This text highlights the critical issue of educational inequality and the ways in which institutional structures can perpetuate disparities among students. The advantage enjoyed by students from private feeder schools raises questions about fairness and access to high quality education.

The text further illustrates the flexible tracking system by detailing the options available to ninth graders for foreign language electives. This text highlights the evolving nature of tracking in American high schools, emphasizing the balance between maintaining academic standards and providing students with greater flexibility and choice.

The text acknowledges that schools have limited ability to change the inequalities in students' backgrounds, such as socioeconomic status or family circumstances.

The text highlights a contradiction between the school’s focus on diversity and the ongoing achievement gap. Berkeley High is described as having institutional features, such as courses and departments that celebrate diversity, yet these efforts are not translating into equal academic success for all students.

Due to the apparent issues with this type of thinking, some changes in common pedagogy have occurred since then. As someone with no prior computer-science knowledge, I have seen that this course is far more focused on thinking about the art of problem solving, then it is about the logic of machines. We are able to atomically break down the way our programs work to the computer with the stepper, but just as often it's useful instead to undergo a design process. We think about what we want to achieve, and break it down into goals a human finds intuitive, rather than focusing on the thought process of the computer.

Parnas says that it is unlikely that research towards automatic programming is going to bring real results. However, with the creation of public AI such as ChatGPT for public use, you could say that the military has better AI than the public. Thus, the military's automatic programming has significantly improved from his time.

Parnas says that they do not expect A.I to build military software, and while they may not use it entirely, they likely will use it to some degree. Artificial intelligence is getting smarter everyday and keeps showing more and more power with each and every update. One day we ask "I wonder if it will be able to do this" and the next update it just that with ease. A.I is getting much stronger than ever before and will likely be used in military software if it is not already.

As software development/programming has grown as a discipline more standardized learning methods have become available, leading to better education outcomes and expected knowledge base.

Since 1985, AI has vastly improved in terms of reliability and understanding of program behavior. Modern AI systems use complex machine learning models rather than simple rule-based heuristics. Techniques like neural networks and reinforcement learning have made it possible for AI to handle tasks like image recognition, speech processing, and even medical diagnosis with much greater accuracy and predictability than the heuristic-based AI of the 1980s.

connecting to wild-life and animals way of survival

I think this could mean that whatever we do, good or bad, it will follow us (like shadows) for the rest of our lives

Beat the standard truth, and prevail over it.

Omg we made it, we are peak american lit

Just do it - John Cena

Be so fr. No he did not and you saying everyone has the same blood, means you should have known better.

Its giving, "We cry, your cry, we all crew"

Just a big circle

You gott create work, not study his

Who are the aliens?

The name, wonder why he puts it almost at the end?

Kinda like Farmer James

Of the mind?

As long as your intentions are pure, do whatever you want.

Okay he kinda ate here.

Everyone is the same.

Here we go again

Move on or stay depressed.

Youth better than older generation?

God doesn't let you do/think certaint hings though so how is that self freedom?

own guide; self-reliant; in control of your own life and "destiny"

Be true to yourself, but still believe in god.

1 ruler has an immense amount of power over the lives of millions.

Seems like he really wants/likes attention. Also still no mention of women.

What if its bad? Would that change anything, or should you still be true to yourself at the expense of others?

Burn it

The law does this a lot, you can't trust only your memory.

Depends on the person

Being nice gets you way more things than being mean, just saying.

As long as you stay true to yourself you can/will be great

Again he doesn't care about others, only what is true to himself.

Would he say the same towards modern day things like charities and small buisnesses?

Because people dont like to hear the truth sometimes

Good and bad are concepts that change based on the person, I really like this.

Okay he really is proving that he will follow his own thoughts even if its the devil.

Capitalism, but it depends on the situation, nowadays people want to be different while still fitiing in.

In order to bring up issues that need to be changed you need to be able to speak them out

Magic river, reminds me of the magic mountain.

This is all in his mind.

What about the woman youth?

Young people will always have the power to change the future no matter what period you are in.

The natives?

God? If not nobody is absolutely trustworthy

Are the cowards the ones who dont believe in themselves?

If he is given something he forgets about all the other things up for the taking?

He really wants us to be ourselves no matter what.

Be who you are, and that is strengthened by the bible.

so this is nottttt what we're gonna say!

Who are they referring to as aliens...

hmmmm

If it cannot be changed, then leave it in the past and continue on, it'll change itself

Farmer James

As soon as someone is devoted to God, God will be present in their life.

Lives in the present, as Emerson said before is the way of living fully.

The perfect man doesn't need anyone other than himself.

Look within yourself, make sense considering the title

good one Emerson

lol same

this is reasonable, and I actually agree with this about many things

what is the divine fact?

which is....

its common to dwell on past experiences, but you will feel the must human. in the present.

how can God do that

i wonder why there is a dash in the middle

is the belief that people are not bound by laws or rules, especially religious ones

is this referring to the essay itself?

the circle of life

this means something that is at its best or most beautiful state

gen z has more of an impact nowadays than adults ever did

I am confused who is being talked about here

confused about who the cowards are in this sentence

this phrase means the sky or "bright heaven" also can describe starts in the sky

giving someone a gentle warning or advice. can also be a reminder to do the right thing

Getting inspired by things he encountered at the cemetery is an excellent idea. I liked that and I am planing to use it in the future.

Great start of describing writing place environment and how change based on the writer state of mind

Gawain's reputation holds a lot of weight both with Lady Bertilak and Lord Bertilak, but in different contexts. The Lady's image of Gawain lies in courtly manner. The Lord's image of Gawain lies in his brave, honest, and other knightly attributes. Both of which he must uphold. The modern equivalent is having our reputation precede us and feeling pressure to uphold our image or face the consequences of failing.

Aside from christian discourse, the hyper fixation on male homosexual relation in comparison to female homosexual relations is extremely present in the modern world. Perhaps it has something to do with societal norms and how cultures view masculinity. To be masculine is to refrain from emotional and physical expression of love, care, and tenderness. Tenderness and softness are expected traits of femininity, maybe this is why it's so culturally consuming to see two men engage physical and emotional romance.

The interpretation of a kiss between men can greatly vary depending on the cultural context. I argue that if a 21st century, american, heterosexual, male were to be transported into the medieval period and integrated into society, he would be able to become accustom to kisses between men as greetings, homage, or parting of ways. It is easier to adapt the the dominant cultural norms rather than vice versa.

The polar spirit is not an actual character, more of a presence. A looming presence throughout the reading that punishes the Mariner and makes sure to carry out his curse of suffering. LS

The Albatross is a creature of love and grace that was introduced to the sea men. It symbolizes innocence and love, and it is believed to be symbolism for Jesus Christ. It brings many happy gifts to the sailors, but it is killed by the mariner. LS

The Mariner's crew are an impressionable bunch, they are originally captivated by the Albatross, but only for what it could provide and not the creature itself. They are indifferent to its killing and only regret it because they can no longer reap the rewards of it's presence. LS

The Wedding Guest is a listener to the Mariner's story, they are perhaps seen as naive and in need of this story to gain the experience to witness a wedding. They leave the story feeling wiser. LS

The story's protagonist. An old sailor who is perhaps jaded and didn't have much hope left even prior to meeting the Albatross. After inevitably killing the Albatross he is cursed to forever be tortured and forced to tell his tale. LS

Theme (and message) of treating all lives with love and kindness, which comes from the other theme that all lives are valuable, since they were created by God. -MH

Theme of redemption and forgiveness, specifically the redeeming and healing power of prayer/God. -MH

Theme of being haunted by guilt/past sins, as well as the Isolation, Fear, and Control that the continued memory of its causal event still brings/has upon its sufferer's life, even after progress towards redemption has been made. This also connects with the theme of redemption itself, as it is that shadowing regret that compels one to overcome and dissipate it through redemption.

Also, as a fun, semi-related note, this stanza was repurposed in Frankenstein. -MH

One example I can think of is TikTok and Xiaohongshu. Both have graphic sharing functions. But the next steps are slightly different. While TikTok focuses on fostering group chats and building connections between different users, Xiaohongshu follows up by guiding users to post comments and chat individually.

The narrator's feelings change from giving money to feeling hatred. This shows how past relationships can be complicated and filled with regret.

The music is a rare moment of beauty in a harsh world. It shows that even in tough times, there’s a desire to express feelings and find joy.

The laughter is mean and not joyful, showing how tough and unkind their environment is. It highlights the sadness and challenges children face.

This is one of my favorite quotes from the story. This is because it is true that anyone can get "sucked under", not just specific types of people.

I like this quote because it shows the importance of music for Sonny. It gives him a way to cope with the negative emotions he is feeling.

The heading and first three lines of this section are an intricate reworking of the scene of the death of Jesus Christ in the Bible. In order to understand this collage of biblical material, the reader must first allow the title of the section to become the first line of the poem, which is grammatically sound as an antecedent before the list of prepositions in the following three lines beginning with “after.” With this in mind, we can turn to “thunder” as it appears in the heading for this section, where Eliot seems to render it its own character in the poem. We can identify the “thunder” as some sort of divine being. After Jesus’s death in the Book of John, it is written that “The crowd that stood there and heard it said that it had thundered” (John 12:29). Presumably, the thunder occurred by the hand of God, or represents the voice of God. In fact, Eliot’s God might represent more than just the Christian God. In Themis’s essay, she claims that “the thunderbolt was to the primitive Greek not the symbol or attribute of the god, but itself the divine thing, the embodiment and vehicle of the god” (Themis, 62). Given both religions justify the thunderbolt as a celestial voice of sorts, we continue to the following lines, which appear to take the form of the chronology of the death of Jesus as it appears in the book of John. First, the “torchlight” in “The Waste Land” surely references the Pharisees who Jesus himself describes as holding “torches” (John 18:3). In the second line, the “frosty silence in the gardens” is reflected in the biblical text when Jesus takes his “disciples over the brook Cedron, where was a garden” (John 18:1), the garden which is described as “cold” (John 18:18). “Silence” may refer to Peter when he “smote the high priest's servant, and cut off his right ear” (18:10). Then, “stone agony” likely nods to the flogging of Jesus in John 19:1. Given the grammatical mechanics of these lines, it appears that the setting of “What the Thunder Said” is Jerusalem, when the thunder sounded right after Jesus died. In other words, perhaps the text that follows is through the voice of God, an interesting lens through which to approach the section.

In his annotation from last year, Parth draws a very interesting parallel between the onomatopoeic dripping of water and atonal music: “this onomatopoeia…lacks a concrete framework with which the notes—"drip" and "drop"—arrange themselves, nor does it have a "triad" that the notes "drip" and "drop" must return to.” Parth goes on to interpret the atonality of water as related to purity and constancy. Building on-bending, if you will-Parth’s analysis, an interesting added dimension here is that, if the grounded reality of this section is atonal, the portions where water is hypothetically present induces a more perplexing state because we are goaded with the almost tangible yet unrealizable presence of abundant water. Music traditionally has key because it is pleasant and reassuring for eon-conditioned human ears and consciousnesses. So, by creating tension between atonally dripping water and the promise of abundant water, Eliot casts the presence of water as a more abstract and less certain entity.

This interpretation has some logical basis because, unlike atonal music which is characterizable despite being disorienting at first, the water here only exists in the mind of the speaker who is yearning for hydration, ostensibly beyond the absolute comprehension of even the most astute scholar in a similar way to how the water is beyond the speaker’s scope of consumption. This taunting absence is extended even to sweat, which is somehow “dry” and “sterile” thunder which offers the promise of torrential rain and salvation but never actually offers such a luxury. Also, in analyzing the promise of water, the contrast between it–the most essential substance for human life and rocks–rather useless objects–is also quite interesting. Rocks are quite abundant but “Amongst the rock one cannot stop or think.” Thus, at an obvious level, a broader interpretation here is that Eliot is highlighting the criticality of certain substances to human existence and vividly illustrating the unique torture of not having access to them through the creation of a hypothetical. However, an added layer of nuance can be unlocked by contrasting Eliot with Keats.

Of course, Keats’ work is a more optimistic one in that it casts nature as offering realizable solace while Eliot creates a dynamic verging on torture. More interesting, however, is the contrasting messages on renewal that emerge. Despite not necessarily providing detailed reasoning, indeed rejecting convoluted thought processes generally–as he writes to “fret not after knowledge–I have none”–Keats suggests the presence of some larger force that will assure renewal and ensure that “spring will be a harvest-time.” Eliot, on the other hand, offers an abundance of twisting, looping, and otherwise confusing thoughts on water’s presence, or the lack thereof, and by extension suggests that renewal, which requires water, is not guaranteed. In TWL, there is only the rawness of nature and the speaker, no larger force that allows one to exist in the bliss of having no knowledge and believing in external forces.

Tying this message on optimism back into my preceding analysis on Eliot’s gauding with water in a wasteland where there is no water–interspersing comfort-inducing tone-into atonal music–the more profound commentary of this section seems to be that humans exist in an inherently frail state where the lack of even the simplest substance of water–that is taken for granted with increasing frequency as development grows–can render us impotent and open to the emotional manipulation that the speaker in this section suffers as he yearns for water, a reflection of his physical suffering.

The belief that humans are meant for greater pursuits intertwines with the inevitability of death. Despite Eliot’s lack of appreciation for Tennyson’s narrative, this idea seems to have been inspired by Tennyson’s poem. The final line of “Ulysses” becomes the most striking and seemingly summarizes its entire purpose as Ulysses states “to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.” For Ulysses, life’s meaning lies in this quest for knowledge and purpose, despite the certainty of death.

Dante’s description offers a deeper insight into this theme. When Ulysses describes his story he explains how he encouraged his comrades to embark on a journey, declaring “you were not made to live like brutes or beasts, but to pursue virtue and knowledge.” The comparison to inhumane and violent creatures further signifies a human aspiration to seek meaning beyond mere survival. This pursuit, however, is deemed ineffective: as Ulysses describes, “the whirlwind" stroke the boat “the sea closed over” them, describing how human ambition becomes futile in the face of inescapable fate.

Eliot reiterates the same theme for Phlebas, who is merely a product of Eliot’s imagination. The readers have no idea of the life of the character and it never becomes important: this meaningless life of a made-up character, however, leads to the same outcome, which Eliot underscores by invoking a similar image of a whirlpool. Furthermore, Eliot’s choice to introduce a character without a rich backstory underscores this notion: all lives, regardless of their perceived significance, converge on the same fate, where death, as an unyielding current, eventually claims every life. A change from whirlwind, which is caused by instability of wind can happen anywhere, to whirlpool, which are results of an intersection of two opposing currents, becomes particularly interesting. Instead of focusing on unpredictability, Eliot uses this image to highlight the result of opposing a sort of “life’s current.”

The title of this section, a reiteration of Madame Sosostris’s prophecy to “fear death by water,” adds a layer of irony to this opposition: what is the point of fearing this death if Eliot had already predetermined it, had already written both the readers’ and the characters’ fates within the poem? This pathology serves as a direct analogy to reality, where no matter the fear or attempts to battle the circumstances, the outcome remains unchanged.

In a sense, it appears that Eliot encourages readers to resign to circumstances, as he contrasts the previous Fire Sermon with this Death by Water. The struggles, dissociations, and pleas of the Fire Sermon are juxtaposed with the calm detached description of the Death by Water.

In contrasting these two sections, Eliot presents two different responses to existential challenges. Whether with Philomela, who attempts to voice her pain as a nightingale with “tereu,” however, as a female nightingale is unable to produce sound, the unnamed female who desperately asks her partner “Why do you never speak to me,” or the five burnings that might relate to disconnection from the five senses in response to the character’s final plea: “O lorg thou pluckst me out”, the characters in "The Fire Sermon" grapple with external circumstances. Whether relationships, disconnection, or the chaos of modern life, their attempts to fight against these forces prove ineffective. Instead, their search for meanings only reveals the futility of their resistance.

In contrast, "Death by Water" offers a sense of acceptance of mortality. Phlebas has been dead for two weeks – a “fortnight,” when there is nothing to be done anymore. Instead, external circumstances, like “a current under the sea,” carry his body. Eliot reiterates its overarching nature, drawing a comparison between Phlebas, “Gentile or Jew” and the readers.

The effectiveness of this acceptance is further reflected through form: Death by Water becomes straightforward and concise, while the Fire Sermon constantly grapples with dissonance, contrasting voices, and changes in form.

Whether in life or in death, external circumstances, like a “current under the sea” seem to carry us to the final destination that remains unchanged despite the life pursuits. Death by Water, thus, invokes a question: maybe it is in the acceptance of the certainty of death and refusal to fight these external circumstances that lies a potential for peace amid this chaos of life?

I was intrigued in this passage about Eliot’s use of sound and silence in this passage. The most significant sound here is the “dry sterile thunder without rain.” Normally, thunder typically signals an impending storm, a force of nature that is associated with rain and renewal and strength, particularly in desert landscapes where water brings life. In many religious and mythological traditions, thunder also represents divine intervention or communication—I’m thinking of the thunderclap accompanying the voice of God in the Old Testament or Zeus being the God of thunder in Greek mythology. However, in TWL, thunder is hollow: “dry” and “sterile,” literally incapable of life and disconnected from the vitalizing rain. This use of sound subverts its typical associations: rather than bringing life, the thunder is a dissonant echo of power without substance. The sterile thunder further amplifies the futility of hope, as it gives off some potential and hope (rain, renewal, salvation), but denies fulfillment.

Silence in this passage does not equal to stillness, but instead to an oppressive absence that heightens the sense of despair. “There is not even silence in the mountains” suggests that even the expected silence of a remote and secluded natural landscape has been perverted. In most literature, silence in nature is often portrayed as peaceful, meditative, or even holy. But the lack of silence in TWL is different. The silence here is almost anti-silence—a void. It emphasizes what should be present but isn’t: vitality and meaning. Eliot’s use of “not even silence” introduces a double negation that reflects the endless waiting for something that will never come. The silence is, in essence, louder than the thunder, because it is filled with the weight of absence. It is not a moment of peace or reflection, but one of desolation and the failure of human and divine communication.

These lines speak to the idea of rebirth/remaking, which is also present in one of Gerard De Nerval's descriptions of his dreams. He contemplates a remake of the world, and has the idea that "There was a massive conspiracy among all living creatures to re-establish the world in its original harmony" (De Nerval, 9). This is similar to Eliot's lines in the sense that something is being reborn/remade as a result of the contributions of living creatures. In these lines from "The Waste Land", a living person had to die in order to get planted (by presumably another living person) and contribute to life that grows from the ground, so the corpse is reborn in the sense that it's contributing to and likely a part of new life. Meanwhile, De Nerval's dream is more obvious with this idea, as it literally says that the remaking of the world was a plan by "all living creatures". Though not quite the same as rebirth, remaking something is still very similar because rebirth and remaking are both different types of renewal.

"Pornography" as in books about LGBTQ+ people?

The text acknowledges the difficulty in precisely determining the effects of various family-related factors on children's school readiness. The text asserts that the rise in income inequality since the 1970s and the concurrent widening gap in school success between children from different income levels is not a coincidence.

The text also highlights the importance of family structure in shaping children's academic trajectories. Both Anthony and Harold were raised primarily by single mothers, a situation that is common in low-income families but rare in high-income families.

The text begins by discussing the impact of income inequality on children’s educational success. The circumstances that Anthony and Harold grew up in, left them at a disadvantage compared to children from wealthier families. Although some inequality has always existed, the income gap has widened significantly over the past four decades, which has exacerbated disparities in educational opportunities and outcomes.

The text emphasizes that even modest income increases can lead to measurable improvements in children’s achievement test scores, raising them by the equivalent of about 20 SAT points. The text suggests that increasing income may be one way to help narrow the achievement gap.

Income is a major factor in determining a child's academic success. National studies consistently show that children from higher-income families perform better in school, and the achievement gaps between wealthy and low-income children have grown significantly over time. These gaps highlight the powerful influence of socioeconomic status on educational outcomes

The bar chart in figure 3.1 visually represents the magnitude of income-based achievement gaps. This quantitative approach illustrates how substantial these gaps are, emphasizing that income plays a powerful role in determining educational success.

The text highlights that beyond academic skills, children from higher-income families tend to have advantages in behavioral and emotional well-being. They are more engaged in school, less likely to engage in antisocial behavior, and less likely to struggle with mental health issues compared to their lower-income peers. These behavioral and emotional differences still contribute to overall school success and remain stable throughout elementary and high school.

The use of a "100-point difference" to represent one standard deviation allows for the measurement of how much high- and low-income children's achievements differ over time. The reference to figure 3.1 suggests that the size of the gap between high- and low-income children is significant, underlining income as one of the most powerful factors influencing academic success.

The text points to how socioeconomic factors such as family income, parental education, and family structure can significantly shape a child’s future, perpetuating cycles of inequality

I did not know that. No wonder clocks have been so relevant through the centuries.

I find it interesting how there were multiple languages used amongst Rome. Making the use of languages very diverse. From lower classes to upper classes.

When colonizers forced Indigenous peoples and African peoples not to speak their languages, that imapcted the world more than we understand

It is amazing how much culture impacts our outlook on life and how we respond to events, big or small

Wouldn't that be considered a scroll, rather than a book?

Mechanics to this day are crucial to our society.

I am curious as to how water was used in order to abstract golds.

I can understand as to why clocks are heavily referenced, mainly because of their longevity of relevance.

I find it super interesting that an invention from way back then, is still essential in todays society.

DUDE...Fucking B cell depletion CAR T therapy to cure the autoimmune disease. Autologous stem cells to regenerate the organ.

HOLY SHIT

WOW..... That's a cure to AA disease.

Very good example! It swiftly depicts the correlation between Du Bois's charts and photographs, how they work together to uncover a panoramic view of individual lives of black people for us.

There is an intent of causing fear and harm to the reader and they are trying to convince them of a claim that is not backed up by science and the research behind that science.

This tone and wording indicates that the author does not fully know the information/misinformation they are writing and that causes uncertainty to the reader.

This is an example of disinformation. One could tell that this information is disinformation because it is an unreliable source that does not have proper knowledge behind their argument. This opinion and disinformation manipulates a public opinion with not much thought and research behind. This was very identifiable as disinformation because of the informal tone and word usage.

The conduct of a criminal prosecution and the decision to investigate whether to prosecute involves the exercise of executive power, but it is not purely executive in nature.

This tone and wording indicates that the author does not fully know the information/misinformation they are writing and that causes uncertainty to the reader.

This is an example of disinformation. One could tell that this information is disinformation because it is an unreliable source that does not have proper knowledge behind their argument. This opinion and disinformation manipulates a public opinion with not much thought and research behind. This was very identifiable as disinformation because of the informal tone and word usage.

The longest consideration -- resembling Moira, and a sense of power in her demise and death.

The most tempting option -- especially with her newfound fear of death. Nick's provides the most humanity.

what made the second Klan largely composed of middle-class members? Did their ideologies evolve to appeal more to middle class people?

A century later, the idea of wanting to escape still hasn't changed. Its crazy to think of how some ideas change vastly from past to present, while others barley change or don't even change at all.

This is nuts and shows just how effective Ford's assembly belts really were. The ability to make so many products in one day at the time, makes the amount of products that are churned out today even crazier with the technological advancements today.

I find this very weird. To have access to private aircraft at the time is unheard of unless you were part of the very top of the economic classes. On top of that they had turpentine fire bombs? Not only did this have to planned in advance, people would have to spend tons and tons of money just for the set up to this plan, so to me it feels like either super rich people or tons of people grouped money together just for this.

Environmental speaking, the original constitution included no reference to public lands including parks. The clear implication in this call to "dismantle the administrative state" back to its scope is that public lands of all sorts, our national parks as well as forests and monuments, will have to be commercialized, subcontracted, or sold off. The "human flourishing" nourished by visiting today's public lands will then only be available with those who have the money to buy them. While national park abolition occasional surfaced as a cause among leaders of the 1970s/80s neoconservative movement like Georgia Congressman and John Birch Society leader Larry McDonald (Chapter 7, https://ugapress.org/book/9780820344089/race-and-the-greening-of-atlanta/) it had waned by the early 2000s. Yet by 2016, an "anti-parks caucus" had consolidated among 20 Republicans in the US House of Representatives. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-rise-to-power-of-the-congressional-anti-parks-caucus/

Missing here is how, for instance in the Clean Air or Water Act, precisely this "vagueness" enables Congression legislation to articulate broad protections for American lives and livelihoods, for instance, against the threat of pollution. Also missing here is the necessary reliance of environmental and other agencies on scientific expertise, to determine the reality and certainty of health and environmental dangers. That is an expertise that most Congresspeople and judges can, at best, only pretend to have. If the last Trump Administration is any indication, the silence or constraining messages about science in conservative plans for the administrative state translate into aggressive efforts to shred federal scientfic workforces and funds when these conservatives do come to power. https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

What example does the author have of a country with a "high degree of economic freedom"? The author was quite specific about the failures of command economies. It is suggestive that he cannot provide a single example of an economy that works. The author might be interested to learn that Sweden is in fact one of the countries with the fewest regulations on economic activity, rating #9 among all nations according to the Heritage Foundation itself. https://www.heritage.org/index/pages/country-pages/sweden At the same time, according to the International Monetary Fund, "the 'Swedish model'—is marked by the use of big, centralized institutions and large-scale transfers, commonly provided on a universal basis (rather than being income related) with a view to reducing inequality, alleviating poverty, and insuring against social risks." https://www.elibrary.imf.org/display/book/9781589061583/ch001.xml

Abundant historical and economic literature now attributes the growth of America's middle class over the middle of the 20th century to the New Deal and other liberal policy-making that favored that growth.  Many scholars have also amassed abundant evidence connecting the middle-class struggles and pooling of wealth at the top since the 1970s to the  neoliberal, wealth-favoring policies that Heritage and other conservatives quie succesfully advocated for. https://scalar.usc.edu/works/growing-apart-a-political-history-of-american-inequality/index

This sentence establishes a demonstrably false equivalence between socialism and four other very different visions for government. It also insinuates ("whatever name it chooses") there is no meaningful difference between any of these "-isms", that socialists, for instance, might just as well refer to themselves as Communists, or Marxists, or progressives, or Fascists. This claim is not only false, it suggest a deep intellectual unseriousness, an unwillingness even to consider any of these political programs as historical realities. As historians know, the lumping together of many enemies into a monoliithic opponent is nothing new, reviving conservative narratives of subversion like that during Second Red Scare after World War II, highlighted in the anti-Constitutional activities of the House UnAmerican Affairs Committee.

The celebration of market freedom is still here, but now tucked within visions of all Americans achieving "happiness" by adhering to social and moral norms as well as "religious devotion and spirituality." Another instance in this document of "reshaping the past to change the present." http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11760539.7.

The document accuses environmentalism of "abandoning confidence in human resiliency and creativity." To the contrary, much actually existing environmentalism hopes for and demands human ingenuity, especially to craft and implement those manifold new solutions - not just governmenal but economic, technological and cultural - that together can mount an adequate, just, and empathic reponse to the ongoing and future realities of climate change.

Project 2025, in its insistence on not seeing climate change but instead simply preserving a fossil-fuel-only global economy, remains mired in the past. It fails to see recognize what's under its authors' noses, the current economic trends and positive shifts in energy productivity. For impacts of the shifts to clean energy, see https://www.the-big-green-machine.com/

Project 2025 relies here on an inconsistent and oddly contradictory argument. They accuse "the left" of "cheap grace," which they define as "publicly promoting one's own virtue without risking any personal inconvenience." Yet the "environmental extremism" being castigated here sounds like quite the opposite: involving a radical willingness to sacrifice one's own and others' "personal conveniences," even to the point of "standing human affairs on their head."

By contrast, there's also a favorable invocation here of "stewardwardship and conservation" as less extreme, presumably because not concerned about curbing "the fuels that run almost all." In later chapters, however, notably that on the Department of Interior, the ethics of "stewardship and conservation" are hard to find.

That this lead Project 2025 defines environmentali extremism sm as "anti-human" seems curiously consonant with asides depicting "the left" as not actually human, mere "beasts." Such framings leave little room or sympathy for how so many environmental policies actually center concern for all life on the planet, including human life. Conservative causes like the anti-vaccine movement and restricting women's health options, though, are fundamentally detrimental to human life.

No evidence is given for this statement, but environmentalists have long recognized that poor and communities of color suffer disproportionately from the burdens of pollution and environmental crises. https://exhibits.lib.unc.edu/exhibits/show/we-birthed/item/7444 https://nyupress.org/9781479861781/toxic-communities/ The very construction of white as "clean" and people of color as "dirty" has its roots in racism and constructions of types of work and living. https://nyupress.org/9781479826940/clean-and-white/

In addition, civil rights activists have for over a century dedicated their focus to improving environmental conditions. Black women worked to educate neighborhoods about germs and the dangers of flies and to clean up neighborhoods during the Progressive Era. In the 1968, black workers in Memphis, Tennessee organized a strike against poor working conditions for sanitation workers. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, a neighborhood in Houston, Texas organized against a pending sanitary landfill. Not long after, citizens in Warren County, North Carolina mobilized against construction of a landfill. https://upittpress.org/books/9780822958994/ https://www.rutgersuniversitypress.org/transforming-environmentalism/9780813546780/

Under Ronald Reagan, the GAO conducted a nationwide study which confirmed activists' complaints. The report, https://www.gao.gov/products/rced-83-168, found that of four landfills that accepted hazardous waste, 3 of them were located in majority African American communities. All four communities had at least a 26% poverty rate.

Attempts to alleviate environmental injustice have been taken under both Republican and Democratic administrations in the past. In 1990 under George H.W. Bush, the EPA created the Environmental Equity Workgroup, which he elevated to the Office of Environmental Equity. Under William Clinton, the office name was changed to the Office of Environmental Justice in 1994 and he also directed all federal agencies to work toward policies to alleviate the issue through executive order. https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12898.pdf<br /> More recently, under Barack Obama, the EPA worked to make data about environmental justice more transparent through EJSCREEN.

This comment distorts Bonhoeffer's views and lacks context. Bonhoeffer formulated the notion of "cheap grace" in his 1937 The Cost of Disciplineship in Nazi Germany, in important part to criticize the complacency of German Christians who attempted to legitimizethe Nazi state. He opposed "cheap grace" to its "costly" counterpart, involving not just statements of Christian belief but actions in accordance with those beliefs. Elsewhere, Bonhoeffer also offered an acutely moral analysis of how Nazism worked that better suggests how his concepts might be applied today: "petty tyrants... destroy a nation at its core…They slip through your fingers when you want to grab them, for they are smooth and cowardly. They are like a contagious disease. When such a tyrant sucks the vital strength from his victim he simultaneously infects him with his spirit; and as soon as this tyrant's victim gets hold of the least bit of power himself, he takes revenge for what has happened to him. But this revenge--this is the horror—is not directed against the guilty, but against the innocent, defenseless victims." https://www.jstor.org/stable/23917808

This comment points out one of the foundational ironies of the document. Out of the list of 36 authors and editors for Project 2025, 4 have Ph.Ds (2 from Harvard); 1 has a medical degree; 20 have law degrees; and 13 masters degrees. The list of universities where they've been educated reads like a who's who of the world's most elite institutions - Oxford, the Sorbonne, MIT, Harvard, Yale, University of Virginia, George Washington, Columbia. They represent a highly educated, elite group. Yet here, Project 2025's lead author claims that people educated at such institutions lack the knowledge necessary for good governance.

In addition, the authors of Project 2025 comment on matters where they clearly lack expertise. The vast majority are either lawyers, economists, political scientists, or policy analysts. None are scientists, environmental or otherwise, unless you count Benjamin Carson, a medical doctor. The only one with an advanced degree in history is Dustin J. Carmack, who received a masters degrees from Tel Aviv University.

These comments signal a historically significant departure in the conservative agenda vis-a-vis corporations . In the neoconservative agenda from the 1970s-early 2010s, they and allied "hedge fund managers" were portrayed as iconic exemplars of market freedom, with former hedge fund manger Mitt Romney receiving the Republican nomination for president in 2012. Now the alleged corporate embrace of a "woke agenda" and dependence on "foreign investors" provide grounds for turning on them and "their sense of superiority." Instead, this new "populist" version of conservativism itself borrows from the rhetoric of the labor movement, seeking to align its cause with "workers who shower after work instead of before."

These conservatives' turn against the modern corporate world also proceeds along another front. Rather than seeing corporations as valid actors in their own right, the authors now present "woke" companies as duped or manipulated in some way by a shadowy "Left" to adopt "illegitimate" values. According to this line of critique, those running corporations lost the ability to make legitimate decisions.

The Heritage Foundation's narrative of history in this document sets up Reagan's policies and beliefs against Wilson's, ignoring the pivotal importance of Franklin Roosevelt as a standard-bearer for Democrats. Presumably, they chose Wilson to represent his internationalism, although he failed in his efforts to establish the League of Nations after World War I. Their choice also ignores Roosevelt's establishment of the New Deal order, as well as the international institution-building after World War II. Both of those worked to avoid a resurgence of a fascist Axis and to counter the USSR and other communist powers - factual and important contexts that the Heritage Foundation ignores here.

That Democratic. liberal politicians led much of this more historically proximate push AGAINST communism and also proved manifestly favorable to America's working class, elevating worker rights and pay: all these well-known historical truths clash with many other elements of this author's arguments as well.

The level of abstraction here--"policymaking work done by the bureaucracies"--avoids any consideration of what this policy-making is supposed to do, how it works, or how it can actually improve Americans' lives. The strictly legalistic desciption here avoids any mention of the scientific study, technical know-how, and data-gathering that are so essential for agencies to operate fairly and effectively. For environmental arenas, this vague description poorly captures all the oversight and work that goes in to maintaining and protecting public lands. Nor does it offer any hint of how an agency like the EPA protects Americans from the predations of private polluters. For a more evidence-based discussion and contextualization of this rhetoric, see https://www.amacad.org/daedalus/administrative-state

Here the author slides into what political scientists who have studied it term "blatant dehumanization," high on those scales by which scholars seek to rank the different degrees of dehumanization. While the scholarship finds this kind of move among liberals as well as conservatives, "a change from the minimum to maximum value on the dehumanization measure [i.e., as here] is associated with a significant increase in perceived moral distance between the parties." Accusing their opponents of "predatory deviancy," Project 2025 authors express "moral distance" in a way that actively seems to cultivate and enhance that distance. https://link-springer-com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/article/10.1007/s11109-019-09545-w

The Soviet Union is mentioned here several times, in the context of a victory for Reagan over communism. But later on, when authors posit China as America's great contemporary rival and "global threat," Russia and its war with Ukraine go conspicuously unmentioned.

Language about "protecting children" is ubiquitous among all political parties. Conservatives' failure to substantially address climate change is a gaping hole in this rhetoric. Young people are disproportionately affected by the harms of climate change. They suffer emotional harm from witnessing places they love destroyed or threatened by sea rise, wildfires, hurricanes or other natural disasters. They suffer physical harm through losing access to recreational areas, especially winter sports. In addition, children are more susceptible to health harms from environmental crises like wildfire smoke.

After learning about climate change in school, young people are also more politically involved and visible since the 2010s. Millions marched worldwide in the 2019 Climate March. The UN has recognized them at the Conference-of-the-Parties (COP) meetings on climate change. They've also joined lawsuits like the Juliana vs. United States case to attempt to hold government to account https://climatecasechart.com/case/juliana-v-united-states/. Successful cases in Hawaii and Montana have done just that. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02592-8 https://apnews.com/article/hawaii-youth-climate-lawsuit-things-to-know-bcb791b6f23c7dc798bf9e3cd2b67f97<br /> They've formed youth-led and organized groups like Sunrise.

Conservative reaction to children is less about protection and more about control. They fail to recognize young people as citizens and political actors in their own right.

These tropes often frequently reflect adult worries and anxieties rather than real problems facing young people, something aptly demonstrated in conservative policies like book bans, banning subjects in schools (including climate change), and fearmongering over drag shows and the trans community. Youth activists face severe backlash from conservatives in the form of denigration to threats of violence.

Heritage has indeed been successful in getting Republican presidents' attention, and their recommendations have often been heeded, especially during the administrations of Ronald Reagan and of Donald Trump but also to some extent in Bill Clinton's presidency. https://www.influencewatch.org/non-profit/heritage-foundation/

The author assumes that for his audience this concept ("the Great Awokening") and this claim about it (that is a "totalitarian cult") need no further explication or evidence. The concept originated in certain discussions of the Black Lives Matter Movement, as initially interpreted in 2019 by the journalist Matthew Yglesias at Vox as well as a public "discussion" at the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank, featuring Eric Kaufman, a British politics scholar explicitly opposed "to what he calls the 'anti-white ideology of the cultural left.'" Kaufman argues, as one reviewer of his 2018 book put it, that "white racial self-interest...is legitimate and ignoring it is what fuels populism." Early coinages of a "Great Awokening" mainly mocked causes associated with the Black Lives Matter Movement like defunding the police. However, Project 2025 authors have distended its derogatory scope out to include many environmental concerns, especially climate change, https://www.vox.com/2019/3/22/18259865/great-awokening-white-liberals-race-polling-trump-2020 https://manhattan.institute/event/the-great-awokening https://www.newyorker.com/news/q-and-a/a-political-scientist-defends-white-identity-politics-eric-kaufmann-whiteshift-book https://www.jstor.org/stable/26931378

A phrase coined by Tom Wolfe in a 1970 article in New York magazine about a fund-raising party thrown by Leonard Berstein and his well-to-do New York City circle to support the Black Panthers https://nymag.com/article/tom-wolfe-radical-chic-that-party-at-lennys.html. The focus here only on the agency of presumably white elites, past as well as present, simply ignores any Black activism or the problems and perspectives it has sought to highlight.

An extremely thin account of the problems of low-income communities, eliding nearly all the accumulating socioeconomic and environmental forces that scholarship has illuminated as grounding their travails. These include white flight from downtowns, decades of growing income inequality, structural forms of racism, as well as environmental factors as well as the concentration of polluters and pollution in many disadvantaged communities. For instance: https://www.urban.org/urban-wire/poverty-results-structural-barriers-not-personal-choices-safety-net-programs-should-reflect-fact

Shows both compassion and fidelity to truth.

This shows what they think about how history has shaped literacy to where it is today.

Central-place foragers is referring to an animal that gathers food based on distance and energy acquired for the maximum yield that they can specifically bring back home to a nest or base for consumption.

I did a presentation in Bio 2 about the Fiordland Crested Penguins of New Zealand who live in jungles and rocky coastlines. One of their biggest predators was dogs that are unaccompanied and kill the penguins or eggs. It is also important to add that humans can be cruel and smash laid eggs too.

There was very little information I could find online about evidence of early-human penguin consumption (however it can be inferred that humans would eat what is available, especially in such climates). However I did find this paper on a few known men to eat penguins during their explorations. It is important to note it is illegal for Americans to eat penguins because every species is now protected. https://www.ends-of-earth.com/history/pass-the-penguin/

would like to know more about this.

domesticity

Was this feeling all grief, or was part of it relieved for herself? She seemed to not enjoy being around him like you would someone you would love. She was now free from someone she only loved sometimes. The idea of domesticity could play a huge role in this. No one knew what was happening in the privacy of her own home.

Personification, her emotions and grief are dramatized, a storm is a strong force, the author is comparing her feelings to this

Personification of her feelings and thoughts as she processes his death. Was she waiting for guilt? Doubt? Was she just waiting for this to be a lie and for him to come back? Was she waiting to be okay with his death?

This is an example of Mal-information, due to its hateful message and harassment on Taylor Swift. Unlike misinformation that is a result of good intentions this message has intent for harm. This message contains harsh and rude language. I recognized this as mal information because of the harmful content. In any context these words would be seen as harmful to the recipient. This can cause a lot of mental harm and posts like this can also be seen as cyberbullying and sharing information/messages that cause harm. It is important to make sure you are aware of what you are reading online and be proactive with reporting information that create harm.

Important for your paper.

I really love this closing line. The author just spent a good amount of time thoroughly rehearsing how he tackles a research problem. The list of sources is wide and some may benefit a certain issue more than another. I think the point to be made is that even in seemingly undiscoverable cases, a thorough research structure will usually get the lawyer to a point where they can make a strong argument. They may not find the case exactly like what they need, but with the proper steps, if they couldn't find anything, then someone hid the book.

I think this series of events is quite interesting. As I have begun learning about legal researching and after going on the library tour, I was extremely overwhelmed by the amount of resources. I really like how the author breaks down his step by step process on how he tackles his research problems. He makes it seem like every lawyer can make a series of steps that works for them and apply it to different cases. Once you become proficient, you can build a routine that is most useful to your style.

This seems easier said than done. Learning to distill the question using the correct terms of art helps narrow the search within the vast body of law needed to be search. It feels especially high stakes, though, because if your phrasing is just a bit off you might miss the exact case or authority you're looking for.

It does seem like a good rule of thumb in most cases is to cast a wide net through secondary sources before zeroing in on specific cases. Another benefit to this system seems to be that there are built in checks to verify the authorities being cited remain relevant and won't get you embarrassed in front of a judge.

This is an example of Misinformation. This hair product was told to help the bonds in your hair to make it stronger. But after reading the reviews there were several reviews giving the product 1 star. This product was not intended cause harm but as the reviews has proven its product is not doing what its original purpose was. This is a perfect example of misinformation because its definition is "false information that is disseminated in good faith" which is what is happening here. The way I recognized this misinformation is when companies have very strong claims regarding the beauty industry. That is why after I saw claims of hair growth solely on this spray it flagged signs of mis-information.

We understand that the 15 year old boy received a letter from Brother Augustine a choir master of Lyne's community in norwich. In this letter Augustine described how he feels about the 15 boy year old. The boy seems as an angel that he can worship and it seems like there is a deep connection between the two . it has been noticed that the letter has a "sexually queer content" and they wrote about it in the newspaper. It was not common a choir to have such a "sexually queer" behaviour at that moment.

I think this is the most important things for teachers to know and do because it's all about setting our students up for success!

I feel like this is important especially in a PE setting because most of the time during class I will observing and making sure my students are doing and make sure they are staying on task

• 30% are believed to be involved in money laundering activities

• One of the means in which OCGs launder money is through coercing or recruiting external professionals such as lawyers

• Over 300 OCGs are involved in the meth market
• These OCGs produce meth domestically and internationally
• Meth superlabs are dominant in BC, Quebec, and Ontario

• Very violent; in fact, out of all organized crime groups, they're the ones who are the most likely to commit violence to fulfill their own interests or the interests of other organized groups who contract them(eg. mafia)

• Constantly changing as some are becoming more formal groups

• The crime of using force to obtain a desired object, typically money

• Sextortion: The use of fake profiles in dating apps or pornographic sites to lure an unsuspecting individual to a relationship or make them commit sexual acts.

• Often characterized by threat as the perpetrator threatens to post the sexual videos to the public to coerce the survivor to complying with their demands

*The illegal importing of fake products disguising as certain brands

• A subset of this crime is currency counterfeiting, which involves the illegal importing of fake money

• The process wherein the illegal acquisition of money is disguised to conceal its illicit origins and thus becomes "legitimate"

It certainly makes sense of the community involvement and resources to determine extra-curricular options for students. In this analogy, if the key levers manipulated by school districts – such as pupil-per-child spending, ratios of students to teachers, and teacher credentials – provide a backbone, then the reinforcement that private fundraising can bring to the students’ education is a tremendous positive addition. The relationship reflects the crucial role of community resources and funding channels in enhancing what the school district delivers.

These circumstances are reflective of the persisting struggle faced by Latinos in Orange County – including in neighborhoods such as Santa Ana. Unemployment, poverty, educational inequalities, all of this do indeed leave a tough climate for citizens to succeed. Then there’s street violence and gangs that just make it all the more aggravating, rendering daily living and upward mobility harder for Latino people. This knowledge is critical in the quest to understand the root causes of these problems and seek a better life for these communities. Problems such as education, employment, and public safety could do a lot to mitigate some of those concerns.

Some scholars believe that materials intentionally recorded are specifically created for use in history or other academic fields, while those unintentionally created were not designed for scholarly purposes.

This is an interesting term that I haven’t seen before, but I have felt before. It’s such a striking feeling to know that it wasn’t you, but could have been, and your organization does nothing about it. You feel both a deep sadness for your peer/coworker/friend, and a conscious/subconscious fear of the same thing happening to you. It’s interesting that there is a term for it.

This is an interesting statistic that I hadn’t thought about before! Part-time work does not get you the same benefits as full-time, so this could contribute to health later on. I also appreciated the intersectional view, including race in these statistics.

This finding is really interesting to me, as I’ve never thought about the difference in groups. While men don’t usually have an example of doing non-paid work as a full time job (like raising a child and tending to the house), women do, and do not think of themselves as unemployed. I do still want to point out that it is a changing standard that men do not hold this role, as there is an emerging group of men who are working as caregivers for their families, rather than in paid work. Still, the generalization the book made is not an incorrect one, and very intriguing to me.

I once learned about binary in the csp course of ap. I think this design is great. Only the two numbers 0 and 1 have created a lot of great programs.

I once learned about Booleans in the CSP course of AP. I think this design is great. Only the two numbers 0 and 1 have created a lot of great programs.

I am not very familiar with this data type but I find it fascinating how it can store a variety of different data types and the efficiency it offers when it comes to looking up pieces of information from a big list.

This is one reason I have found that has pushed me away from libertarian ideas. Oftentimes, I agree with the sentiment of a group but the members who support that group reflect much more on the group than the actual principles and thus when people like white-supremacists are your colleagues you know you are on the wrong side.