With it being the largest city in the South at the start of the Civil War (1861–1865), it was an early target for capture by Union forces
The site started off strong with the first paragraph. I like how we were given some facts and also how New Orleans being a large port effected NOLA in that time.
The largest suburb today is Metairie, an unincorporated subdivision of Jefferson Parish that borders New Orleans to the west
Driving through metairie and New Orleans it looks like two different places.
The effort was a success and the disease was stopped before reaching epidemic proportions. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the city to demonstrate the safety of New Orleans. It has had no cases of Yellow Fever since.
This is a direct contradiction to New Orleans reaction to covid. It was one of the worst covid infested places in the u.s.
The political and commercial importance of New Orleans, as well as its strategic position,
The so-called strategic position of New Orleans back then has sure backfired in the long run.
The importance of New Orleans as a commercial center was reinforced when the United States Federal Government established a branch of the United States Mint there in 1838, along with two other Southern branch mints at Charlotte, North Carolina, and Dahlonega, Georgia. Although there was an existing coin shortage, the situation became much worse because in 1836 President Andrew Jackson had issued an executive order, called a specie circular, which demanded that all land transactions in the United States be conducted in cash,
Crazy thing is there is once again a coin shortage mixed with inflation. What a time to be alive and grown.
Much of the colonial population in early days was of the wildest and, in part, of the most undesirable character: deported galley slaves, trappers, gold-hunters
The author mentions that the people there were undesirable slaves as if they asked to be there.
With its rich and unique cultural and architectural heritage, New Orleans remains a major destination for live music, tourism, conventions, and sporting events and annual Mardi Gras celebrations. After the significant destruction and loss of life resulting from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the city would bounce back and rebuild in the ensuing years.
You would think the government would have tried harder in the rehabilitation of New Orleans being that it is a major tour site.
White men led by officials of the territory formed militia companies to hunt down
I feel like to have a strong article, you should have more facts and be less general saying it was a white man is a little to general because during this time it was many white men
I think this is important information but should involve more statistics like how much were they paid or something.
Child labor at Lane Cotton Mill, 1913. Photo by Lewis Hine.
Child labor is a very huge thing back then. I remember reading how much it affected New York back then.
In 1897 the quasi-legal red light district called Storyville opened and soon became a famous attraction of the city.
The word quasi is used a lot throughout war history. Makes me think of many wars.
On September 14, 1874 armed forces led by the White League defeated the integrated Republican metropolitan police and their allies in pitched battle in the French Quarter and along Canal Street. The White League forced the temporary flight of the William P. Kellogg government, installing John McEnery as Governor of Louisiana.
The name Kellogg sounds familiar, but it makes me think of Frosted Flakes.
The city again served as capital of Louisiana from 1865 to 1880. Throughout the years of the Civil War and the Reconstruction period the history of the city is inseparable from that of the state. All the constitutional conventions were held here, the seat of government again was here (in 1864–1882) and New Orleans was the center of dispute and organization in the struggle between political and ethnic blocks for the control of government.
So what I’m reading is New Orleans use to be the capital of Louisiana. I wonder what changed then.
New Orleans Mardi Gras in the early 1890s.
Loved how this picture shows early Mardi Gras.
By 1840, the city's population was approximately 102,000 and it was now the third-largest in the U.S, the largest city away from the Atlantic seaboard as well as the largest in the South.[23]
The population growth back then was a huge number for them versus now.
Between 64 and 125 enslaved men marched from sugar plantations near present-day LaPlace on the German Coast toward the city of New Orleans.
Mind blowing that so many men were enslaved to work a plantation. Some of these plantations you can see today actually.
While Governor Claiborne and other officials wanted to keep out additional free black men, French Creoles wanted to increase the French-speaking population. As more refugees were allowed into the Territory of Orleans, Haitian émigrés who had gone to Cuba also arrived. Nearly 90 percent of the new immigrants settled in New Orleans.
Why was the governor at the time trying to keep those people out? I feel people deserve a different life and they were changing the population for the better.
From early days the city was noted for its cosmopolitan polyglot population and mixture of cultures. It grew rapidly, with influxes of Americans, African, French and Creole French (people of French descent born in the Americas) and Creoles of color (people of mixed European and African ancestry), many of the latter two groups fleeing from the violent revolution in Haiti.
With this many people coming in from different places caused much of a population change and even created something new. Creole is a very big thing in New Orleans.
On August 26, tracks which had previously indicated the hurricane was heading towards the Florida Panhandle shifted 150 miles (240 km) westward, initially centering on Gulfport/Biloxi, Mississippi and later shifted further westward to the Mississippi/Louisiana state line. The city became aware that a major hurricane hit was possible and issued voluntary evacuations on Saturday, August 27. Interstate 10 in New Orleans East and Jefferson and St. Charles parishes was converted to all-outbound lanes heading out of the city as well as Interstates 55 and 59 in the surrounding area, a maneuver known as "contraflow."
All the lanes on I-10 and I-55 were going out of the city and into Jackson and Baton Rouge.
In 1849 Baton Rouge replaced New Orleans as the capital of the state.
Baton Rouge is the current capital of Louisiana and the State Capitol building is one of the four highrise capitol buildings in the country. The other three states that have highrise State Capitol Buildings are: Florida, Nebraska, and North Dakota. I still say that the LA State Capitol looks like a normal historic office tower.
Two large lakes (in reality estuaries) in the vicinity, Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Maurepas, commemorate respectively Louis Phelypeaux, Count Pontchartrain, minister and chancellor of France, and Jean Frederic Phelypeaux, Count Maurepas, minister and secretary of state.
The Lake Pontchartrain Causeway is the longest 24-mile bridge in the country.
Throughout the 19th century, New Orleans was the largest port in the Southern United States, exporting most of the nation's cotton output and other products to Western Europe and New England.
I still say that today, the port of New Orleans still remains the largest in the US along with the ports of Corpus Christi, Mobile, and Miami.
t was adjacent to the trading route and portage between the Mississippi and Lake Pontchartrain via Bayou St. John, offering access to the Gulf of Mexico port of Biloxi without going downriver 100 miles; and it offered control of the entire Mississippi River Valley, at a safe distance from Spanish and English colonial settlements.[5][6][7]
Exporting & Importing is a forever lasting business. New Orleans using this to build their economy is why I think it flourished, so much so quickly. People saw the way this business connected them to networks all over the world. Increasing income flow and economic statues in New Orleans.
Two large lakes (in reality estuaries) in the vicinity, Lake Pontchartrain and Lake Maurepas, commemorate respectively Louis Phelypeaux, Count Pontchartrain, minister and chancellor of France, and Jean Frederic Phelypeaux, Count Maurepas, minister and secretary of state.
I'm currently learning about the functions of art. Of the six functions one is commemoration. While I don't think most people would consider lakes or geography in general to be art. The naming of these bodies of water maintains the same purpose and staying power that the creation of a mural or monument does.
I like the use of the parenthesis because it clarifies that the lakes aren't technically lakes at all. In general it's a reminder that ponds, lakes, rivers, oceans, and seas are used interchangeably although it's inaccurate.
The city's river levees narrowly escaped being topped in t
I've never heard of this flood before
Fifteen shops and 456 hotel rooms were demolished.
I think the article would definitely benefit from visual of the wreckage
December 14,
my birthday
all-outbound lanes
does this mean no one was could come into the city?
are $10 to 25 billion
that's crazy
Iberia Parish
I lived in New Iberia (Iberia Parish) at the time of Katrina
Half of these were senior citizens
No one ever really thinks about senior citizens in these situations
refused to leave home
I'll never understand why people do this.. like yes I understand this is your home where you raised your family but you and the house might end up being gone...
On the morning of October 12, 2019, a portion of the Hard Rock Hotel building at 1031 Canal Street collapsed during construction.[48] On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Louisiana, passing through New Orleans on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina. A citywide power outage and significant damage was reported.[49] The post-Katrina levee system successfully defended the city, but some suburbs without levees or where levees were still under construction flooded.
Most of this section could use some editing and rearranging but here, I'm wondering how they're able to repair these damages that happen so frequently. Although they have little to no resources, it's still logical to think about preventing or having a plan in place for these occurrences.
Some areas that initially seemed to suffer little from the storm found themselves flooded by rapidly rising water on August 30. As much as 80% of the city—parts of which are below sea level and much of which is only a few feet above—was flooded, with water reaching a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) in some areas.
The specifics of the damages help put everything into perspective visually.
During the War of 1812, the British sent a large force to conquer the city, but they were defeated early in 1815 by Andrew Jackson's combined forces some miles downriver from the city at Chalmette's plantation, during the Battle of New Orleans. The American government managed to obtain early information of the enterprise and prepared to meet it with forces (regular, militia, and naval) under the command of Maj. Gen. Andrew Jackson. Privateers led by Jean Lafitte were also recruited for the battle.
Interesting to see that major battles centered around New Orleans never cause significant damage to the city itself
great demand for "fancy girls": young, light-skinned, good looking, sexual toys for well-to-do gentlemen.
Although this being a "demand" is disturbing, I'm not surprised.
In 1849 Baton Rouge replaced New Orleans as the capital of the state.
I agree with Kricha28, I also didn't know the capital because New Orleans is always the central topic of Louisiana.
African American History Alliance of Louisiana
This is my first time hearing this and I'm not exactly sure what it is.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers designed the levee and floodwall system incorrectly, and contractors failed to build the system in places to the requirements of the Corps of Engineers' contracts
So was it because the U.S Army Corps of engineers designed it wrong? Or was it because the contractors failed to follow design instructions?
In the 1920s an effort to "modernize" the look of the city removed the old cast-iron balconies from Canal Street, the city's commercial hub. In the 1960s another "modernization" effort replaced the Canal Streetcar Line with buses. Both of these moves came to be regarded as mistakes long after the fact, and the streetcars returned to a portion of Canal Street at the end of the 1990s, and construction to restore the entire line was completed in April 2004.
Modernizing much of New Orleans would be to rid itself of much of what gives it a unique experience. I wonder if that was taken in account when they chose to bring back the street cars.
two massive fires burned the great majority of the city's buildings. The Great New Orleans Fire of 1788 destroyed 856 buildings in the city
This makes me believe that nothing can be withheld for a substantial amount of time before it's destroyed.
New Orleans was founded in early 1718 by the French as La Nouvelle-Orléans, under the direction of Louisiana governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville.
After being in New Orleans for over a year, this explains the French culture and background throughout the city.
Epidemics
No mention of the recent Covid-19 Virus? Seems strange to title a section Epidemics and not highlight the most recent and impactful one.
In 1849 Baton Rouge replaced New Orleans as the capital of the state
I think their should be a little bit more information on this matter. Maybe a little more information as to why that decision was made?
While the slave insurgency was the largest in U.S. history, the rebels killed only two white men. Confrontations with militia and executions after locally-held tribunals killed ninety-five black people
Notable that the largest slave revolt in U.S history wasn't necessarily the most violent.
Observers at the time and historians since believe there was an undercount and the true population was about 10,000.[13]
I wonder if it has to with the documentation of slave labor? Seeing as slaves were akin to cattle it would not be surprising if there were more that just weren't documented.
The priest-chronicler Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix described New Orleans in 1721 as a place of a hundred wretched hovels in a malarious wet thicket of willows and dwarf palmettos, infested by serpents and alligators; he seems to have been the first, however, to predict for it an imperial future.
In terms of early settlements I'm sure most would have assumed that an area such as this one would have been one of the worst places to settle. Despite this it would flourish in later decades.
Throughout the 19th century, New Orleans was the largest port in the Southern United States, exporting most of the nation's cotton output and other products to Western Europe and New England. With it being the largest city in the South at the start of the Civil War (1861–1865), it was an early target for capture by Union forces.
Interesting that it was the largest city in the south for a while. A stark contrast from how it is now with Texas and Florida hosting a few cities larger than New Orleans now.
The French also built a small fort, "St. Jean" (known to later generations of New Orleanians as "Old Spanish Fort") at the mouth of the bayou in 1701, using as a base a large Native American shell midden dating back to the Marksville culture.[3] In 1708, land grants along the Bayou were given to French settlers from Mobile, but the majority left within the next two years due to the failure of attempts to grow wheat there.
It's odd to me that land grants were given in the first place but given who received them it makes sense. What doesn't make sense is that the land was obviously procured somehow. However, during what was apparently a seven year period no one did their due diligence to ensure that the land itself was suitable. In particular, the soil so that settlers would have stable ground to build on and healthy soil that would bear the fruit of their labor. I would have thought that by this point given the definition that was provided for midden that a basic inspection would have deemed the land poor.
*With that being said the land was given away to settlers whom I presume were from Mobile, Alabama. As a result it's likely they had no way of inspecting the land beforehand. Which could explain why the land was given away in the first place and to those specific recipients. To be frank the French settlers should have consulted or "befriended" (as history books would claim) the Native Americans to learn something before they decided to inhabit the land. But I digress.
known to the natives as Bayouk Choupique
I appreciate that an editor decided to include the name and spelling that Native Americans used for this Bayou.
The land mass that was to become the city of New Orleans was formed around 2200 BC when the Mississippi River deposited silt creating the delta region.
I wasn't expecting to read about the literal formation of the geography of the city. I just expected to read about the early history regarding White settlers and Native Americans.
Throughout the 19th century, New Orleans was the largest port in the Southern United States, exporting most of the nation's cotton output and other products to Western Europe and New England.
Given that New Orleans is located at the tip of the Mississippi River as evidenced by the map I attached below. It's easy to see how New Orleans was integral to the success of the cash crop during slavery.
Hoisting of American Colors over Louisiana. Painting depicting first raising of the USA flag with the Louisiana Purchase, in main plaza (now Jackson Square), New Orleans. Ceremony was December 20, 1803. Painting by Thure de Thulstrup on commission to commemorate centennial of the event. The painting has been praised for the research and historical accuracy which went into the period depiction. Painting is on display in the Cabildo Museum.
*Again I couldn't select the photo so I selected the text that describes the events being depicted in the photo.
I love that a piece of commissioned art was chosen to be the first image a reader sees when they begin reading this Wikipedia page. I also like how thorough the description is regarding the name of the artist, where the artwork is currently located, and the location of where the depicted events are taking place. Although the commissioned artist wasn't an American I appreciate that he specialized in war and naval history.
https://www.crt.state.la.us/louisiana-state-museum/collections/visual-art/artists/thure-de-thulstrup
They could have explain the shooting more that happen in 2003 at john mcdonough high school
An estimated 1 million people evacuated from Greater New Orleans
I have never realized the actual number of people that had to evacuate.
they viewed black woman as walking sex object on legs for men not actual person in society back then.
The situation worsened when levees on four of the city's canals were breached. Storm surge was funneled in via the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet, which breached in multiple places. This surge also filled the Industrial Canal which breached either from the surge or the effects of being hit by a loose barge (the ING 4727). The London Avenue Canal and the 17th Street Canal were breached by the elevated waters of Lake Pontchartrain. Some areas that initially seemed to suffer little from the storm found themselves flooded by rapidly rising water on August 30. As much as 80% of the city—parts of which are below sea level and much of which is only a few feet above—was flooded, with water reaching a depth of 25 feet (7.6 m) in some areas.
They are giving a lot of informative details about the damage the hurricanes caused.
The 2017 New Orleans tornado touched down in New Orleans East and left approximately 10,000 homes without electric power.[46] John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency.[47] In 2018 LaToya Cantrell took office as Mayor of New Orleans, the first woman to do so. On the morning of October 12, 2019, a portion of the Hard Rock Hotel building at 1031 Canal Street collapsed during construction.[48]
This part of the article was put here to show more destruction that has happened in New Orleans after Katrina but it does not seem to be useful.
This gave the 19th-century city the shape of a crescent along a bend of the Mississippi,
I have always wondered how this shape happened.
For two decades the three Municipalities were essentially governed as separate cities, with the office of Mayor of New Orleans having only a minor role in facilitating discussions between municipal governments.
It is interesting to known that know that the city was split and governed differently.
Antebellum
reminds be of the movie Antebellum
African American History Alliance of Louisiana
haven't heard of this before
In 1795 and 1796, the sugar processing industry was first put upon a firm basis.
this was around the time the slave trade came about
New Orleans was founded in early 1718 by the French as La Nouvelle-Orléans, under the direction of Louisiana governor Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville.
this explains the French food and language throughout the city
Since 2005
This part of the page is a little lacking because there is no way this is all the history of new orleans since 2005, there have been too many current events from 2022 alone thus far that can be looked into further
New Orleans was the biggest slave trading center in the country. In the 1840s, there were about 50 people-selling companies. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. Especially for travelers, the markets were a rival to the French Opera House and the Théâtre d’Orléans. The St. Louis Hotel#slave market and New Orleans Exchange held important markets. There was great demand for "fancy girls": young, light-skinned, good looking, sexual toys for well-to-do gentlemen.[25]
That's sick especially the demand for "fancy girls" like what?!
n 1849 Baton Rouge replaced New Orleans as the capital of the state. In
I went all this time thinking new orleans was the capital of louisiana ust because it's a major city in the state
, abolishing the Spanish
how did the city keep it's strong catholic presence?
In September 1722, a hurricane struck the city, blowing most of the structures down. After this, the administrators enforced the grid pattern dictated by Bienville but hitherto previously mostly ignored by the colonists. This grid plan is still seen today in the streets of the city's "French Quarter"
so the harsh weather conditions and natural disasters have been happening for centuries. I wonder how were they able to recover with the resources they had?
The history of New Orleans, Louisiana,
Before I start reading I think I have a fairly basic understanding of the history of new orleans because I like to just google stuff a lot but I did not know the major parts New Orleans played in the Civil Rights Movements which was so interesting learning.
New Orleans was the biggest slave trading center in the country. In the 1840s, there were about 50 people-selling companies. Some whites went to the slave auctions for entertainment. Especially for travelers, the markets were a rival to the French Opera House and the Théâtre d’Orléans.
This is a interesting topic, maybe going deeper into the slave trade and how New Orleans became the biggest slave trade center.
Since 2005[edit] While many residents and businesses returned to the task of rebuilding the city, the effects of the hurricane on the economy and demographics of the city are expected to be dramatic and long term. As of March 2006, more than half of New Orleanians had yet to return to the city, and there were doubts as to how many more would. By 2008, estimated repopulation had topped 330,000.[44][needs update] The New Orleans Saints won Super Bowl XLIV in the 2009 NFL season, bringing hope and joy to the city still recovering from Hurricane Katrina. In 2010 Louisiana Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu won the mayor's race over ten other candidates with some 66% of the vote on the first round, with widespread support across racial, demographic, and neighborhood boundaries.[45] The 2017 New Orleans tornado touched down in New Orleans East and left approximately 10,000 homes without electric power.[46] John Bel Edwards declared a state of emergency.[47] In 2018 LaToya Cantrell took office as Mayor of New Orleans, the first woman to do so. On the morning of October 12, 2019, a portion of the Hard Rock Hotel building at 1031 Canal Street collapsed during construction.[48]
I feel as this put here out of the want to fill up the page, the main problem of this whole article is that information has no structure and it needs to be heavily updated.
Hurricane Katrina[edit] On August 29, 2005, an estimated 600,000 people were temporarily evacuated from Greater New Orleans when projected tracks of Hurricane Katrina included a possible major hit of the city. It missed, although Katrina wreaked considerable havoc on the Gulf Coast east of Louisiana.
This article has be updated so that it represents information about Hurricane Ida because it's the most recent hurricane not Katrina.
On April 14, 2003, the 2003 John McDonogh High School shooting occurred at John McDonogh High School.
Very blank and flavorless fact with little to none details.
In May 2002, businessman Ray Nagin was elected mayor. A former cable television executive, Nagin was unaligned with any of the city's traditional political blocks, and many voters were attracted to his pledges to fight corruption and run the city on a more business-like basis. In 2014 Nagin was convicted on charges that he had taken more than $500,000 in payouts from businessmen in exchange for millions of dollars' worth of city contracts. He received a 10-year sentence.[40]
Okay this information is fine but since it's the 21st century, there should be some talk about Mayor Cantrell.
In 1986, Sidney Barthelemy was elected mayor of the Crescent City; he was re-elected in spring of 1990, serving two terms.
What effect did this have on the city itself and so forth to lead to the next election?
On October 15, 1890, Chief-of-Police David C. Hennessy was shot, and reportedly his dying words informed a colleague that he was shot by "Dagos", an insulting term for Italians. On March 13, 1891, a group of Italian Americans on trial for the shooting were acquitted. However, a mob stormed the jail and lynched eleven Italian-Americans. Local historians still debate whether s
Why wasn't there a Law and Legislation subheading put in this article that way they wouldn't have to title this as "1890s" which is very vague.
Main articles: Third Treaty of San Ildefonso and Louisiana Purchase In 1800 Spain and France signed the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso stipulating that Spain give Louisiana back to France, although it had to remain under Spanish control as long as France wished to postpone the transfer of power. There was another relevant treaty in 1801, the Treaty of Aranjuez, and later a royal bill issued by King Charles IV of Spain in 1802; these confirmed and finalized the retrocession of Spanish Louisiana to France.
I feel as if this whole section right has content gaps because it exhibits small bits and pieces of the story, very much well underdeveloped. I feel like the editor tried to make up for it with hyperlinks. But it could be a lot more said here.
After the significant destruction and loss of life resulting from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the city would bounce back and rebuild in the ensuing years.
I agree with @aconyers, Hurricane Katrina is not the most recent cause of damage to the city of New Orleans.
In September 1722, a hurricane struck the city, blowing most of the structures down.
Which hurricane there are so many! So maybe a hyperlink to which hurricane it is would be best instead of the simple definition of a hurricane.
Law's Mississippi Company collapsed, stopping the flow of investment money to New Orleans.[8] Nonetheless, in 1722, New Orleans was made the capital of French Louisiana, replacing Biloxi in that role.
So how did Biloxi come to be in Mississippi? Like was it not a part of the Louisiana purchase, so that's why it's considered a part of a different state?
Much of the 18th-century architecture still present in the French Quarter was built during this time, including three of the most impressive structures in New Orleans—St. Louis Cathedral, the Cabildo and the Presbytere. The architectural character of the French Quarter, including multi-storied buildings centered around inner courtyards, large arched doorways, and the use of decorative wrought iron, were ubiquitous in parts of Spain and the Spanish colonies,
It's interesting see how each ruler (Spain and French) had some sort of effect on the architecture, but when you think of New Orleans, you think more about its French background.
After the significant destruction and loss of life resulting from Hurricane Katrina in 2005, the city would bounce back and rebuild in the ensuing years.
It's still trying to bounce back and with Hurricane Ida being not that long ago, that just increased the time gap.
Damage to levees and cities along the Mississippi River adversely affected southern crops and trade for the port city for some time, as the government tried to restore infrastructure. The nationwide Panic of 1873 also slowed economic recovery.
As I read through this page, the amount of text that relates to levees breaking or being under construction is way too much.
With a relatively large educated black (including a self-described "Creole" or mixed-race) population that had long interacted with the white population, racial attitudes were comparatively liberal for the Deep South.
I'm really surprised by this. I kind of thought that all of the south was the same.
Following studies begun by the Drainage Advisory Board and the Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans in the 1890s, in the 1900s and 1910s engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood enacted his ambitious plan to drain the city, including large pumps of his own design that are still used when heavy rains hit the city. Wood's pumps and drainage allowed the city to expand greatly in area.
It's interesting to see that some of New Orleans' greatest inventions had to do being able to drain the city. I don't think I've never seen drainage being included in history.
In 2014 Nagin was convicted on charges that he had taken more than $500,000 in payouts from businessmen in exchange for millions of dollars' worth of city contracts. He received a 10-year sentence.
It's one thing after another for this city.
On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida made landfall in Louisiana, passing through New Orleans on the 16th anniversary of Hurricane Katrina. A citywide power outage and significant damage was reported.[49] The post-Katrina levee system successfully defended the city, but some suburbs without levees or where levees were still under construction flooded.
I feel like the city should be more prepared for these types of things. If you know the city is susceptible to flooding and power outages so soon, I feel like they should be more prepared for the aftereffects of storms, so month long support to rebuild and regain power can be shortened,
In 1805, a census showed a heterogeneous population of 8,500, comprising 3,551 whites, 1,556 free blacks, and 3,105 slaves.
I wonder how many of those enslaved people were fee slaves mistaken for being enslaved.
In the final third of the Spanish period, two massive fires burned the great majority of the city's buildings. The Great New Orleans Fire of 1788 destroyed 856 buildings in the city on Good Friday, March 21 of that year.
Why is that as soon as the city is getting to a good standpoint, there is some form of sabotage to ruin it.
traces the city's development from its founding by the French in 1718 through its period of Spanish control, then briefly back to French rule before being acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.
THis just make sence why some of the streets are named what they are. Every street you go down has some type of history.
On October 27, 1768, a mob of local residents, spiked the guns guarding New Orleans and took control of the city from the Spanish.[44] The rebellion organized a group to sail for Paris, where it met with officials of the French government.
This shows and insightful turning point for what is the foundation of New Orleans and I feel like the spotlight should be on this topic more.
By 1731, the Natchez people had been killed, enslaved, or dispersed among other tribes, but the campaign soured relations between France and the territory's Native Americans leading directly into the Chickasaw Wars of the 1730s
I think that when writing article sometimes you can add too many facts and I believe this line add some type of emotion to the article so it not too structured.
Crime is an ongoing problem in New Orleans. As in comparable U.S. cities, the incidence of homicide and other violent crimes is highly concentrated in certain impoverished neighborhoods.
I love the recognition of the crime rate in New Orleans, but I believe the author should give reasons to why this is the case besides it just being highly concentrated in impoverished neighborhoods.
Catholicism is reflected in French and Spanish cultural traditions, including its many parochial schools, street names, architecture and festivals, including Mardi Gras.
I think this would have been a good place to give a short explanation of the origins of Mardi Gras.
On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida, a category 4 hurricane, made landfall in New Orleans, where the Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak caused damage.
I don't understand why such limited information was added. It took out the power of New Orleans for weeks. It greatly impacted the communities surrounding the city such as St. John Parish. I have childhood friends who couldn't live in their own homes for months after the damages of Hurricane Ida.
Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, Poles and Italians.
This definitely makes sense to me because my mother's family consists of African, French, German, and Irish backgrounds.
The Ursuline sisters after being sponsored by the Company of the Indies, founded a convent in the city in 1727.[42] At the end of the colonial era, the Ursuline Academy maintained a house of 70 boarding and 100 day students.
This interests me because I am familiar with Ursuline Academy high school. I wonder what other schools may have a connection to the Ursuline sisters.
The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding, due to its high rainfall, low lying elevation, poor natural drainage, and proximity to multiple bodies of water. State and federal authorities have installed a complex system of levees and drainage pumps in an effort to protect the city.
This section is really important because it describes the natural landscape of New Orleans and what makes the city susceptible to natural disasters like Hurricane Katrina. The last sentence in particular is revealing because it addresses how the local and national government has attempted to respond to one of the city's most persistent threats. This is clearly a major issue because it kills citizens, damages the culture and infrastructure, and harms the economy.
Despite its role in the slave trade, New Orleans at the time also had the largest and most prosperous community of free persons of color in the nation, who were often educated, middle-class property owners.
This sentence is an interesting one. On one hand it seems like it should provoke joy in the reader because not every "person of color" was subjugated by way of slavery. However, even today it's clear that the term "person of color" is a gloss over term seemingly encompassing everyone who is non-white. As evidenced by the last two paragraphs under the section titled United States territorial era it's clear that even in the late 1700s/early 1800s the distinction was made between Black, Biracial, and White. This contradicts the majority of claims that people continue to make today regarding the so-called one-drop rule.
Additionally, earlier in this wikipedia page the settlement of Filipinos was listed as an event that began to occur in the 1760s. Although we know that Asians immigrants were a part of early America and have experienced many hardships. I unaware of their specific experiences in the general South or New Orleans specifically. Either way I wish the term "people of color" in this context was more defined.
The last significant snowfall in New Orleans was on the morning of December 11, 2008.
I liked this sentence because it really sums up the lack of seasons that exist in New Orleans. This is cool because the climate of an area affects tourism, culture, and the atmosphere that can be cultivated.
ens of thousands of residents who had remained were rescued or otherwise made their way to shelters of last resort at the Louisiana Superdome or the New Orleans Morial Convention Center. More than 1,500 people were recorded as having died in Louisiana
The site of people seeking help on top of buildings and their own homes is a sight that always sticks with me. I can say the city was destroyed, but the people came together stronger than ever at this time. Shows our resilience as a city which I love and it motivates me.
New Orleans has always had to consider the risk of hurricanes, but the risks are dramatically greater today due to coastal erosion from human interference.[116] Since the beginning of the 20th century, it has been estimated that Louisiana has lost 2,000 square miles (5,000 km2) of coast (including many of its barrier islands), which once protected New Orleans against storm surge. Following Hurricane Katrina, the Army Corps of Engineers has instituted massive levee repair and hurricane protection measures to protect the city.
One of the main causes of destruction with Hurricane Katrina was that the levees were destroyed which brought in more flooding. It is interesting because even though New Orleans is at greater risks to hurricanes there will probably never be one as destructive as Katrina again.
New Orleans is world-famous for its abundance of architectural styles that reflect the city's multicultural heritage. Though New Orleans possesses numerous structures of national architectural significance, it is equally, if not more, revered for its enormous, largely intact (even post-Katrina) historic built environment.
This is interesting because most of the French Quarter remained unflooded during Hurricane Katrina, while other parts of the city were left completely destroyed.
In the 20th century, New Orleans' government and business leaders believed they needed to drain and develop outlying areas to provide for the city's expansion. The most ambitious development during this period was a drainage plan devised by engineer and inventor A. Baldwin Wood, designed to break the surrounding swamp's stranglehold on the city's geographic expansion. Until then, urban development in New Orleans was largely limited to higher ground along the natural river levees and bayous.
This eventually lead to New Orleans becoming the victim of multiple floodings that still continue on even today.
After the Louisiana Purchase, numerous Anglo-Americans migrated to the city. The population doubled in the 1830s and by 1840, New Orleans had become the nation's wealthiest and the third-most populous city, after New York and Baltimore.[56]
New Orleans was once the nation's wealthiest city and now it is leading in highest poverty rates amongst big cities in America.
French policy-makers in Paris attempted to set political and economic norms for New Orleans. It acted autonomously in much of its cultural and physical aspects, but also stayed in communication with the foreign trends as well.
This is interesting because of the amount of French influence over the city of New Orleans. This includes the names of streets, businesses, and even in everyday lingo.
The slaves were collectively valued at half a billion dollars.
This is still beyond believable to me. Humans were seen as objects. I'll never get used to the narrative
The Revolt took place in what is now Natchez National Historical Park in Natchez, Mississippi.
This tidbit of information is nice because you're able to understand where a historical event took place. More so, this information could explain why the federal government protects and preserves the land today.
The colonists turned to African slaves to make their investments in Louisiana profitable. In the late 1710s the transatlantic slave trade imported enslaved Africans into the colony.
This information addresses a major part of the city's history because it ultimately made Louisiana a slave state. Additionally, the State of Louisiana was a member of the Confederate States of America. This is really important because the state obviously contributed to certain events in the American Civil War.
New Orleans' economy had always been based more on trade and financial services than on manufacturing, but the city's relatively small manufacturing sector also shrank after World War II
This may be one of the rising issues in New Orleans today. Many people are without a job because the city is so focused on pleasing tourist that they forget the very people that live in the city are those who keep the culture vibrant.
In the city of New Orleans an inspiring mixture of foreign influences created a melting pot of culture that is still celebrated today.
This is the obvious reason why many people visit New Orleans every year to see and experience the culture brought there by slaves and immigrants.
From top, left to right: Central Business District, Bourbon Street, St. Louis Cathedral in Jackson Square, a streetcar in New Orleans, Caesars Superdome, University of New Orleans, Crescent City Connection
*I couldn't select the pictures so I selected the text that identified the subject of the pictures instead.
The selected pictures are great and really showcase the highlights of the city. Although, I see a trolley, Bourbon Street, and a cathedral among other things it would have been nice to see images of dishes associated with New Orleans.
Airports
This section should note the fact that there is an old airport that is no longer in use and how it was replaced by the Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport.
Hurricane Katrina
Extremely surprised at how small this paragraph is. I think that there are a lot of underlying events that were effected by the Katrina and should be written. The political chaos going on should be mentioned.
s of 2011[update], the Hispanic and Latino American population had also grown in the Greater New Orleans area alongside Black and African American residents, including in Kenner, central Metairie, and Terrytown in Jefferson Parish and Eastern New Orleans and Mid-City in New Orleans proper.[155] Janet Murguía, president and chief executive officer of the National Council of La Raza, stated that up to 120,000 Hispanic and Latino Americans workers lived in New Orleans. In June 2007, one study stated that the Hispanic and Latino American population had risen from 15,000, pre-Katrina, to over 50,000.[156] From 2010 to 2014 the city grew by 12%, adding an average of more than 10,000 new residents each year following the 2010 U.S. census.[121]
What was the specific cause of this I suppose you could make the case that housing in New Orleans after Katrina didn't cost much but that does give an adept reason.
During the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the American revolutionaries, and transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River.
This sentence explains the city's early contribution to America. This is interesting because the American Revolutionary War began in April of 1775. Which was more than a year before the colonies established their independence in July of 1776.
As it relates to the Mississippi River this information allows us to understand the development of trade and transportation by way of a waterway. This is likely key to understanding how New Orleans has maintained its relevance.
New Orleans' colonial history of French and Spanish settlement generated a strong Roman Catholic tradition. Catholic missions ministered to slaves and free people of color and established schools for them. In addition, many late 19th and early 20th century European immigrants, such as the Irish, some Germans, and Italians were Catholic
The Catholic influence through out the city is prominent and is home to the only catholic HBCU in the U.S.
ceased publication on December 27, 1923, after ninety-six years.[
From a historical sense this was an important moment in the history of French culture in New Orleans. Taking a French newspaper was the first step in an attempt to diminish French culture in NOLA.
U.S.'s largest slave market
This is very intriguing I feel as though this is not an emphasized topic when it comes to discussing New Orleans history.
Another notable example is the street plan and architecture still distinguishing New Orleans today. French Louisiana had early architects in the province who were trained as military engineers and were now assigned to design government buildings.
This would be a great place for a photo of New Orleans street plans. I like how the writer emphasized how the architecture is still consistent today.
One of the strongest varieties of the New Orleans accent is sometimes identified as the Yat dialect, from the greeting "Where y'at?" This distinctive accent is dying out in the city, but remains strong in the surrounding parishes.
These really seems like a case of AAVE being put in use. The "Yat dialect "is new to me and seems a bit disingenuous.
2020 U.S. census
It is great that they are using a credible source however maybe we could update the consensus since it is 2022.
gentrification, new residents buying property in formerly closely knit communities, and disp
I applaud the authors use and addition of the word gentrification here. It's been a problem for several years now and its an issue that effects New Orleans especially.
The last significant snowfall in New Orleans was on the morning of December 11, 2008.
Didn't know this, because New Orleans is in the sub-tropics and it always stays hot and humid, especially during the fall season.
Another notable example is the street plan and architecture still distinguishing New Orleans today. French Louisiana had early architects in the province who were trained as military engineers and were now assigned to design government buildings.
Unlike my home state of Mississippi and the rest of the Southern States, New Orleans still has that french culture and the unique architectural designs on some buildings.
Serving as a major port, New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States.
The Port of New Orleans is one of the most international container ports in the country next to the Port of Miami.
New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinctive music, Creole cuisine, unique dialects, and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras.
I have a side job where I do African Drumming on Sundays in Congo Square and I was looking forward to in the future, move to New Orleans to be in the music industry.
The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding, due to its high rainfall, low lying elevation, poor natural drainage, and proximity to multiple bodies of water.
Hence why every time it rains, there would be large puddles of water in the streets, so to solve this problem, after hurricane Katrina, they have been installing more drainage systems so the water won't stand.
By 1724, the large number of blacks in Louisiana prompted the institutionalizing of laws governing slavery within the colony.[39] These laws required that slaves be baptized in the Roman Catholic faith, slaves be married in the church, and gave slaves no legal rights. The slave law formed in the 1720s is known as the Code Noir, which would bleed into the antebellum period of the American South as well. Louisiana slave culture had its own distinct Afro-Creole society that called on past cultures and the situation for slaves in the New World.
for me, this is the most interesting part of the article
The city has historically been very vulnerable to flooding, due to its high rainfall, low lying elevation, poor natural drainage, and proximity to multiple bodies of water.
new Orleans being under sea level is exactly why I refuse to live my adult life here
New Orleans has increasingly been known as "Hollywood South" due to its prominent role in the film industry and in pop culture.[11][12]
Didn't know this but it definitely makes sense
8.08%
I feel after Katrina the Latinx population increased because they were sent to repair the city and then decided to reside there
During the later years of Morrison's administration, and for the entirety of Schiro's, the city was a center of the Civil Rights Movement. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference was founded in New Orleans, and lunch counter sit-ins were held in Canal Street department stores. A prominent and violent series of confrontations occurred in 1960 when the city attempted school desegregation, following the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education (1954). When six-year-old Ruby Bridges integrated William Frantz Elementary School in the Ninth Ward, she was the first child of color to attend a previously all-white school in the South.
I had no idea that these major events in black and American history that we learn about took place in New Orleans.
New Orleans' large community of well-educated, often French-speaking free persons of color (gens de couleur libres), who had been free prior to the Civil War, fought against Jim Crow. They organized the Comité des Citoyens (Citizens Committee) to work for civil rights. As part of their legal campaign, they recruited one of their own, Homer Plessy, to test whether Louisiana's newly enacted Separate Car Act was constitutional. Plessy boarded a commuter train departing New Orleans for Covington, Louisiana, sat in the car reserved for whites only, and was arrested. The case resulting from this incident, Plessy v. Ferguson, was heard by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896. The court ruled that "separate but equal" accommodations were constitutional, effectively upholding Jim Crow measures.
Though this is typically not taught to us when learning about the plessy v ferguson case, new orleans played a major role in the civil rights movement with the concept of separate but equal.
Afro-Creole was present in religious beliefs and the Louisiana Creole language. The religion most associated with this period for was called Voodoo.[40][41]
New Orleans has very clear catholic beliefs as well in the city, how did that become a factor in the culture?
During the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the American revolutionaries, and transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River.
This is why the united states bought the land to help them with transports during war times
The City that Care Forgot, used since at least 1938,[29] referring to the outwardly easygoing, carefree nature of the residents.
I never heard of this nickname but I can see how it applies because the residents I came in contact with have more of a free spirit in my opinion
Serving as a major port, New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub for the broader Gulf Coast region of the United States.
I didn't realize the large role New Orleans plays in the economy and transporting goods. This makes since because of it's access to water.
French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃]
Displays how New Orleans has French influence throughout even with its name.
Because of the scale of damage, many people resettled permanently outside the area. Federal, state, and local efforts supported recovery and rebuilding in severely damaged neighborhoods.
It is sad how many areas in New Orleans and people are still affected by the damages of Katrina
significantly larger than all other southern cities
Its interesting to know that New Orleans was once the largest city in the south comparing it to all other southern cities now.
New Orleans has increasingly been known as "Hollywood South" due to its prominent role in the film industry and in pop culture.[
I have always heard New Orleans being refereed to as a city that goes to sleep and always parties so it makes sense why people would refer to New Orleans this way.
New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinctive music, Creole cuisine, unique dialects, and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras.
This gives a breakdown of some of the things that New Orleans is most known for and why people travel there.
Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 83(28) 85(29) 89(32) 92(33) 97(36) 101(38) 101(38) 102(39) 101(38) 97(36) 88(31) 85(29) 102(39) Mean maximum °F (°C) 77(25) 80(27) 83(28) 87(31) 92(33) 95(35) 97(36) 97(36) 94(34) 90(32) 84(29) 80(27) 98(37) Average high °F (°C) 62.5(16.9) 66.4(19.1) 72.3(22.4) 78.5(25.8) 85.3(29.6) 90.0(32.2) 91.4(33.0) 91.3(32.9) 88.1(31.2) 80.6(27.0) 71.2(21.8) 64.8(18.2) 78.5(25.8) Daily mean °F (°C) 54.3(12.4) 58.0(14.4) 63.8(17.7) 70.1(21.2) 77.1(25.1) 82.4(28.0) 83.9(28.8) 84.0(28.9) 80.8(27.1) 72.5(22.5) 62.4(16.9) 56.6(13.7) 70.5(21.4) Average low °F (°C) 46.1(7.8) 49.7(9.8) 55.3(12.9) 61.7(16.5) 69.0(20.6) 74.7(23.7) 76.5(24.7) 76.6(24.8) 73.5(23.1) 64.3(17.9) 53.7(12.1) 48.4(9.1) 62.5(16.9) Mean minimum °F (°C) 30(−1) 33(1) 38(3) 47(8) 57(14) 67(19) 71(22) 71(22) 63(17) 48(9) 38(3) 33(1) 28(−2) Record low °F (°C) 14(−10) 16(−9) 25(−4) 32(0) 41(5) 50(10) 60(16) 60(16) 42(6) 35(2) 24(−4) 11(−12) 11(−12) Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.18(132) 4.13(105) 4.36(111) 5.22(133) 5.64(143) 7.62(194) 6.79(172) 6.91(176) 5.11(130) 3.70(94) 3.87(98) 4.82(122) 63.35(1,609) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 9.5 9.0 8.1 7.3 7.8 12.7 13.9 13.6 9.8 7.1 7.1 9.2 115.1 Average relative humidity (%) 75.6 73.0 72.9 73.4 74.4 76.4 79.2 79.4 77.8 74.9 77.2 76.9 75.9 Mean monthly sunshine hours 153.0 161.5 219.4 251.9 278.9 274.3 257.1 251.9 228.7 242.6 171.8 157.8 2,648.9 Percent possible sunshine 47 52 59 65 66 65 60 62 62 68 54 50 60 Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[c][101][105][102] showClimate data for Audubon Park, New Orleans (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1893–present)
I don't feel as if this formatted correctly within itself, because even the climate data might be clear their isn't any way to tell which years for each month.
As of the 2020 United States census, there were 383,997 people, 151,753 households, and 69,370 families residing in the city. Prior to 1960, the population of New Orleans steadily increased to a historic 627,525. Beginning in 1960, the population decreased due to factors such as the cycles of oil production and tourism,[130][131] and as suburbanization increased (as with many cities),[132] and jobs migrated to surrounding parishes.[133] This economic and population decline resulted in high levels of poverty in the city; in 1960 it had the fifth-highest poverty rate of all U.S. cities,[134] and was almost twice the national average in 2005, at 24.5%.[132] New Orleans experienced an increase in residential segregation from 1900 to 1980, leaving the disproportionately Black and African American poor in older, low-lying locations.[133] These areas were especially susceptible to flood and storm damage.[135]
I don't know, I feel as something should be put here about the correlation to the constant real estate issues within New Orleans.
Race and ethnicity
These previous years are of course important but where is the most recent years such as 2021 or 2022, those numbers have surely increased or decreased.
New Orleans is served by Interstate 10, Interstate 610 and Interstate 510. I-10 travels east–west through the city as the Pontchartrain Expressway. In New Orleans East it is known as the Eastern Expressway. I-610 provides a direct shortcut for traffic passing through New Orleans via I-10, allowing that traffic to bypass I-10's southward curve. In addition to the interstates, U.S. 90 travels through the city, while U.S. 61 terminates downtown. In addition, U.S. 11 terminates in the eastern portion of the city. New Orleans is home to many bridges; Crescent City Connection is perhaps the most notable. It serves as New Orleans' major bridge across the Mississippi, providing a connection between the city's downtown on the eastbank and its westbank suburbs. Other Mississippi crossings are the Huey P. Long Bridge, carrying U.S. 90 and the Hale Boggs Memorial Bridge, carrying Interstate 310. The Twin Span Bridge, a five-mile (8 km) causeway in eastern New Orleans, carries I-10 across Lake Pontchartrain. Also in eastern New Orleans, Interstate 510/LA 47 travels across the Intracoastal Waterway/Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet Canal via the Paris Road Bridge, connecting New Orleans East and suburban Chalmette. The tolled Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, consisting of two parallel bridges are, at 24 miles (39 km) long, the longest bridges in the world. Built in the 1950s (southbound span) and 1960s (northbound span), the bridges connect New Orleans with its suburbs on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain via Metairie.
There should be some information about the damage the roads do to the cars due to the lack city funding.
On August 29, 2021, Hurricane Ida, a category 4 hurricane, made landfall in New Orleans, where the Hurricane Ida tornado outbreak caused damage.
Why not add more? Hurricane Ida did a lot more to New Orleans than a landfall.
With a population of 383,997 according to the 2020 U.S. census,[5] it is the most populous city in Louisiana
I feel as this census should be regularly updated because it's 2022 with a population count from 2021.
It wasn't surprising, given that some problems in new orleans never got fixed because of the little funding that the city receives for rebuilding the city
New Orleans developed a distinctive local dialect that is neither Cajun English nor the stereotypical Southern accent that is often misportrayed by film and television actors. Like earlier Southern Englishes, it features frequent deletion of the pre-consonantal "r", though the local white dialect also came to be quite similar to New York accents.[204]
The New Orleans language is something that can’t be taught at all unless raised around it. People try hard to learn about it, but it’s apart of their culture.
The City of New Orleans, used Archon Information Systems software and services to host multiple online tax sales. The first tax sale was held after Hurricane Katrina.[213] The New Orleans government operates both a fire department and the New Orleans Emergency Medical Services.
The technology influenced much of New Orleans to change for the better especially after Katrina.
Between 1791 and 1810, thousands of Saint Dominican refugees from the Haitian Revolution, both whites and free people of color (affranchis or gens de couleur libres), arrived in New Orleans; a number brought their slaves with them, many of whom were native Africans or of full-blood descent.
To think how many people of colored at the time just kept coming to New Orleans, but they were brought as mostly slaves.
There were surprising because Italians were lynched because of the color of their skin or because of their race.
Relations with Louisiana's Native American population remained a concern into the 1740s for governor Marquis de Vaudreuil. In the early 1740s traders from the Thirteen Colonies crossed into the Appalachian Mountains. The Native American tribes would now operate dependent on which of various European colonists would most benefit them. Several of these tribes and especially the Chickasaw and Choctaw would trade goods and gifts for their loyalty.
This shows how the Native Americans trusted the European colonist. The population of Native Americans was very huge in Louisiana.
My interest as a native of New Orleans was piqued by this information. I had no idea that the hurricane had resulted in that many deaths in New Orleans. That our population drops so much due to hurricane katrina.
New Orleans (/ˈɔːrl(i)ənz/ OR-l(ee)ənz, /ɔːrˈliːnz/ OR-leenz,[3] locally /ˈɔːrlənz/ OR-lənz;[4] French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] (listen)) is a consolidated city-parish located along the Mississippi River in the southeastern region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.
This gives multiple ways how to stay New Orleans, because many people do butcher it. Also gives the French way of how to say it.
The Big Easy, possibly a reference by musicians
A lot of places in New Orleans are called big easy. The word big easy is seen everywhere.
Founded in 1718 by French colonists, New Orleans was once the territorial capital of French Louisiana before becoming part of the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803
The French founded New Orleans in 1718 just to end up giving it to the United States. But the French did heavily influence New Orleans and still does.
Significantly, Butler abolished French-language instruction in city schools. Statewide measures in 1864 and, after the war, 1868 further strengthened the English-only policy imposed by federal representatives. With the predominance of English speakers, that language had already become dominant in business and government.[58] By the end of the 19th century, French usage had faded.
It's interesting to see how the language was banned, but it manages to be used by modern-day citizens in New Orleans.
claims that "New Orleans is subsiding (sinking)":[96] Large portions of Orleans, St. Bernard, and Jefferson parishes are currently below sea level—and continue to sink.
It's always something that is affecting the city. I never even thought to consider erosion as a factor in the city falling further below sea level. I can only imagine this getting worse after every storm too.
The average elevation of the city is currently between 1 foot (0.30 m) and 2 feet (0.61 m) below sea level, with some portions of the city as high as 20 feet (6 m) at the base of the river levee in Uptown and others as low as 7 feet (2 m) below sea level in the farthest reaches of Eastern New Orleans.
I can only imagine what it will be like in the next years with water levels rising.
When six-year-old Ruby Bridges integrated William Frantz Elementary School in the Ninth Ward, she was the first child of color to attend a previously all-white school in the South
I did not know this took place in New Orleans. The number of stories I've read about her and didn't know this.
Anti-Italian sentiment in 1891 contributed to the lynchings of 11 Italians, some of whom had been acquitted of the murder of the police chief. Some were shot and killed in the jail where they were detained. It was the largest mass lynching in U.S. history.
I watched a true crime story on this, and I truly couldn't believe how savage these white people were during this time. They only believed it was the Italians because when the police chief died, his last words were a slur towards Italian people.
Dixiecrats passed Jim Crow laws, establishing racial segregation in public facilities.
I know that Dixiecrats are different from Democrats, but it's funny to see the different variations of their name throughout history.
Wartime damage to levees and cities along the Mississippi River adversely affected southern crops and trade. The federal government contributed to restoring infrastructure. The nationwide financial recession and Panic of 1873 adversely affected businesses and slowed economic recovery.
It's surprising to hear how the levees have been failing the city for so long. You would think that by now there would be a solid construction of these levees.
New Orleans was severely affected by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005, which flooded more than 80% of the city, killed more than 1,800 people, and displaced thousands of residents, causing a population decline of over 50%.[16] Since Katrina,
Suggesting more information with the population change after and before Katrina. Really dive deeper into how Katrina impacted the Louisiana specifically New Orleans such as After the hurricane hit, did majority of people stayed or leave. And when it was rebuilt, did they come back and how did they promote the city to persuade the people to come back. Was there any problems while rebuilding like getting resources for food, homes, businesses, etc. Lastly, for the people that stayed, how did they find places to stay, food, and employment for their families.
The city has been described as the "most unique" in the United States,[6][7][8][9] owing in large part to its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.[1
I think it was great to mention how diverse and unique New Orleans is. In addition, should add how the city is unique and how does those things impact the city culturally and in history. Lastly, how does those things influence the cities in Louisiana and other cities in the US.
New Orleans was catastrophically affected by what Raymond B. Seed called "the worst engineering disaster in the world since Chernobyl", when the federal levee system failed during Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005.[7
This is still baffling to me as such a situation like this seemed avoidable but a lack of negligence and preparation for it caused so much damage. Some of which is still affecting the city.
Another notable example is the street plan and architecture still distinguishing New Orleans today. French Louisiana had early architects in the province who were trained as military engineers and were now assigned to design government buildings.
New Orleans unlike every other major city I've been too is one of the cities that has kept a majority of its old architecture instead of completely renovating it.
By the 1980s and 1990s, scientists observed that extensive, rapid, and ongoing erosion of the marshlands and swamp surrounding New Orleans, especially that related to the Mississippi River–Gulf Outlet Canal, had the unintended result of leaving the city more vulnerable than before to hurricane-induced catastrophic storm surges.
It would seem that even more scientific advancements are needed to keep the city of New Orleans as it geographical location essentially inhibited it from the very start.
In practice, African American public schools and facilities were underfunded across the South.
Much of the effects of this are still prominent today and can be seen by going into predominantly black neighborhoods and noticing the poor conditions surrounding them.
Afro-Creole was present in religious beliefs and the Louisiana Creole language. The religion most associated with this period for was called Voodoo.[40][41]
Although Voodoo is often villainized and commercialized, especially in tourist areas, it is a sacred faith that holds a rather prominent part in the lives of many Black residents in New Orleans.
Nueva Orleans (the name of New Orleans in Spanish)[33] remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French rule. Nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré (French Quarter) dates from the Spanish period, notably excepting the Old Ursuline Convent.[34]
Even though the Spanish ruled over New Orleans for a period of time, the Spanish influence within New Orleans is often understated compared to it's French.
Despite its role in the slave trade, New Orleans at the time also had the largest and most prosperous community of free persons of color in the nation, who were often educated, middle-class property owners.
I literally did not know this until right now. I just thought all of the south had enslaved people.
The City that Care Forgot, used since at least 1938,[29] referring to the outwardly easygoing, carefree nature of the residents.
I feel like this a southern personality trait, kind of like southern hospitalitiy.
major redevelopment efforts have led to a rebound in the city's population. Concerns about gentrification, new residents buying property in formerly closely knit communities, and displacement of longtime residents have been expressed.
Not surprising, since the levees "broke" in the lower ninth ward. It was probably planned in an attempt to gentrify the poor neighborhood.
New Orleans has increasingly been known as "Hollywood South" due to its prominent role in the film industry and in pop culture.
While I have never heard this reference towards New Orleans, I can see why it is called that, especially music-wise.
New Orleans is world-renowned for its distinctive music, Creole cuisine, unique dialects, and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras.
I think that this refer to a long time ago and maybe how during hard times the online thinok they havd to celebrate together was music and food. I think that this is something that happens when they put there differences aside and just come together no matter what.
New Orleans is considered an economic and commercial hub
i feel like this stems from the slave trade being a booming business in New Orleans because that brought lots of revenue to the city
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob%27s_your_uncle
I've been hearing this phrase more lately. Today was the third or fourth time in about two weeks.
"As We May Think" predicted (to some extent) many kinds of technology invented after its publication, including hypertext, personal computers, the Internet, the World Wide Web, speech recognition, and online encyclopedias such as Wikipedia:
Dispositivo avanzado para la época, pudo predecir de forma general el funcionamiento de la web hoy en día, aun así ni siquiera se ha igualado ese nivel de pensamiento, puesto que el Memex planteaba una forma de imitar procesos neuronales complejos de organización y asociación.
Gun Owners of America is a 501(c)(4) nonprofit organization whose main goal is to preserve and defend the Second Amendment.
as they see it
A 2012 poll of Muslims in several Muslim-majority countries (Lebanon, Turkey, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iraq, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco) found that half or more respondents expected the Mahdi (the final redeemer according to Islam) to return during their lifetime
This statement is misleading, the poll was of 21 countries and those are the 9 out of the 21 that had more than 50% with the belief. The remaining 11 had less than 50%.
Less than half have that belief in
Azerbaijan, Tajikstan, Paletinian territory, Jordan and Egypt
Less than a third in
Russia, Bangladesh,
Less than a quarter in
Albania,
Kosova,
Bosnia-herzegovina
Uzbekistan
Kyrgystan
Kazakhstan
Indonesia https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-3-articles-of-faith/#_ftn16
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gift_book
Found looking for information about the tradition of birthday books.
Bonnie and Clyde
Annotation for Violation of Section 88, Title 18.
</br>Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow were shot to death on this day, May 23rd, in 1934. In February of 1935, nearly two-dozen family and friends were prosecuted as detailed in Bonnie and Clyde’s criminal case file. #Annotate22 143/365
Image credit: U.S. District Court for the Dallas Division of the Northern District of Texas, National Archives and Records Administration.
The Road to Reality
Neighbourhood (graph theory)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png
he also innovated in typography, being responsible for an influential font that omitted the long s.
John Bell created an early and influential font which omitted the long s in English.
reference: Barker, Hannah. "Bell, John". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2014.
Sticky rice mortar was invented in ancient China utilizing organic materials in inorganic mortar. Hydraulic mortar was not available in ancient China, possibly due to a lack of volcanic ash. Around 500 CE, sticky rice soup was mixed with slaked lime to make an inorganic−organic composite mortar that had more strength and water resistance than lime mortar.
There are many jokes I'd like to make here.
choosing
relevant with t
by parts
calculate integral of (x-t)^k
define
this has remainder error, so?
can be chosen smaller so that g is nonzero on I {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}} .[d]
important
It is also the case that
use fourth condition
on this interval and g is continuous,
since calculate the f'/g' function
so must comply with this
third condition
in 1835, a Vigilance Committee in Nashville, Tennessee, was responsible, after a kangaroo court "conviction", for the public whipping of Rev. Amos Dresser for the crime of distributing abolitionist publications (which he claimed he did not do). The names of all 62 members of the self-appointed vigilance committee were published by the American Anti-Slavery Society, annotating some as "Elder in the Presbyterian Church", and the like.*[3]
the first official dox