DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65156-6

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DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-65110-6

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DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.5c06686

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DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2025.100532

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110764

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110764

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110764

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110708

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DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2025.110708

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Cool! Welcome everybody :)

for - definition - abundance trap

for - intelligent internet

انگار داره میگه تکنولوژی سطح رفاه و سلامت رو به طور کلی بالا میبره اما این افزایش برای همه عادلانه نیست، بعضیا کمتر و بعضیا بیشتر گیرشون میاد، البته باز اینم اوکیه، ما دنبال "برابری" نیستیم ولی خب منم فکر میکنم حتی "عادلانه" هم نیست. سوال پیش میاد پس درمان "عدالت" چیه؟ جوابش رو نمیدونم اما فکر میکنم مفهوم "نوآوری" و "non-consumer" بتونه جوابش باشه، البته باید بیشتر فکر کنم بازم...

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Core Themes: Explains how monarchy as national symbol.

Context: Shows how democracy could end monarchy.

Context: Important modern legal change.

Context: Gives historical legal context.

Context: Explains what kind of monarchy the UK has.

Overview Shows the big public reaction and article focus

for - commons - public

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Definition... Speaking vs. Reading: A person might have advanced speaking skills in a language but only basic reading skills.

Definition... The number of grammatical elements with which a particular word, especially a verb, combines in a sentence.

Definition... Form, express, or accept as (a word) in the vocabulary of a language.

Definition... Assume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument.

Definition... The degree to which an event or piece of information is emotionally prominent or significant, making it more likely to capture attention and be remembered.

Also helps research question.

Ties into research paper question.

Does this mean that people who are not bilingual do not have this? Or is it activated all the time if you only speak one language?

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Briefing : Actualités, Innovations et Stratégies Parentales pour le TDAH avec le Programme PEPS

Synthèse

Ce document de briefing synthétise les points clés d'un webinaire portant sur le Trouble du Déficit de l'Attention avec ou sans Hyperactivité (TDAH) et présentant le programme d'entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) "PEPS".

Développé par l'équipe du CHU de Montpellier, le programme PEPS constitue une évolution modernisée et adaptée du programme de Barkley, enrichie de 15 années de pratique clinique.

Les recommandations de 2024 de la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) positionnent la psychoéducation et les programmes d'entraînement aux habiletés parentales comme les interventions de première ligne pour le TDAH chez l'enfant, avant même les suivis psychologiques individuels.

Le TDAH, un trouble du neurodéveloppement affectant 5% des enfants et persistant souvent à l'âge adulte, a un impact majeur sur la qualité de vie, la santé et le fonctionnement familial.

Le programme PEPS se distingue par plusieurs innovations majeures :

1. Ajout de modules essentiels : Il intègre des séances dédiées à la gestion des écrans, à la régulation des émotions et des crises de colère, à la gestion du temps, et au bien-être parental ("prendre soin de soi").

2. Adaptation pour les adolescents : Une section spécifique aborde les enjeux de l'adolescence (autonomie, situations à risque) en s'appuyant sur des stratégies de résistance non violente.

3. Flexibilité et accessibilité : Le programme abandonne l'approche "scolaire" et rigide de certains modèles pour une plus grande souplesse, évitant de culpabiliser les parents.

Il est conçu pour être dispensé sous divers formats, notamment en visioconférence, un modèle jugé plus pratique, plus inclusif (favorisant la participation des pères) et essentiel pour un déploiement à grande échelle.

L'objectif principal du programme n'est pas d'éliminer les symptômes du TDAH, mais d'améliorer les relations intrafamiliales, de réduire le stress parental et d'augmenter le sentiment de compétence des parents.

En cassant le cycle des interactions coercitives, il vise à renforcer l'estime de soi de l'enfant et à prévenir les complications à long terme, comme les troubles des conduites.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Contexte du TDAH et Recommandations Officielles

1.1. Définition et Impact du TDAH

• Nature : Le TDAH est un trouble du neurodéveloppement, au même titre que les troubles du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) ou les troubles "dys".

• Prévalence : Il concerne environ 5 % des enfants et adolescents, un chiffre considéré comme stable et internationalement reconnu.

• Persistance : Les symptômes persistent fréquemment à l'âge adulte, ce qui constitue un enjeu majeur pour l'accompagnement des familles.

• Impact : Le TDAH a un impact significatif sur la qualité de vie, la santé (comorbidités psychiatriques, mortalité) et engendre des coûts économiques considérables.

1.2. Les Recommandations de la Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS) de 2024

En 2024, la HAS a publié des recommandations de bonnes pratiques pour la prise en charge du TDAH, établissant un algorithme clair pour les interventions chez l'enfant et l'adolescent.

L'algorithme de prise en charge :

1. Étape Incontournable : La Psychoéducation

◦ C'est le point de départ de toute prise en charge. Il est essentiel d'expliquer aux parents, à l'enfant ou à l'adolescent la nature du TDAH, ses causes et les stratégies possibles.

On ne peut pas "faire l'économie" de cette étape.

2. Interventions de Première Ligne

◦ Aménagements de l'environnement : Principalement les aménagements scolaires.   

◦ Programmes d'Entraînement aux Habiletés Parentales (PEHP) : Ils constituent la première chose à mettre en place pour travailler sur la dynamique familiale et l'environnement.

3. Traitement Pharmacologique

◦ Il peut être envisagé d'emblée dans les formes sévères de TDAH.  

◦ Dans les autres cas, il est discuté après la mise en place des interventions de première ligne.

Il n'est pas une intervention "exceptionnelle" ou de dernier recours.

Point important : Les recommandations actuelles ne placent pas le suivi psychologique individuel de l'enfant en première ligne, car son efficacité n'a pas un niveau de preuve suffisant.

L'accent est mis sur l'environnement (famille, école).

2. Les Programmes d'Entraînement aux Habiletés Parentales (PEHP)

2.1. Définition et Caractéristiques

Les PEHP ne sont pas de simples "groupes de parole". Ce sont des programmes structurés et validés scientifiquement.

• Objectif : Transmettre des techniques et stratégies éducatives concrètes aux parents.

• Structure : Ils comportent un nombre de séances défini à l'avance, chacune avec des objectifs précis (ex: mettre en place un système de points, gérer le time out).

• Cadre : Ils s'appuient sur un manuel de référence et ont fait l'objet d'une validation scientifique.

2.2. Exemples de Programmes

Plusieurs programmes existent en France, partageant une base commune inspirée des thérapies comportementales et cognitives :

• Programme de Barkley : Le plus répandu et le premier importé en France.

• Incredible Years

• Triple P (programme souvent en ligne)

• Mieux vivre avec un TDAH

• Programme PEPS (objet du webinaire)

3. Le Programme PEPS : Une Évolution du Programme de Barkley

Le programme PEPS a été développé par l'équipe du CHU de Montpellier (Nathalie Franc, Jessica Chan-Chee et Sylvie Borona) sur la base de plus de 15 ans d'expérience avec le programme de Barkley.

Il vise à moderniser et adapter ce dernier aux réalités contemporaines et aux besoins spécifiques des familles.

3.1. Les Limites du Programme de Barkley et les Innovations de PEPS

Limites de Barkley (programme des années 80)

Innovations du Programme PEPS

Ne traite pas de la question des écrans.

Intégration d'une séance sur la gestion des écrans, une préoccupation majeure des parents.

Moins d'accent sur la régulation émotionnelle.

Accent mis sur la régulation des émotions et la gestion des crises de colère, avec des séances dédiées.

Approche jugée trop "scolaire", rigide et parfois culpabilisante.

Introduction de plus de souplesse, en acceptant que les parents n'appliquent pas toujours les "devoirs" à la lettre. L'objectif est d'éviter la culpabilisation et la perte de motivation.

Pas d'outils spécifiques pour les crises violentes.

Implémentation d'outils issus de la résistance non violente pour répondre à cette problématique.

Pas de contenu spécifique pour les adolescents.

Ajout d'une section entière dédiée aux adolescents, avec des stratégies adaptées.

3.2. Les Formats de Dispense du Programme PEPS

Le programme est conçu pour être flexible dans son application :

• En individuel : Souvent en pratique libérale, pour les familles ne souhaitant pas ou ne pouvant pas participer à un groupe.

• En groupe : Le format classique (10-12 familles), avec une séance toutes les deux semaines.

• En stage intensif : Toutes les séances sont condensées sur deux jours.

• En visioconférence (online) : Ce format, développé depuis la crise sanitaire, est présenté comme l'avenir des PEHP.

Avantages du format en visioconférence :

• Praticité : Évite les contraintes de déplacement, de stationnement et de temps.

• Accessibilité : Permet de toucher des familles géographiquement éloignées.

• Inclusivité : Augmentation notable de la participation des pères et facilite l'accès pour les parents socialement plus réservés.

• Flexibilité : Permet aux parents de participer tout en gérant d'autres tâches.

4. Structure et Contenu Détaillé du Programme PEPS

Le programme s'articule autour de deux phases principales : la psychoéducation et les 13 séances de guidance parentale.

4.1. La Psychoéducation : Une Étape Fondamentale

Cette phase est indispensable et vise à transformer les parents en "parents experts" de leur enfant.

• Objectifs :

◦ Expliquer le diagnostic, le trouble et ses comorbidités.  

◦ Confronter les idées reçues aux données médicales.    ◦ Déculpabiliser et rassurer les familles.  

◦ Éviter les fausses interprétations ("il le fait exprès", "c'est un fainéant").   

◦ Orienter vers des solutions efficaces pour ne pas "perdre de temps et d'argent".  

◦ Permettre aux parents de s'interroger sur leur propre TDAH parental éventuel.

Rien que cette étape permet souvent une meilleure tolérance des symptômes par les parents, avant même l'apprentissage des techniques.

4.2. Les 13 Séances du Programme de Guidance

Les séances suivent une progression logique, allant du renforcement des comportements positifs à la gestion des situations de crise.

N°

Thème de la Séance

Description et Objectifs

1

Comprendre la non-obéissance et le renforcement positif

Changer la balance de l'attention vers les comportements positifs pour en augmenter la fréquence.

2

Mettre en place un temps privilégié (moment spécial)

Améliorer la relation parent-enfant par des temps de qualité, sans attente éducative.

3

Optimiser l'efficacité des consignes

Apprendre à donner des ordres clairs et efficaces.

4

Améliorer la gestion du temps (Nouveau)

Donner des outils pour gérer une difficulté majeure et persistante du TDAH.

5

Apprendre à l'enfant à ne pas déranger

Valoriser les moments où l'enfant joue seul pour lui apprendre à s'occuper.

6

Proposer un système de points (économie de jetons)

Motiver l'enfant à automatiser les routines du quotidien grâce à un système de récompenses.

7

Gérer les comportements problématiques avec le time-out

Utiliser une technique de retrait d'attention (non punitive) pour les refus d'obtempérer. Efficace surtout chez les plus jeunes.

8

La gestion des crises émotionnelles (Nouveau)

Comprendre le mécanisme de la crise (effet "cocotte-minute") et apprendre à gérer la phase de "plateau" où la communication est inutile.

9

Réparer plutôt que punir

Remplacer les punitions (souvent toxiques et inefficaces) par des actes de réparation pour compenser un préjudice sans altérer la relation.

10

Prendre soin de soi en tant que parent (Nouveau)

Prévenir le burn-out parental, une étape essentielle pour l'efficacité des autres stratégies.

11

Apprendre à l'enfant à bien se comporter dans les lieux publics

Stratégies pour gérer les sorties (plus adapté aux plus jeunes).

12

Accompagner les devoirs scolaires et faire le lien avec l'école

Gérer un point de friction majeur et collaborer avec l'équipe pédagogique.

13

Gérer les écrans (Nouveau)

Communiquer, comprendre l'usage des écrans et montrer l'exemple.

4.3. L'Adaptation pour les Adolescents

Cette section reconnaît que les problématiques évoluent après 12 ans.

• Comprendre l'adolescent TDAH : Expliquer les enjeux spécifiques de cette période.

• Mettre en place des compromis : Remplacer le système de points (infantilisant) par des négociations pour augmenter l'autonomie.

• Gestion des situations à risque : Aborder directement les sujets comme les addictions ou les mises en danger, fréquents chez les adolescents avec TDAH.

• Base théorique : Les stratégies s'appuient sur les principes de la résistance non violente et de la "nouvelle autorité".

5. Efficacité, Objectifs et Conclusion

5.1. L'Efficacité Démontrée des PEPS

L'efficacité des programmes comme PEPS est largement documentée.

• Ce qui ne change pas : Le niveau des symptômes cardinaux du TDAH (inattention, hyperactivité) de l'enfant.

• Ce qui s'améliore :

◦ La tolérance familiale face aux symptômes.  

◦ Les relations intrafamiliales.   

◦ La diminution du stress parental.  

◦ L'augmentation du sentiment de compétence parentale.  

◦ Indirectement, l'estime de soi de l'enfant, qui est moins puni et davantage valorisé.

5.2. Casser la Spirale de la Coercition

Un point central est que l'éducation coercitive (punitions, cris, violence éducative) est le principal facteur de risque de développement de troubles des conduites chez les enfants, et particulièrement ceux avec un TDAH.

L'objectif des PEHP est donc de casser cette "spirale infernale" en proposant des stratégies positives et bienveillantes pour modifier la trajectoire développementale de l'enfant.

5.3. Projection Positive et Ressources

• Déstigmatisation : La prise de parole de personnalités publiques (Louane, Amir, Squeezie, Pomme) sur leur TDAH est un outil puissant pour offrir des modèles d'identification positifs aux jeunes et à leurs parents, montrant qu'un TDAH n'empêche pas de réussir.

• Ressources recommandées :

◦ Le livre détaillant le programme PEPS.    ◦ Le site de l'association TDAH France (HyperSupers), pour ses ressources fiables et son actualité scientifique.   

◦ Le document de la HAS répertoriant les programmes de guidance parentale pour les troubles du neurodéveloppement.

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In text citations are important for many reasons, and there are key points of information needed to do so properly.

Sometimes you need to alter your search results

Using the library resources will help you in connecting with your audience

This chapter explains that an informative research report answers a central research question using organized , reliable sources. It highlights the importance of using credible tools like Google Scholar and library databases to give clear, factual information about a specific topic.

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It defines capitalism as private ownership and free market competition, but ignores the extreme inequality of ownership and the enormous power held by capital holders. It also views "competition" as always leading to good results, when in reality, competition can degenerate into monopolies, exploitation, or companies disregarding ethics in pursuit of profit maximization.

Cornering the market means one person or company buys or controls so much of a product that they can basically decide its price. When they hold most of the supply, other people can’t compete or influence the market, so the controller can push prices up. This usually requires a lot of money and is often watched or restricted by regulators because it can hurt fairness and create an unfair advantage.

Whenever I see the page about Steve Jobs, I always think of him not just as a technological innovator, but more like a person who constantly challenges the norm. His story reminds me that success often comes from the courage to pursue what one truly loves, rather than just following the routine. Reading about his experiences makes one feel that entrepreneurship, creation, and even life itself can be full of passion and creativity.

This website basically talked about the definition of Capitalism, and used Capitalism in couple sentences. I agree that Capitalism is an economic system characterized by private ownership of capital goods.

CEOs are legally obligated to maximize profits, even if some decisions are clearly harmful to users or society. I always thought corporate greed was voluntary, but the explanation of fiduciary duty in the article makes me think that the system itself drives them to do so. So should we continue to blame individual leaders, or should we question the systemic structure that compels them to put shareholder interests above all else?

In my opinion, the definition of Capitalism should be an economic system organized by personal ownership, without the interference from governments. I think the core of Capitalism is free marketing. Companies can decide the price for their products, and every company can compete each other. In this way, the price of that type of product can be adjusted automatically.

Like profile -> Avatar

Good example

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Since there is no argument inside the function. So there is no prop that we are passing to the child component : Avatar

NO NO I was wrong about it

Intersecting identities such as race, gender identity, sexuality, etc. can shape an individuals choice/ability to report.

Who is “we”? Is it referring to institutions, survivors, or the public?

How bodies leverage AI

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how GA has

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International Agreements

How GA2 comes into play

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Interaction with another plenary body

International Document

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Outlines responsibility of GA2

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International document

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UN Agreement

How other bodies within the UN interact with the General Assembly.

Chapter that outlines mandate of General Assembly

This is insane that half of the population in China and Europe was lost.

200 miles in a day is a lot. Especially since the people back then only had caravans. This is cool that they were such motivated people to travel this far without giving up.

This is interesting. Providing a lack of full participation, it is not surprising that they resulted in a failure and defeat.

for - Yanis - national debt

The act of decolonization is a difficult and tricky one, due to the fact that with how long some cultures have been colonized, it would be difficult to distinguish between what is native culture and what was brought over by the colonizers. The cultures and habits that the colonizers have bought over might also have been integrated into and intertwined with local culture, making it even more difficult to distinguish.

This article explains how Facebook offers free internet service, but only to a limited extent. People were angry, because the free internet would only allow certain websites and offered only a few languages. This limited users' access and exposure. Even though I understand this would be frustrating, I wouldn't go so far as to call it "digital colonialism." If Facebook is offering something for free, its each person's choice whether to take it or leave it.

This is cool

If the government made it so that companies were unable to sell their users data to a external buyer, the companies might pivot to a more ad based business model similar to a lot of model games and apps currently, where the website gets a bit of money to have a user click on a specific app. Or they might attempt to sell something to the user, and in order to maximize sales, make the free version of the app nearly unusable without any purchases similar to Spotify.

If the social media site is funded by the government. There would be a big change in social media. First of all, probably be fewer advertisements since there is no need for profit. Government spending on social media would be considered a public good. What's more, it would have stronger regulations to protect the users, creating more transparency. On the downside, development might be slow, as government agencies tend to move more slowly than private tech companies, so updates and features could lag.

The concern with a government-funded social media site is censorship. If the government is in control of the public's media, they can control the narrative. The danger in this is that they can heavily influence what people think is going on in the world and the public's opinion on it.

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BROWNIE BOTTOM

• 85g butter = 5/6 normal spoons
• 100g castar sugar = 1/2 cup
• 30g brown sugar = 1/4 cup
• 25g cocoa = 1/4 cup
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Chocolate Basque Top * cream cheese = 2 packs * 225g heavy cream = 1 cup * 90g castar sugar = 1/2 cup * 15 g cocoa powder = less that 1/4 cup

Media points out Combs’ resistance to responsibility, reinforcing moral judgment in the narrative.

Anonymous source shows ongoing trauma from public legal proceedings. This humanizes the story apart from legal facts.

Comparison to other celebrity cases frames narrative. There is a pattern highlighting celebrity abuse as a societal concern.

Vivid trauma language. Media emphasizes victim experiences over defense framing.

Words like, “hypervigilance” and “fearing retribution” refers to the trauma and psychological control. A direct victim quote adds emotional weight.

Judicial acknowledgment of victims. The tone frames survivors as courageous and emphasizes accountability. Victim-centered story.

I think this sentence is really vivid, haha. It feels like everyone is in a crowded party. Even if you don't like the DJ's music, you still won't want to leave because your friends are here. The power of "friends are here" on social media is both endearing and frustrating.

감주는 비싼 술이 아니고, 누구나 마실 수 있었던 소박한 술이다. 그래서 시 속에서 감주가 등장하는 건 가난한 삶 속에서 누릴 수 있는 작은 즐거움 을 나타낸다고 해석했다.

• Vitamin D3 (Witamina D3):
  • Crucial Supplement: Highly recommended for the autumn/winter season (September to April in Poland) because skin synthesis of D3 is inactive and most people have low levels (safe level is 50-80 ng/mL) [00:00:12], [00:00:33], [00:01:32].
  • Benefits: Supports immunity, reduces infection risk, and is vital for hormone production [00:01:17], [00:01:39].
  • Actionable Advice: Always check your current level before supplementation, and retest after 3-6 months to ensure the optimal level (50-60 ng/mL) is reached [00:01:24], [00:01:59].
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids (Kwasy omega-3):
  • Component: Provides EPA and DHA, which are essential for brain structure (60% fat), nervous system function, and myelin sheaths [00:03:30], [00:03:38].
  • Functions: Exhibits anti-inflammatory effects and supports the heart, brain, and overall immunity [00:03:38].
  • Storage Tip: Liquid form should be consumed within one month of opening and kept in the refrigerator to prevent oxidation; capsules are more stable [00:03:48], [00:04:01].
• Magnesium (Magnez):
  • Role: Helps manage stress, improves memory, and supports muscle function [00:07:05].
  • Essential Cofactor: Magnesium is required as a "motor" for the majority of enzymes in the body; deficiency impairs the function of the entire organism [00:07:35], [00:07:42].
  • Consumption: Choose easily absorbable and safe forms like magnesium glycinate [00:07:23]. Be mindful that diuretics like coffee and tea can deplete magnesium levels [00:07:46].
• Other Key Supplements:
  • Vitamin C and Zinc: Support the immune system and shorten the duration of infections [00:05:03]. It's important to test your zinc level first to avoid harmful excess [00:04:18], [00:04:21].
  • Probiotics and Prebiotics: A healthy gut microbiota is the foundation of immunity [00:06:14]. Probiotics need prebiotics (e.g., resistant starch like cold potatoes) to thrive and create beneficial conditions [00:06:24], [00:05:39].
  • B Vitamins: A B-complex should be considered if the diet is poor, especially since B12 deficiency can be linked to nervous system issues and stomach problems [00:08:14], [00:08:29].
• General Supplementation Rules:
  • Supplements should be individually chosen based on a person's lifestyle and real, confirmed deficiencies [00:09:16], [00:09:21].
  • When buying, always check the dosage on the label to ensure the amounts are effective and not just minimal [00:08:44], [00:08:56].
  • The foundation of strong immunity remains sleep, diet, and exercise [00:09:26].

Change this text to-.-

remove extra space at the end of text, so it aligns with the height of the rest of the cards to the right

In this quote, it gives national a bit of context by comparing Iowa to other states in the US, which helps provide a larger picture of what is going on nationally and how this is a bigger problem than just Iowa. It also shows framing because it uses info from an LGBTQ+ group, which influences how the issue is explained. The quote draws a picture of the states having these laws put in place is the norm but lacks more explanation of these differences of why some do have these laws and why others don't.

When statistics or articles , its to show the news value of evidence, but ti feel like the article doesn’t explain what the complaints were about or how many were confirmed, which leaves out important context. This is an example of how data can be used to make an issue seem big or urgent and leaves the audience up to interpretation of what these said complaints were without fully explaining what it means.

when the quote says "Iowa was the first", it implies/ stresses the news value by explaining how Iowa is the first state to remove gender-identity protections, which makes the change seem more dramatic and significant. It also shows framing because it uses information from an LGBTQ+ think tank, which shapes how readers understand the action as a rollback of rights.

I feel like quote connects Iowa’s law to a bigger a national conversation and shows how news stories build a larger narrative instead of treating events as just one incident. I feel like it also shows framing because when the article says a specific word, from the Supreme Court decision, a “setback,” it signals the article’s perspective. This can often make the audience read this as a issue that is important.

I feel like this statement by the governor of the state, it shows her true values when it comes to this "issue" (bias) and provides a perspective from the far right. This language shows a non neutral language for everyone and can only appeal to one narrative of the story.

I believe this headline alone sparks a conflict with civil rights protections being a fight that has been going on for decades and to see a reversal in this work could cause huge controversy. Also, it touches on how this is something bigger than just this one state but contributes to a larger narrative of states rolling back on LGBTQ+ rights.

• New research suggests the human brain is preconfigured with structured electrical activity patterns even before sensory experiences begin.
• UC Santa Cruz scientists used brain organoids—3D models of human brain tissue grown from stem cells—to study early brain electrical activity.
• The brain's earliest neuron firings occur in complex patterns similar to the brain’s default mode, indicating an intrinsic, genetically encoded blueprint.
• These early patterns emerge without any external sensory input, showing the brain has an inherent operating system for navigating and interacting with the world.
• Organoids offer a unique way to study brain development and developmental disorders ethically, bypassing the inaccessibility of the fetal brain in the womb.
• Understanding these patterns could aid in diagnosing and treating neurodevelopmental disorders and assessing the impact of toxins like pesticides and microplastics.
• This research opens possibilities for developing new therapies including compounds, drug treatments, and gene editing that can be tested at the preclinical level in human tissue.

Hacker News Comments

• Many commenters found the innate, prewired nature of some animal behaviors fascinating, citing examples such as foals standing immediately after birth and Labradors instinctively swimming.
• Discussion touched on the distinction between precocial and non-precocial animals, and how some behaviors are genetically encoded versus learned quickly after birth.
• Several comments highlighted the mystery of how relatively limited DNA information can encode complex brain functions and behaviors.
• Some pointed out that brains may encode useful priors or inductive biases that enable efficient learning from the environment.
• There was curiosity about how innate programming and environmental learning interact, with some suggesting innate neural groups form first and then acquire functions through interaction.
• Others weighed in on philosophy versus empirical science in understanding brain development, emphasizing the complexity and that much remains unknown.
• Additional remarks described how genetic, epigenetic, and external factors collectively shape brain development and behavior.

These combined perspectives underscore excitement about the new findings and the broader implications for neuroscience, genetics, and understanding innate versus learned behaviors in humans and animals.

The OED defines "munificence" as: The quality of being munificent; great generosity or liberality in giving.

The word is used for a mysterious Count showing that the Duke is aware that his story may have been off-putting, and he must now save face by praising his new socio-political target. However, to use a word that is antithetical to who the Duke is draws larger parallels between who he associates with, who he pretends to be, and who he really is. The Duke is not giving in the sense that he should be praised, he is giving in the sense that gives people reasons to fear him. By praising this Count's munificence, he can downplay his own lack of it.

Depending on the edition of the poem, after the title, there is supposed to be in italics, and all capitalized the word/name FERRARA.

However, It is important to note that the poem did not always feature FERRARA as an epigraph—it was intentionally added by Browning in later editions of the poem, hence scholar Louis S. Friedland’s exploration of the history of the Duke Vespasiano Gonzaga, and comparison to Duke Alfonso II d’Este.

What was discovered was that despite both Dukes having multiple marriages and young wives, Gonzaga’s wife, Diana Folch de Cardona, did not die young, unlike Lucrezia de' Medici—a point the poem hints to the reader. Through Friedland’s comparisons of the histories between the two to the poem, the final verdict aligned with d’Este as the mysterious Duke.

The Duke states that he "gave commands" in order for the Duchess to behave--whether this means a death sentence or exile have no difference to the Duke as she is dead to him either way.

However, "Lucrezia suffered from chronic lung-trouble, that her father and her brother Francesco were kept constantly informed with regard to the progress of her last illness" (Friedland 673) which implies Lucrezia succumbed to illness. While the Duke married her as a political advantage, if he were to kill her, he risks a war with her family, the Medicis; once again the Duke must put on a front to exert dominance over his subjects and guests. Whether she died by his hand, or from illness is not the issue the Duke wants attention on, but rather, that he can decide when she dies, and anyone within his court is no different.

Women (and girls) of nobility were meant to show appreciation and be impressed by the immediate men in their lives, such as family, their husbands, and on occasion, men who served them after great acts of duty, such as military feats in war.

The Duke is masking his anger and lack of control over the Duchess--he believes his "nine-hundred-years-old name" should warrant complete control over her, and is offended over the fact that she'd "thank men good," without any explanation over what she would thank them for (not to mention, she is fond of many "trivial" things, not just men, as he lists them before making said statement).

For historical context, the Duchess, Lucrezia is about 13-16 years old depending on when these offenses take place; she has yet to reach emotional, mental, and physical maturity. Without considering the Duchess's age and her lack of experience, he took her behavior as uncouth and as an affront to his dominance. The Duke's reaction lacks emotional maturity as he lets his jealousy be the vessel in how he treats his wife.

The image is a painting of Lucrezia de' Medici, and though this was painted for her brother one year after her passing, this painting could be used as the stand-in for the image the Duke is describing. The Duchess' somber gaze is antithetical to how the Duke describes the Duchess as a person, which makes the reader question how much truth could the Duke be speaking. Is it possible that the Duke is imagining a smile on her face because he feels guilty? Is the Duchess' stoic look a reflection of her feelings, or was it "by design" as the Duke later states?

https://bafybeib3do3xiseamt73aevyttzxzordc5gm6nnpndru7tvbm47pl4vhte.ipfs.dweb.link?filename=index.html

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backward

Bien que les sources se concentrent sur le contrôle coercitif dans le contexte des violences conjugales et familiales, certains aspects peuvent être transposés au harcèlement scolaire, avec prudence et adaptation.

Il est important de souligner que les dynamiques et les enjeux diffèrent entre une relation intime et une relation entre pairs dans un contexte scolaire, mais certaines similitudes peuvent être observées.

• Pouvoir et soumission : Le contrôle coercitif implique une dynamique où une personne exerce un pouvoir sur une autre, souvent de manière subtile.

De même, dans le harcèlement scolaire, un élève ou un groupe d'élèves exerce un pouvoir sur une victime, cherchant à la dominer et à la contrôler [conversation history]. Cette dynamique de pouvoir est centrale dans les deux phénomènes.

• Isolement et intimidation : L'isolement est une tactique clé du contrôle coercitif. Dans le harcèlement scolaire, la victime est souvent isolée de ses pairs et peut être l'objet d'intimidations répétées, de menaces et de moqueries [conversation history].

Ces stratégies d'isolement et d'intimidation visent à briser la résistance de la victime.

• Micro-régulation et règles excessives : Bien que ce point soit moins direct, on peut noter que dans certains cas de harcèlement, l'agresseur cherche à contrôler les agissements de la victime, à lui imposer des règles ou des limites dans ses comportements et ses interactions sociales.

Cette micro-régulation peut être vue comme une forme de contrôle.

• Impact sur l'estime de soi : Le contrôle coercitif détruit l'estime de soi de la victime, la faisant se sentir rabaissée et invalidée [conversation history].

Le harcèlement scolaire a un impact similaire sur l'estime de soi de la victime, qui peut se sentir humiliée, rejetée et dévalorisée [conversation history].

Dans les deux cas, l'objectif est de briser l'identité et la confiance en soi de la victime.

• Manipulation des relations : L'agresseur dans le contrôle coercitif manipule les relations de la victime avec son entourage [conversation history].

Dans le harcèlement scolaire, les agresseurs peuvent manipuler les autres élèves, les incitant à participer au harcèlement ou à rejeter la victime [conversation history].

Cette manipulation des relations contribue à renforcer l'isolement et le sentiment d'impuissance de la victime.

• La notion de terreur et de captivité: Les victimes de contrôle coercitif vivent dans un climat de terreur et de captivité [14, conversation history].

Les victimes de harcèlement scolaire peuvent également éprouver un sentiment de terreur et d'impuissance, se sentant piégées dans une situation dont elles ne voient pas d'issue [conversation history].

Dans les deux cas, la victime est soumise à une forme de violence psychologique constante qui affecte son bien-être.

• L'escalade de la violence: Les sources indiquent que lorsque l'agresseur échoue dans son contrôle coercitif, il peut y avoir une escalade dans la violence, menant parfois au féminicide.

Dans le harcèlement scolaire, un échec des tentatives de contrôler ou d'intimider une victime peut aussi mener à une escalade dans la violence physique, verbale ou psychologique.

Points importants à considérer lors de la transposition de ces notions :

• L'intention : Dans le contrôle coercitif, l'intention de l'agresseur est de dominer et de contrôler sa victime.

Dans le harcèlement scolaire, l'intention des agresseurs peut être variée, allant de la recherche de pouvoir à la volonté de nuire [conversation history].

• Contexte : Le contrôle coercitif se déroule dans le cadre d'une relation intime ou familiale, tandis que le harcèlement scolaire se produit entre pairs ou dans un contexte scolaire.

Ces contextes différents impliquent des dynamiques relationnelles différentes.

• Intervention : Il est crucial de noter que l'intervention dans les cas de harcèlement scolaire doit se faire de manière adaptée au contexte scolaire et au développement des jeunes.

• Prévention: L'éducation et la sensibilisation sur les dynamiques de pouvoir et de contrôle sont essentielles pour prévenir le harcèlement et le contrôle coercitif.

La formation des enseignants et du personnel scolaire, à l'instar de la formation des magistrats, pourrait contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de ces phénomènes.

En résumé, bien que le contrôle coercitif et le harcèlement scolaire soient des phénomènes distincts, il existe des parallèles importants dans les dynamiques de pouvoir, d'isolement, d'intimidation et de manipulation qu'ils impliquent [conversation history].

Comprendre ces similitudes peut aider à mieux détecter et prévenir ces formes de violence, tant dans les relations intimes qu'au sein des établissements scolaires.

Voici un sommaire minuté de la transcription, mettant en évidence les idées fortes :

• 0:00-0:06 : Introduction du contrôle coercitif comme nouvelle infraction pénale en France, suite à l'adoption de la proposition de loi par l'Assemblée Nationale.
• 0:07-0:30 : Présentation d'Andréa Gruev-Vintila, spécialiste du sujet et auteure d'un livre de référence sur le contrôle coercitif.
• 0:31-1:22 : Origine du concept : La notion de contrôle coercitif émerge de la psychologie américaine des années 1950, suite à des observations sur les prisonniers de guerre américains en Corée.

Les chercheurs tentaient de comprendre pourquoi ils avaient collaboré avec l'ennemi, les études sur le lavage de cerveau, puis les travaux d'Albert Biderman qui s'interroge sur les méthodes des tortionnaires pour obtenir la soumission. * 1:23-1:51 : Le contrôle coercitif est une forme de soumission sans violence physique, comme démontré dans les expériences de Milgram sur la soumission à l'autorité.

• 1:52-2:07 : L'application du concept aux violences intrafamiliales et la nécessité de comprendre les comportements qui structurent le contrôle coercitif.

• 2:08-2:32 : Les violences conjugales touchent majoritairement les femmes et les enfants.

En France, 82% des victimes de violences conjugales sont des mères. L'échec à prévenir et protéger ces victimes souligne l'importance d'une approche globale de la violence conjugale.

• 2:33-3:24 : Comportements clés du contrôle coercitif : isolement, intimidation, harcèlement, menaces, et surtout, l'attaque à la relation de la victime avec l'enfant.

L'agresseur impose des règles strictes dans l'espace familial, contrôlant des aspects anodins de la vie quotidienne pour obtenir la soumission.

• 3:25-3:49 : Exemples de micro-régulations : contrôle de la façon de s'habiller, du temps passé sous la douche, des interactions des enfants, etc.

• 3:50-4:02 : Le contrôle coercitif se concentre sur le comportement de l'agresseur et comment il empêche la victime de partir, changeant ainsi la question de "pourquoi n'est-elle pas partie ?" à "comment l'en a-t-il empêché ?".

• 4:03-4:31 : L'identification de faits mineurs pris isolément, qui échappent habituellement à la justice, permet de saisir le climat conjugal ou familial.

Tous les comportements de contrôle coercitif ne mènent pas au féminicide, mais tous les féminicides passent par le contrôle coercitif.

• 4:32-4:50 : Le contrôle coercitif comme "captivité": la violence conjugale est une situation de terreur permanente et de captivité, plus qu'une série d'agressions.

• 4:51-5:28 : Le féminicide comme échec du contrôle : lorsque l'agresseur échoue à contrôler sa victime, il y a une escalade de la violence pouvant mener au féminicide, aux suicides forcés, et aux homicides d'enfants. Le contrôle coercitif est un précurseur majeur de ces violences.

• 5:29-5:50 : Les enfants sont aussi victimes de la captivité et le contrôle ne cesse pas avec la séparation, ce qui est souvent exercé au détriment des enfants.

• 5:51-6:20 : La recherche internationale montre que le contrôle coercitif des femmes par les hommes est la cause principale des violences faites aux enfants.

• 6:21-6:46 : Le contrôle peut s'exercer notamment dans le contexte de procédures judiciaires liées à la séparation, l'agresseur utilisant son droit parental au détriment de la sécurité des enfants.

L'enfant devient une cible, un informateur ou un espion.

• 6:47-7:04 : Exemples tragiques comme la petite Chloé, tuée par son père, soulignent l'importance de la protection des enfants, même après une séparation et une ordonnance de protection.

• 7:05-7:25 : L'Écosse a intégré le contrôle coercitif dès 2018, suivie par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et les premiers arrêts en France, notamment ceux de la cour d'appel de Poitier.

• 7:26-7:34 : L'inscription du contrôle coercitif dans la loi vise à une détection plus précoce et à des sanctions plus sévères.
• 7:35-8:02 : La loi française ambitionne de donner aux juges un outil juridique pour intervenir sur la réalité des violences conjugales, et non pas seulement en cas de violence physique, et de mieux protéger les victimes.
• 8:03-8:38 : La loi française est pionnière car elle est pensée avec une approche transversale touchant le droit pénal et le droit civil. Un amendement sur la formation obligatoire des magistrats a été rejeté, mais sera représenté au Sénat.
• 8:39-8:47 : Demande d'évaluation de la loi une fois adoptée et nécessité de moyens pour son application.

Voici un document de synthèse pour un briefing sur le contrôle coercitif, basé sur les informations de la transcription et notre conversation précédente :

Introduction : Le Contrôle Coercitif, une Nouvelle Réalité Juridique et Sociale

• Le contrôle coercitif est désormais reconnu comme une infraction pénale en France. Cette évolution législative est une avancée majeure dans la lutte contre les violences faites aux femmes et aux enfants.
• Ce concept, initialement observé chez les prisonniers de guerre, a permis de mieux comprendre les mécanismes de la violence conjugale et les féminicides.
• Le contrôle coercitif est une forme de soumission qui ne nécessite pas forcément de violence physique.

Origines et Définition du Contrôle Coercitif

• La conceptualisation du contrôle coercitif remonte aux années 1950 en psychologie américaine, suite à des études sur des prisonniers de guerre américains durant la guerre de Corée.
• Les recherches initiales visaient à comprendre pourquoi des soldats collaboraient avec l'ennemi.

Les études sur le lavage de cerveau ont évolué vers l'analyse des méthodes des tortionnaires pour obtenir la soumission.

• Le contrôle coercitif se définit comme une stratégie d'emprise et de domination qui vise à soumettre la victime en utilisant un ensemble de comportements.

Le Contrôle Coercitif dans le Contexte des Violences Conjugales

• Les violences conjugales touchent de manière disproportionnée les femmes et les enfants. En France, 82% des femmes victimes de violences conjugales sont mères.
• Le contrôle coercitif se manifeste par des comportements d'isolement, d'intimidation, de harcèlement et de menaces.

• Il se caractérise aussi par une micro-régulation du quotidien de la victime et de ses enfants : contrôle de la manière de s'habiller, du temps passé sous la douche, des interactions avec les enfants, etc.

• Le contrôle coercitif attaque la relation de la victime avec son enfant. L'agresseur impose des règles strictes dans l'espace familial, cherchant à obtenir la soumission de la victime et de ses enfants.

• L'approche change la question de "pourquoi n'est-elle pas partie?" à "comment l'en a-t-il empêché?".

Le Contrôle Coercitif : Un Précurseur des Formes Ultimes de Violence

• Tous les comportements de contrôle coercitif ne mènent pas au féminicide, mais tous les féminicides passent par le contrôle coercitif.
• Le féminicide est souvent l'échec du contrôle. Lorsque l'agresseur ne parvient plus à contrôler sa victime, il y a une escalade de la violence pouvant conduire au féminicide, aux suicides forcés, et aux homicides d'enfants.
• La violence conjugale est donc une situation de captivité et de terreur permanente, plus qu'une série d'agressions.
• Le contrôle coercitif peut également s'exercer au détriment des enfants, même après une séparation.

La recherche internationale montre que le contrôle coercitif des femmes par les hommes est la cause principale des violences faites aux enfants.

• Dans les situations de séparation, l'agresseur peut utiliser ses droits parentaux pour continuer à contrôler la victime, mettant en danger la sécurité des enfants. L'enfant peut devenir une cible, un informateur ou un espion.

Implications Juridiques et Avancées Législatives

• L'Écosse a été pionnière en intégrant le contrôle coercitif dans sa législation dès 2018.
• La Cour européenne des droits de l'homme a suivi, avec une directive obligeant les États membres à adopter des mesures similaires d'ici 2027.
• En France, la cour d'appel de Poitiers a rendu des arrêts faisant jurisprudence dès 2023.
• La loi française vise à donner aux juges les outils juridiques pour intervenir plus efficacement, non seulement en cas de violence physique mais aussi face à la réalité du contrôle coercitif.
• Cette loi est pionnière car elle aborde le problème de manière transversale, en touchant le droit pénal et le droit civil.
• Un amendement proposant une formation obligatoire pour les magistrats a été rejeté, mais sera représenté au Sénat.

Conclusion : Nécessité d'une Approche Globale

• L'inscription du contrôle coercitif dans la loi est une avancée cruciale pour une détection plus précoce et des sanctions plus sévères des violences conjugales.
• Il est essentiel de continuer à faire de la recherche sur le sujet et d'évaluer l'impact de cette loi afin de l'améliorer et de protéger efficacement les victimes.
• Il est nécessaire d'avoir des moyens pour mettre en application cette loi et de continuer à sensibiliser sur l'importance de ce concept pour lutter contre les violences conjugales.

여기서 흰 바람벽은 차갑고 공허한 현실을 상징하며, 고단한 생활과 정서적 고립을 드러낸다. 비어 있는 차가운 표면으로써, 현실의 결핍과 외로움의 정서가 투영되는 스크린처럼 기능한다. 시적 풍경의 기초 질료이자 이후 정서가 떠오를 배경을 형성한다.

시의 공간적 배경이다. 화자의 소박하고 누추한 현실을 드러낸다.

AND THEY SHOULD!!

Are we sure they're not going to be able to appeal it?

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hormone levels, specifically, it can lower cortisol, which is the hormone that makes us feel stressed. At the same time, it increases oxytocin, which is often called the 'love hormone' or 'bonding hormone'. A mom's voice can make a child feel less stressed and more socially connected.

This line doubles as a potential moment of autobiographical poetry for Johnston. In her autobiography, published in the same book as "The Last Sark," she writes that even though the abuses of her youth left her suicidal many a time:

"I did not, however, feel inclined to die when I could no longer conceal what the world falsely calls a woman’s shame. No, on the other hand, I never loved life more dearly and longed for the hour when I would have something to love me-and my wish was realised by becoming the mother of a lovely daughter on the 14th of September, 1852."

After the birth of her daughter, her tone toward her personal death in her autobiography shifts, no longer claiming suicidal ideation, and instead a will to live.

Johnston keeps up a strict rhyme scheme throughout the poem - aabbccbb, etc. However, the speaker's somewhat fourth wall breaking exclamation here tips that rhyme scheme on its head. Blin', in the Scots dialect, is a near rhyme with the word him, though that rhyme is lost some in other accents. Beyond the loose rhyme here, the outburst also changes the otherwise even flow of the rhythm through the poem.

The thought of her child falling to the floor forces the speaker out of her careful patterns, highlighting the mother's love and care for her children.

This line could either be referring to money itself as a curse or, more likely, saying that the amount of wealth that the upper classes hoard is the actual curse. This could also perhaps be the poem's speaker herself placing a curse upon that money.

"Unco": Scots for "unknown or unfamiliar"

Bean: Scots for "in good condition," "comfortable," or "well-stocked"

Puir in modern Scots (from 1700 onward) can mean either a "pauper or beggar", or "someone in considerable need of help". While this definition is also true for older Scots, there was also a secondary definition - one that meant "guiltless" or "free from moral corruption". With this older definition in mind, this line comes to have a similarly twofold meaning; one in which all the poor will die at the careless hands of the rich, but also one where the poor working-class are the class of purity, while the gentry are corrupt.

The refrain throughout this poem works as a sort of a war cry. The rest of the poem reads as a lament between wife and husband, something that could come from almost any middle class or lower house even to this day. However, the use of the refrain takes readers from the world of the poem back out into the wider world of working-class Scotland.

In Scots, "gude" can be a form of exclamation, similar to "God God!" or "Lord have Mercy". The phrase also shows up in works by Sir Walter Scott, such as The Antiquary and St. Ronan's Well; see entry 5

"The Last Sark" is a dialect poem, written in the Scots language. As Florence S. Boos notes: "The everyday speech of all classes of Victorian Scotland was probably some version of Scots" (55). While it was common for Scottish authors to write in Standardized English, dialect poetry tended to be looked down upon and efforts of Scottish poets to write in traditionally English poetic forms, such as blank verse, removed them from the common Scot (54). As such, Scottish (and especially Glaswegian) working-class poets "expected no wider English audience" (56) and instead wrote more towards an audience of their peers.

cut

Will we really return to this topic?

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This reminds me of our own personal moʻolelo. I had a conversation with one of my hoa from Keaukaha about Kamapuaʻa and how she had a different recollection of the moʻolelo from her other friend who was in the next town over, but the ending/moral of the story was still the same. It's interesting to see this play out in different cultures as well.

I find this bit very funny. I was curious and decided to look up Robert Flaherty and what kind of movies he's done and out of the 24 movies he's created, according to Google, 5 of them are related to ʻōiwi peoples. Anyway, showing the main character as "uncivilized" by having Nanook bite the record to figure out what kind of material it is, is harmful to Inuit, and then to go around and to ask the same people you are making fun of to fix your equipment is a crazy concept. What do you gain from making fun of the same people, and in a way, calling them uncivilized, but then asking the same people to fix your own equipment? Are they uncivilized or not?

意識

視野

代名詞

漸進的

因此

衰退

Cook ends this stanza with an indictment: society denies both material gain ("profit") and emotional fulfillment ("pleasure") to the laboring class. She ends by humanizing the worker to remind society that workers are people too.

In poems that protested the oppression of the working class, domesticity and 'feminine labor' was often left out of the discussion; however, Cook appeals to both men and women in her poem. This results in a wider audience being included in the narrative, and leads to a larger group speaking out against their oppressors.

This stanza is repeated twice throughout the poem. The sarcastic tone and the repetition of the stanza emphasizes Cook's message. She gives life to the worker and encourages work while also suggesting the workers stand up for themselves. A "minute gun" is a gun that fires every minute, so Cooke is encouraging the working class not to be silent about the injustices they face.

From the Oxford English Dictionary: (noun) A mean, stingy, or parsimonious person; a miser; a person who only grudgingly parts with, spends, or uses up anything. Also in extended use with reference to emotion, etc.

Here Cook compares the working class to worker bees having their hard work, honey, stolen from them. Similarly, the working class is being taken advantage of by people who keep getting richer while the laborers toil away.

In the article ""Of "Haymakers" and "City Artisans": The Chartist Poetics of Eliza Cook's "Songs of Labor,"" Solveig Robinson states: "Cook uses the Chartist trope of the domestic slave and a string of rhetorical questions to challenge the effects of unregulated labor, not only on the workers themselves, but on the society as a whole."

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40002678

From the OED: a gun fired at intervals of a minute, esp. at a funeral.

Cook uses this as an analogy for how often workers and laborers must voice their concerns before their employers will listen to them.

The "reeking brow" Cook mentions is a reference to the sweat on a worker's brow. This serves as a metaphor comparing sweat to pearls which elevates work to a royal adornment. This bypasses the levels of traditional hierarchy by location national wealth in workers' bodies.

Each stanza follows a specific rhyming pattern. In each stanza, the end words of the first and third lines rhyme and the second and fourth also rhyme. The rhyme scheme of the poem results in an up-beat cadence when the poem is read aloud. The cadence really juxtaposes the serious tone of the content.

According to the OED, there are multiple potential meanings for this term when this poem was written. It could have been a general term of address, especially for an older man or it could have been a way to refer to a master, governor, or foreman. This stanza itself does not make the distinction clear, but considering the focus in the third stanza on "men of fourscore" (line 23) it could be the first definition; however, a foreman or master would produce the image of control Winter has over the speaker.

https://www.oed.com/dictionary/gaffer_n?tab=meaning_and_use#3371962

The speaker is connecting another kind of joy to the snow through the image of boys having a snowball fight. She speaks to elderly men to bring back the memory of the good times they had in the snow. This brings the two age groups together.

The speaker is connecting another kind of joy to the snow through the image of boys having a snowball fight. She speaks to elderly men to bring back the memory of the good times they had in the snow. This brings the two groups of people together.

The speaker is connecting another kind of joy to the snow through the image of boys having a snowball fight. She speaks to elderly men to bring back the memory of the good times they had in the snow. This brings the two groups of people together.

"Eliza Cook, New Media Innovator" points out that part of the appeal of Cook's work is the fact that she focuses on everyday experiences and often invoked a cozy feeling for the readers. In this poem, she does not overtly focus on the challenges or politics surrounding England at the time. Instead, she creates a beautiful image of winter and a snowy day that any person could enjoy while subtly addressing Victorian norms.

https://wtamu-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/permalink/f/ahoafg/TN_cdi_walterdegruyter_books_10_1515_9781474475945_005

The speaker draws attention to the whiteness and purity of the snow here and line 8. In Christianity, particularly Isaiah 1 and Psalm 51, the whiteness of snow is a visual representation of the forgiveness a person can receive. The line "'Tis the fairest scene we can have below" (line 15, 31) most likely refers to heaven. The speaker draws the reader's attention to the biblical connections with the snow.

The word "marching is usually connected to military movement. This presents Winter as an organized and potentially dangerous force that the speaker enjoys seeing. This line may also explain why the first line characterizes Winter as brave. Most Victorians considered fighting and dying for ones country as brave.

This phrase as well as "delicate carpet so richly spread"(line 12) "glittering diadems crown'd" (line 14), and "ermine mantle" (line 30) invoke an image of natural riches that are available to everyone in the area instead of those who are very wealthy. While the speaker does not explicitely state it, the snow allows individuals who, otherwise, would not have access to material riches to have them in the snow.

With limited resources available the mother is being expected to access or naturally have and utilize resources to provide for her children and protect them, stablize and heal them, as a single parent or lose her children. If a mother chooses to move her children to the streets because there is not access to shelters and her family cant take her and her children in the children are torn away from the only person with any perspective and lived experience as well as a fully developed brain being able to help them overcome the trauma experienced

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This makes me think about how I could learn a lot from working closely with paraprofessionals. Seeing the techniques they use with students who have differences or disabilities could give me new ideas for how I support all my students in the music classroom. It reminds me that I don’t have to figure everything out on my own.

After working with a student who had a processing delay during my student teaching, I realized how important it was to reflect right after teaching. One class, I noticed that the student consistently came in early during a call-and-response rhythm activity. In the moment, I simply helped to the best of my ability. But as soon as the class ended, I wrote down what happened, how the student processes information, and what strategies seemed to help them most.

During my observations of seeing a middle school general music class, I worked closely with a student who had sensory sensitivities. I noticed that loud, sudden sounds often caused them to shut down which made it hard to participate in full-class activities. When seeing their reactions, I realized that using noise-canceling headphones during particularly loud sections and giving clear, step-by-step instructions helped them stay engaged and gave the student space to succeed.

More repetition

bevölkerungsaustausch okay, aber was ich noch nicht verstehe, welche "goldene zukunft" erhoffen sich die neubürger hier in europa?<br /> aktuell zeigt ja alles in richtung crash, hungersnot, massensterben, deindustrialisierung, renaturierung, brache, urwald, ...

Les interdictions des stationnements en bordure

Les obligations a un stationnement en bordure

Corridor de sécurité

Les angles morts et quand les vérifiers

Storybook and Vitest together streamline the entire UI workflow by turning each component state into both a design reference and an automated test. Developers can instantly see layout or behavior changes in isolation, reducing the need for manual visual checks. Because Storybook treats each story as a test, it removes much of the setup effort normally required for UI validation. The built-in accessibility panel also makes issues easier to understand by highlighting them directly on the component. Overall, this integration helps teams build more consistent, accessible, and high-quality interfaces with far less friction.

eLife Assessment

This is a valuable study describing transcriptome-based pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) subtypes and exploring the mutations, immune correlates and disease progression of cases in each subtype. The cohort is a reasonable size and a second cohort is included from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). One of the key premises of the study is that identification of driver mutations in PPGL is not complete and that compromises characterisation for prognostic purposes. This is a solid starting point on which to base characterisation using different methods.

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

This study presents an exploration of PPGL tumour bulk transcriptomics and identifies three clusters of samples (labeled as subtypes C1-C3). Each subtype is then investigated for the presence of somatic mutations, metabolism-associated pathway and inflammation correlates, and disease progression.

The proposed subtype descriptions are presented as an exploratory study. The proposed potential biomarkers from this subtype are suitably caveated and will require further validation in PPGL cohorts together with mechanistic study.

The first section uses WGCNA (a method to identify clusters of samples based on gene expression correlations) to discover three transcriptome-based clusters of PPGL tumours using a new cohort of n=87 PPGL samples from various locations in the body.

The second section inspects a previously published snRNAseq dataset, assigning the published samples to subtypes C1-C3 using a pseudo-bulk approach.

The tumour samples are obtained from multiple locations in the body, summarised in Fig1A. It will be important to see further investigation of how the sample origin is distributed among the C1-C3 clusters, and whether there is a sample-origin association with mutational drivers and disease progression.

Comments on revisions:

In SupplFile3 (pdf) - please correct the table format. The contents are obscured due to the narrowness of the table columns.

Deposit the new RNAseq data (N=87 cases, N=5 controls) in an appropriate repository; see "Data on human genotypes and phenotypes" at https://elife-rp.msubmit.net/html/elife-rp_author_instructions.html#dataavailability

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

A study that furthers the molecular definition of PPGL (where prognosis is variable) and provides a wide range of sub-experiments to back up the findings. One of the key premises of the study is that identification of driver mutations in PPGL is incomplete and that compromises characterisation for prognostic purposes. This is a reasonable starting point on which to base some characterisation based on different methods.

Strengths:

The cohort is a reasonable size, and a useful validation cohort in the form of TCGA is used. Whilst it would be resource-intensive (though plausible given the rarity of the tumour type) to perform RNAseq on all PPGL samples in clinical practice, some potential proxies are proposed.

Weaknesses:

Performance of some of the proxy markers for transcriptional subtype is not presented.

Limited prognostic information available.

Comments on revisions:

Having reviewed the responses to my comments and associated revisions, I am satisfied that they have been addressed.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study presents an exploration of PPGL tumour bulk transcriptomics and identifies three clusters of samples (labeled as subtypes C1-C3). Each subtype is then investigated for the presence of somatic mutations, metabolism-associated pathways and inflammation correlates, and disease progression. The proposed subtype descriptions are presented as an exploratory study. The proposed potential biomarkers from this subtype are suitably caveated and will require further validation in PPGL cohorts together with a mechanistic study.  

The first section uses WGCNA (a method to identify clusters of samples based on gene expression correlations) to discover three transcriptome-based clusters of PPGL tumours. The second section inspects a previously published snRNAseq dataset, and labels some of the published cells as subtypes C1, C2, C3 (Methods could be clarified here), among other cells labelled as immune cell types. Further details about how the previously reported single-nuclei were assigned to the newly described subtypes C1-C3 require clarification.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In response to the reviewer’s request for further clarification on “how previously published single-nuclei data were assigned to the newly defined C1-C3 subtypes,” we have provided additional methodological details in the revised manuscript (lines 103-109). Specifically, we aggregated the single-nucleus RNA-seq data to the sample level by summing gene counts across nuclei to generate pseudo-bulk expression profiles. These profiles were then normalized for library size, log-transformed (log1p), and z-scaled across samples. Using genesets scores derived from our earlier WGCNA analysis of PPGLs, we defined transcriptional subtypes within the Magnus cohort (Supplementary Figure. 1C). We further analyzed the single-nucleus data by classifying malignant (chromaffin) nuclei as C1, C2, or C3 based on their subtype scores, while non-malignant nuclei (including immune, stromal, endothelial, and others) were annotated using canonical cell-type markers (Figure. 4A). 

The tumour samples are obtained from multiple locations in the body (Figure 1A). It will be important to see further investigation of how the sample origin is distributed among the C1C3 clusters, and whether there is a sample-origin association with mutational drivers and disease progression.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In the revised manuscript (lines 74-79), Figure. 1A, Table S1 and Supplementary Figure. 1A, we harmonized anatomic site annotations from our PPGL cohort and the TCGA cohort and analyzed the distribution of tumor origin (adrenal vs extra-adrenal) across subtypes. The site composition is essentially uniform across C1-C3— approximately 75% pheochromocytoma (PC) and 25% paraganglioma (PG)—with only minimal variation. Notably, the proportion of extra-adrenal origin (paraganglioma origin) is slightly higher in the C1 subtype (see Supplementary Figure 1A), which aligns with the biological characteristics of tumors from this anatomical site, which typically exhibit more aggressive behavior.

Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

A study that furthers the molecular definition of PPGL (where prognosis is variable) and provides a wide range of sub-experiments to back up the findings. One of the key premises of the study is that identification of driver mutations in PPGL is incomplete and that compromises characterisation for prognostic purposes. This is a reasonable starting point on which to base some characterisation based on different methods. The cohort is a reasonable size, and a useful validation cohort in the form of TCGA is used. Whilst it would be resource-intensive (though plausible given the rarity of the tumour type) to perform RNA-seq on all PPGL samples in clinical practice, some potential proxies are proposed.

We sincerely thank the reviewer for their positive assessment of our study’s rationale. We fully agree that RNA sequencing for all PPGL samples remains resource-intensive in current clinical practice, and its widespread application still faces feasibility challenges. It is precisely for this reason that, after defining transcriptional subtypes, we further focused on identifying and validating practical molecular markers and exploring their detectability at the protein level.

In this study, we validated key markers such as ANGPT2, PCSK1N, and GPX3 using immunohistochemistry (IHC), demonstrating their ability to effectively distinguish among molecular subtypes (see Figure. 5). This provides a potential tool for the clinical translation of transcriptional subtyping, similar to the transcription factor-based subtyping in small cell lung cancer where IHC enables low-cost and rapid molecular classification.

It should be noted that the subtyping performance of these markers has so far been preliminarily validated only in our internal cohort of 87 PPGL samples. We agree with the reviewer that largerscale, multi-center prospective studies are needed in the future to further establish the reliability and prognostic value of these markers in clinical practice.

The performance of some of the proxy markers for transcriptional subtype is not presented.

We agree with your comment regarding the need to further evaluate the performance of proxy markers for transcriptional subtyping. In our study, we have in fact taken this point into full consideration. To translate the transcriptional subtypes into a clinically applicable classification tool, we employed a linear regression model to compare the effect values (β values) of candidate marker genes across subtypes (Supplementary Figure. 1D-F). Genes with the most significant β values and statistical differences were selected as representative markers for each subtype.

Ultimately, we identified ANGPT2, PCSK1N, and GPX3—each significantly overexpressed in subtypes C1, C2, and C3, respectively, and exhibiting the most pronounced β values—as robust marker genes for these subtypes (Figure. 5A and Supplementary Figure. 1D-F). These results support the utility of these markers in subtype classification and have been thoroughly validated in our analysis.

There is limited prognostic information available.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In this exploratory revision, we present the available prognostic signal in Figure. 5C. Given the current event numbers and follow-up time, we intentionally limited inference. We are continuing longitudinal follow-up of the PPGL cohort and will periodically update and report mature time-to-event analyses in subsequent work.

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

There is no deposition reference for the RNAseq transcriptomics data. Have the data been deposited in a suitable data repository?

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. We have updated the Data availability section (lines 508–511) to clarify that the bulk-tissue RNA-seq datasets generated in this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

In the snRNAseq analysis of existing published data, clarify how cells were labelled as "C1", "C2", "C3", alongside cells labelled by cell type (the latter is described briefly in the Methods).

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In response to the reviewer’s request for further clarification on “how previously published single-nuclei data were assigned to the newly defined C1-C3 subtypes,” we have provided additional methodological details in the revised manuscript (lines 103-109). Specifically, we aggregated the single-nucleus RNA-seq data to the sample level by summing gene counts across nuclei to generate pseudo-bulk expression profiles. These profiles were then normalized for library size, log-transformed (log1p), and z-scaled across samples. Using genesets scores derived from our earlier WGCNA analysis of PPGLs, we defined transcriptional subtypes within the Magnus cohort (Supplementary Figure. 1C). We further analyzed the single-nucleus data by classifying malignant (chromaffin) nuclei as C1, C2, or C3 based on their subtype scores, while non-malignant nuclei (including immune, stromal, endothelial, and others) were annotated using canonical cell-type markers (Figure. 4A).

Package versions should be included (e.g., CellChat, monocle2).

We greatly appreciate your comments and have now added a dedicated “Software and versions” subsection in Methods. Specifically, we report Seurat (v4.4.0), sctransform (v0.4.2), CellChat (v2.2.0), monocle (v2.36.0; monocle2), pheatmap (v1.0.13), clusterProfiler (v4.16.0), survival (v3.8.3), and ggplot2 (v3.5.2) (lines 514-516). We also corrected a typographical error (“mafools” → “maftools”) (lines 463).

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

It would be helpful to provide a little more detail on the clinical composition of the cohort (e.g., phaeo vs paraganglioma, age, etc.) in the text, acknowledging that this is done in Figure 1.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In the revision, we added Table S1 that provides a detailed summary of the clinical composition of the PPGL cohort. Specifically, we report the numbers and proportions (Supplementary Figure. 1A) of pheochromocytoma (PC) versus paraganglioma (PG), further subclassifying PG into head and neck (HN-PG), retroperitoneal (RPPG), and bladder (BC-PG).

How many of each transcriptional subtype had driver mutations (germline or somatic)? This is included in the figures but would be worth mentioning in the text. Presumably, some of these may be present but not detected (e.g., non-coding variants), and this should be commented on. It is feasible that if methods to detect all the relevant genomic markers were improved, then the rate of tumours without driver mutations would be less and their prognostic utility would be more comprehensive.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. In the revision (lines 113–116), we now report the prevalence of driver mutations (germline or somatic) overall and by transcriptional subtype. We analyzed variant data across 84 PPGL-relevant genes from 179 tumors in the TCGA cohort and 30 tumors in Magnus’s cohort (Fig. 2A; Table S2). High-frequency genes were consistent with known biology—C1 enriched for [e.g., VHL/SDHB], C2 for [e.g., RET/HRAS], and C3 for [e.g., SDHA/SDHD]. We also note that a subset of tumors lacked an identifiable driver, which likely reflects current assay limitations (e.g., non-coding or structural variants, subclonality, and purity effects). Broader genomic profiling (deep WGS/long-read, RNA fusion, methylation) would be expected to reduce the “driver-negative” fraction and further enhance the prognostic utility of these classifiers.

ANGPT2 provides a reasonable predictive capacity for the C1 subtype as defined by the ROC AUC. What was the performance of the PCSK1N and GPX3 as markers of the other subtypes?

We agree with your comment regarding the need to further evaluate the performance of proxy markers for transcriptional subtyping, and we have supplemented the analysis with ROC and AUC values for two additional parameters (Author response image 1 , see below). Furthermore, in our study, we have in fact taken this point into full consideration. To translate the transcriptional subtypes into a clinically applicable classification tool, we employed a linear regression model to compare the effect values (β values) of candidate marker genes across subtypes (Supplementary Figure. 1D-F). Genes with the most significant β values and statistical differences were selected as representative markers for each subtype.

Ultimately, we identified ANGPT2, PCSK1N, and GPX3—each significantly overexpressed in subtypes C1, C2, and C3, respectively, and exhibiting the most pronounced β values—as robust marker genes for these subtypes (Figure. 5A and Supplementary Figure. 1D-F). These results support the utility of these markers in subtype classification and have been thoroughly validated in our analysis.

Author response image 1.

Extended Data Figure A-B. (A) The ROC curve illustrates the diagnostic ability to distinguish PCSK1N expression in PPGLs, specifically differentiating subtype C2 from non-C2 subtypes. The red dot indicates the point with the highest sensitivity (93.1%) and specificity (82.8%). AUC, the area under the curve. (B) The ROC curve illustrates the diagnostic ability to distinguish GPX3 expression in PPGLs, specifically differentiating subtype C3 from non-C3 subtypes. The red dot indicates the point with the highest sensitivity (83.0%) and specificity (58.8%). AUC, the area under the curve.

In the discussion, I think it would be valuable to summarise existing clinical/molecular predictors in PPGL and, acknowledging that their performance may be limited, compare them to the potential of these novel classifiers.

Thank you for your valuable suggestion. We have added a concise overview of established clinical and molecular predictors in PPGL and compared them with the potential of our transcriptional classifiers. The new paragraph (Discussion, lines 315–338) now reads:

“Compared to existing clinical and molecular predictors, risk assessment in PPGL has long relied on the following indicators: clinicopathological features (e.g., tumor size, non-adrenal origin, specific secretory phenotype, Ki-67 index), histopathological scoring systems (such as PASS/GAPP), and certain genetic alterations (including high-risk markers like SDHB inactivation mutations, as well as susceptibility gene mutations in ATRX, TERT promoter, MAML3, VHL, NF1, among others). Although these metrics are highly actionable in clinical practice, they exhibit several limitations: first, current molecular markers only cover a subset of patients, and technical constraints hinder the detection of many potentially significant variants (e.g., non-coding mutations), thereby compromising the comprehensiveness of prognostic evaluation; second, histopathological scoring is susceptible to interobserver variability; furthermore, the lack of standardized detection and evaluation protocols across institutions limits the comparability and generalizability of results. Our transcriptomic classification system—comprising C1 (pseudohypoxic/angiogenic signature), C2 (kinase-signaling signature), and C3 (SDHx-related signature)—provides a complementary approach to PPGL risk assessment. These subtypes reflect distinct biological backgrounds tied to specific genetic alterations and can be approximated by measuring the expression of individual genes (e.g., ANGPT2, PCSK1N, or GPX3). This study demonstrates that the classifier offers three major advantages: first, it accurately distinguishes subtypes with coherent biological features; second, it retains significant predictive value even after adjusting for clinical covariates; third, it can be implemented using readily available assays such as immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that integrating transcriptomic subtyping with conventional clinical markers may offer a more comprehensive and generalizable risk stratification framework. However, this strategy would require validation through multi-center prospective studies and standardization of detection protocols.”

A little more explanation of the principles behind WGCNA would be useful in the methods.

We are grateful for your comments. We have expanded the Methods to briefly explain the principles of WGCNA (lines 426-454). In short, WGCNA constructs a weighted coexpression network from normalized gene expression, identifies modules of tightly co-expressed genes, summarizes each module by its eigengene (the first principal component), and then correlates module eigengenes with phenotypes (e.g., transcriptional subtypes) to highlight biologically meaningful gene sets and candidate hub genes. We now specify our preprocessing, choice of softthresholding power to approximate scale-free topology, module detection/merging criteria, and the statistics used for module–trait association and downstream gene-set scoring. 

On line 234, I think the figure should be 5C?

We greatly appreciate your comments and Correct to Figure 5C.