Brucella can gain entry into the human body through breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, conjunctivae, and respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts.

international tourism and migration

consumption of illegally imported unpasteurized dairy products from Mexico. Approximately 60% of human brucellosis cases in the United States now occur in California and Texas.

use of milk and meat products

North American

aerobic

localize in the reproductive organs of host animals, causing abortions and sterility

by ingestion through infected food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols

zoonotic infection

placental fluid

has the highest age/sex-related incidence in males in their mid-20s.

Clinically, identification to the genus level is sufficient to warrant initiation of therapy.

B abortus and B suis species

High dose of penicillin is the common cure. As an alternative tetracycline & chloramphenicol is used in beta-lactam intolerant patients.

Isolation of Pasteurella multocida bacteria is usually done in sterile location such as the blood, pus or CSF.

The infection is transmitted to humans by animals through direct contact with infected materials like afterbirth or indirectly by ingestion of animal products and by inhalation of airborne agents. Consumption of raw milk and cheese made from raw milk (fresh cheese) is the major source of infection in man. Most of the fresh cheeses are sheep and goat cheese.

Oculoglandular

Glandular

Ulceroglandular

This is the most serious form of tularemia. Symptoms include cough, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. This form results from breathing dusts or aerosols containing the organism.

All forms are accompanied by fever, which can be as high as 104 °F

Signs & Symptoms

It can also occur when other forms of tularemia (e.g. ulceroglandular) are left untreated and the bacteria spread through the bloodstream to the lungs.

All forms are accompanied by fever, which can be as high as 104 °F.

This can occur when a person is butchering an infected animal and touches his or her eyes

Also generally acquired through the bite of an infected tick or deer fly or from handling sick or dead animals.

accompanied by swelling of regional lymph glands, usually in the armpit or groin.

A skin ulcer appears at the site where the bacteria entered the body

All forms are accompanied by fever

Chronic brucellosis may cause complications in just one organ or throughout your body.

can affect almost any part of your body, including your reproductive system, liver, heart and central nervous system

very rare in the United States

bacteria may be spread from animals to people

Long-term signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms are similar to those of the flu

Antibiotics used to treat tularemia include streptomycin, gentamicin, doxycycline, and ciprofloxacin.

likely exposures, such as tick and deer fly bites, or contact with sick or dead animals. 

For this reason, it is important to share with your health care provider any likely exposures, such as tick and deer fly bites, or contact with sick or dead animals. 

Blood tests and cultures can help confirm the diagnosis

5 days to 5 months after initial exposure to Brucella species

initial symptoms(https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/symptoms/index.html) are non-specific

cellulitis is found

nown to be spread from person to person

Symptoms of tularemia may include

Streptomycin

Gentamicin

Growth of F. tularensis in culture is the definitive means of confirming the diagnosis of tularemia. Appropriate specimens include swabs or scrapings of skin lesions, lymph node aspirates or biopsies, pharyngeal swabs, sputum specimens, or gastric aspirates, depending on the form of illness.

Diagnostic testing

The disease is spread through contact with an infected cat (a bite or scratch) or exposure to cat fleas

Bump (papule) or blister (pustule) at site of injury (usually the first sign)FatigueFever (in some people)HeadacheLymph node swelling (lymphadenopathy) near the site of the scratch or biteOverall discomfort (malaise)

This modeof transmissionoccurs whena herd owner buys replacementcattle or domestic bisonthat are infected or have been exposed to infected animals, animal tissues or animal dischargespriortopurchase

Highly contagious and potentially fatal, tularemia usually can be treated effectively with specific antibiotics if diagnosed early.

Antibiotics treat serious cases of cat scratch fever

In rare cases, surgery is necessary to remove infected tissues from the eye

an eye infection that produces symptoms similar to pink eye

result in bone damage

causing impaired vision

encephalopathy results in permanent brain damage or death

indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) blood test to see if the Bartonella henselae bacteria are present in your body

enlarged spleen (an organ above your stomach)

a bump or blister at the bite or scratch site swollen lymph nodes near the bite or scratch site fatigue headaches a low-grade fever

40 percent of cats carry the bacteria at some time in their lives, most commonly when they are kittens

weakened immune system

bite or scratch from an infected cat. You can also get the disease if saliva from an infected cat gets into an open wound on your body or touches the whites of your eyes

Bartonella henselae bacteria

people contract it from cats

bacterial infection

There are a number of possible complications from cat scratch fever.

Tick and deer fly bites

Humans can become infected(https://www.cdc.gov/tularemia/transmission/index.html) through several routes, including:

antibiotics

Skin contact with infected animals

Tick and deer fly bites Skin contact with infected animals Ingestion of contaminated water Inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts Laboratory exposure

Francisella tularensis

Tick and deer fly bites Skin contact with infected animals Ingestion of contaminated water Inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts Laboratory exposure

Tick and deer fly bites Skin contact with infected animals Ingestion of contaminated water Inhalation of contaminated aerosols or agricultural dusts Laboratory exposure

Francisella tularensis

Tularemia is a disease of animals and humans caused by the bacterium Francisella tularensis.

People who hunt animals may also be at risk

Infected mothers who are breast-feeding may transmit the infection to their infants

meat-packing employees

Bacteria can also enter wounds in the skin/mucous membranes through contact with infected animals.

slaughterhouse workers meat-packing plant employees veterinarians

eating or drinking unpasteurized/raw dairy products.

typically appearing within 24 hours following a bite

humans is often associated with an animal bite, scratch, or lick

gram-negative

cellulitis, abscesses, tenosynovitis, osteomyelitis, and septic arthritis. [1] The latter two are particularly common following cat bites because of their small, sharp, penetrative teeth

thoroughly cleaned and debrided

Animals do not have to be ill to pass the bacterium to humans, as they can carry the organism without showing symptoms.

develop into a serious soft tissue infection, and can also be complicated by abscesses, septic arthritis and osteomyelitis. Pasteurella spp can also cause meningitis, ocular infections, and respiratory infections, usually in patients with underlying pulmonary disease.

P. multocida is found worldwide

caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus

zoonotic disease

Pasteurellosis is a zoonotic disease. It is caused by infection with bacteria of the Pasteurella genus

antimicrobials usually chosen empirically for bite wounds

soft tissue infection

hickens, turkeys, cattle, swine, cats, dogs and rodents

animal bites, scratches or licks. Animals do not have to be ill to pass the bacterium to humans, as they can carry the organism without showing symptoms

meningitis, ocular infections, and respiratory infections, usually in patients with underlying pulmonary disease.

local wound infection

Human infections are usually contracted following exposure to domestic pets such as cats and dogs

avian cholera

Animal bites

Animal bites

Tularemia is more common in the months of May through September. Bites from infected ticks or deer flies usually occur in the summer months, but illness due to animal handling and hunting can occur at any time of the year

usually occur in the summer months

Tularemia is more common in males, possibly because of a greater likelihood of exposure through hunting and landscaping. Tularemia occurs in persons of all ages, but is most common in children.

most common in the south central United States, the Pacific Northwest, and parts of Massachusetts

malaise

Initial symptoms can include:

Some signs and symptoms may persist for longer periods of time

longer periods of time

Initial symptoms can include:

wild hogs (feral swine) elk bison caribou moose

General symptoms of brucellosis are often vague and similar to the flu. They may include: Fever (the most common symptom, with high "spikes" that usually occur in the afternoon) Back pain Body-wide aches and pains Poor appetite and weight loss Headache Night sweats Weakness Abdominal pain Cough

Even in patients with CNS involvement, however, recovery without neurologic sequelae within weeks to months can be expected. Death caused by CSD in patients who are immunocompetent is extremely rare.

Complete recovery without sequelae occurs in nearly all patients.

Patients can become confused and disoriented, and their condition can deteriorate to coma.

In general, lymph nodes become enlarged in the 1-2 weeks after exposure.

In most patients, the disease resolves spontaneously within 2-4 months.

Bartonella henselae,

Cats can harbor infected fleas that carry Bartonella bacteria

Laboratory tests and a short course of antibiotics

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis during pregnancy can be lifesaving for the fetus

respiratory tract and cause sinusitis and ear infections, and more severe symptoms including pneumonia or lung abscesses in those with underlying pulmonary disease, however this is rare. Other uncommon presentations of P. multocida infection include septicaemia (blood poisoning), eye infections, meningitis and gastrointestinal problems

Exposure to aerosols, bites or scratches involving animals or injuries from objects contaminated with body fluids from animals require immediate first aid and medical attention

seek medical attention as soon as possible

abscesses, cellulitis (an area of spreading inflammation) and joint infections

abscesses, cellulitis (an area of spreading inflammation) and joint infections

local wound infection

persons with a weakened immune system are at higher risk

commonly found in children

culture

more likely to occur in children younger than 5 years and people with weakened immune systems.

Later, the person's lymph nodes closest to the original scratch or bite can become swollen, tender, or painful.

About three to 14 days after the skin is broken, a mild infection can occur at the site of the scratch or bite.

Cat-scratch disease (CSD) is a bacterial infection spread by cats.

papule or pustule

infected include sheep, cattle, goats, pigs, and dogs, among others.

The genus Pasteurella is a member of the Pasteurellaceae family, which includes a large and diverse group of Gram-negative Gammaproteobacteria, whose members are not only human or animal commensals and/or opportunistic pathogens but also outright pathogens

Most likely due to routine prompt prophylactic treatment of animal bite wounds with antibiotics, pasteurellosis is still a relatively uncommon cause of mortality in humans (37, 38), even though deaths due to pasteurellosis have increased in recent years in the United States (Fig. 1). Nevertheless, pasteurellosis is often associated with significant morbidity due to complications resulting from animal bite or scratch wounds or from respiratory exposure

conventional methods for detection and diagnosis of infection with Pasteurella (pasteurellosis) relied on observation of the bacterium by microscopy using staining and/or isolation by in vitro culturing on selective media, followed by phenotypic and/or serological characterization

y unknowingly consume unpasteurized dairy products.

Unpasteurized cheeses (sometimes called "village cheeses

The first sign of this infection is a blister or a small bump that develops several days after the scratch or bite and may resemble a bug bite. This blister or bump is called an inoculation lesion (a wound at the site where the bacteria enter the body). Lesions are most commonly found on the arms and hands, head, or scalp and usually are not painful.

n the United States, most cases happen in the fall and winter and usually affect kids, probably because they're more likely to play with cats and be bitten or scratched

inhaling dust or aerosols contaminated with F. tularensis bacteria.

rabbits, muskrats, prairie dogs and other rodents.

dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis), the wood tick (Dermacentor andersoni), and the lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum). Deer flies (Chrysops spp.)

enter the human body through the skin, eyes, mouth, or lungs

slaughterhouse workers meat-packing employees veterinarians laboratory workers

lthough brucellosis can be found worldwide, it is more common in countries that do not have effective public health and domestic animal health programs.

The overall mortality rate was 31%

In 5/13 cases a recent animal-derived trauma could be found. In the other cases the source of the infecting organism was thought to be endogenous (from patients’ own pharyngeal commensal flora) or secondary to contact with secretions of a pet animal.

All the patients had an underlying disease (77 % had cirrhosis) and 2 were receiving chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy.

causing major organs to fail. Pneumonia is common after inhalation but may also occur when the organism spreads throughout the body.

fever, fatigue, aches and headache. Swollen lymph nodes

Tularemia may be spread through inhalation of dried animal matter, eating undercooked game, skinning or dressing killed animals, or drinking water contaminated with animal carcasses.

Related Disorders

Nature of the exposure

Francisella tularensis is highly infectious when grown in culture, and laboratory-acquired infections have been documented.

Tularemia bacteria enter the body through the mucous membranes the skin, the lungs, or the digestive system. There are seven different forms of the disease:

How Do People Contract Rabbit Fever?

relieve symptoms, prevent a relapse of the disease and avoid complications

Use insect repellents containing 20% to 30% DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), picaridin or IR3535. EPA provides information on the proper use of repellents.

usually confirm a diagnosis of brucellosis by testing a sample of blood or bone marrow for the brucella bacteria or by testing blood for antibodies to the bacteria

Treatment includes isolation, rest, and antibiotic therapy

undulant fever is often used to describe this disease because the fever rises and falls in waves.

Transmission by aerosol, fecal-oral, and contact with infected secretions (including venereal transmission) has been reported. 

and not just through person-to-person contact --

Some scientists argue that it's equally important to analyze primary cases -- the person or animal that first brings a bacterium or virus into a population.

some people are more capable of spreading it than others

MERS

unsafe burial practices, which involve washing and preparing the body of the deceased, apparently contributed to the infection of many people who were participating in this cultural practice

A reassortant is the virus that emerges when the genetic material from two or more other viruses infecting a single human or animal host mix together.

In the film, a fictional deadly virus sweeps the world after migrating from a dead pig to a chef that handles it.

In less than four months, about 4,000 cases and 550 deaths from SARS could be traced to Liu's stay in Hong Kong.

super-shedders

incorrect impression about how the disease emerges in the first place and, on the other hand, insinuate that somebody should be blamed for this outbreak, when that's not really appropriate,"

"patient zero" lives on, and continues to create confusion and curiosity about how disease spreads.

pigs are 'mixing vessels,'

In less than four months, about 4,000 cases and 550 deaths from SARS could be traced to Liu's stay in Hong Kong.

no longer needs the animal reservoir

a total of 856 cases of human infections with H5N1 viruses worldwide have been documented, and there have been 452 deaths

Jacqueline Howard,

super-spreader or whether she was also a super-shedder or possibly both

Nonetheless, it's important scientifically and for people and public health to understand index cases so that we know how diseases are coming into a community and how to stop their spread."

"It could mean nothing, but it can also mean the absolute beginning."

60% of all existing human infectious diseases are zoonotic

diseases that are spread from animals are called zoonotic.

bat species

super-shedders

super-shedders,

cleared Dugas' name and provided strong evidence that the virus emerged in the United States from a pre-existing Caribbean epidemic in or around 1970.

consciously

we sort of want to make tight stories about things,

earliest documented case

naming a patient zero