text, you must first understand the text to know what it is really saying. This way you are able to make better judgement.

    1. ave run out of gas. You can buy gauges that measure the pressure inside the tank to see how much is left.

      This is not true. Pressure in the tank does not tell you how much gas is left, and pressure gauges for this purpose cannot be bought (for propane). Pressure in the tank is dependent on temperature, but will be constant at a given temperature, as long as there is any liquid propane in the tank. To determine how much propane is left, you need to weigh the tank. This needs an example for which the gas does not liquefy under the relevant pressures--maybe a compressor for air tools?

    1. Los agentes físicos incluyen métodos de control tales como temperatura alta o baja, desecación, presión osmótica, radiación y filtración. El control por agentes químicos se refiere al uso de desinfectantes, antisépticos, antibióticos y químicos antimicrobianos quimioterapéuticos.

      Los agentes físicos incluyen métodos de control tales como temperatura alta o baja, desecación, presión osmótica, radiación y filtración. El control por agentes químicos se refiere al uso de desinfectantes, antisépticos, antibióticos y químicos antimicrobianos quimioterapéuticos.

    1. we can describe any areas of ambiguity by adding questions to our summary of the argument

      I like how they phrased this, "adding questions to our summary". I feel like this would make it easier to tell if the argument is ambiguous.

    1. sucking reflex (infants suck on objects that touch their lips automatically), the rooting reflex (which involves turning toward any object that touches the cheek), the palmar grasp (the infant will tightly grasp any object placed in its palm), and the dancing reflex (evident when the infant is held in a standing position and moves its feet up and down alternately as if dancing)

      important!!