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    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The manuscript by Zhou et al offers new high-resolution Cryo-EM structures of two human biotin-dependent enzymes: propionyl-CoA carboxylase (PCC) and methycrotonyl-CoA carboxylase (MCC). While X-ray crystal structures and Cryo-EM structures have previously been reported for bacterial and trypanosomal versions of MCC and for bacterial versions of PCC, this marks one of the first high resolution Cryo-EM structures of the human version of these enzymes. Using the biotin cofactor as an affinity tag, this team purified a group of four different human biotin-dependent carboxylases from cultured human Expi 293F (kidney) cells (PCC, MCC, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and pyruvate carboxylase). Following further enrichment by size-exclusion chromatography, they were able to vitrify the sample and pick enough particles of MCC and PCC to separately refine the structures of both enzymes to relatively high average resolutions (the Cryo-EM structure of ACC also appears to have been determined from these same micrographs, though this is the subject of a separate publication). To determine the impact of substrate binding on the structure of these enzymes and to gain insights into substrate selectivity, they also separately incubated with propionyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA and vitrified the samples under active turnover conditions, yielding a set of cryo-EM structures for both MCC and PCC in the presence and absence of substrates and substrate analogues.

      Strengths:

      The manuscript has several strengths. It is clearly written, the figures are clear and the sample preparation methods appear to be well described. This study demonstrates that Cryo-EM is an ideal structural method to investigate the structure of these heterogeneous samples of large biotin-dependent enzymes. As a consequence, many new Cryo-EM structures of biotin-dependent enzymes are emerging, thanks to the natural inclusion of a built-in biotin affinity tag. While the authors report no major differences between the human and bacterial forms of these enzymes, it remains an important finding that they demonstrate how/if the structure of the human enzymes are or are not distinct from the bacterial enzymes. The MCC structures also provide evidence for a transition for BCCP-biotin from an exo-binding site to an endo-binding site in response to acetyl-CoA binding. This contributes to a growing number of biotin-dependent carboxylase structures that reveal BCCP-biotin binding at locations both inside (endo-) and outside (exo-) of the active site.

      Weaknesses:

      There are some minor weaknesses. Notably, there are not a lot of new insights coming from this paper. The structural comparisons between MCC and PCC have already been described in the literature and there were not a lot of significant changes (outside of the exo- to endo- transition) in the presence vs. absence of substrate analogues. There is not a great deal of depth of analysis in the discussion. For example, no new insights were gained with respect to the factors contributing to substrate selectivity (the factors contributing to selectivity for propionyl-CoA vs. acetyl-CoA in PCC). The authors state that the longer acyl group in propionyl-CoA may mediate stronger hydrophobic interactions that stabilize the alpha carbon of the acyl group at the proper position. This is not a particularly deep analysis and doesn't really require a cryo-EM structure to invoke. The authors did not take the opportunity to describe the specific interactions that may be responsible for the stronger hydrophobic interaction nor do they offer any plausible explanation for how these might account for an astounding difference in the selectivity for propionyl-CoA vs. acetyl-CoA. This suggests, perhaps, that these structures do not yet fully capture the proper conformational states. The authors also need to be careful with their over-interpretation of structure to invoke mechanisms of conformational change. A snapshot of the starting state (apo) and final state (ligand-bound) is insufficient to conclude *how* the enzyme transitioned between conformational states. I am constantly frustrated by structural reports in the biotin-dependent enzymes that invoke "induced conformational changes" with absolutely no experimental evidence to support such statements. Conformational changes that accompany ligand binding may occur through an induced conformational change or through conformational selection and structural snapshots of the starting point and the end point cannot offer any valid insight into which of these mechanisms is at play.

      Some of these minor deficiencies aside, the overall aim of contributing new cryo-EM structures of the human MCC and PCC has been achieved. While I am not a cryo-EM expert, I see no flaws in the methodology or approach. While the contributions from these structures are somewhat incremental, it is nevertheless important to have these representative examples of the human enzymes and it is noteworthy to see a new example of the exo-binding site in a biotin-dependent enzyme.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this study, Jellinger et al. performed engram-specific sequencing and identified genes that were selectively regulated in positive/negative engram populations. In addition, they performed chronic activation of the negative engram population over 3 months and observed several effects on fear/anxiety behavior and cellular events such as upregulation of glial cells and decreased GABA levels.

      Strengths:

      They provide useful engram-specific GSEA data and the main concept of the study, linking negative valence/memory encoding to cellular level outcomes including upregulation of glial cells, is interesting and valuable.

      Weaknesses:

      A number of experimental shortcomings make the conclusion of the study largely unsupported. In addition, the observed differences in behavioral experiments are rather small, inconsistent, and the interpretation of the differences is not compelling.

      Major points for improvement:

      (1) Lack of essential control experiments

      With the current set of experiments, it is not certain that the DREADD system they used was potent and stable throughout the 3 months of manipulations. Basic confirmatory experiments (e.g., slice physiology at 1m vs. 3m) to show that the DREADD effects on these vHP are stable would be an essential bottom line to make these manipulation experiments convincing.

      In previous work from our lab performing long-term activation of Gq DREADD receptors in the vHPC, we quantify the presence of Gq receptor expression over 3-, 6- and 9-month timepoints and show that there is no decrease in receptor expression, as measured via fluorescence intensity (Suthard et al., 2023). In this study, we also address that even if our manipulation is only working for 1 month, rather than 3 months, we are observing the long-term effects of this shorter-term stimulation. This is still relevant, and only changes how we interpret these findings, as shorter-term stimulation or disruption of neuronal activity can still have detrimental effects on behavior.

      Furthermore, although the authors use the mCherry vector as a control, they did not have a vehicle/saline control for the hM3Dq AAV. Thus, the long-term effects such as the increase in glial cells could simply be due to the toxicity of DREADD expression, rather than an induced activity of these cells.

      For chemogenetic studies, our experimental rationale utilized a standard approach in the field, which includes one of two control options: 1) active receptor vs. control vector + ligand or 2) active receptor + ligand or saline control. We chose the first option, as this more properly controls for the potential off-target effects of the ligand itself, as shown in other previous work (Xia et al., 2017). This is particularly important for studies using CNO, as many off-target effects have been noted as a limitation (Manvich et al., 2018). We chose to use DCZ as it is closely related to CNO and newer ligands, but comes with added benefits of high specificity, low off-target effects, high potency and brain penetrance (Nagai et al., 2020), but any potential off-target effects of DCZ are yet to be completely investigated as this ligand is very new.

      Evidence of DREADD toxicity has been shown at high titer levels of AAV2/7- CamKIIα-hM4D(Gi)-mCherry in the hippocampus at 5 weeks, as the reviewer pointed out in their above comment (Goossens et al., 2021). Our viral strategy is targeted to a much smaller number of cells using AAV9-DIO-Flex-hM3Dq-mCherry at a lower titer, unlike expression within a much larger population of CaMKII+ excitatory neurons in this study. Additionally, visual comparison of their viral load and expression with ours shows much more intense expression that spans a larger area of the hippocampus (Goossens et al, 2021; Figure 1D), whereas ours is isolated to a smaller region of vHPC (see Figure 1B).

      Further, we attempted to quantify a decrease in neuronal health (Yousef et al., 2017) resulting from DREADD expression via NeuN counts within multiple hippocampal subregions for the 6- and 14-month groups across active Gq receptor and mCherry conditions and did not observe significant decreases in NeuN as a result (Supplemental Figure 1). However, immunohistochemistry of an individual marker may not be sufficient to capture the entire health profile of an individual neuron and future work should consider other markers of cell death or inflammation, which we have added to the Limitations & Future Work section of our Discussion.

      (2) Figure 1 and the rest of the study are disconnected

      The authors used the cFos-tTA system to label positive/negative engram populations, while the TRAP2 system was used for the chronic activation experiments. Although both genetic tools are based on the same IEG Fos, the sensitivity of the tools needs to be validated. In particular, the sensitivity of the TRAP2 system can be arbitrarily altered by the amount of tamoxifen (or 4OHT) and the administration protocols. The authors should at least compare and show the percentage of labeled cells in both methods and discuss that the two experiments target (at least slightly) different populations. In addition, the use of TRAP2 for vHP is relatively new; the authors should confirm that this method actually captures negative engram populations by checking for reactivation of these cells during recall by overlap analysis of Fos staining or by artificial activation.

      We thank the reviewer for their comments and opportunity to discuss the marked differences between TRAP2 and DOX systems. In particular, we agree that while both systems rely on the the Fos promoter to drive an effector of interest, their efficacy and temporal resolution vary substantially depending on genetic cell-type, brain region, temporal parameters of Dox or 4-OHT delivery, subject-by-subject metabolic variability, and threshold to Fos induction given the promoter sequences inherent to each system. For example, recent studies have reported the following:

      - The TRAP2 line labels a subset of endogenously activeCA1 pyramidal cells (e.g. 5-18%) while the DOX system labels 20-40% of CA1 pyramidal cells (DeNardo et al, 2019; Monasterio et al, BioRxiv 2024 ).

      - The temporal windows for each range from hours in TRAP2 to 24-48 hours for DOX (DeNardo et al, 2019; Denny et al, 2014; Liu & Ramirez et al, 2012).

      - The efficacy of “tagging” a population of cells with TRAP2 vs with DOX will constrain the number of possible cells that may overlap with cFos upon re-exposure to a given experience (e.g. see the observed overlaps in vCA1 - BLA circuits (Kim & Cho, 2020), compared to vCA1 in general (Ortega-de San Luis et al, 2023) and valence-specific vCA1 populations (Shpokayte et al, 2022).

      - Tagging vCA1 cells with both the TRAP2 and DOX systems are nonetheless sufficient to drive corresponding behaviors (e.g. vCA1 terminal stimulation drives behavioral changes with the DOX and TRAP2 system (Shpokayte et al, 2022) and vCA1 stimulation of an updated fear-linked ensemble drives light-induced freezing in a neutral context utilizing the TRAP2 and DOX systems (Ortega-de San Luis et al, 2023)).

      Finally, and promisingly, as more studies continue to link the in vivo physiological dynamics of these cell populations tagged using each system (e.g. compare Pettit et al, 2022 with Tanaka et al, 2018) and correlating their activity to behavioral phenotypes, our field is in the prime position to uncover deeper principles governing hippocampus-mediated engrams in the brain. Together, we believe a more comprehensive understanding of these systems is fully warranted, especially in the service of further cataloging cellular similarities and differences within such tagged populations.

      (3)  Interpretation of the behavior data

      In Figures 3a and b, the authors show that the experimental group showed higher anxiety based on time spent in the center/open area. However, there were no differences in distance traveled and center entries, which are often reduced in highly anxious mice. Thus, it is not clear what the exact effect of the manipulation is. The authors may want to visualize the trajectories of the mice's locomotion instead of just showing bar graphs.

      Our findings show that our experimental group displays higher levels of anxiety-like behaviors as measured via time spent in center/open area, while there are no differences in distance traveled or center entries. For distance traveled, our interpretation is in line with complementary research (Jimenez et al, 2018; Kheirbek et al, 2013) that shows no changes in distance traveled/distance traveled in the center coupled with changes in anxiety levels as a result of manipulation within anxiety-related circuits. More broadly, any locomotion-related deficit could cause a change in distance traveled that is unrelated to anxiety-like behaviors alone. For example, a reduction in distance traveled could be coupled with a decrease in time spent in the center, but could also result only from motor or exploratory deficits. We hope that this explanation clarifies our interpretation of the open field and elevated plus maze findings in light of other literature.

      In addition, the data shown in Figure 4b is somewhat surprising - the 14MO control showed more freezing than the 6MO control, which can be interpreted as "better memory in old". As this is highly counterintuitive, the authors may want to discuss this point. The authors stated that "Mice typically display increased freezing behavior as they age, so these effects during remote recall are expected" without any reference. This is nonsense, as just above in Figure 4a, older mice actually show less freezing than young mice. Overall, the behavioral effects are rather small and random. I would suggest that these data be interpreted more carefully.

      In Figure 4B, we present our findings from remote recall and observe increased freezing levels in control mice with age, as mentioned by the reviewer, indicating increased memory. This is in line with previous work from Shoji & Miyakawa, 2019 which has been added as a reference for the quotation described above; we thank the reviewer for pointing this error out. As the reviewer has pointed out, above in Figure 4A, we measured freezing levels across all groups during contextual fear conditioning before the start of chronic stimulation, as this was the session we ‘tagged’ a negative memory in. Although it appears that there may be slightly lower levels of freezing in older (14-month old) mice, our findings do not determine statistical significance for difference between age group, only effects of time and subject which are expected as freezing increases within the session and animals display high levels of variability in freezing levels across many experiments (Figure 4A i-iii). We also find in previous work that control mice receiving 3-, 6- and 9-months of chronic DCZ stimulation in the vHPC with empty vector (mCherry) receptor show an increase in freezing with age (Suthard et al, 2023; Figure 2A ii).

      (4) Lack of citation and discussion of relevant study

      Khalaf et al. 2018 from Gräff lab showed that experimental activation of recall-induced populations leads to fear attenuation. Despite the differences in experimental details, the conceptual discrepancy should be discussed.

      As mentioned by the reviewer, Khalaf et al. 2018 showed that experimental activation of recall-induced populations in the dentate gyrus leads to fear attenuation. Specifically, they pose that this fear attenuation occurs in these ensembles through updating or unlearning of the original memory trace via the engagement, rather than suppression, of an original traumatic experience. Despite the differences in experimental details with our current study and this work, we agree that the conceptual discrepancy should be discussed. First, one major difference is that we are reactivating an ensemble that was tagged during fear memory encoding, while Khalaf et al. are activating a remote recall-induced ensemble that was tagged one month after encoding. Although there is high overlap between the encoding and recall ensembles when mice are exposed to the conditioning context, these ensembles are not identical and may result in different behavioral phenotypes when chronically reactivated. Further, Khalaf et al rely on reactivation of the recall-induced ensemble during extinction to facilitate rapid fear attenuation. This differs from our current work, as their reactivation is occurring during the extinction process in the previously conditioned context, while we are reactivating chronically in the animal’s home cage over the course of a longer time period. It may be necessary that the memory is first reactivated, and thus, more liable to re-contextualization, in the original context compared to an unrelated homecage environment where there are presumably no related cues present. Importantly, this previous work tests the attenuation of fear shortly after an extinction process, while we are not traditionally extinguishing the context with aid of the memory reactivation. Finally, we are testing remote recall (3 months post-conditioning), while they are testing at a shorter time interval (28 days). In line with these ideas, future work may seek to tease out the mechanistic differences between recent and remote memory extinction both in terms of natural memory recall and chronically manipulated memory-bearing cells.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Jellinger, Suthard, et al. investigated the transcriptome of positive and negative valence engram cells in the ventral hippocampus, revealing anti- and pro-inflammatory signatures of these respective valences. The authors further reactivated the negative valence engram ensembles to assay the effects of chronic negative memory reactivation in young and old mice. This chronic re-activation resulted in differences in aspects of working memory, and fear memory, and caused morphological changes in glia. Such reactivation-associated changes are putatively linked to GABA changes and behavioral rumination.

      Strengths:

      Much of the content of this manuscript is of benefit to the community, such as the discovery of differential engram transcriptomes dependent on memory valence. The chronic activation of neurons, and the resultant effects on glial cells and behavior, also provide the community with important data. Laudable points of this manuscript include the comprehensiveness of behavioral experiments, as well as the cross-disciplinary approach.

      Weaknesses:

      There are several key claims made that are unsubstantiated by the data, particularly regarding the anthropomorphic framing of "rumination" on a mouse model and the role of GABA. The conclusions and inferences in these areas need to be carefully considered.

      (1) There are many issues regarding the arguments for the behavioural data's human translation as "rumination." There is no definition of rumination provided in the manuscript, nor how rumination is similar/different to intrusive thoughts (which are psychologically distinct but used relatively interchangeably in the manuscript), nor how rumination could be modelled in the rodent. The authors mention that they are attempting to model rumination behaviours by chronically reactivating the negative engram ("To understand if our experimental model of negative rumination..."), but this occurs almost at the very end of the results section, and no concrete evidence from the literature is provided to attempt to link the behavioural results (decreased working memory, increased fear extinction times) to rumination-like behaviours. The arguments in the final paragraph of the Discussion section about human rumination appear to be unrelated to the data presented in the manuscript and contain some uncited statements. Finally, the rumination claims seem to be based largely upon a single data figure that needs to be further developed (Figure 6, see also point 2 below).

      (2) The staining and analysis in Figure 6 are challenging to interpret, and require more evidence to substantiate the conclusions of these results. The histological images are zoomed out, and at this resolution, it appears that only the pyramidal cell layer is being stained. A GABA stain should also label the many sparsely spaced inhibitory interneurons existing across all hippocampal layers, yet this is not apparent here. Moreover, both example images in the treatment group appear to have lower overall fluorescence intensity in both DAPI and GABA. The analysis is also unclear: the authors mention "ROIs" used to measure normalized fluorescence intensity but do not specify what the ROI encapsulates. Presumably, the authors have segmented each DAPI-positive cell body and assessed fluorescence however, this is not explicated nor demonstrated, making the results difficult to interpret.

      Based on the collective discussion from all reviewers on the completeness of our GABA quantification and its implications, we have decided to remove this figure and perform more substantive analysis of this E/I imbalance in future work.

      (3) A smaller point, but more specific detail is needed for how genes were selected for GSEA analysis. As GSEA relies on genes to be specified a priori, to avoid a circular analysis, these genes need to be selected in a blind/unbiased manner to avoid biasing downstream results and conclusions. It's likely the authors have done this, but explicitly noting how genes were selected is an important context for this analysis.

      As mentioned in our Methods section, gene sets were selected based on pre-existing biology and understanding of genes canonically involved in “neurodegeneration” such as those related to apoptotic pathways and neuroinflammation or “neuroprotection” such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, to name a few. A limitation of this method is that we must avoid making strong claims about the actual function of these up- or down-regulated genes without performing proper knock-in or knock-out studies, but we hope that this provides an unbiased inventory for future experiments to perform causal manipulations.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors note that negative ruminations can lead to pathological brain states and mood/anxiety dysregulation. They test this idea by using mouse engram-tagging technology to label dentate gyrus ensembles activated during a negative experience (fear conditioning). They show that chronic chemogenetic activation of these ensembles leads to behavioral (increased anxiety, increased fear generalization, reduced fear extinction) and neural (increases in neuroinflammation, microglia, and astrocytes).

      Strengths:

      The question the authors ask here is an intriguing one, and the engram activation approach is a powerful way to address the question. Examination of a wide range of neural and behavioral dependent measures is also a strength.

      Weaknesses:

      The major weakness is that the authors have found a range of changes that are correlates of chronic negative engram reactivation. However, they do not manipulate these outcomes to test whether microglia, astrocytes, or neuroinflammation are causally linked to the dysregulated behaviors.

      Recommendations For The Authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      - Figure 2c should include Month0, the BW before the start of the manipulation.

      Regrettably, we do not have access to the Month 0 body weights at this time as this project changed hands over the course of the past year or so. This is an inherent limitation that we missed during analysis and we pose this as a limitation in the Results section after describing this finding. Therefore, it is possible that over the first month of stimulation (Month 0-1), there may have been a drop in body weight that rebounded by the first measurement at Month 1 that continued to increase normally through Months 2-3, as shown in our Figure 1. Thank you for this note.

      - Figure 6a looks confusing - the background signal in the green channel is very different between control and experimental groups. Were representative images taken with different microscope settings?

      The representative images were taken with the same microscope power settings, but were adjusted in brightness/contrast within FIJI for clarity in the Figure – we apologize that this was misleading in any way and thank the reviewer for their feedback. Further, based on the collective discussion from all reviewers on the completeness of our GABA quantification and its implications, we have decided to remove this figure and perform more substantive analysis of this E/I imbalance in future work.

      - Typo mChe;try

      This typo was fixed

      - "During this contextual... mice in the 6- and 14- month groups..." Isn't it 3- and 11- month respectively at the time of fear conditioning? Throughout the manuscript, this point was written very confusingly.

      Yes, we thank the reviewer for pointing this out. It has been corrected to 3- and 11-month old mice at the timing of fear conditioning and clarified throughout the manuscript where applicable.

      - "GABAergic eYFP fluorescence" Where does the eYFP come from? The methods state that GABA quantification is based on IHC staining.

      Based on the collective discussion from all reviewers on the completeness of our GABA quantification and its implications, we have decided to remove this figure and perform more substantive analysis of this

      E/I imbalance in future work. We discuss this E/I balance not being directly assessed in the Limitations & Future Directions section of our Discussion, noting the importance of detailed quantification of both excitatory and inhibitory markers within the hippocampus.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) There is a full methods section ("Analysis of RNA-seq data") that mostly describes RNA-seq analysis that seemingly does not appear in the paper. This section should be reviewed.

      We have included this portion of the methods that explain the previous workflow from Shpokayte et al., 2022 where this dataset was generated and this has been noted in the “Analysis of RNA-seq data” section of the methods.

      (2) Figure 6: GABA staining should be more critically analyzed, as discussed above, and validated with another GABA antibody for rigor. From the representative images provided in Figure 6, it looks possibly as though the hM3Dq images were simply not fully in the focal plane when being imaged or were over-washed, as DAPI staining also appears to be lower in these images.

      Based on the collective discussion from all reviewers on the completeness of our GABA quantification and its implications, we have decided to remove this figure and perform more substantive analysis of this E/I imbalance in future work. Specifically, it will be necessary to rigorously investigate both excitatory and inhibitory markers within this region to ensure these claims are substantiated. Thank you for this suggestion.

      (3) The first claim that human GABAergic interneurons cause rumination is uncited. (Page 19, first sentence beginning with: "Evidence from human studies suggests...").

      Based on the collective discussion from all reviewers on the completeness of our GABA quantification and its implications, we have decided to remove this figure and perform more substantive analysis of this E/I imbalance in future work. Apologies for the lack of citation in-text, the proper citation for this finding is Schmitz et al, 2017.

      (4) Gene names throughout the manuscript and figure are written in the wrong format for mice (eg: Page 13, second line: SPP1, TTR, and C1QB1 instead of Spp1, Ttr, C1qb1).

      This was corrected throughout the manuscript.

      (5) Tense on Page 15 third sentence of the second paragraph: "...spatial working memory was assessed...".

      This was corrected throughout the manuscript.

      (6) Supplemental Figure 1 would benefit from normalization of the NeuN+ cell counts. The inclusion of an excitatory and inhibitory neuron marker in this figure might benefit the argument that there is a change in the excitation/inhibition of the hippocampus - as the numbers of excitatory neurons outweigh the numbers of inhibitory neurons that would be assayed here.

      In an effort to normalize the NeuN+ cell counts, for each of our ROIs (6-8 single tiles for each brain region (DG, vCA1, vSub) x 3-5 coronal slices = ~18 single tiles per mouse x 3-4 mice) we captured a 300 x 300 micrometer, single-tile z-stack at 20x magnification. These ROIs were matched for dimensions and brain regions across all groups for each hippocampal subregion quantified. We initially proposed to normalize these NeuN counts over DAPI, but because DAPI includes all nuclei (microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons), we weren’t sure this was the most optimal tool. We do agree that further quantification of excitatory and inhibitory cell markers would be vital to more concrete interpretation of our findings and we have added this to our Limitations & Future Work section of the Discussion.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) The DOX tagging window lacks temporal precision. I suggest the authors note this as a limitation.

      We thank the reviewer for noting this, and we have added this limitation to the Methods section with the context of the 24-48 hour DOX window being longer than other methods like TRAP.

      (2) Is there a homeostatic response to chronic engram stimulation? That is, is DCZ as effective in increasing neuronal excitability on day 90 as it is on day 1. This could be addressed with electrophysiology, or with IEG induction. Alternatively, the authors could refer to previous literature-- for example, Xia et al (2017) eLife-- that examined whether there was any blunting of the effects of DREADD ligands after sustained delivery via drinking water. There, of course, may be other papers as well.

      As noted by the reviewer, it is important to determine if DCZ maintains its effects on neuronal excitability throughout the 3 month administration period. To address this, previous work has shown that CNO administration in drinking water over one month consistently inhibited hM4Di+ neurons without altering baseline neuronal excitability as measured by firing rate and potassium currents (Xia et al, 2017). Although this is only for one month, it is administered via the same oral route as our DCZ protocol and suggests that at least for that amount of time we are likely producing consistent effects. In our reply above to Reviewer #1’s comment, we also note that even if DCZ is only having an effect for one month, rather than 3 months, we are still observing enduring changes that resulted from this short-term disturbance.

      (3) Please double check there is no group effect on weight in 6-month-old mice in Figure 2C.

      Two-way RM ANOVA showed no main effect of Group within the 6-month-old control and hM3Dq groups.

      Group: F(1,17) = 1.361, p=0.2594.

      (4) The shock intensity is much higher than is typical for fear conditioning studies in mice. Why was this the case?

      Yes, we do agree that this shock intensity is on the higher side of typical paradigms in mice, however, our lab has utilized 0.75mA to 1.5mA intensity foot shocks for contextual fear conditioning in the past (Suthard & Senne et al, 2023; 2024; Dorst & Senne et al, 2023; Grella et al., 2022; Finkelstein et al., 2022) and we maintained this protocol for internal consistency. However, it would be interesting to systematically investigate how differing intensities of foot shock, subsequent tagging of this ensemble and reactivation would uniquely impact behavioral state acutely and chronically in mice.

      (5) Remote freezing is very low. The authors should comment on this-- perhaps repeated testing has led to some extinction?

      A reviewer above suggested a similar phenomenon may be occuring, specifically fear attenuation as a result of chronic stimulation. They referenced previous work from Khalaf et al. 2018, where they reactivated a recall-induced ensemble, while we reactivated an ensemble tagged during encoding. We expand upon this work in light of our findings within the Limitations & Future Work section of our Discussion. However, we do appreciate the lower levels of freezing observed in remote recall and sought out other literature to understand the typical range of remote freezing levels. One thing that we note is that our remote recall is occurring 3 months after conditioning, which is much longer than typical 14-28 day protocols. However, we find that freezing levels at remote timepoints from 21-45 days results in contextual freezing levels of between 20-50% approximately (Kol et al., 2020), as well as 40-75% approximately in a variety of 28 day remote recall experiments (Lee et al., 2023). This information, together with our current experimental protocol demonstrates a wide range of remote freezing levels that may depend heavily on the foot shock intensity, duration of days after conditioning, and animal variability.

      (6) "mice display increased freezing with age": please add a reference.

      Apologies, we missed the citation for that claim and it has been added in-text and in the references list (Shoji & Miyakawa, 2019).

      (7) Related to the low freezing levels for remote memory, why is generalization minimal? Many studies have shown that there is a time-dependent emergence of generalized fear, yet here this is not seen. Is it linked to extinction (as above)? Or genetic background?

      Previous work has shown that rats receiving multiple foot shocks during conditioning displayed a time-dependent generalization of context memory, while those receiving less shocks did not (Poulos et al., 2016), as the reviewer noted in their comment. In our current study, we observe low levels of generalization in all of our groups compared to freezing levels displayed in the conditioned context at the remote timepoint, in opposition to this time-dependent enhancement of generalization. It is possible that the genetic background of our C57BL/6J mice compared to the Long-Evans rat strain in this previous work accounts for some of this difference. In addition, it is possible that the longer duration of time (3 months) compared to their remote timepoint (28 days) resulted in time-dependent decrease in generalization that decreases with greater durations of time from original conditioning. As noted above, it is indeed plausible that the reactivation of a contextual fear ensemble over time is attenuating freezing levels for both the original and similar contexts (Khalaf et al, 2018). We discuss the differences in our study and this 2018 work more comprehensively above.

      (8) Morphological phenotypes of astrocytes/microglia. Would be great to do some transcriptomic profiling of microglia/astrocytes to couple with the morphological characterization (but appreciate this is beyond the scope of current work).

      We thank the reviewer this suggestion, we agree that would be an incredibly informative future experiment and have added this to our Limitations & Future Experiments section of the Discussion.

      (9) The authors could consider including a limitations section in their discussion which discusses potential future directions for this work:

      - causal experiments.

      - E/I balance is not assessed directly (interestingly, in this regard, expanded engrams are linked to increased generalization [e.g., Ramsaran et al 2023]).

      Thank you for this suggestion, we have added a Limitations & Future Directions section to our Discussion and have expanded upon these suggested points.

      (10) For Figure 10, consider adding an experimental design/timeline.

      We are making the assumption that the reviewer meant Figure 1 instead of Figure 10 here, but note that there is a description of the viral expression duration (D0-D10), followed by an off Dox period of 48 hours (D10-D12), with subsequent engram tagging of a negative (foot shock) or positive (male-to-female exposure) on D12. In our experiments (Shpokayte et al., 2022), Dox was administered for 24 hours (D12-D13), which was followed by sacrificing the animal for cell suspension and sequencing of the positive and negative engram populations. This figure also shows the viral strategy for the Tet-tag system (Figure 1A), as well as representative viral expression in vHPC (Figure 1B). We are happy to add additional experimental design/timeline information to this figure that would be helpful to the reviewer.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The paper sought to determine the number of myosin 10 molecules per cell and localized to filopodia, where they are known to be involved in formation, transport within, and dynamics of these important actin-based protrusions. The authors used a novel method to determine the number of molecules per cell. First, they expressed HALO tagged Myo10 in U20S cells and generated cell lysates of a certain number of cells and detected Myo10 after SDS-PAGE, with fluorescence and a stained free method. They used a purified HALO tagged standard protein to generate a standard curve which allowed for determining Myo10 concentration in cell lysates and thus an estimate of the number of Myo10 molecules per cell. They also examined the fluorescence intensity in fixed cell images to determine the average fluorescence intensity per Myo10 molecule, which allowed the number of Myo10 molecules per region of the cell to be determined. They found a relatively small fraction of Myo10 (6%) localizes to filopodia. There are hundreds of Myo10 in each filopodia, which suggests some filopodia have more Myo10 than actin binding sites. Thus, there may be crowding of Myo10 at the tips, which could impact transport, the morphology at the tips, and dynamics of the protrusions themselves. Overall, the study forms the basis for a novel technique to estimate the number of molecules per cell and their localization to actin-based structures. The implications are broad also for being able to understand the role of myosins in actin protrusions, which is important for cancer metastasis and wound healing.

      Strengths:

      The paper addresses an important fundamental biological question about how many molecular motors are localized to a specific cellular compartment and how that may relate to other aspects of the compartment such as the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. The paper demonstrates a method of estimating the number of myosin molecules per cell using the fluorescently labeled HALO tag and SDS-PAGE analysis. There are several important conclusions from this work in that it estimates the number of Myo10 molecules localized to different regions of the filopodia and the minimum number required for filopodia formation. The authors also establish a correlation between number of Myo10 molecules filopodia localized and the number of filopodia in the cell. There is only a small % of Myo10 that tip localized relative to the total amount in the cell, suggesting Myo10 have to be activated to enter the filopodia compartment. The localization of Myo10 is log-normal, which suggests a clustering of Myo10 is a feature of this motor.

      One of the main critiques of the manuscript was that the results were derived from experiments with overexpressed Myo10 and therefore are hard to extrapolate to physiological conditions. The authors counter this critique with the argument that their results provide insight into a system in which Myo10 is a limiting factor for controlling filopodia formation. They demonstrate that U20S cells do not express detectable levels of Myo10 (supplementary Figure 1E) and thus introducing Myo10 expression demonstrates how triggering Myo10 expression impacts filopodia. An example is given how melanoma cells often heavily upregulation Myo10.

      In addition, the revised manuscript addresses the concerns about the method to quantitate the number of Myo10 molecules per cell and therefore puncta in the cell. The authors have now made a good faith effort to correct for incomplete labeling of the HALO tag (Figure 2A-C, supplementary Figure 2D-E). The authors also address the concerns about variability in transfection efficiency (Figure 1D-E).

      A very interesting addition to the revised manuscript was the quantitation of the number of Myo10 molecules present during an initiation event when a newly formed filopodia just starts to elongate from the plasma membrane. They conclude that 100s of Myo10 molecules are present during an initiation event. They also examined other live cell imaging events in which growth occurs from a stable filopodia tip and correlated with elongation rates.

      Weaknesses:

      The authors acknowledge that a limitation of the study is that all of the experiments were performed with overexpressed Myo10. They address this limitation in the discussion but also provide important comparisons for how their work relates to physiological conditions, such as melanoma cells that only express large amounts of Myo10 when they are metastatic. Also, the speculation about how fascin can outcompete Myo10 should include a mechanism for how the physiological levels of fascin can complete with the overabundance of Myo10 (page 10, lines 401-408).

    2. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This valuable study reports on the packing of molecules in cellular compartments, such as actin-based protrusions. The study provides solid evidence for parameters that enable the building of a biophysical model of filopodia, which is required to gain a complete understanding of these important actin-based structures. Some areas of the manuscript require further clarification.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The manuscript proposes an alternative method by SDS-PAGE calibration of Halo-Myo10 signals to quantify myosin molecules at specific subcellular locations, in this specific case filopodia, in epifluorescence datasets compared to the more laborious and troublesome single molecule approaches. Based on these preliminary estimates, the authors developed further their analysis and discussed different scenarios regarding myosin 10 working models to explain intracellular diffusion and targeting to filopodia.

      Strengths:

      Overall, the paper is elegantly written and the data analysis is appropriately presented.

      Weaknesses:

      While the methodology is intriguing in its descriptive potential and could be the beginning of an interesting story, a good portion of the paper is dedicated to the discussion of hypothetical working mechanisms to explain myosin diffusion, localization, and decoration of filopodial actin that is not accompanied by the mandatory gain/loss of function studies required to sustain these claims.

      To be fair, the detailed mechanisms that we raise related to diffusion, localization, and decoration are based on extensive work by others. Many prior papers use domain deletions of Myo10 and fall in the category of gain/loss-of-function studies. It is true that we have not repeated those extensive studies, but it seems appropriate to connect with and cite their work where appropriate.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The paper sought to determine the number of myosin 10 molecules per cell and localized to filopodia, where they are known to be involved in formation, transport within, and dynamics of these important actin-based protrusions. The authors used a novel method to determine the number of molecules per cell. First, they expressed HALO tagged Myo10 in U20S cells and generated cell lysates of a certain number of cells and detected Myo10 after SDS-PAGE, with fluorescence and a stained free method. They used a purified HALO tagged standard protein to generate a standard curve which allowed for determining Myo10 concentration in cell lysates and thus an estimate of the number of Myo10 molecules per cell. They also examined the fluorescence intensity in fixed cell images to determine the average fluorescence intensity per Myo10 molecule, which allowed the number of Myo10 molecules per region of the cell to be determined. They found a relatively small fraction of Myo10 (6%) localizes to filopodia. There are hundreds of Myo10 in each filopodia, which suggests some filopodia have more Myo10 than actin binding sites. Thus, there may be crowding of Myo10 at the tips, which could impact transport, the morphology at the tips, and dynamics of the protrusions themselves. Overall, the study forms the basis for a novel technique to estimate the number of molecules per cell and their localization to actin-based structures. The implications are broad also for being able to understand the role of myosins in actin protrusions, which is important for cancer metastasis and wound healing.

      Strengths:

      The paper addresses an important fundamental biological question about how many molecular motors are localized to a specific cellular compartment and how that may relate to other aspects of the compartment such as the actin cytoskeleton and the membrane. The paper demonstrates a method of estimating the number of myosin molecules per cell using the fluorescently labeled HALO tag and SDS-PAGE analysis. There are several important conclusions from this work in that it estimates the number of Myo10 molecules localized to different regions of the filopodia and the minimum number required for filopodia formation. The authors also establish a correlation between number of Myo10 molecules filopodia localized and the number of filopodia in the cell. There is only a small % of Myo10 that tip localized relative to the total amount in the cell, suggesting Myo10 have to be activated to enter the filopodia compartment. The localization of Myo10 is log-normal, which suggest a clustering of Myo10 is a feature of this motor.

      Weaknesses:

      One main critique of this work is that the Myo10 was overexpressed. Thus, the amount in the cell body compared to the filopodia is difficult to compare to physiological conditions. The amount in the filopodia was relatively small - 100s of molecules per filopodia so this result is still interesting regardless of the overexpression. However, the overexpression should be addressed in the limitations.

      This is a reasonable perspective and we now note this caveat in the Limitations section so that readers will take note. Our goal here was to understand a system in which Myo10 is the limiting reagent for filopodia, rather than a native system that expresses high Myo10 on its own. Because U2OS cells do not express detectable levels of Myo10 (see below), the natural perturbation here is overexpressing Myo10 to stimulate filopodial growth.

      The authors have not addressed the potential for variability in transfection efficiency. The authors could examine the average fluorescence intensity per cell and if similar this may address this concern.

      Indeed, cells are heterogenous and will naturally express different levels of Myo10 not only due to transfection efficiency, but also due to their state (cell cycle stage, motile behavior, and more). In fact, we measure the transfection efficiency of each bioreplicate and account for it in our calibration procedure. We also measure the fluorescence intensity per cell, which lets us calculate the total Myo10s per cell and the cell-to-cell variability. These Myo10 distributions across cells are shown in Fig. 1D-E.

      We note here an error that we made in applying this transfection efficiency correction in the first submission. When we obtain the total Myo10 molecules by SDS-PAGE, we should divide by the total number of transfected cells. However, due to an operator precedence error, the transfection efficiency appeared in the numerator rather than the denominator. We have now corrected this error, which has the effect of increasing the number of molecules in all of our measurements. The effect of this correction has strengthened one of the paper’s main conclusions, that Myo10 is frequently overloaded at filopodial tips.

      The SDS PAGE method of estimating the number of molecules is quite interesting. I really like this idea. However, I feel there are a few more things to consider. The fraction of HALO tag standard and Myo10 labeled with the HALO tagged ligand is not determined directly. It is suggested that since excess HALO tagged ligand was added we can assume nearly 100% labeling. If the HALO tag standard protein is purified it should be feasible to determine the fraction of HALO tagged standard that is labeled by examining the absorbance of the protein at 280 and fluorophore at its appropriate wavelength.

      This is a fair point raised by the reviewer, and we have now measured a labeling efficiency of 90% in Supplementary Figure 2A-C. We have adjusted all values according to this labeling efficiency.

      The fraction of HALO tagged Myo10 labeled may be more challenging to determine, since it is in a cell lysate, but there may be some potential approaches (e.g. mass spec, HPLC).

      As noted, this value is considerably more challenging. Instead, we determined conditions under which labeling in cells is saturated. We have now stained with a concentration range for both fixed and live cell samples. Saturation occurs with ~0.5 μM HaloTag ligand-TMR in fixed/permeabilized cells and in live cells (Supplementary Figure 2D-E). This comparison of live cells vs. permeabilized cells allows us to say that the intact plasma membrane is not limiting labeling under these conditions.

      In Figure 1B, the stain free gel bands look relatively clean. The Myo10 is from cell lysates so it is surprising that there are not more bands. I am not surprised that the bands in the TMR fluorescence gel are clean, and I agree the fluorescence is the best way to quantitate.

      Figure 1B shows the focused view at high MW, and there is not much above Myo10. The full gel lanes shown in Supp. Fig. 1C show the expected number of bands from a cell lysate.

      In Figure 3C, the number of Myo10 molecules needed to initiate a filopodium was estimated. I wonder if the authors could have looked at live cell movies to determine that these events started with a puncta of Myo10 at the edge of the cell, and then went on to form a filopodia that elongated from the cell. How was the number of Myo10 molecules that were involved in the initiation determined? Please clarify the assumptions in making this conclusion.

      We thank the reviewer (and the other reviewers) for this excellent suggestion. We have now carried out these live cell experiments. These experiments were quite challenging, because we needed to collect snapshots of ~50 cells to measure the mean fluorescence intensity of transfected cells and then acquire movies of several cells for analysis. The U2OS cells were also highly temperature-sensitive and would retract their filopodia without objective heating.

      We have now analyzed filopodial initiation events and measured considerably more Myo10 at the first signs of accumulation– in the 100s of molecules. The dimmer spots that we measured in the first draft were likely unrelated to filopodial initiation, and we have corrected the discussion on this point.

      We now also track further growth from a stable filopodial tip (the phased-elongation mechanism from Ikebe and coworkers) and find approximately 500 molecules bud off in those events. We also track filopodial elongation rates as a function of Myo10 numbers. We have added additional live cell imaging sections that include these results.

      It is stated in the discussion that the amount of Myo10 in the filopodia exceeds the number of actin binding sites. However, since Myo10 contains membrane binding motifs and has been shown to interact with the membrane it should be pointed that the excess Myo10 at the tips may be interacting with the membrane and not actin, which may prevent traffic jams.

      This is also an excellent point to consider, and we have expanded the relevant discussion along these lines. We agree that the Myo10 at the filopodial tip is likely membrane-bound. We now estimate the 2D membrane area occupied by Myo10, and find that it reaches nearly full packing in many cases (under a number of assumptions that we spell out more fully in the manuscript).

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The unconventional myosin Myo10 (aka myosin X) is essential for filopodia formation in a number of mammalian cells. There is a good deal of interest in its role in filopodia formation and function. The manuscript describes a careful, quantitative analysis of Myo10 molecules in U2OS cells, a widely used model for studying filopodia, how many are present in the cytosol versus filopodia and the distribution of filopodia and molecules along the cell edge. Rigorous quantification of Myo10 protein amounts in a cell and cellular compartment are critical for ultimately deciphering the cellular mechanism of Myo10 action as well as understand the molecular composition of a Myo10-generated filopodium.

      Consistent with what is seen in images of Myo10 localization in many papers, the vast majority of Myo10 is in the cell body with only a small percentage (appr 5%) present in filopodia puncta. Interestingly, Myo10 is not uniformly distributed along the cell edge, but rather it is unevenly localized along the cell edge with one region preferentially extending filopodia, presumably via localized activation of Myo10 motors. Calculation of total molecules present in puncta based on measurement of puncta size and measured Halo-Myo10 signal intensity shows that the concentration of motor present can vary from 3 - 225 uM. Based on an estimation of available actin binding sites, it is possible that Myo10 can be present in excess over these binding sites.

      Strengths:

      The work represents an important first step towards defining the molecular stoichiometry of filopodial tip proteins. The observed range of Myo10 molecules at the tip suggests that it can accommodate a fairly wide range of Myo10 motors. There is great value in studies such as this and the approach taken by the authors gives one good confidence that the numbers obtained are in the right range.

      Weaknesses:

      One caveat (see below) is that these numbers are obtained for overexpressing cells and the relevance to native levels of Myo10 in a cell is unclear.

      A similar concern was raised by Reviewer 2; please see above.

      An interesting aspect of the work is quantification of the fraction of Myo10 molecules in the cytosol versus in filopodia tips showing that the vast majority of motors are inactive in the cytosol, as is seen in images of cells. This has implications for thinking about how cells maintain this large population in the off-state and what is the mechanism of motor activation. One question raised by this work is the distinction between cytosolic Myo10 and the population found at the ‘cell edge’ and the filopodia tip. The cortical population of Myo10 is partially activated, so to speak, as it is targeted to the cortex/membrane and presumably ready to go. Providing quantification of this population of motors, that one might think of as being in a waiting room, could provide additional insight into a potential step-by-step pathway where recruitment or binding to the cortical region/plasma membrane is not by itself sufficient for activation.

      As mentioned in our response to Reviewer 2, we have now carried out quantitation in live cells to capture Myo10 transitions from cell body into filopodial movement. We attempted to identify this membrane-bound population of motors in our new live cell experiments but were unable to make convincing measurements. Notably, we see no noticeable enrichment of Myo10 at the cortex relative to the cytosol. Although we believe there is a membrane-bound waiting room (akin to the 3D-2D-1D mechanism of Molloy and Peckham), we suspect that the 2D population is diffusing too rapidly to be detected under our imaging conditions.

      Specific comments:

      (1) It is not obvious whether the analysis of numbers of Myo10 molecules in a cell that is ectopically overexpressing Myo10 is relevant for wild type cells. It would appear to be a significant excess based on the total protein stained blot shown in Fig S1E where a prominent band the size of tagged Myo10 seen in the transfected sample is almost absent in the WT control lane.

      Even “wildtype” cells vary considerably in their Myo10 expression levels. For example, melanoma cells often heavily upregulate Myo10, while these U2OS cells produce nearly none (Supplementary Figure 1E). Thus, there is no single, widely acceptable target for Myo10 expression in wildtype cells.

      Please note that the new Supplementary Figure 1E is a Myo10 Western blot, not total protein staining as before.

      Ideally, and ultimately an important approach, would be to work with a cell line expressing endogenously tagged Myo10 via genome engineering. This can be complicated in transformed cells that often have chromosomal duplications.

      Indeed, we chose U2OS cells for this work because they do not express detectable levels of Myo10, and thus we can avoid all of these complications. Here we can examine how Myo10 levels control filopodial production through ectopic expression.

      However, even though there is an excess of Myo10 it would appear that activation is still under some type of control as the cytosolic pool is quite large and its localization to the cell edge is not uniform. But it is difficult to gauge whether the number of molecules in the filopodium is the same as would be seen in untransfected cells. Myo10 can readily walk up a filopodium and if excess numbers of this motor are activated they would accumulate in the tip in large numbers, possibly creating a bulge as and indeed it does appear that some tips are unusually large. Then how would that relate to the normal condition?

      As noted above, the normal condition depends on the cellular system. However, endogenous Myo10 also accumulates in bulges at filopodial tips, so this is not a phenotype unique to Myo10 overexpression. For example, the images from Figure 1 of the Berg and Cheney (2002) citation show bulges from endogenous Myo10 in endothelial cells.

      (2) Measurements of the localization of Myo10 focuses in large part on ‘Myo10 punctae’. While it seems reasonable to presume that these are filopodia tips, the authors should provide readers with a clear definition of a puncta. Is it only filopodia tips, which seems to be the case? Does it include initiation sites at the cell membrane that often appear as punctae?

      We define puncta as any clusters/spots of Myo10 signal detected by segmentation, not limited to any location within the surface-attached filopodia. We exclude puncta that appear in the cell interior (~5 of which appear in Fig. 1A). These are likely dorsal filopodia, but there are few of these compared to the surface attached filopodia of U2OS cells. In Figure 2, “puncta” includes all Myo10 clusters along the filopodia shaft, though a majority happen to be tip-localized (please see Supplementary Figure 4B). We have edited the main text for clarification.

      Along those lines, the position of dim punctae along the length of a filopodium is measured (Fig 3D). The findings suggest that a given filopodium can have more than one puncta which seems at odds if a puncta is a filopodia tip. How frequently is a filopodium with two puncta seen? It would be helpful if the authors provided an example image showing the dim puncta that are not present at the tip.

      We have now provided an example image of dim puncta along filopodia in Supplementary Figure 4C.

      (3) The concentration of actin available to Myo10 is calculated based on the deduction from Nagy et al (2010) that only 4/13 of the actin monomers in a helical turn are accessible to the Myo10 motor (discussion on pg 9; Fig S4). Subsequent work (Ropars et al, 2016) has shown that the heads of the antiparallel Myo10 dimer are flattened, but the neck is rather flexible, meaning that the motor can a variable reach (36 - 52 nm). Wouldn’t this mean that more actin could be accessible to the Myo10 motor than is calculated here?

      Although we see why the reviewer might believe otherwise, the 4/13 fraction of accessible actin holds. This fraction is obtained from consideration of the fascin-actin bundle structure alone, independent of the reach of any particular myosin motor. Every repeating layer of 13 actin subunits (or 36 nm) has 4 accessible myosin binding-sites. The remaining 9 sites are rejected because a single myosin motor domain will have a steric clash with a neighboring actin filament in the bundle. A myosin with an exceptionally long reach might reach the next 13 subunit layer, but that layer also has only 4 binding sites. Thus, we can calculate the number of binding sites per unit length along the filopodium. This number would hold for a dimeric myosin with any reach, including myosin-5 or myosin-2.

      (4) Quantification of numbers of Myo10 molecules in filopodial puncta (Fig 3C) leads the authors to conclude that ‘only ten or fewer Myo10 molecules are necessary for filopodia initiation’ (pg 7, top). While this is a reasonable based on the assumption that the formation of a puncta ultimately results from an initiation event, little is known about initiation events and without direct observation of coalescence of Myo10 at the cell edge that leads to formation of a filopodium, this seems rather speculative.

      As noted above, we have now performed the necessary live cell imaging of filopodial nucleation events and have updated our conclusions accordingly.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      I have made a series of comments that might help the authors improve their manuscript:

      - A full calibration of the methodology would require testing a wider range of protein amounts, to exhaustively detect the dynamic range of the technique. The authors acknowledge in the discussion that “Furthermore, our estimates of molecules are predicated on the calibration curve of the Halo Standard Protein on the SDS-PAGE gels, which is likely the highest source of error on our molecule counts”. A good way of convincing a nasty reviewer is to provide a calibration with more than 3 reference points. At least this will help exclude from the analysis cells where Myo10 estimates are not in the linear regime of detection.

      We completely agree with the reviewer’s suggestion to build a robust calibration curve. The SDS gel shown in Figure 1C originally contained 4 reference points, but the highest HaloTag standard protein point oversaturated the detector at the set exposure in the TMR channel and was omitted. We have now re-run the SDS gel to include a HaloTag standard protein curve comprising 5 points, alongside all three bioreplicates from the fixed cell experiments and all three bioreplicates from the live cell experiments (updated in Figure 1B-C). We had saved frozen lysates from the original fixed cell work, so we were able to reanalyze our data with the new set of standards. The Myo10 quantities are consistent, but with much tighter CIs from the standard curve.

      - As already said this methodology is intriguing, however, a correlative validation with a conventional SMLM approach to address the bona-fide of the method would be ideal.

      Unfortunately, single molecule approaches for validation are impractical for us. Due to the relatively high magnification of our TIRF microscope and the large spread area of the U2OS cells, single cells typically extend beyond the field of view. We acknowledge the benefits of SMLM quantitative techniques and other approaches cited in the introduction section. To avoid use of special tools/instruments, we offer our methodology, based off Pollard group’s quantitative Western blotting of GFP, as a simpler alternative accessible to anyone.

      - TMR is a small ligand likely interacting also with Halo in its denatured state. However, to clear any doubts a parallel Native-PAGE investigation should be included, or if existing a specific reference should be provided.

      Perhaps there is a misunderstanding here. One of the key advantages of the HaloTag labeling system is that the engineered dehalogenase is covalently modified by the ligand (the TMR-ligand is a suicide substrate). This means that the TMR remains bound even under denaturing conditions, which allows its detection in SDS-PAGE. Native gels are unnecessary here.

      - Moreover, SDS-PAGE is run at alkaline pH, have the authors considered these points when designing the methodology? Fluorescence images were taken in PBS, which has a different pH. Could the authors, or the literature, exclude these aspects as potential pitfalls in the methodology? Also temperature is affecting fluorescence emission, but it is easier to control with certain tolerance in the room-temperature regime.

      Our method does not compare fluorescence values that cross the experimental systems (SDS-PAGE vs. microscopy). Cellular proteins and HaloTag protein standards are compared in a single setting of SDS-PAGE to obtain the average number of Myo10s per transfected cell. Likewise, all measurements on intact (live or fixed) cells are conducted in that single setting to obtain average fluorescence per cell. Thus, there is no issue with the different buffers or temperatures affecting fluorescence emission.

      - The authors should test their approach also with truncation variants of Myosin10 (for instance lacking the PH or motor domain). This is a classical approach that might prove the potential of the technique when altering the capacity of the protein to interact with a main binding partner. Also, treatments that induced filopodia formation might prove useful (i.e., hypotonic media induce filopodia formation in some fibroblast cell lines in our hands).

      The reviewer raises interesting suggestions that we aim to address in future experiments, but truncation variants and environmental perturbations are beyond the focus of the current manuscript. Here, we report on the otherwise unperturbed state when we add exogenous full-length Myo10 to the U2OS cells. But indeed, experiments with Myo10 domain truncations, PI3K and PTEN inhibition, and cargo protein / activating cofactor knock-downs (among others) are on our drawing board.

      - Most of the mechanisms hypothesized in the discussion are sound and plausible. However, the authors have chosen an experimental model where transient transfection of exogenous Myo10 in U2OS is performed. This approach poses two main and fundamental questions that are not resolved by the data provided:

      A) how do different expression levels affect the Myo10 counting?

      Our counting procedure does not assume uniform expression across a population of cells– quite the opposite, in fact. We directly measure Myo10 expression levels on a cell-by-cell basis with microscopy, once we know the number of molecules in our total pool (see the Methods for details). As an example of the final output, Figs. 1D and 1E show the total number of Myo10 molecules per cell for fixed and live cells, respectively.

      B) how does endogenous and unlabeled Myo10 hamper the bonafide of counts? The authors claimed “U2OS cells express low levels of Myo10, so there is a small population of unlabeled endogenous Myo10 unaddressed by this paper”. As presented, the low levels of endogenous Myo10 sound an arbitrary parameter, and there are no data presented that can limit if not exclude this bias in the analysis. To produce data in a genetically modified cell line with Halo-tag on the endogenous protein will represent a much cleaner system. Alternatively, the authors should look for Myo10 KO cell lines where they can back-transfect their Halo-Tagged Myo10 construct in a more consistent framework, focusing on cells with low-to-mid levels of expression.

      We agree, this is an important point to nail down (and is often neglected in the literature). We have now measured the endogenous Myo10 levels in U2OS cells by Western blotting and found that it is undetectable compared to our HaloTagged construct expression. Please see Supp. Fig 1E. Thus, for all intents and purposes, every Myo10 molecule in these experiments came from our expression plasmid. Accordingly, we have removed this caveat from the paper.

      Minor points

      - Figure 1B. To help the reader SDS-PAGE gels annotations should be clearer already from the figure.

      We have updated the annotations for clarity.

      - Methods should be organized in sessions. As it stands, it is hard for the reader to look for technical details.

      We have expanded and added subsections to the Methods as requested.

      - The good practice of indicating the gene and transcript entry numbers and the primer used to amplify and clone into the backbone vectors is getting lost in many papers. I would strongly encourage the authors to add this information to the methods.

      We have included the gene entries to the methods and will include a full FASTA file of the coding sequence as supplementary information to avoid any ambiguity here.

      The authors write “It is unclear how myosins navigate to the right place at the right time, but our results support an important interplay between Myo10 and the actin network.” It is a bit scholastic to say that Myo10 and actin have an important interplay, they are major binding partners. What is the new knowledge contained in this sentence?

      Agreed– we have deleted the sentence in question.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The authors should address all the weaknesses indicated in the public review.

      There were a few other places that require clarification.

      On page 4, the last paragraph. It is stated that the targeting of Myo10 was reported/proposed based on previous work (ref 31). The next few sentences are not referenced and thus likely refer to ref 31. The authors did not measure the parameters discussed in these sentences, so it is important to clarify that they are referring to previous work and not the current study.

      Indeed, the next few sentences still refer to old reference 31, so we have now edited the paragraph for clarity.

      On page 7, the reference to Figure 3A indicates that the trend of higher Myo10 correlating with more filopodia. However, the reference to Figure 3B indicates total intracellular Myo10 weakly correlates with more filopodia. However, the x-axis on Figure 3B is filopodia molecules not the intracellular Myo10. Please clarify.

      We appreciate the reviewer for catching our mistake. Those plots are now in Fig. 2 and have been edited accordingly.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The Discussion of results at the end of each section is rather brief and could be expanded on a bit more.

      Before we were operating under the constraints of an eLife Short Report. We have now expanded the discussion for a full article.

      The authors mention that actin filaments at the tips of filopodia could be frayed, citing Medalia et al, 2007 (ref 40). That paper describes an early cryoEM analysis of filopodia from the amoeba Dictyostelium. EM images of mammalian filopodia tips, e.g. Svitkina et al, 2003, JCB, do not show quite the same organization of actin as seen in the Dictyostelium filopodia tips. However, recent work from the Bershadsky lab, Li et al, 2023, presents a few cryoEM images of tips of left-bent filopodia that are tightly adhered to a substrate and there it looks like actin filaments become disorganized in tips, along with membrane bulging. The authors should consider expanding discussion of the filopodia tips to take into account what is known for mammalian filopodia.

      We thank the reviewer for bringing these enlightening papers to our attention. We have now included these citations in the discussion.

      Fig 1D - The x-axis is a bit odd, it goes from 0 then to 2.5e+06 with no indication of the bin size. Can this be re-labelled or the scale displayed a bit differently?

      We have double-checked the axis breaks, which are large because the underlying values are large. We have also provided the bin size as requested for all histograms.

      Fig 4A - What is the bin size for the histogram?

      As above, we have now updated the figure legends (now in Fig. 3) to include the bin size.

      Methods -

      - Please provide an accession number for the Myo10 nucleotide sequence used for this work as there are at least two known isoforms.

      Thank you for noting this. We are using the full-length, not the headless isoform. We have now updated the Methods accordingly.

      - No mention is made of the SDS sample buffer used, was that also added to the sample?

      We have now updated the Methods accordingly.

      - How are samples boiled at 70 deg C? Do the authors actually mean ‘heated’?

      Indeed. We have now corrected “boiled” to “heated.”

      - Could the authors please briefly explain the connected component analysis used to identify filopodia?

      We have now updated the Methods accordingly.

      - The intensity of filopodia was determined by dividing tip intensity by the total bioreplicate sum of intensities then multiplying it by the total pool, if this reviewer understands correctly. It sounds like intensities are being averaged across a whole cell population instead of cell-by-cell. Is that correct? If so, can the authors please provide the underlying rationale for this? If not, then please better describe what was actually done.

      We apologize for the confusion. Intensities are being averaged (summed) across a whole cell population, but importantly that step is only used to obtain a scale factor that converts the fluorescence signal at the microscope to the number of molecules. We then use that scale factor for all cells imaged in the bioreplicate, to both 1) find the total Myo10 in that cell, and 2) find the total amount of that Myo10 in any given location within that cell.

      To further clarify, each bioreplicate has a known total number of Myo10 molecules associated with the number of cells loaded onto the SDS gel. From the SDS gel, we have an average number of Myo10 molecules per positively transfected cell. If 50 cell images are analyzed, then there is a Myo10 ‘total pool’ of (50 cells) * (average Myo10 molecules/cell). The fluorescence signal intensities in microscopy were summed for all cells within the bioreplicate (50 cells in this example). However, due to variation in expression, not every cell has the same signal intensity when imaged under the same conditions. It would be inaccurate to assume each cell contains the average Myo10 molecules/cell. Therefore, to get the number of molecules within a given Myo10 cell (or punctum), the summed cell (punctum) intensity was divided by the bioreplicate fluorescence signal intensity sum and multiplied by ‘total pool.’

      - The authors quantify Myo10 protein amounts by western blotting using Halo tag fluorescence, a method that should provide good accuracy. The results depend on the transfection efficiency and it is rarely the case that it is 100%. The authors state that they use a ‘value correction for positively transfected cells’ (pg 11). It is likely that there was a range of expression levels in the cells, how was a cut-off for classifying a cell as non-expressing determined or set?

      As described in the Methods, “microscopy was used to count the percentage of transfected cells from ~105-190 randomly surveyed cells per bioreplicate.” Cells were labeled and located with DAPI. If no TMR signal could be visually detected by microscopy, then the cell was deemed to be non-Myo10 expressing. We did not set a cutoff fluorescence value, as untransfected cells have no detectable signal. Please see Supplementary Figure 1F for examples.

      - “In-house Python scripts” are used for image analysis. Will these be made publicly available?

      Yes, we will package these up on GitHub.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, Chowdhury and co-workers provide interesting data to support the role of G4-structures in promoting chromatin looping and long-range DNA interactions. The authors achieve this by artificially inserting a G4-containing sequence in an isolated region of the genome using CRISPR-Cas9 and comparing it to a control sequence that does not contain G4 structures. Based on the data provided, the authors can conclude that G4-insertion promotes long-range interactions (measured by Hi-C) and affects gene expression (measured by qPCR) as well as chromatin remodelling (measured by ChIP of specific histone markers).

      Whilst the data presented is promising and partially supports the authors' conclusion, this reviewer feels that some key controls are missing to fully support the narrative. Specifically, validation of actual G4-formation in chromatin by ChIP-qPCR (at least) is essential to support the association between G4-formation and looping. Moreover, this study is limited to a genomic location and an individual G4-sequence used, so the findings reported cannot yet be considered to reflect a general mechanism/effect of G4-formation in chromatin looping.

      Strengths:

      This is the first attempt to connect genomics datasets of G4s and HiC with gene expression. The use of Cas9 to artificially insert a G4 is also very elegant.

      Weaknesses:

      Lack of controls, especially to validate G4-formation after insertion with Cas9. The work is limited to a single G4-sequence and a single G4-site, which limits the generalisation of the findings.

      In the revised version we validated G4 formation inside cells at the insertion site using the reported G4-selective antibody BG4. Significant BG4 binding (by ChIP-qPCR) was clear in the G4-array insert, and not in the G4-mutated insert, supporting formation of G4s by the inserted G4-array (included as Figure S4).

      To directly address the second point, we inserted the G4-sequence, or the mutated control, at a second relatively isolated locus (at the 10 millionth position on Chr12, denoted as 10M site in text). First, BG4 ChIP was done to confirm intracellular G4 formation by the inserted array. BG4 ChIP-qPCR binding was significant within the inserted region, and not in the negative control region (Figure S8), consistent with the 79M locus. Together these demonstrate intracellular G4 formation by inserted sequences at two different loci.

      We next checked the state of chromatin of the G4-array inserted at the 10M locus, or its negative control. Histone marks H3K4Me1, H3K27Ac, H3K27Me3, H3K9me3 and H3K4Me3 were tested at the G4-array, or the negative control locus. Relative increase in the enhancer histone marks was evident, relative to the control sequence. This was largely similar to the 79M locus, supporting an enhancer-like state. Interestingly, here we further noted presence of the H3K27me3 histone mark. The presence of the H3K27Me3 repressor histone mark, along with H3K4Me1/H3K27Ac enhancer histone marks, support a poised enhancer-like status of the inserted G4 region, as has been observed earlier in other studies. Together, although data from the two distinct G4 insertion sites support the enhancer-like state, there are contextual differences likely due to the sequence/chromatin of the sites adjacent to the inserted sequence.

      Effect of the 10M G4-insertion on activation of surrounding genes (10 Mb window), and not the G4-mutant insert, was evident for most genes. Consistent with the enhancer-like state of the G4-array insert; in line with the 79M G4-array insert.

      These results have been added as the final section in the revised version, data is shown in Figure 7.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Roy et al. investigated the role of non-canonical DNA structures called G-quadruplexes (G4s) in long-range chromatin interactions and gene regulation. Introducing a G4 array into chromatin significantly increased the number of long-range interactions, both within the same chromosome (cis) and between different chromosomes (trans). G4s functioned as enhancer elements, recruiting p300 and boosting gene expression even 5 megabases away. The study proposes a mechanism where G4s directly influence 3D chromatin organization, facilitating communication between regulatory elements and genes.

      Strength:

      The findings are valuable for understanding the role of G4-DNA in 3D genome organization and gene transcription.

      Weaknesses:

      The study would benefit from more robust and comprehensive data, which would add depth and clarity.

      (1) Lack of G4 Structure Confirmation: The absence of direct evidence for G4 formation within cells undermines the study's foundation. Relying solely on in vitro data and successful gene insertion is insufficient.

      Using the reported G4-specific antibody, BG4, we performed BG4 ChIP-qPCR at the 79M locus. In addition, a second G4-insertion site was created and BG4 ChIP-qPCR was used to validate intracellular G4 formation. Briefed below, more details in the response above.

      In the revised version we validated G4 formation inside cells at the insertion site using the reported G4-selective antibody BG4. Significant BG4 binding (by ChIP-qPCR) was clear in the G4-array insert, and not in the G4-mutated insert, supporting formation of G4s by the inserted G4-array (included as Figure S4).

      Further, we inserted the G4-sequence, or the mutated control, at a second relatively isolated locus (at the 10 millionth position on Chr12, denoted as 10M site in text). First, BG4 ChIP was done to confirm intracellular G4 formation by the inserted array. BG4-ChIP-qPCR was significant within the G4-array inserted region, and not in the negative control region (Figure S8), consistent with the 79M locus. Together these demonstrate intracellular G4 formation by inserted sequences at two different loci. Added in revised text in the second and the final sections of results, data shown in Figures 7, S4 and S8.

      (2) Alternative Explanations: The study does not sufficiently address alternative explanations for the observed results. The inserted sequences may not form G4s or other factors like G4-RNA hybrids may be involved.

      As mentioned in response to the previous comment, we confirmed that the inserted sequence indeed forms G4s inside the cells. RNA-DNA hybrid G4s can form within R-loops with two or more tandem G-tracks (G-rich sequences) on the nascent RNA transcript as well as the non-template DNA strand (Fay et al., 2017, 28554731). A recent study has observed that R-loop-associated G4 formation can enhance chromatin looping by strengthening CTCF binding (Wulfridge et al., 2023, 37552993). As pointed out by the reviewer, the possibility of G4-RNA hybrids remains, we have mentioned this possibility for readers in the second last paragraph of the Discussion.

      (3) Limited Data Depth and Clarity: ChIP-qPCR offers limited scope and considerable variation in some data makes conclusions difficult.

      We noted variation with one of the primers in a few ChIP-qPCR experiments (in Figures 2 and 3D). The changes however were statistically significant across replicates, and consistent with the overall trend of the experiments (Figures 2, 3 and 4). Enhancer function, in addition to ChIP, was also confirmed using complementary assays like 3C and RNA expression.

      (4) Statistical Significance and Interpretation: The study could be more careful in evaluating the statistical significance and magnitude of the effects to avoid overinterpreting the results.

      We reconfirmed our statistical calculations from biological replicate experiments. We carefully looked at potential overinterpretations, and made appropriate changes in the manuscript (details of the changes given below in response to comment to authors).

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This paper aims to demonstrate the role of G-quadruplex DNA structures in the establishment of chromosome loops. The authors introduced an array of G4s spanning 275 bp, naturally found within a very well-characterized promoter region of the hTERT promoter, in an ectopic region devoid of G-quadruplex and annotated gene. As a negative control, they used a mutant version of the same sequence in which G4 folding is impaired. Due to the complexity of the region, 3 G4s on the same strand and one on the opposite strand, 12 point mutations were made simultaneously (G to T and C to A). Analysis of the 3D genome organization shows that the WT array establishes more contact within the TAD and throughout the genome than the control array. Additionally, a slight enrichment of H3K4me1 and p300, both enhancer markers, was observed locally near the insertion site. The authors tested whether the expression of genes located either nearby or up to 5 Mb away was up-regulated based on this observation. They found that four genes were up-regulated from 1.5 to 3-fold. An increased interaction between the G4 array compared to the mutant was confirmed by the 3C assay. For in-depth analysis of the long-range changes, they also performed Hi-C experiments and showed a genome-wide increase in interactions of the WT array versus the mutated form.

      Strengths:

      The experiments were well-executed and the results indicate a statistical difference between the G4 array inserted cell line and the mutated modified cell line.

      Weaknesses:

      The control non-G4 sequence contains 12 point mutations, making it difficult to draw clear conclusions. These mutations not only alter the formation of G4, but also affect at least three Sp1 binding sites that have been shown to be essential for the function of the hTERT promoter, from which the sequence is derived. The strong intermingling of G4 and Sp1 binding sites makes it impossible to determine whether all the observations made are dependent on G4 or Sp1 binding. As a control, the authors used Locked Nucleic Acid probes to prevent the formation of G4. As for mutations, these probes also interfere with two Sp1 binding sites. Therefore, using this alternative method has the same drawback as point mutations. This major issue should be discussed in the paper. It is also possible that other unidentified transcription factor binding sites are affected in the presented point mutants.

      Since the sequence we used to test the effects of G4 structure formation is highly G-rich, we had to introduce at least 12 mutations to be sure that a stable G4 structure would not form in the mutated control sequence. Sp1 has been reported to bind to G4 structures (Raiber et al., 2012). Therefore, Sp1 binding is likely to be associated with the G4-dependent enhancer functions observed here. We also appreciate that apart from Sp1, other unidentified transcription factor binding sites might be affected by the mutations we introduced. We have discussed these possibilities in the fourth paragraph of the Discussion section in the revised manuscript.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Whilst the data presented is promising and partially supports the authors' conclusion, this reviewer feels that some key controls are missing to fully support the narrative used. Below are my main concerns:

      (1) The main thing missing in the current manuscript is to validate the actual formation of G4 in chromatin context for the repeat inserted by CRISPR-Cas. Whilst I appreciate this will form promptly a G4 in vitro, to fully support the conclusions proposed the authors would need to demonstrate actual G4-formation in cells after insertion. This could be done by ChIP-qPCR using the G4-selective antibody BG4 for example. This is an essential piece of evidence to be added to link with confidence G4-formation to chromatin looping.

      To address the concern regarding whether the inserted G4 sequence forms G4s in cells, as suggested, we used the G4-selective antibody BG4. PCR primers in the study were designed keeping multiple points in mind: Primers should not bind to any site of G/C alteration in the mutated control insert; either the forward/reverse primer is from the adjacent region for specificity; covers adjacent regions for studying any effects on chromatin; and, PCRs optimized keeping in mind the repeats within the inserted sequence. Given these, primer pairs R1-R4 were chosen for further work following optimizations (Figure 2, top panel). For BG4 ChIP-qPCR we used primer pairs R2, which covered >100 bases of the inserted G4-array, or the G4-mutated control. Significant BG4 binding was clear in the G4-array insert, and not in the G4-mutated insert, demonstrating formation of G4s by the inserted G4-array (Figure S4).

      In response to comment #3 below, we inserted the G4-forming sequence (or its mutated control) at a second locus. This insertion was near the 10 millionth position of chromosome 12 (10M insertion locus in text). Here also, BG4 binding was significant within the G4-array inserted region, and not in the negative control region (Figure S8). Together these demonstrate G4 formation by the inserted sequence at two different loci.

      (2) I found the LNA experiment very elegant. However, what would be the effect of LNA treatment on the control sequence that does not form G4s? This control is essential to disentangle the effect of LNA pairing to the sequence itself vs disrupting the G4-structure.

      As per the reviewer’s suggestion, we performed a control experiment where we treated the G4-mutated insert (control) cells with the G4-disrupting LNA probes. The changes in the expression of the surrounding genes in this case were not significant, indicating that the effects observed in the G4-array insert cells were possibly due to disruption of the inserted G4 structures. This data is presented in Figure S5.

      (3) The authors describe their work and present its conclusion as if this were a genome-wide study, whilst the work is focused on a specific genomic location, and the looping, along with the effect on histone acetylation and gene expression, is limited to this. The authors cannot conclude, therefore, that this is a generic effect and the discussion should be more focused on the specific G4s used and the genomic location investigated. Ideally, insertion of a different G4-forming sequence or of the same in a different genomic location is recommended to really claim a generic effect.

      To address this we inserted the G4-array sequence, or the G4-mutated control sequence, at another relatively isolated locus – at the 10 millionth position of chromosome 12 – denoted as 10M. Using BG4 ChIP-qPCR intracellular G4 formation was confirmed. We observed that the enhancer-like features in terms of enhancer histone marks and increase in the expression of surrounding genes were largely reproduced at the 10M locus on G4 insertion (Figure 7). These results are added as the final section under Results.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The study proposes a mechanism where G4s directly influence 3D chromatin organization, facilitating communication between regulatory elements and genes.

      While the present manuscript presents an interesting hypothesis, it would benefit from enhanced novelty and more robust data. The study complements existing G4 research (e.g., PMID: 31177910). While the conclusions hold biological relevance, they largely reiterate established knowledge. Furthermore, the presented data appear preliminary and still lack depth and clarity.

      Hou et al., 2019 (PMID: 31177910) showed presence of potential G4-forming sequences correlated with TAD boundaries, along with enrichment of architectural proteins and transcription factor binding sites. Also, other studies noted enrichment of potential G4-forming sequences at enhancers along with nucleosome depletion and higher transcription factor binding (Hou et al., 2021; Williams et al., 2020). These studies proposed the role of G4s in chromatin/TAD states based on analysis of potential G4-forming sequences using correlative bioinformatics analyses. Here we sought to directly test causality. Insertion of G4 sequence, and formation of intracellular G4s in an isolated, G4-depleted region resulted in altered characteristics of chromatin, and not in the negative control insertion that does not form G4s. These, in contrast to earlier studies, directly demonstrates the causal role of G4s as functional elements that impact local and distant chromatin.

      Major concerns:

      (1) Lack of G4 Structure Confirmation: Implement G4-specific antibodies or fluorescent probes to verify G4 structures inside the cells.

      Detailed response given above. Briefly, in the revised version we validated G4 formation inside cells at the insertion site using the reported G4-selective antibody BG4. Significant BG4 binding (by ChIP-qPCR) was clear in the G4-array insert, and not in the G4-mutated insert, supporting formation of G4s by the inserted G4-array (included as Figure S4).

      Further, we inserted the G4-sequence, or the mutated control, at a second relatively isolated locus (at the 10 millionth position on Chr12, denoted as 10M site in text). First, BG4 ChIP was done to confirm intracellular G4 formation by the inserted array. BG4 ChIP-qPCR binding was significant within the G4-array inserted region, and not in the negative control region (Figure S8), consistent with the 79M locus. Together these demonstrate intracellular G4 formation by inserted sequences at two different loci. Added in revised text in the second and the final sections of results, data shown in Figures 7, S4 and S8.

      (2) Alternative Explanations: Explore the possibility that the sequences may not form G4s or that other factors like G4-RNA hybrids are involved.

      Response provided in the public reviews section.

      (3) Limited Data Depth and Clarity: ChIP-qPCR offers limited scope. Consider employing G4 ChIP-seq for genome-wide analysis of G4 association with histone modifications. Address inconsistencies in data like H3K27me3 variation and incomplete H3K9me3 data sets.

      A recent study performed G4 CUT&Tag (Lyu et al., 2022, 34792172) and observed G4 formation at both active promoters and active and poised enhancers. We have discussed this in the sixth paragraph of the Discussion. The H3K27Me3 occupancy at the 79M locus insertions did not have any significant G4-dependent changes, however, at the second insertion site at the 10M locus (introduced in the revised manuscript, Figure 7) there was significant G4-dependent increase in H3K27Me3 occupancy along with the H3K4Me1 and H3K27Ac enhancer histone marks, indicating formation of a poised enhancer-like element.

      We completed the H3K9me3 data sets for both insertion sites.

      (4) Statistical Significance and Interpretation: Re-evaluate the statistical significance of results and interpret them in the context of relevant biological knowledge. Avoid overstating the impact of minor changes.     

      We revised several lines to avoid overstating results. Some of the changes are as below (changes underline/strikethrough)

      - There was an a relatively modest increase in the recruitment of both p300 and a substantial increase in the recruitment of the more functionally active acetylated p300/CBP to the G4-array when compared against the mutated control.

      - As expected, although modest, a decrease in the H3K4Me1 and H3K27Ac enhancer histone modifications was evident within the insert upon the LNAs treatment.

      - Moreover, the enhancer marks were relatively reduced, although not markedly, when the inserted G4s were specifically disrupted.

      (5) Unexplored Aspects: Investigate the relationship between G4 DNA and R-loops, and consider the role of CTCF and cohesin proteins in mediating long-range interactions. Integrate existing research to build a more comprehensive framework and draw more robust conclusions.

      As mentioned in response to one of the earlier comments, a recent publication extensively studied the association between G4s, R-loops, and CTCF binding (Wulfridge et al., 2023). While, here we focused on the primary features of a potential enhancer, further work will be necessary to establish how G4s influence the coordinated action between cohesin and CTCF and consequent chromatin looping. We have described this for readers in the second last paragraph of the Discussion in the revised version.

      Minor Concern:

      (1) Enhancer Definition: The term "enhancer" requires specific criteria. Modify the section heading or provide evidence demonstrating the G4 sequence fulfills all conditions for being an enhancer, such as position independence and long-range effects.

      Although we checked some of the primary features of a potential enhancer: Like expression of surrounding genes, enhancer histone marks, chromosomal looping interactions, and recruitment of transcriptional coactivators, further aspects may need to be validated. As suggested, in the revised manuscript the section heading has been modified to ‘Enhancer-like features emerged upon insertion of G4s.’

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      In addition to the points in my public review, I would like to mention some less significant points.

      The authors mention that "the array of G4-forming sequences used for insertion was previously reported to form stable G4s in human cells" (Lim et al., 2010; Monsen et al., 2020; Palumbo et al., 2009). However, upon reading the publications, I found that these observations were made in vitro. I may have missed something, but there are now several mappings of folded-G4 in human cells based on different approaches. It would be beneficial to investigate whether the hTERT promoter is a site of G-quadruplex formation in vivo. If confirmed, a similar analysis should be conducted on the 275 bp region inserted into the ectopic region to determine if it also has the ability to form a structured G4.

      We performed BG4 ChIP to confirm in vivo G4 formation by the inserted G4-array as suggested (Figures S4, S8). Detail response given above. Briefly, in the revised version we validated G4 formation inside cells at the insertion site using the reported G4-selective antibody BG4. Significant BG4 binding (by ChIP-qPCR) was clear in the G4-array insert, and not in the G4-mutated insert, supporting formation of G4s by the inserted G4-array (included as Figure S4).

      Further, we inserted the G4-sequence, or the mutated control, at a second relatively isolated locus (at the 10 millionth position on Chr12, denoted as 10M site in text). First, BG4 ChIP was done to confirm intracellular G4 formation by the inserted array. BG4-ChIP-qPCR was significant within the inserted region, and not in the negative control region (Figure S8). Consistent with the 79M locus. Together these demonstrate intracellular G4 formation by inserted sequences at two different loci. Added in revised text in the second and the final sections of results, data shown in Figures 7, S4 and S8.

      The inserted sequence originates from a well-characterized promoter. The authors suggest that placing it in an ectopic position creates an enhancer-like region, based on the observation of increased levels of H3K27Ac and H3K4me1 on the WT array. To provide a control that it is not a promoter, it would be useful to also analyze a specific mark of promoter activity, such as H3K4me3.

      As suggested by reviewer, we also analysed the H3K4Me3 promoter activation mark at both the 79M and 10M (introduced in the revised manuscript, Figure 7) insertion loci. We did not observe any significant G4-dependent changes in the recruitment of H3K4Me3 (Figures 2, 7).

      In the discussion, the authors mention "it was proposed that inter-molecular G4 formation between distant stretches of Gs may lead to DNA looping". To investigate this further, it would be worthwhile to examine whether the promoter regions of activated genes (PAWR, PPP1R12A, NAV3, and SLC6A15) contain potentially forming G-quadruplexes (pG4). Additionally, sites that establish more contact with the G4 array described in Figure 6F could be analyzed for enrichment in pG4.

      Thank you for pointing this out. We found promoters of the four genes (PAWR, PPP1R12A, NAV3, and SLC6A15) harbour potential G4-forming sequences (pG4s). Also as suggested, we analysed the contact regions in Fig 6F, along with the whole locus, for pG4s. Relative enrichment in pG4 was seen, particularly within the significantly enhanced interacting regions, which at times spreads beyond the interacting regions also. This is shown in the lower panel of Figure 6F in the revised version. We have described this in Discussion for readers.

    1. Comment by onewheeljoe:

      For example, we might simply ask that each participant refrain from using hashtags as a final thought because that is a form of sarcasm or punchline that can be misconstrued or shut down honest debate or agreeable disagreement.

      We could ask respondents to reply to any comment that they read twice because of tone to use "ouch" as a tag or a textual response. The offending respondent could respond with "oops" in order to preserve good will in an exchange of ideas.

      Finally, the first part of a flash mob might occur here, in the page notes, where norms could be quickly negotiated and agreed upon with a form of protocol.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Guo, Hue et al. focused on understanding the epigenetic activity and functional dependencies for two different fusions found in infantile rhabdomyosarcoma, VGLL2::NCOA2, and TEAD1::NCOA2. They use a variety of models and methods; specifically, ectopic expression of the fusions in human 293T cells to perform RNAseq (both fusions), CUT&RUN (VGLL2::NCOA2), and BioID mass spec (both fusions). These data identify that the VGLL2::NCOA2 fusion has peaks that are enriched for TEAD motifs. Further, CPB/p300 CUT&RUN support an enrichment of binding sites and three TEAD targets in VGLL2::NCOA2 and TEAD1::NCOA2 expressing cells. They also functionally evaluated genetic and chemical dependencies (TEAD inhibition), and found this was only effective for the VGLL2::NCOA2 fusion, and not for TEAD1::NCOA2. Using complementary biochemical approaches they suggest (with other supporting data) that the fusions regulate TEAD transcriptional outputs via a YAP/TAZ independent mechanism. Further, they expand into a C2C12 myoblast model and show that TEAD1::NCOA2 is transforming in colony formation assays and in mouse allografts. This is consistent with previously published strategies using VGLL2::NCOA2. Importantly, they show that a CBP/p300 (a binding partner found in their BioID mass spec) small molecule inhibitor suppresses tumor formation using this mouse allograft model, that the tumors are less proliferative, and have a reduction in transcriptional of three TEAD target genes. Generally, the data is interesting and suggests new biology for these fusion-oncogenes. However, the choice of 293T for the majority of the transcriptional, epigenetic, and proteomic studies makes the findings difficult to interpret in the context of the human disease, and the rationale for the choice of an epithelial-like kidney cell line is not discussed. Further, details are missing from the figures, figure legends, and methods that make the data difficult to interpret, and should be added to improve the reader's understanding. Overall, the breadth of methods used in this study, and the comparison of the two fusion-oncogene's biology is of interest to the fusion-oncogene, pediatric sarcoma, and epigenetic therapeutic targeting fields.

      Strengths:

      (1) Multiple experimental approaches were used to understand the biology of the fusion-oncogenes, including genomic, proteomic, chemical, and genetic inhibition. These approaches identify potential new mechanisms of convergent fusion-oncogene activity, around TEAD transcriptional targeting (that is YAP/TAZ independent) and reveal CBP/p300 as a functional dependency.

      (2) Complementary models were used, including cell-based assays and mouse allograft models to show the dependency on CBP/P300.

      (3) Co-IPs were clear and convincing and showed direct interaction of the fusion-oncogene with ectopic and endogenous TEAD1/pan-TEAD, but not YAP/TAZ.

      (4) Potential to follow-up on additional targets/mechanisms of tumorigenesis. For example, in the BioID proteomics screen, a unique VGLL2::NCOA2 and TEAD::NCOA2 interactor is P53, which also is an enriched pathway in Figure 4C in the p300 CUT&RUN peaks in the VGLL2::NCOA2 and TEAD1::NCOA2 expressing cells - is this indicative of the toxicity of the fusion-oncogenes or do you think this informs potential mechanisms for transformation.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The rationale for performing genomics, transcriptional, and proteomics work in 293T cells is not discussed. Further, there are no functional readouts mentioned in the 293T cells with expression of the fusion-oncogenes. Did these cells have any phenotypes associated with fusion-oncogene expression (proliferation differences, morphological changes, colony formation capacity)? Further, how similar are the gene expression signatures from RNA-seq to rhabdomyosarcoma? This would help the reader interpret how similar these cell models are to human disease.

      (2) TEAD1::NCOA2 fusion-oncogene model was not credentialed past H&E, and expression of Desmin. Is the transcriptional signature in C2C12 or 293T similar to a rhabdomyosarcoma gene signature?

      (3) For the fusion-oncogenes, did the HA, FLAG, or V5 tag impact fusion-oncogene activity? Was the tag on the 3' or 5' of the fusion? This was not discussed in the methods.

      (4) Generally, the lack of details in the figures, figure legends, and methods make the data difficult to interpret. A few examples are below:

      a. Individual data points are not shown for figure bar plots (how many technical or biological replicates are present and how many times was the experiment repeated?).<br /> b. What exons were included in the fusion-oncogenes from VGLL2 and NCOA2 or TEAD1 and NCOA2?<br /> c. For how long were the colony formation experiments performed? Two weeks?<br /> d. In Figure 2D, what concentration of CP1 was used and for how long?<br /> e. How was A485 resuspended for cell culture and mouse experiments, what is the percentage of DMSO?<br /> f. How many replicates were done for RNA-seq, CUT&RUN, and ATACseq experiments?

  2. Jun 2024
    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required):

      The majority of the conclusions are well supported by strong experimental evidence. The only area where that is not fully the case is the role of Pak1 as a downstream effector of FoxG1-FoxO6 and its effects on macropinocytosis. To further strengthen this claim, the authors should demonstrate that ablation of Pak1 can rescue the functional consequences of forced FoxO6 expression and whether overexpression of Pak1 rescues quiescence exit in FoxO6 knockout. Thank you to the reviewer for these helpful suggestions. To investigate the effects of Pak1 ablation, and therefore more directly the link between FOXG1 and FoxO6 and macropinocytosis, we tested the published Pak1 inhibitor IPA-3. Unfortunately, to distinguish the role of Pak1 in quiescence exit and macropinocytosis, we would need a dosage of IPA-3 that is efficacious but does not affect cell proliferation. It was not possible to optimise such a dosage (a dosage of 10uM is shown to be efficacious at inhibiting Pak1 (Verma et al, 2020; Wong et al, 2013) however even at 2.5uM we see significant cell death in our cells. Indeed, this is potentially due to pleiotropic roles for Pak1.

      Also, it is not feasible to overexpress Pak1 in the FoxO6 KO cells with inducible FOXG1. To ensure we are investigating quiescence exit this would need to be in an inducible manner; however, re-transfecting cells using the PiggyBac system would potentially alter FOXG1 transgene levels by excising the existing transgene.

      As shown in Figure S3, we do not observe clear vacuole formation in F6 (FOXG1-inducible) cells upon Dox addition. As detailed in the discussion, we hypothesise that FoxO6-induced macropinocytosis could represent a stalled state, with other pathways downstream of FOXG1 necessary to be activated concomitantly to ensure cell cycle re-entry, e.g., through increased pinocytic flux that cannot be assessed within our experimental timeframes. Indeed, active Pak1 has been found to modulate pinocytic cycling, enhancing both FITC-dextran uptake and efflux (Dharmawardhane et al, 2000). We therefore would not hypothesise that high Pak1 levels alone would be sufficient to drive quiescence exit.

      Alternatively, the macropinocytosis observed may be a metabolic stress response because of the hyperactivation of signalling pathways upon FoxO6 overexpression. Hyperactivation of Ras signalling, canonical Wnt and PI3K signalling have all been shown to play roles in inducing macropinocytosis (Overmeyer et al, 2008; Tejeda-Muñoz et al, 2019; Recouvreux & Commisso, 2017).

      We believe the observed macropinocytosis phenotype upon Foxo6 overexpression, and the changes in Pak1 expression upon Foxo6 loss or FOXG1 induction provide interesting insights into the function of this underexplored FoxO family member. However, currently we are unable to demonstrate a direct link between these processes and have therefore modified the text to reflect this (see lines 292-4, 330-3, 365-8).

      • The manuscript stresses the role of NSC quiescence exit in GBM and demonstrates that FoxG1 KO reduces FoxO6 levels in a murine GBM cell line but a BMP4-mediated quiescence and dox-induced FoxG1 over-expression or an abolishment of cell cycle re-entry thereof by reduced FoxO6 levels in the case of FoxG1 KO is lacking. But this would significantly substantiate the relevance of the findings. *

      Mouse GBM cells have elevated levels of FoxG1 and have been shown to be refractory to BMP4-mediated quiescence entry, maintaining colony formation following BMP treatment (Bulstrode et al, 2017). It is therefore challenging to specifically investigate cell cycle re-entry/ quiescence exit using these mouse GBM cells, or indeed any GBM cell line due to their inability to respond fully to BMP cues (Caren et al, 2015). It has also been shown by Bulstrode et al, 2017 that Foxg1 null mouse neural stem cells show an increased propensity to exit cycle in response to BMP treatment, and reduced colony formation on return to EGF/FGF-2 growth factors. FOXG1 null cell lines therefore show a reduced response to BMP cues, making it difficult to explore quiescence exit per se.To navigate this, instead we investigated Dox-induced FOXG1 overexpression in FoxO6 WT and KO mouse NS cells, which display similar quiescence characteristics upon BMP treatment (Figure 4).

      • In the introduction and discussion, FoxO6 is mentioned for its oncogenic roles in various cancers but no reference to GBM specifically is cited. It feels like a missed opportunity to not show evidence of this in the IENS cell line that has reduced levels of FoxO6; is there an effect in their proliferative capacity? What are the expression levels of Pak1 following FoxG1 KO in IENS cells? *

      Thank you for the helpful suggestion. It is indeed true the literature on FoxO6 in GBM is lacking, explaining the absence of citations on this. On investigation of expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in these cells we found no significant difference in expression, now shown in Figure 1H. This is in fitting with previous findings of our lab (Bulstrode et al, 2017) which show that FOXG1 is dispensable for the maintenance of continued NSC or GSC proliferation in vitro. We investigated the expression levels of Pak1 following FOXG1 KO in IENS and found a decrease in both KO lines compared to parental cells (updated Figure 6F).

      As explained in our discussion, these data suggest that Foxg1/FoxO6/Pak1 are not functionally important in sustaining GSC/NSC proliferation, as shown by the lack of proliferation defects upon Foxg1 or FoxO6 deletion (Bulstrode et al, 2017), but impact regulatory transitions, as cells prepare to exit quiescence into the proliferative radial-glia like state.

      *Minor comments *

      - Fig1A shows 4 and 2-fold respectively for the two mouse NSC lines, not 17 and 4-fold increase as written on manuscript, please adjust accordingly.

      The qRT-PCR data are presented as log2(fold change) or - ddCt, where this value equals zero for the calibrator sample, as indicated in the figure legends and axes. The data are presented in this way to enable accurate visualisation of up- and down-regulation of gene expression. Data are stated as ‘fold increase’ in the text for ease of reading, which we have clarified in the text and figure legends (e.g. lines 154 and 176).

        • Fig2G manuscript reports a 235-fold upregulation, but graph looks more like a 7 or 8-fold as shown on Fig1A for the F6 NSC line. I would recommend checking the fold changes reported throughout the paper. *

      See previous comment above. The qRT-PCR data are presented as log2(fold change) or - ddCt, where this value equals zero for the calibrator, as indicated in the figure legends and axes. The data are presented in this way to enable accurate visualisation of up- and down-regulation of gene expression. Data are stated as ‘fold increase’ in the text for ease of reading, which we have clarified in the text and figure legends (e.g. lines 154 and 176).

      • The manuscript describes the increase of FOXG1 after BMP4-induced cell cycle exit as compared to non-BMP4 treated cells (p.8 first paragraph), but I am wondering if this expression is rather compared to dox negative and not vs BMP4 negative treatment. *

      Data are presented relative to the non-BMP treated (EGF/FGF-2) control throughout the manuscript for consistency. This is to enable changes in expression between -Dox and +Dox to be visualised throughout the quiescence-exit time course relative to the initial starting population in EGF/FGF-2 growth media, prior to BMP treatment.

        1. In Fig2G it is interesting that FoxO6 is upregulated in BMP4 treated throughout the experiment with highest values at day10 post treatment. At the same time, non-BMP4 treated cells keep decreasing their FoxO6 levels dramatically but there is no mention or reference to this effect.*

      In Figure 2G, all cells have been treated with BMP4, prior to return to growth media (EGF/FGF) with or without Dox. It is true that in the +Dox condition with FOXG1 induction, FoxO6 levels continue to increase up to Day 10, perhaps reflective of the expansion of a highly proliferative radial glia-like population.

        1. Fig2 would benefit from a western blot like Fig1D where FoxG1 and FoxO6-HA protein levels are also shown in dox-treated comparing BMP4-treated vs non-treated. *

      Due to the lack of specific FoxO6 antibodies and the absence of a FoxO6-HA tag in this cell line, it is not possible to perform protein analysis of FoxO6 levels in this figure as for Figure 1D.

      • The colonies in Fig3E should be quantified, as their ability to form neurospheres seems somewhat compromised upon FoxO6 KO. Fig3B and 3F could perhaps be consolidated into one panel in the interest of space and presentation. *

      Good suggestion. We have now consolidated Fig 3B and 3F into one panel (now Figure 3F) as suggested by the reviewer. We performed additional replicates for Figure 3E to quantify the colony formation efficiency. This showed a small but insignificant decrease in colony forming ability in the KO cells (Figure 3E). Importantly the FoxO6 null cells do form colonies, and our results show that FoxO6 is not essential for proliferation or colony formation of NSCs in EGF/FGF-2 – this therefore does not account for the complete loss in colony formation we see the in the FoxO6 KO cells upon FOXG1 induction.

      • Fig4A shows vs "parental" non-BMP on y axis but wouldn't this show fold change of dox+ parental vs parental. The authors should clarify this. *

      All samples in Figure 4A are compared to parental cells in EGF/FGF-2, i.e. non-BMP treated, as the calibrator sample where log2(fold change) equals zero. We chose to set a single calibrator sample for all data (parental and FoxO6 KO cells included) to allow us to compare changes in FOXG1 transgene across the entire experiment.

      • Perhaps the authors can add a non-BMP4 treated count of % FOXG1 positive cells to Fig4C for reference. *

      As shown in Figure 4A, both parental and FoxO6 KO cells show similar, i.e. negligible, FOXG1 transgene expression without Dox, compared to the parental non-BMP4 treated control, therefore negligible FOXG1-V5 positive cells are seen by ICC. We have edited Figure 4A to include a non-BMP treated and BMP-treated control to show the negligible FOXG1-V5 expression by qPCR as controls.

      • The sentence mentioning Fig5D for the first time (p.10 third paragraph) needs rephrasing for clarity and should also call out Fig5C for the mCherry expression live cell imaging data where appropriate. Fig5D does not appear to be live imaging as implied by the text. If vacuole formation is observed already as early as 10-11h after Dox induction, then it should be shown somewhere in Fig5. Vacuole formation is shown with a higher magnification image inset only in the 22h timepoint image. I think Fig5E should be more substantiated with some sort of quantification, e.g. % of vacuoles positive for EEA1 and/or LAMP1. *

      We apologise for this. The first reference to Figure 5D one line 234 should refer to Figure 5C, this has now been corrected in the text. Vacuoles are visible in Figure 5C panel 10 h 30 min, however, to make this clearer we have also supplied an accompanying movie of the live imaging (Movie 1). The imaging in Fig 5E has not been quantified as this imaging was performed with the purpose of confirming the vacuole structures seen are not simply enlarged lysosomes, due to their similarity in appearance to those published elsewhere (Ramosaj et al, 2021; Leeman et al, 2018). Instead, we have provided Western blotting data in Figure S5E to support this conclusion that there is no clear increase in EEA1 or LAMP1 (early endosomal or lysosomal) expression upon FoxO6-HA induction.

      *- Could the authors comment on the lack of proliferative advantage of the FoxO6 overexpression. FigS3 shows Edu staining, but there is no proliferation assay in either Fig5 or S3. What would be the effect of FoxO6 overexpression on BMP4-mediated quiescence with or without FoxG1 over-expression? *

      Induction of FoxO6-HA overexpression does not provide a proliferative advantage to the cells. Looking at individual cells, those with high FoxO6-HA levels seem to associate with EdU negativity. In Figure S3 we provide quantitative EdU incorporation assay as a proliferation assay (quantification of the number of cells cycling, therefore incorporating EdU, within a 24h pulse period). Quantification of the EdU staining in Figure S3G is provided in Figure S3H. We have now clarified this in the text on page 11, lines 263-4.

      Unfortunately, due to transgene overexpression using the PiggyBac transposon method, it is not feasible to overexpress FoxO6 and FOXG1 in the same cell line, as re-transfecting cells using the PiggyBac system would potentially alter FOXG1 transgene levels and make results difficult to interpret. Given the association of vacuolated cells with EdU negativity, we predict that FoxO6 overexpression would not give an advantage for quiescence exit. Indeed, BMP-treated cells with FoxO6 overexpression show a decrease in EdU positivity, as shown in Figure S3H. As discussed in the text, we hypothesise that cells with FoxO6 overexpression are in a stalled state, potentially due to signalling hyperactivation. While this may not be physiological, it gives us clues as to the function and downstream targets of FoxO6, which remain uncharacterised.

      *- Can the authors clarify if there is a proliferation change in F6 cells in Fig6F as in Fig2F? Fig6F shows Pak1 is already upregulated in quiescent NSCs, what are the expression levels of Pak1 in FoxO6 -/- ANS4 cells upon FoxG1-mediated quiescence exit as shown in Fig4? Is there a particular reason why the F6 cell line data is shown only up to day2 post Dox-induction rather than d4 or d10? For consistency with the rest of similar experimental data this timeline should be extended. Does Pak1 remain elevated, plateaus or keeps reducing further post day2? *

      The data is (previous) Figure 6F is the same assay and cell line as presented in Figure 2, but at an early timepoint (Day 2) during the quiescence exit assay. We have provided in the panel qRT-PCR analysis of Ki67 to show that cells begin to show increased proliferation at this timepoint. Due to our hypothesis that Pak1 is required at an early transition point, we decided to analyse this expression at an earlier timepoint than Figure 2. We have also repeated this at D10 (data below), showing Pak1 levels continue to increase with time, along with FoxO6 and the proliferative marker Ki67. Due to technical issues with variable FOXG1 transgene levels we were unable to analyse Pak1 expression levels in FoxO6+/- ANS4 cells upon FOXG1-mediated quiescence exit.

      *15 . Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)): *

      The study provides a conceptual advance for exit from stem cell quiescence. There is strong evidence provided for murine neural stem cells, but the link to GBM cancer stem cells is less developed (but perhaps this is the subject of a separate manuscript).

      While FoxG1 is a known regulator of neurodevelopment and glioblastoma, the functions of FoxO6 have not been studied in the context of neural stem cells. In my view, this study should be of high interest to audiences in both neurodevelopment and cancer research. * Expertise: glioblastoma, cancer stem cells, neurodevelopment *

      We have edited the text and title to clarify that neural stem cells are used here as a model for GSCs with high levels of FOXG1 (e.g. lines 36 and 69).


      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      *Major comments: *

      -The choice of NSCs as a main experimental model to understand the effects of FoxG1 and FoxO6 is not fully justified. The authors had previously shown that FoxG1 is expressed at very low levels in NSCs (Fig. 1A in Bulstrode et al. 2017). FoxO6 also seems to be barely expressed in NSCs (Fig. 1 of the current manuscript) and, in addition, its levels seem to go further down as cells exit quiescence (-Dox line in Fig. 2H). Therefore, these two genes do not seem to play an important role in the normal exit from quiescence of NSCs, with FoxO6 only affecting FoxG1 overexpression-induced exit from quiescence. * * *If the aim is to mimic a GBM-like state by FoxG1 overexpression, this should be made much clearer in the text, including title and abstract. In that case, the authors should also show a direct comparison of the levels of FoxG1 in GBM and upon Dox-induced overexpression in NSCs. *

      We agree with this criticism and suggestion to fix this. It is indeed our aim to mimic a GBM-like state by inducing FOXG1 overexpression and we should have made that more explicit. All experiments are performed in the context of high FOXG1 level. Like Foxg1, FoxO6’s homeostatic roles may be subtle in adulthood, and mostly involved in neural plasticity (Yu et al, 2019). This is in keeping with our finding that basal FoxO6 levels are low in adult NSCs and not required for sustained proliferation but are important for cell state transitions. If the FoxO6 levels activated by elevated FOXG1 represent an acquired dependency of GBM, there may be a therapeutic window to target this pathway. However, given the poorly understood roles of FoxO6, further work is needed to determine its specific value as a therapeutic target. We have modified the title and the text to make this clearer. This is also stated in the first paragraph of the results section on page 7 (line 148).

      We have provided below a Western Blot (Bulstrode, 2016) in which FOXG1 levels in F6 cells induced with Dox (1000 ng/ml the dosage used) with the GBM cell lines G7 and G144, and the normal NS cell line U5. This shows that the FOXG1 levels induced are significantly higher than found in normal neural stem cells (mouse or human). This model has been previously used and published in Bulstrode et al, 2017, upon which this manuscript expands.

      *-While the authors state that they aim to study NSC quiescence, they use a protocol that is closer to modelling astrocytic differentiation. In fact, in their previous work, they use this very same protocol (removal of growth factors and addition of BMP) to study the role of FoxG1 and Sox2 on astrocyte de-differentiation (Bulstrode et al. 2017). While there is arguably no perfect in vitro model of NSC quiescence, the current standard in the field is treatment with both BMP and FGF for 48 to 72 hours (e.g.: Mira et al., 2010, Martynoga et al., 2013, Knobloch et al., 2017, Leeman et al., 2020). BMP alone is regarded as a pro-astrocytic differentiation cue, and 24 hours might not be enough for NSCs to fully commit to either differentiation or quiescence. Therefore, either the claims in the paper are changed to match the astrocytic differentiation model, or a standard quiescence protocol should be used throughout to confirm the findings also apply to the exit from quiescence of NSCs. *

      We agree with the reviewer that there is indeed no perfect in vitro model of NSC quiescence and thank the reviewer for this useful discussion. Coincident with this project, this was an active area of research from our laboratory as explored by Marques-Torrejon et al, 2021 (Nature Comms). After 24 h BMP4 treatment, we found that adult mouse NS cells: exit cell cycle, are growth factor unresponsive, obtain an astrocytic morphology, upregulate astrocytic markers such as Gfap and Aqp4, and downregulate radial glia/NS cell markers such as Nestin and Olig2 (Figure 3).

      We therefore initially viewed them as terminally differentiated. However, the exact state of these cells is difficult to define due to the lack of definitive markers and transcriptional differences that can distinguish terminally differentiated GFAP-expressing astrocytes from quiescent type B SVZ NS cells (which also express GFAP) (Bulstrode et al, 2017; Doetsch et al, 1999; Codega et al, 2014). Findings from our laboratory later suggested some NS cell markers are maintained following BMP4 treatment and these cells can be forced back into cycle with combined Wnt/EGF signalling, or FGF/BMP signalling (Marques-Torrejon et al 2021). This suggests in vitro NS cells may lie along a continuous spectrum of states from dormant quiescent, activated quiescent (primed for cell cycle re-entry) to actively proliferating, similar to that observed in vivo in the mouse SVZ (Dulken et al, 2017). Indeed, after 24 h BMP4 treatment, we observe a minimal level of colony formation in no Dox controls following 10 days of exposure to the growth factors EGF/FGF-2 (Figure 2D-F).

      These non-cycling BMP4-induced astrocytic cells might therefore be better viewed as dormant quiescent NSCs, hence our reference as quiescent NSCs. The assay conditions used in this manuscript differ to those of Marques-Torrejon et al, in terms of density and length of BMP4 treatment; it is therefore likely that our BMP-treated cells are at different stages along the continuum between dormancy and primed quiescent states. Importantly, regardless of the exact cell type induced by 24 h BMP4 treatment, we have considered the changes induced by FOXG1 overexpression, in comparison to the effect of NS cell media alone.

      *-The FoxO6-induced vacuole formation in NSCs is a very interesting finding. However, so far it was only observed upon FoxO6 overexpression. To claim vacuolization is required for quiescence exit, the authors should show whether this phenomenon is also observed upon normal exit from quiescence and FoxG1-induced reactivation of NSCs. From the author's own data, Pak1 (which induces vacuolization) is unlikely to reactivate NSCs, as its expression is highest in BMP-treated cells (Figure 6F). The authors should show whether some vacuolization is present at these stage in NSCs and if not, discuss the possible interplay between Pak1 and FoxO6 in vacuole formation and quiescence exit. *

      As detailed in the discussion, we hypothesise that FoxO6- induced macropinocytosis could represent a stalled state, with other pathways downstream of FOXG1 necessary to be activated concomitantly to ensure cell cycle re-entry, e.g., through increased pinocytic flux that cannot be assessed within our experimental timeframes. Indeed, active Pak1 has been found to modulate pinocytic cycling, enhancing both FITC-dextran uptake and efflux (Dharmawardhane et al, 2000). Alternatively, the macropinocytosis observed may be a metabolic stress response because of hyperactivation of signalling pathways upon FoxO6 overexpression Hyperactivation of Ras signalling, canonical Wnt and PI3K signalling have all been shown to play roles in inducing macropinocytosis (Overmeyer et al, 2008; Tejeda-Muñoz et al, 2019; Recouvreux & Commisso, 2017).

      We do not see clear evidence of vacuoles in FOXG1-induced reactivation of NSCs – this supports that the macropinocytosis seen upon FoxO6 overexpression is a stalled state or due to hyperactivation. While this may not be physical, it gives us clues as to the function and downstream targets of FoxO6, which remain uncharacterised (such as a link of FoxO6 and FOXG1 with Pak1-related pathways). Demonstrating a requirement for vacuolisation in quiescence exit is outwidth this manuscript and therefore we are careful not to claim this. We have modified the text to clarify this.

      As the reviewer noted, it is interesting that Pak1 is highest in BMP-treated cells; it seems that BMP signalling itself is triggering elevated Pak1 levels, likely as cells undergo extensive cell shape changes during the transition from proliferation to quiescence. However, in EGF/FGF-2, Pak1 levels decrease, and our data suggests that FOXG1/FoxO6 are required to increase or maintain Pak1, potentially to again enable the cell shape/metabolic changes required on quiescence exit. We have added to the text to expand upon this observation on page 14 (lines 330-333). -Finally, the data on the regulation of Pak1 expression by FoxO6 is insufficient to draw any strong conclusions. Downregulation of Pak1 in FoxO6 cells is not enough evidence to claim a direct regulation. The authors should show whether Pak1 levels are increased after FoxO6 overexpression and whether FoxG1 is downregulated in FoxO6 KO NSCs (indirectly affecting Pak1 expression).

      We have performed qRT-PCR analysis of Foxg1 expression in FoxO6 KO NSCs and see no consistent difference in expression, indicating this is not indirectly affecting Pak1 expression (see below, 1). We have also investigated Pak1 levels upon FoxO6 overexpression, over a time course following Dox addition (see below, 2). Interestingly, when FoxO6 is overexpressed, Pak1 is not clearly upregulated at any time-point. It may be that as Pak1 is already expressed in the -Dox controls, due to its roles in a variety of cellular functions, that the levels are saturated already. It is clear that Pak1 expression decreases upon FoxO6 loss in EGF/FGF (without coincident Foxg1 downregulation) and in F6 cells, higher FOXG1 correlates with higher Pak1 in EGF/FGF. Together with the induction of macropinocytosis upon FoxO6 overexpression, these data provide interesting insights into the potential pathways downstream of Foxo6 in controlling quiescence exit, directly or indirectly related to Pak1 signalling. We have modified the text to reflect this on page 14 (lines 330-333).

      Minor comments: * Please state in the main text that NSCs are derived from the SVZ. *

      This has been added to the text on page 7 (line 149) and is in the methods ‘Cell Culture’ section.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      As I said before, I find this work tackles a very important question, how is the exit from quiescence controlled in NSCs. This manuscript will be of interest to researchers in the fields of adult stem cell biology and adult neurogenesis. While my expertise lies mostly on NSC biology, this work is of potential great interest for the cancer field, particularly for brain cancer research. Elucidating the mechanisms GBM cells use to exit quiescence is crucial in order to avoid the relapse of this aggressive form of brain cancer. To increase the relevance of the work to the cancer community, some of the key findings should be reproduced with GBM cells. It would be particularly important to show whether Pak1 induced vacuolization and macropinocytosis can be observed in GBM cells.

      As detailed in the discussion, we hypothesise that FoxO6- induced macropinocytosis could represent a stalled state, with other pathways downstream of FOXG1 necessary to be activated concomitantly to ensure cell cycle re-entry, e.g., through increased pinocytic flux that cannot be assessed within our experimental timeframes. Alternatively, the macropinocytosis observed may be a metabolic stress response because of hyperactivation of signalling pathways upon FoxO6 overexpression Hyperactivation of Ras signalling, canonical Wnt and PI3K signalling have all been shown to play roles in inducing macropinocytosis (Overmeyer et al, 2008; Tejeda-Muñoz et al, 2019; Recouvreux & Commisso, 2017). We do not see clear evidence of vacuoles in FOXG1-indued reactivation of NSCs– this supports that the macropinocytosis seen upon FoxO6 overexpression is a stalled state or due to hyperactivation. We do not therefore think macropinocytosis per se would be observed in quiescence exit of GBM cells – indeed a normal form of macropinocytosis-induced cell death called methuosis has been observed in GBM cells with hyperactivated Ras signalling (Overmeyer et al, 2008). However, this phenotype still gives us clues as to the function of FoxO6 in quiescence exit in GSCs and the downstream signalling pathways it may regulate, such as Pak1-related signalling (discussed on lines 330-3 and 366-9).

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: * The overall objective of the paper is to investigate the mechanisms by which co-option of the activity of developmental master lineage regulators by cancer cells allows them to gain fitness. To answer this question, they focus on FOXG1. This TF acts during the specification of the telecephalon. Its expression can be increased in Glioblastoma (GBM) and, more importantly for the paper, FOXG1 has previously been shown to promote exit from quiescence of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) and non-transformed neural stem cells (NSCs). In a previous screen, the authors identified FoxO6 as a potential direct target gene of FOXG1. In this paper, they showed that with the gain of expression for FOXG1 in NSCs and loss of FOXG1 in GSCs, FoxO6 is increased or decreased, respectively. Loss of FoxO6 in NSCs does not alter their cell cycle or cell shape and specification. Yet, loss of FoxO6 in NSCs blocks FOXG1-mediated exit from quiescence. To understand the mechanisms, they decided to overexpress FoxO6 in NSCs and demonstrated that the cells undergo macropinocytosis, a process by which cells can engulf large amount of nutriments from the external medium. It remains to be determined whether this macropinocytosis occurs in cells overexpressing FOXG1 and GSCs. The authors provide a first answer by showing that overexpression of FOXG1 induces not only FoxO6 but also the expression of PAK1, one of the key kinases that regulates the membrane engulfment of macropinocytosis in NSCs. In GSC lines, the decrease of FOXO6 decreases PAK1 levels. *

      Major comments: * The paper describes interesting and convincing results (number of cell lines, repeated experiments seems sufficient) but it is difficult to reconcile them all in a single model, and this diminishes the impact of the study. Epistatic interactions between FoxG1, FoxO6, PAK1 and macropinocytosis are not always studied in the same cell models. Whether FOXG1-induced exit from quiescence of NSCs is dependent on a FOXG1-->FOXO6-->PAK1-->Macropinocytosis axis remains to be demonstrated. Also does such an axis operate in tumor cells remains to be fully assessed? In particular, if FoxO6 overexpression in NSCs can induce macropinocytosis, is this cellular process induced by FoxO6 downstream of FOXG1 activity during NSC quiescence exit? Is PAK1 a relay of FoxO6? Experiments looking at macropinocytosis and the involvement of PAK1 in the cell models of Figure 4 will definitely help to bridge the different results all together. *

      We thank the reviewer for this useful insight and discussion for future work.

      To directly investigate the effects of Pak1 ablation, and therefore more directly the link between FOXG1 and FoxO6 and macropinocytosis, we tested the published Pak1 inhibitor IPA-3. Unfortunately, to distinguish the role of Pak1 in quiescence exit and macropinocytosis, we would need a dosage of IPA-3 that is efficacious but does not affect cell proliferation. It was not possible to optimise such a dosage (a dosage of 10uM is shown to be efficacious at inhibiting Pak1 (Verma et al, 2020; Wong et al, 2013) however even at 2.5uM we see significant cell death in our cells. Indeed, this is potentially due to the variety of cellular functions Pak1 is involved in. Conversely, it is not feasible to overexpress Pak1 in the FoxO6 KO cells with inducible FOXG1. To ensure we are investigating quiescence exit this would need to be in an inducible manner; however, re-transfecting cells using the PiggyBac system would potentially alter FOXG1 transgene levels (through excision of the existing transgene) and therefore make results difficult to interpret.

      We hypothesise that FoxO6- induced macropinocytosis could represent a stalled state, with other pathways downstream of FOXG1 necessary to be activated concomitantly to ensure cell cycle re-entry, e.g., through increased pinocytic flux that cannot be assessed within our experimental timeframes (as detailed in the text discussion). Alternatively, the macropinocytosis observed may be a metabolic stress response because of hyperactivation of signalling pathways upon FoxO6 overexpression Hyperactivation of Ras signalling, canonical Wnt and PI3K signalling have all been shown to play roles in inducing macropinocytosis (Overmeyer et al, 2008; Tejeda-Muñoz et al, 2019; Recouvreux & Commisso, 2017). We do not see clear evidence of vacuoles in FOXG1-induced reactivation of NSCs– this supports that the macropinocytosis seen upon FoxO6 overexpression is a stalled state or due to hyperactivation and therefore not a physiological process in quiescence exit. We do not therefore think macropinocytosis per se would be observed in quiescence exit of GBM cells – indeed a normal form of macropinocytosis-induced cell death called methuosis has been observed in GBM cells with hyperactivated Ras signalling (Overmeyer et al, 2008).

      However, we believe the observed macropinocytosis phenotype upon Foxo6 overexpression, and the changes in Pak1 expression upon Foxo6 loss or FOXG1 induction provide interesting insights into the function of this underexplored FoxO family member, in GSCs and the downstream signalling pathways it may control, such as Pak1-related signalling. We have modified the text to reflect the limitations of our current data and discuss this (lines 330-3 and 366-9).

  3. www.reddit.com www.reddit.com
    1. This might be a weird question, but does anyone keep memes in your ZK? I'm realizing I download a lot of memes that I particularly appreciate -- but then I usually can't fnd them again if I want them. Anyone have a method for this?

      I only have a few very specific memes indexed in my box: https://boffosocko.com/tag/zettelkasten-memes/ and a few more at https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=zettelkasten+meme

      Historically, Aby Warburg had a large image-based zettelkasten for his work on art which predated Richard Dawkins' conception of meme, but I think qualifies. See: https://boffosocko.com/tag/aby-warburg/ or his Bilderatlas Mnemosyne project: https://warburg.sas.ac.uk/archive/bilderatlas-mnemosyne

      It's digital in nature, but Shawn Gilmore has a large collection of images of string walls, Anacapa charts, walls and floors littered with paperwork by obsessives, etc. for his cultural research. It also includes some popular memes. https://www.vaultofculture.com/nst


      replyy to u/a2jc4life at https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1ddhn9n/memes/

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, Eaton et al. examine the regulation of transcription directionality using a powerful genomic approach (more about the methodology below). Their data challenge the notion that the polyadenylation signal-reading Cleavage and Polyadenylation (CPA) complex is responsible for controlling promoter directionality by terminating antisense transcription. Namely, depletion of the required CPA factor RBBP6 has little effect on antisense transcription measured by POINT. They find instead that initiation is intrinsically preferential in the sense direction and additionally maintained by the activities of an alternative processing complex called Integrator, together with the kinase CDK9. In the presence of CDK9 activity, depletion of Integrator endoribonuclease INTS11 leads to globally increased transcription in the antisense direction, and minor effects in the sense direction. However, CDK9 inhibition reveals that sense transcription is also sensitive to INS11 depletion. The authors suggest that CDK9 activity is stronger in the sense direction, preventing INTS11-mediated premature termination of sense transcrpts.

      Strengths:

      The combination of acute depletion of the studied factors using degron approaches (important to limit possible secondary effects), together with novel and very sensitive nascent transcriptomics methods POINT and sPOINT is very powerful. The applied spike-in normalization means the analysis is more rigorous than most. Using this methodology allowed the authors to revisit the interesting question of how promoter/transcription directionality is determined.

      The data quality appears very good and the fact that both global analysis as well as numerous gene-specific examples are shown makes it convincing.

      The manuscript is well written and hence a pleasure to read.

      We appreciate this positive assessment.

      Weaknesses:

      I am slightly worried about the reproducibility of the data - it is unclear to me from the manuscript if and which experiments were performed in replicate (lack of table with genomic experiments and GEO access, mentioned in more detail in below recommendations to authors), and the methods could be more detailed.

      All sequencing data was deposited with GEO. Multiple biological replicates were performed for each sequencing experiment.  Bigwig files are presented as a table in the GEO submissions. This data has now been made public.

      A separate discussion section would be useful, particularly since the data provided challenge some concepts in the field. How do the authors interpret U1 data from the Dreyfuss lab in light of their results? How about the known PAS-density directionality bias (more PAS present in antisense direction than in sense) - could the differential PAS density be still relevant to transcription directionality?

      As suggested, we have expanded our discussion to relate our findings to existing data. We think the results from the Dreyfuss lab are very important and highlight the role of U1 snRNA in enforcing transcriptional elongation.  It does this in part by shielding PAS sequences.  Recent work from our lab also shows that U1 snRNA opposes the Restrictor complex and PNUTS, which otherwise suppress transcription (Estell et al., Mol Cell 2023).  Most recently, the Adelman lab has demonstrated that U1 snRNA generally enhances transcription elongation (Mimoso and Adelman., Mol Cell 2023).  Our work does not challenge and is not inconsistent with these studies.

      The role of U1 in opposing PAS-dependent termination inspired the idea that antisense transcriptional termination may utilise PASs.  This was because such regions are rich in AAUAAA and comparatively poor in U1 binding sites. However, our RBBP6 depletion and POINT-seq data suggest that PAS-dependent termination is uncommon in the antisense direction. As such, other mechanisms suppress antisense transcription and influence promoter directionality. In our paper, we propose a major role for the Integrator complex.

      We do not completely rule out antisense PAS activity and discuss the prior work that identified polyadenylated antisense transcripts. Nevertheless, this was detected by oligo-dT primed RT-PCR/Northern blotting, which cannot determine the fraction of non-polyadenylated RNA that could result from PAS-independent termination (e.g. by Integrator).  To do that requires an analysis of total nascent transcription as achieved by our POINT-seq.  Based on these experiments, Integrator depletion has a greater impact on antisense transcription than RBBP6 depletion. 

      I find that the provided evidence for promoter directionality to be for the most part due to preferential initiation in the sense direction should be stressed more. This is in my eyes the strongest effect and is somehow brushed under the rug.

      We agree that this is an important finding and incorporated it into the title and abstract.  As the reviewer recommends, we now highlight it further in the new discussion.

      References 12-17 report an effect of Integrator on 5' of protein-coding genes, while data in Figure 2 appears contradictory. Then, experiments in Figure 4 show a global effect of INST11 depletion on promoter-proximal sense transcription. In my opinion, data from the 2.5h time-point of depletion should be shown alongside 1.5h in Figure 2 so that it is clear that the authors found an effect similar to the above references. I find the current presentation somehow misleading.

      We are grateful for this suggestion and present new analyses demonstrating that our experiment in Figure 2 concurs with previous findings (Supplemental Figures 2A and B). Our original heatmap (Figure 2E) shows a very strong and general antisense effect of INTS11 loss. On the same scale, the effects in the sense direction are not as apparent, which is also the case using metaplots.  New supplemental figure 2A now shows sense transcription from this experiment in isolation and on a lower scale, demonstrating that a subset of genes shows promoter-proximal increases in transcription following INTS11 depletion.  This is smaller and less general than the antisense effect but consistent with previous findings.  Indeed, our new analysis in supplemental figure 2B shows that affected protein-coding genes are lowly expressed, in line with Hu et al., Mol Cell 2023. This explains why a sense effect is not as apparent by metaplot, for which highly expressed genes contribute the most signal.

      As a result of our analyses, we are confident that the apparently larger effect at the 2.5hr timepoint (Figure 4) that we initially reported is due to experimental variability and not greater effects of extended INTS11 depletion. Overlaying the 1.5h and 2.5h datasets (Supplemental Figure 4B) revealed a similar number of affected protein-coding genes with a strong (83%) overlap between the affected genes.  To support this, we performed qPCR on four affected protein-coding transcripts which revealed no significant difference in the level of INTS11 effect after 2.5h vs 1.5h (Supplemental Figure 4C).

      We now present data for merged replicates in Figures 2 and 4 which reveal very similar average profiles for -INTS11 vs +INTS11 at both timepoints. Overall, we believe that we have resolved this discrepancy by showing that it amounts to experimental variability and because the most acutely affected protein-coding genes are lowly expressed. As detailed above, we show this in multiple ways (and validate by qPCR) We have revised the text accordingly and removed our original speculation that differences reflected the timeframe of INTS11 loss.

      Conclusion/assessment:

      This important work substantially advances our understanding of the mechanisms governing the directionality of human promoters. The evidence supporting the claims of the authors is compelling, with among others the use of advanced nascent transcriptomics including spike-in normalization controls and acute protein depletion using degron approaches.

      In my opinion, the authors' conclusions are in general well supported.

      Not only the manuscript but also the data generated will be useful to the wide community of researchers studying transcriptional regulation. Also, the POINT-derived novel sPOINT method described here is very valuable and can positively impact work in the field.

      We are grateful for the reviewers' positive assessment of our study.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Eaton and colleagues use targeted protein degradation coupled with nascent transcription mapping to highlight a role for the integrator component INST11 in terminating antisense transcription. They find that upon inhibition of CDK9, INST11 can terminate both antisense and sense transcription - leading to a model whereby INST11 can terminate antisense transcription and the activity of CDK9 protects sense transcription from INST11-mediated termination. They further develop a new method called sPOINT which selectively amplifies nascent 5' capped RNAs and find that transcription initiation is more efficient in the sense direction than in the antisense direction. This is an excellent paper that uses elegant experimental design and innovative technologies to uncover a novel regulatory step in the control of transcriptional directionality.

      Strengths:

      One of the major strengths of this work is that the authors endogenously tag two of their proteins of interest - RBBP6 and INST11. This tag allows them to rapidly degrade these proteins - increasing the likelihood that any effects they see are primary effects of protein depletion rather than secondary effects. Another strength of this work is that the authors immunoprecipitate RNAPII and sequence extracted full-length RNA (POINT-seq) allowing them to map nascent transcription. A technical advance from this work is the development of sPOINT which allows the selective amplification of 5' capped RNAs < 150 nucleotides, allowing the direction of transcription initiation to be resolved.

      We appreciate this positive assessment.

      Weaknesses:

      While the authors provide strong evidence that INST11 and CDK9 play important roles in determining promoter directionality, their data suggests that when INST11 is degraded and CDK9 is inhibited there remains a bias in favour of sense transcription (Figures 4B and C). This suggests that there are other unknown factors that promote sense transcription over antisense transcription and future work could look to identify these.

      We agree that other (so far, unknown) factors promote sense transcription over antisense, which was demonstrated by our short POINT.  We have provided an expanded discussion on this in the revision. In our opinion, demonstrating that sense transcription is driven by preferential initiation in that direction is a key finding and we agree that the identification of the underlying mechanism constitutes an interesting avenue for future study.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Using a protein degradation approach, Eaton et al show that INST11 can terminate the sense and anti-sense transcription but higher activity of CDK9 in the sense direction protects it from INS11-dependent termination. They developed sPOINT-seq that detects nascent 5'-capped RNA. The technique allowed them to reveal robust transcription initiation of sense-RNA as compared to anti-sense.

      Strengths:

      The strength of the paper is the acute degradation of proteins, eliminating the off-target effects. Further, the paper uses elegant approaches such as POINT and sPOINT-seq to measure nascent RNA and 5'-capped short RNA. Together, the combination of these three allowed the authors to make clean interpretations of data.

      We appreciate this positive assessment.

      Weaknesses:

      While the manuscript is well written, the details on the panel are not sufficient. The methods could be elaborated to aid understanding. Additional discussion on how the authors' findings contradict the existing model of anti-sense transcription termination should be added.

      We have added more detail to the figure panels, which we hope will help readers to navigate the paper more easily. Specifically, the assay employed for each experiment is indicated in each figure panel. As requested, we provide a new and separate discussion section in the revision.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Congratulations on this important piece of work!

      Some specific suggestions.

      MAJOR

      -The data are not available (Accession "GSE243266" is currently private and is scheduled to be released on Sep 01, 2026.) This should be corrected and as a minimum, the raw sequencing files as well as the spike-in scaled bigwig files should be provided in GEO.

      We have made the data public. Raw and bigwig files are provided as part of the GEO upload.

      MINOR

      - It would be useful for readers if you could include catalog numbers of the reagents used in the study.

      We have included this information in our revision.

      - A table in experimental procedures summarizing the genomic experiments performed in this study as well as published ones reanalyzed here would be helpful.

      This is now provided as part of the resources table.

      - It would be easier for reviewers to evaluate the manuscript if the figure legends were included together with the figures on one page. This is now allowed by most journals.

      We have used this formatting in the revision.

      - Providing some captions for the results sections would be helpful.

      We have included subheadings as suggested.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Generally, I would suggest writing the experiment-type above panels where it is not immediately obvious what they are so a reader can appreciate the figures without referencing the legend. E.g. write POINT-seq on Figure 1B just to make it obvious to someone looking at the figures what methodology they are looking at. Likewise, you could write RNAPII ChIP-seq for Supplementary Figures 3D and 3E.

      We have carried out this recommendation.

      Can a y-axis be indicated on POINT-seq genome browser tracks? This could make them easier to interpret.

      Y-axis scales are provided as RPKM as stated in the figure legends.

      The authors could address/speculate in the text why there is less POINT-seq signal for the antisense transcript in the treatment condition in Figure 1B? Or could consider including a different example locus where this is not the case for clarity.

      Acute depletion of poly(A) factors (like RBBP6) results in a strong read-through beyond the poly(A) signal of protein-coding genes as Figure 1 shows.  However, it also causes a reduction in transcription levels, which can be seen in the figure and is correctly noted by the reviewer in this comment.  We see this with other poly(A) factor depletions (e.g. CPSF73 and CPSF30 – Eaton et al., 2020 and Estell et al., 2021) and other labs have observed this too (e.g for CPSF73-dTAG depletion (Cugusi et al., Mol Cell 2022)).  Plausible reasons include a limited pool of free RNAPII due to impaired transcriptional termination or limited nucleotide availability due to their incorporation within long read-through transcripts. For these reasons, we have retained the example in Figure 1B as a typical representation of the effect. Moreover, the heatmap in Figure 1D fairly represents the spectrum of effects following RBBP6 loss – highlighting the strong read-through beyond poly(A) signals and the marginal antisense effects.

      "The established effect of INTS11 at snRNAs was detected in our POINT-seq data and demonstrates the efficacy of this approach (Figure 2B)." The authors could explain this point more clearly in the text and describe the data - e.g. As expected, depletion of INTS11 leads to increased POINT-seq signal at the 3' end of snRNAs, consistent with defects in transcriptional termination. This is highlighted by the RNU5A-1 and RNU5B-1 loci (Figure 2B).

      We agree and have added more context to clarify this.

      I would suggest adjusting the scale of the heatmap in Figure 2E - I think it would be easier to interpret if the value of 0 was white - with >0 a gradient of orange and <0 a gradient of blue (as is done in Figure 1C). I think making this change would make the point as written in the text clearer i.e. "heatmap analysis demonstrates the dominant impact of INTS11 on antisense versus sense transcription at most promoters (Figure 2E)." I'm assuming most of the sense transcription would be white (more clearly unchanging) when the scale is adjusted.

      We agree and have done this. The reviewer is correct that most sense transcription is unchanged by INTS11 loss.  However, as we alluded to in the original submission, a subset of transcripts shows a promoter-proximal increase after INTS11 depletion. We have expanded the analyses of this effect (see responses to other comments) but stress that it is neither as general nor as large as the antisense effect.

      The authors make the point that there is mildly increased transcription over the 5' end of some genes upon INST11 depletion and show a track (Supplementary Fig 2A). It is not immediately obvious from the presentation of the meta-analysis in Figure 2D how generalisable this statement is. Perhaps the size of the panel or thickness of the lines in Figure 2D could be adjusted so that the peak of the control (in blue) could be seen. Perhaps an arrow indicating the peak could be added? I'm assuming the peak at the TSS is slightly lower in the control compared to INST11 depletion based on the authors' statement.

      We have provided multiple new analyses of this data to highlight where there are promoter-proximal effects of INTS11 loss in the sense direction.  Please see our response to the public review of reviewer 1 and new supplemental figures 2A, 2B, 4A and 4B which highlight the sense transcription increased in the absence of INTS11.

      The authors label Figure 4 "Promoters lose their directionality when CDK9 is inhibited" - but in INST11 depleted cells treated with CDK9i they find that there still is a bias towards sense transcription. Suggested edit "Some promoter directionality is lost when CDK9 is inhibited" or similar.

      We agree and have made this change.

      The authors conclude that INTS11-mediated effects are the result of perturbation of the catalytic activities of Integrator, the authors should perform rescue experiments with the catalytically dead E203Q-INTS11 mutant.

      This is a very good suggestion and something we had intended to pursue.  However, as we will describe below (and shown in Supplemental Figure 4G), there were confounding issues with this experiment.

      The E203Q mutant of INTS11 is widely used in the literature to test for catalytic functions of INTS11.  However, we have found that this mutation impairs the ability of INTS11 to bind other Integrator modules in cells. Based on co-immunoprecipitation of flag-tagged WT and E203Q derivatives, INTS1 (backbone module), 10 (tail module), and 8 (phosphatase module) all show reduced binding to E203Q vs. WT. Because E203Q INTS11 is defective in forming Integrator complexes, rescue experiments might not fully distinguish the effects of INTS11 activity from those caused by defects in complex assembly. While this may at first seem unexpected, in the analogous 3’ end processing complex, catalytic mutants of CPSF73 (which is highly related to INTS11) negatively affect its interaction with other complex members (Kolev and Steitz, EMBO Reports 2005).

      We hypothesise that INTS11 activity is most likely involved in attenuating promoter-proximal transcription, but we cannot formally rule out other explanations and discuss this in our revision. Regardless of how INTS11 attenuates transcription, our main conclusion is on its requirement to terminate antisense transcription whether this involves its cleavage activity or not.

      The authors suggest that CDK9 modulates INTS11 activity/assembly and suggest this may be related to SPT5. Is there an effect of CDK9 inhibition on the snRNA's highlighted in Figure 2B?

      We believe that snRNAs are different from protein-coding genes concerning CDK9 function. Shona Murphy’s lab previously showed that, unlike protein-coding genes, snRNA transcription is insensitive to CDK9 inhibition, and that snRNA processing is impaired by CDK9 inhibition (Medlin et al., EMBO 2003 and EMBO 2005).  We reproduce these findings by metaanalysis of 15 highly expressed and well-separated snRNAs and by qRT-PCR of unprocessed RNU1-1, RNU5A-1 and RNU7-1 snRNA following CDK9 inhibition. We observe snRNA read-through by POINT-seq following INTS11 loss whether CDK9 is inhibited or not (left panel, below). Note the higher TES proximal signal in CDK9i conditions, which likely reflects the accumulation of unprocessed snRNA as validated by qPCR for three example snRNAs (right panel, below).

      Author response image 1.

      For Figure 4, would similar results be observed using inhibitors targeting other transcriptional CDKs such as CDK7,12/13?

      In response to this suggestion, we analysed four selected protein-coding transcripts (the same 4 that we used to validate the CDK9i results) by qRT-PCR in a background of CDK7 inhibition using the THZ2 compound (new Supplemental Figure 4E).  THZ2 suppresses transcription from these genes as expected.  Interestingly, expression is restored by co-depleting Integrator, recapitulating our findings with CDK9 inhibition.  As CDK7 is the CDK-activating kinase for CDK9, its inhibition will also inhibit CDK9 so THZ2 may simply hit this pathway upstream of where CDK9 inhibitors.  Second, CDK7 may independently shield transcription from INTS11.  We allude to both interesting possibilities.

      What happens to the phosphorylation state of anti-sense engaged RNAPII when INTS11 is acutely depleted and/or CDK9 is inhibited? This could be measured by including Ser5 and Ser2 antibodies in the sPOINT-seq assay and complemented with Western Blot analysis.

      We have performed the western blot for Ser5 and Ser2 phosphorylation as suggested.  Both signals are mildly enhanced by INTS11 loss, which is consistent with generally increased transcription.  Ser2p is strongly reduced by CDK9 inhibition, which is consistent with the loss of nascent transcription in this condition.  Interestingly, both modifications are partly recovered when INTS11 is depleted in conjunction with CDK9 inhibition. This is consistent with the effects that we see on POINT-seq and shows that the recovered transcription is associated with some phosphorylation of RNAPII CTD.  This presumably reflects the action(s) of kinases that can act redundantly with CDK9.

      We have not performed POINT-seq with Ser5p and Ser2p antibodies under these various conditions.  Our rationale is that our existing data uses an antibody that captures all RNAPII (regardless of its phosphorylation status), which we feel most comprehensively assays transcription in either direction. Moreover, the lab of Fei Chen (Hu et al., Mol Cell 2023) recently published Ser5p and Ser2p ChIP-seq following INTS11 loss. By ChIP-seq, they observe a bigger increase in antisense RNAPII occupancy vs. sense providing independent and orthogonal support for our POINT-seq data.  Interestingly, this antisense increase is not paralleled by proportional increases in Ser5p or Ser2p signals.  This suggests that the unattenuated antisense transcription resulting from INTS11 loss does not have high Ser5p or Ser2p.  Since CDK7 and 9 are major Ser5 and 2 kinases, this supports our model that their activity is less prevalent for antisense transcription.  We now discuss these data in our revision.   

      The HIV reporter RNA experiments should be performed with the CDK9 inhibitor added to the experimental conditions. Presumably CDK9 inhibition would result in no upregulation of the reporter upon addition of TAT and/or dTAG. Perhaps the amount of TAT should be reduced to still have a dynamic window in which changes can be detected. It is possible that reporter activation is simply at a maximum. Can anti-sense transcription be measured from the reporter?

      We have performed the requested CDK9 inhibitor experiment to confirm that TAT-activated transcription from the HIV promoter is CDK9-dependent (new supplemental figure 4F).  Consistent with previous literature on HIV transcription, CDK9 inhibition attenuates TAT-activated transcription.  Importantly, and in line with our other experiments, depletion of INTS11 results in significant restoration of transcription from the HIV promoter when CDK9 is inhibited. Thus, TAT-activated transcription is CDK9-dependent and, as for endogenous genes, CDK9 prevents attenuation by INTS11.

      While TAT-activated transcription is high, we do not think that the plasmid is saturated. When considering this question, we revisited previous experiments using this system to study RNA processing (Dye et al., Mol Cell 1999, Cell 2001, Mol Cell 2006). In these cases, mutations in splice sites or polyadenylation sites have a strong effect on RNA processing and transcription around HIV reporter plasmids. Effects on transcription and RNA processing are; therefore, apparent in the appropriate context. In contrast, we find that the complete elimination of INTS11 has no impact on RNA output from the HIV reporter. Our original experiment assessing the impact of INTS11 loss in +TAT conditions used total RNA.  One possibility is that this allows non-nascent RNA to accumulate which might confound our interpretation of INTS11 effects on ongoing transcription.  However, the new experiment described in the paragraph above was performed on chromatin-associated (nascent) RNA to rule this out.  This again shows no impact of INTS11 loss on HIV promoter-derived transcription in the presence of TAT.

      To our knowledge, antisense transcription is not routinely assayed from plasmids. They generally employ very strong promoters (e.g. CMV, HIV) to drive sense transcription.  Crucially, their circular nature means that RNAPII going around the plasmid could interfere with antisense transcription coming the other way which does not happen in a linear genomic context. This is why we restricted our use of plasmids to looking at the effects of stimulated CDK9 recruitment (via TAT) on transcription rather than promoter directionality.   

      The authors should clearly state how many replicates were performed for the genomics experiments. Ideally, a signal should be quantified and compared statistically rather than relying on average profiles only.

      We have stated the replicate numbers for sequencing experiments in the relevant figure legends. All sequencing experiments were performed in at least two biological replicates, but often three. In addition, we validated their key conclusions by qPCR or with orthogonal sequencing approaches.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The authors provide strong evidence in support of their claims.

      ChIP-seq of pol2S5 and S2 upon INST11 and CDK9 inhibition will strengthen the observation that transcription in the sense direction is more efficient.

      We view the analysis of total RNAPII as the most unbiased way of establishing how much RNAPII is going one way or the other. Importantly, ChIP-seq was very recently performed for Ser2p and Ser5p RNAPII derivatives in the lab of Fei Chen (Hu et al., Mol Cell 2023). Their data shows that loss of INTS11 increases the occupancy of total RNAPII in the antisense direction more than in the sense direction, which is consistent with our finding. Interestingly, the increased antisense RNAPII was not paralleled with an increase in Ser2p or Ser5p. This suggests that, following INTS11 loss, the unattenuated antisense transcription is not associated with full/normal Ser2p or Ser5p. These modifications are normally established by CDK7 and 9; therefore, this published ChIP-seq suggests that they are not fully active on antisense transcription when INTS11 is lost. This supports our overall model that CDK9 (and potentially CDK7 as suggested for a small number of genes in new Supplemental Figure 4E) is more active in the sense direction to prevent INTS11-dependent attenuation. We now discuss these data in our revision.

      In Supplementary Figure 2, the eRNA expression increases upon INST11 degradation, I wonder if the effects of this will be appreciated on cognate promoters? Can the authors test some enhancer:promoter pairs?

      We noticed that some genes (e.g. MYC) that are regulated by enhancers show reduced transcription in the absence of INTS11. Whilst this could suggest a correlation, the transcription of other genes (e.g. ACTB and GAPDH) is also reduced by INTS11 loss although they are not regulated by enhancers.  A detailed and extensive analysis would be required to establish any link between INTS11-regulated enhancer transcription and the transcription of genes from their cognate promoters.  We agree that this would be interesting, but it seems beyond the scope of our short report on promoter directionality.

      Line 111, meta plot was done of 1316 genes. Details on this number should be provided. Overall, the details of methods and analysis need improvement. The layout of panels and labelling on graphs can be improved.

      We have now explained the 1316 gene set.  In essence, these are the genes separated from an expressed neighbour by at least 10kb.  This distance was selected because depletion of RBBP6 induces extensive read-through transcription beyond the polyadenylation site of protein-coding genes.  To avoid including genes affected by transcriptional read-through from nearby transcription units we selected those with a 10kb gap between them. This was the only selection criteria so is unlikely to induce any unintended biases. Finally, we have added more information to the figure panels and their legends, which we hope will make our manuscript more accessible.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Eaton and colleagues use targeted protein degradation coupled with nascent transcription mapping to highlight a role for the integrator component INST11 in terminating antisense transcription. They find that upon inhibition of CDK9, INST11 can terminate both antisense and sense transcription - leading to a model whereby INST11 can terminate antisense transcription and the activity of CDK9 protects sense transcription from INST11-mediated termination. They further develop a new method called sPOINT which selectively amplifies nascent 5' capped RNAs and find that transcription initiation is more efficient in the sense direction than in the antisense direction. This is an excellent paper which uses elegant experimental design and innovative technologies to uncover a novel regulatory step in the control of transcriptional directionality.

      Strengths:

      One of the major strengths of this work is that the authors endogenously tag two of their proteins of interest - RBBP6 and INST11. This tag allows them to rapidly degrade these proteins - increasing the likelihood that any effects they see are primary effects of protein depletion rather than secondary effects. Another strength of this work is that the authors immunoprecipitate RNAPII and sequence extracted full length RNA (POINT-seq) allowing them to map nascent transcription. A technical advance from this work is the development of sPOINT which allows the selective amplification of 5' capped RNAs < 150 nucleotides, allowing the direction of transcription initiation to be resolved.

      Weaknesses:

      While the authors provide strong evidence that INST11 and CDK9 play important roles in determining promoter directionality, their data suggests that when INST11 is degraded and CDK9 is inhibited there remains a bias in favour of sense transcription (Figure 4B and C). This suggests that there are other unknown factors that promote sense transcription over antisense transcription and future work could look to identify these.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We would like to thank all reviewers for their detailed and constructive feedback, which substantially helped improve the manuscript. We apologise for the time taken for the revisions, which was partially due to the first author (successfully) writing and defending her PhD thesis in the same time frame. We would like to point out already here that, based on reviewers' feedback, main figure 6 is completely redone and the conclusions of this figure have changed substantially. We no longer suggest RNA chaperoning activity (it was identified as being due to the high concentration of TEV protease, in a control suggested by the reviewers). Instead, our refined assay conditions with lower TEV protease concentration identified ribonuclease activity of membrane-bound full-length 2C, which is consistent with a publication from 2022 (PMID: 35947700).


      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Evidence, reproducibility, and clarity

      Summary:

      In this study by Shankar and colleagues, the authors aim to understand the structure and function of the enterovirus 2C protein, a putative viral helicase with AAA+ ATPase activity. Using poliovirus (as a model enterovirus) 2C, the author's propose the protein contains two amphipathic helices (AH1 and AH2) at the N-terminus that are divided by a conserved glycine. Using purified MBP-tagged 2C and N-terminal 2C truncations, their data suggests AH1 is primarily responsible for clustering at membranes, whilst AH2 is the main mediator of 2C oligmerisation and membrane binding. Furthermore, 2C was suggested to be able to recruit RNA to membranes, with a preference for dsRNA, and the author's data implies that the helicase activity of 2C is ATP-independent. Instead, the ATP activity appears to be required for 2C hexamer formation or chaperone activity. The manuscript is generally well written /presented and the author's present very interesting data which raises several questions, some of which require additional experimentation to help support the author's conclusions. Specific comments are as follows.

      We thanks the reviewer for the overall positive assessment, as well as the specific comments below.

      Major Comments:

      1. The authors use four main constructs throughout the paper: full-length 2C, 2C with deletion of AH1 (ΔAH1), 2C with both AH1 and AH2 deleted (ΔMBP) and 2C with an extended N-terminal deletion. From this, the author's draw conclusions on the function of both AH1 and AH2. One of the author's main conclusions is that AH2 is the main mediator of 2C membrane association (e.g., in line 169). However, is it possible to conclude the relative importance of AH1 vs AH2 without testing a construct containing the deletion of AH2 only (ΔAH2)? This should be generated and used alongside this data to fully define the relative importance of AH1 and AH2 in these assay and remove the possibility that the deletion of AH1 changes the structure and/or function of AH2, which could also result in the observed differences.

      This was a very good suggestion. We expressed and purified the ΔAH2 protein requested by the reviewer and characterized its oligomeric state as well as its membrane binding. It turns out, as suspected, that the ΔAH2 protein behaves very similarly to the ΔMBD protein (i.e. it does not form higher order oligomers and does not bind membranes). The changes in the manuscript due to this addition are many but can primarily be found in main figures 2-3 and their associated supplementary figures.

      Previous structural predictions of 2C do not appear to have two separate AHs at the N-terminus. Are the AH1 and AH2 structures predicted to be formed in the context of the entire 2C protein, 2BC precursors and polyprotein? Are there structural approaches that could provide experimental evidence for two separate AH at the N-terminus?

      This is a good point. Previous predictions were not that detailed, partially since they were done in the pre-alphafold era. Unfortunately, we cannot think of a tractable experimental method that could verify the split nature of the amphipathic helix in the only context that would matter: the protein bound to a membrane. A long-term goal would be in situ structures of full-length 2C on membranes using cryo-electron tomography, but our current sample and data sets are not sufficient for this. We added a mention of the long-term need for experimental structures of full-length 2C on lines 315-318 in the discussion.

      Why are the 2C dimers (lines 137-138) not apparent on the mass photometry data presented (figure 2)?

      Different constructs were measured by mas photometry and SEC-MALS. Also, the required concentration is 100-1000x lower for mass photometry which will affect a dynamic equilibrium in case the same construct were measured by the two methods.

      It appeared that binding of ΔMBD-2C was better when POPS is in the membrane (line 174). What is the explanation for this and was this finding significant?

      Well spotted. It may mean that 2C has a second, lower affinity membrane-binding site which is charge-dependent somewhere outside the MBD. We now added a mention of this in the discussion, lines 321-323.

      From the author's data on lipid drop clustering they conclude ΔAH1 is more effective for clustering, however, the ΔAH1 construct produces pentamers not hexamers (from Figure 2). Is formation of hexamers related to or required for membrane clustering?

      ΔAH1 is LESS effective at clustering, not more. As for the mention of pentamers in the original submission: we now think this was an unfortunate choice of words. The mass photometry data for 2C(ΔAH1) could more parsimoniously be interpreted as a mix of hexamers and other (unknown to us) smaller oligomers such as trimers. We have removed all mentions of pentamers.

      The replicon data presented in Figure 7 should include a replication-defective control (e.g., polymerase mutant), in order to compare how defective in replication ΔAH1 and ΔMBP deletions are compared to a fully-defective construct. Likewise, deletion of ΔAH1 in this construct is likely to affect processing of the viral polyprotein where several previous studies with picornaviruses have demonstrated that the residues in the P2'-P4' positions can change cleavage efficiency (e.g., PMID: 2542331), or the structure of 2C, leading to the reduction of replication.

      Thanks for these good comments. We made the polymerase-dead (GDD-to-GAA) replicon and remeasured it side by side with the 2C replicons. It has a similar luciferase activity indicating that no replication takes place in the 2C deletion replicons. This is shown in the new figure 7. As for the possibility or processing defects, we mentioned this in the original discussion and have now cited the reference suggested by the reviewer in this context (line 324).

      How does the author's model of ATPase-independent helicase activity and an APT-dependent required RNA chaperone activity fit with 2 step model for RNA binding and ATPase activity suggested by Yeager et al (PMID: 36399514)?

      Acting upon comments from other reviewers, we completely redid the "helicase assay" in the revised manuscript. It turns out that the ATP-independent unwinding activity in the original submission was an artefact of the assay conditions (specifically, of the TEV protease at the higher concentration we used in the old assay). In our improved assay we neither see helicase activity nor ATP-independent RNA chaperoning activity.

      Optional major comments that would increase the significance of the work:

      All of the optional comments below are exceptionally interesting. But given the long time needed for the several major changes to this manuscript (e.g. the ΔAH2 protein characterization and reoptimisation of the helicase assay) we believe it is more sensible to address them in future studies, for which the 2C reconstitution system can be used.

      The preference for dsRNA over ssRNA appears to be quite small (Figure 5d). In the context of a viral infection where ssRNA is likely to outnumber dsRNA at different times during infection is this preference physiologically relevant? In relation to this, what size stretch of dsRNA is required for preference, and could this correspond to cis-acting RNA structural elements, dsRNA as it escapes 3D polymerase or as part of the RF and RI forms (PMID: 9343205)? What is the proposed mechanism of how dsRNA outcompetes membrane tethering of 2C? OPTIONAL The author's study has been conducted in the absence of other viral non-structural proteins. What is the physiological importance of the observations, such as membrane interaction/clustering or RNA binding when presented in the context of the other replication machinery. OPTIONAL Do 2C monomers, dimers and hexamers have different functions in viral replication perhaps at different stages of replication and which of these forms are relevant during viral infection or can they all be detected during infection? Can any suggested separate functional arrangements be separated by genetic complementation experiments? OPTIONAL

      Minor comments:

      1. The author's appear to interchange between naming/nomenclature of the constructs which makes it confusing to follow (for example, ΔMBD is the same as 2C(41-329) likewise, 2C(Δ115) is sometimes called 2C(116-329)). It would be much easier to follow if the naming of constructs was consistent throughout (unless I am misunderstanding some subtlety in the difference between such constructs).

      Thanks very much for spotting this. We have fixed it.

      The author's suggest a pentamer arrangement for the ΔAH1 construct, however in the mass photometry data (figure 2D), a hexamer is indicated with the arrow. It would be helpful to change the label to indicate the size of the pentamer where this is being generated, not the hexamer.

      As mentioned above, we think the "pentamer" designation of the original manuscript was unfortunate. It is more parsimonious to interpret this as a mix of states, hexamer and undefined snaller.

      In most figures, data for full-length 2C, ΔAH1 and ΔMBP is shown. However data for ΔMBP is missing in Figure 4. Using ΔMBP may demonstrate even lower clustering, hinting that AH2 is also involved in this process.

      Thanks for this comment. In our view, it can be derived from figure 3 (which shows lack of binding to PC/PE membranes) that the ΔMBD construct would not cluster membranes under the conditions of the assay (clustering requires concomitant binding to two membranes). We now describe our rationale for this on lines 220-222. However, we did include the ΔMBD protein in the new negative staining TEM supplementary figure where it and ΔAH2 show no signs of clustering (figure S10).

      I think it would be better for normalise the data in the flotation experiments such that the percentage of 2C in the upper faction is presented as relative to the amount of lipid in the upper fraction (presented in Figure S4).

      The change suggested by the reviewer would make it impossible to show the important no-liposome control (leftmost bar in Fig. 3C) in the same plot as the other measurements. We believe that would unnecessarily complicate the figure. Thus, we opted to keep the measurement that are normalised by lipid fluorescence in the supplementary figure. Instead, we now added another mention of this supplementary figure in the legend to main figure 3.

      At several places (e.g., lines 232 and 272) the author's refer to "realistic systems". I think the term "physiologically relevant" might be more appropriate.

      Agreed and changed throughout.

      Line 237: I think "y" is a typo and should read "by".

      Thanks. This text was reworked due to the major changes to figure 6.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      Significance

      I have limited expertise with structural biology but specialise my research on positive-sense RNA virus replication, structure and function. This research is of interest to a broad audience of researchers investigating many positive-sense RNA viruses, which extends beyond the viral family studied here. The work utilises novel techniques to begin to understand the specific roles of 2C in poliovirus replication. The author's data add important incremental new insight into recent studies on viral helicase proteins as referenced in the study, however, a key limitation is understanding the importance/relevance of their observations during a viral infection.

      We thanks the reviewer for this positive and nuanced appraisal of our work.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The authors present an alternative assay system to investigate picornavirus 2C, a protein that is tricky to analyze biochemically in its full length form because of an amphipathic helix at the N-terminus. Poliovirus 2C is expressed with an N-terminal MBP tag, a 50kD protein that helps with solubility as is commonly used for 2C investigations. A difference here is that liposomes are included to mimic membranes for 2C attachment. The key findings are that 2C induces clustering of of liposomes, that double stranded RNA binding by 2C impacts this clustering effect and that a free N-terminus (after cleavage of MBP by TEV protease) is needed for RNA binding and an ATP independent (ie non helicase) RNA duplex separation activity.

      Major:

      In the floatation assays in figure 3 the authors use a system where MBP-2C is fluorophore-labeled with ATTO488 on exposed cysteines. Poliovirus and other enterovirus 2C has a very well characterized zinc finger domain that has cysteines coordinating a zinc ion. Mutation experiments previously showed that these cysteines are necessary for viral replication and 2C stability. Have the authors controlled for disruption of the zinc finger domain by the labelling of cysteines with ATT0488 and checked if the protein remains folded?

      We completely agree with the reviewer and apologise for the omission in the original submission. We have now included a Zn content measurement, which shows unchanged levels between labelled and unlabelled 2C protein (Figure S7). Also, we now in the revised manuscript explicitly describe our original reasoning for labelling on native cysteines: the presence of two cysteines which are not necessary for viral replication and which are more solvent exposed-exposed (and thus more likely to be labelled) in the crystal structure of the soluble fragment of 2C (lines 176-181).

      In the analysis of the amphipathic helix, did the authors include membranes in their structural predictions o just the free helix? How does inclusion of membranes impact the predictions? In the predictions in Figure D, only 2 of 4 show a kink and there doesn't seem to be a correlation between those that predict a kink or not and whether the hydrophobic side is aligned in Figure S1.

      Unfortunately, predicting a protein structure with the interacting membrane is beyond what is currently doable with protein prediction methods (one would have to combine protein structure predictions with molecular dynamics simulations including a membrane). Based on general principles of protein structure, it is likely that there is some flexibility around G17. Thus there may not be a single "kink angle" for any given virus, but we believe that the presence of the kink (and offset hydrophobic surfaces) for a number of viruses lends credibility and robustness to the observation. We added some descriptions of this thinking on lines 126-127.

      Based on previous structures of 2C from different viruses the N-terminal amphipathic helix containing region is predicted to localize on one face of the predicted hexametric structure tethering 2C to the membrane. How does the authors hypothesized model explain 2C dependent clustering? is there evidence that 2C hexamers can oligomerize further into dodecamers for example, maintaining separate faces to enable N-terminal interaction with different membranes? What is the distance between the liposomes in figure 4 at the points of density attributed to 2C? How does this compare to the size of 2C determined in previous structural studies? Is it consistent with one hexamer/2 hexamers sitting on top of one another?

      These are very interesting questions but we believe it is prudent to limit our speculation at this point. Eventually, we hope that larger data sets of cryo-electron tomography, coupled to subtomogram averaging, may provide a more definitive answer. What we managed to do with our current cryo-electron tomography data set is to estimate the volume of individual protein densities, and from the volume calculate an estimated molecular mass of the individual complexes seen in the tomograms. This correlates very well with 2C hexamers (new figure 4D).

      In the Discussion lines 278-285 the authors suggest that having MBP attached may reflect the polyprotein condition. Can they make a construct with MBP-2B2C to examine interaction with liposomes and assess 2C function?

      This is a highly relevant question, but the biochemistry of 2BC is even more challenging than 2C, and we are unfortunately nowhere near being able to work with purified 2BC at the moment.

      Discussion lines 293-296, the possibility of two different populations of 2C, binding RNA or membranes cannot be excluded, there is much more 2C around late in infection that present in early infection- the model in figure 8 doesn't acknowledge/capture this.

      We have changed the model figure such that more 2C is seen later, and the clustering function is also seen late in infection. The original discussion text referred to (which is unchanged) talks about a "preferential role in RNA replication and particle assembly at later time points" specifically for this reason. We hope the new figure 8 is better at conveying this message.

      Discussion lines 313-317, the authors don't reference a study where a mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2C lacking the n-terminal amphipathic helix that could bind but not hydrolyze ATP, hexamerized in the presence of RNA that seems pertinent here (PMID: 20507978).

      Thanks for the suggestion. However, after the extensive changes we made to the revised to figure 6 based on excellent reviewer comments (essentially: the RNA chaperoning activity turned out to be an artefact, the improved assay shows no sign of RNA unwinding but instead of 2C-mediated ribonuclease activity), these sentence of the original discussion lost most of their context and we opted to remove them.

      Some evidence of MBP-2C cleavage by TEV in the different assays used should be presented as this is a major focus of discussion and currently no gels show TEV cleavage is happening.

      Thanks for the suggestion - we agree. We now show these in the new supplementary figures S5 and S12.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      The work presents an additional methodology to investigate a a protein that has previously been difficult to study. The authors acknowledge that there is still a lot of 2C biology that remains to be discovered.

      Thanks, we agree.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The manuscript provides insights into the role of the N-terminus in membrane binding and its importance in the various functions of 2C.

      Major issues

      Line 103-119. Is this novel? I thought people had done a lot of bioinformatic analysis of PV 2C (especially Wimmer) who also did mutational work to analyse the importance of various amino acids in the N-terminal helix. I feel like the paper in general, and this section in particular, underplays the large body of work that has been done on the amphipathic helix by various groups.

      We apologise if our original manuscript didn't sufficiently acknowledge previous work in the field. In the first sentence of the mentioned paragraph (now lines 112-113) , we did however cite several papers that have previously addressed the amphipathic nature of the N-terminus of 2C. We have now added two more references along the same line, and changed the wording in a way that we hope better bring across that the amphipathic nature per se has been studies before. We would be happy to add more specific references if the reviewer has any suggestions. However, the rest of our analysis IS indeed novel for the following reasons: (i) we show that the amphipathic region is not a simple, single amphipathic helix, but instead has a conserved glycine (helix breaker/destabiliser residue) and two distinct amphipathic stretches before and after this region, (ii) we use alphafold2 (not available at the time of the earlier work) to provide the first reliable structural models of the membrane-binding domain. These models consistently, across several enterovirus 2C proteins, reveal that the hydrophobic surfaces of the first and second amphipathic regions, on either side of the conserved glycine 17, are offset from one another. This lends additional credibility to the distinct nature of these regions which have not previously been identified as such and which we also show in the biochemical assays to be functionally distinct. We have now also added a clarification to the Discussion that the N-terminus of 2C had previously been identified as its membrane-binding domain and we cite references for this. We hope that these changes will sufficiently acknowledge earlier work in the field while clearly pointing out the advance that our paper makes.

      Line 132. Did you validate your column with known MW standards? The peak for full length and deltaAH1 look fairly standard for 2C, in that you have a mixture of species. Not sure you can say it is a hexamer when it is such a broad peak. C doesn't really help you too much since the counts at 400 (pentamer) and 480 (hexamer) are almost the same with quite large error bars. Like most people that have worked with 2C I think the best you can say is that you are making some kind of oligomerized 2C that includes hexamer, pentamer, etc. Why no dimer for MBP-2C and MBP-2C(delta AH1) when compared to the other constructs?

      We did not calibrate the gel filtration column since the outcome would anyway be a more crude estimate of molecular mass than the mass photometry and SEC-MALS measurements. But we do agree with the reviewer on the broad mass photometry peaks. To address this experimentally, we compared the existing MBP-2C spectra to new recordings on apoferritin, a highly stable homomultimeric protein complex of a similar mass to aa MBP-2C hexamer. The apoferritin mass estimate is overlayed with the full-length MBP-2C in the new figure 2D and the corresponding supplementary figure S3. This indeed shows that the MBP-2C peak is broader, i.e. consistent with a mix of species which are predominantly but not only hexamers. We describe and discuss this on lines 145-149. As for the mention of pentamers in the original submission: we now think this was an unfortunate choice of words. The mass photometry data for 2C(ΔAH1) could more parsimoniously be interpreted as a mix of hexamers and other (unknown to us) smaller oligomers such as trimers. We have removed all mentions of pentamers.

      Line 143. Does your data show that there are two amphipathic helices? Bioinformatics suggests it but your experiments just show the importance of the two areas in oligomerization, not that it is forming two helices.

      We agree that the choice of words was not idea and have now changed it to "structure predictions indicate" (lines 162).

      Figure S2. Your preps are still relatively dirty, which isn't ideal for biochemical assays. Especially lane 3, where you are looking at 50-60% purity. I don't want you to re-run experiments but I think you need to comment on the purity of the protein you are working with. Also I don't like that you removed the top and bottom of the SDS-PAGE. How much protein never entered the gel. Is there a big fat band at 20 kDa? You need to have the full gel here. Did you measure 260 nm of the preps as well to see if you had bound RNA to the 2C?

      Thanks for the comment, we agree that our original submission lacked detail in the description of the protein purification. This is now addressed with the new figure S2 which shows size exclusion chromatograms of the fluorophore-labelled proteins (same chromatograms as in figure 2) and the corresponding uncropped gels imaged both in the stain-free channel (showing all proteins) and in the fluorescence channel. The A260/A280 ratio measured for all proteins shows that they are free of nucleic acids at the point of imaging. The protein preps are not 100% homogeneous but we do believe that they are more than 50-60% pure.

      Lines 170. Wasn't this done in the recent "An Amphipathic Alpha-Helix Domain from Poliovirus 2C Protein Tubulate Lipid Vesicles"? I don't see it referenced. What is novel about the current work when compared to that paper? Any differences?

      Thanks for pointing this out. The referenced study worked with a synthesized, isolated peptide corresponding to AH2 (i.e. not with full protein). An amphipathic peptide outside the context of its protein cannot be expected to recapitulate the properties of the entire protein, e.g. since it is not spatially constrained in how it interactis with membranes. As one example (relating to the title of that paper) we don't see full-length 2C protein tubulating membranes the way the isolated peptide does. As for the reviewer's question about novelty, the paper mentioned does not identify the split nature of the amphipathic region, does not consider the role of AH1, does not characterise the membrane-binding properties of full-length 2C with respect to liposome membrane composition and size, does not identify and characterise the membrane clustering properties of 2C, nor its interactions with nucleic acid when bound to a membrane. However, we do agree that we should have cited the paper in our manuscript. We now cite it in the discussion, lines 320-321.

      I'm surprised by the lack of electron microscopy (negative stain mostly) of both the oligomerized 2C and the various liposomes. I know the Carlson group is a microscopy group so why the lack of validation using electron microscopy of the various DLS experiments? I know you did cryo-ET for one of the constructs but I think negative stain electron microscopy of other constructs would be useful.

      Thanks for the suggestion. As suggested, we have now expanded the analysis with negative staining EM of several more constructs studied by DLS. It can be found in the new supplementary figure S10.

      Figure 4C. What evidence is there that this is 2C apart from you added it to the liposomes? It also comes back to the relative impurity of your protein prep. Could this be E.coli contamination?

      Thanks for this comment. We have now added a new supplementary figure (S5) showing SDS-PAGE gels of the reactions used for flotation and DLS assays - which are identical to the cryo-ET samples. In addition, we estimated the molecular mass of the individual, putative 2C desities in the cryo-electron tomograms by measuring their volume. This analysis, which can be found in the new figure 4D, shows that the estimated mass of individual protein densities is consistent with a hexamer of full-length 2C. In addition, we mention in the discussion the long-term need to determine high-resolution structures of membrane-bound 2C using cryo-ET and subtomogram averaging (lines 315-318).

      Figure 8. Is this model supported by the data in this paper? Your cryo-ET says that 2C is there but that isn't supported by any other data. How is the dsRNA protected from the innate immune system in this model? is it just sat out in the cytosol? How is the nascent ssRNA packeged into the capsid? Is there competition between the dsRNA and capsid for 2C binding (which your model suggests)? I know it sounds like I am being overly critical of the model but in my opinion there are still too many unanswered questions in the field to come up with a half decent model.

      Thanks for this comment. We are the first to agree that our understanding of the roles of 2C is far from complete! We should have been more clear that the model figure represents some of the roles of 2C identified to date, and does not claim to be complete. However we do feel that a model figure serves a purpose of putting our findings into a context, and also providing testable hypotheses for future research . As for the question, some of the roles of 2C shown in the model figure (in particular, particle assembly) are rather supported but earlier work of ourselves and others. We have now produced a new model figure and changed the figure legend to better reflect the incompleteness of the current understanding, and the origin of the different parts of the model figure. In addition, we extended the final paragraph of the discussion (which lists still-unknown aspects of 2C) with the reviewer's mention of dsRNA shielding from innate immunity (lines 374-375). The other aspects mentioned by the reviewer as not yet fully understood are already mentioned in that paragraph.

      Minor issues

      Lines 43-45: I feel like you underplay the success of the poliovirus vaccination program. Approximately 30 of WPV1 in 2022 and the full eradication of WPV2 and 3. Vaccine derived polio is still an issue but even that is relatively low compared to where the world was in the 1950s.

      We agree that the previous wording was not ideal. We replaced it and added another recent reference - related to the type 2 vaccine switch (lines 47-49).

      Line 66. I agree there are 11 individual proteins but I feel like this leaves out the fact that some of the uncleaved precursors appear to have some functions, for example 2BC.

      Good point. We have now added a mention of 2BC and the fact that it has distinct functions to the introduction (lines 70-71). 2BC is also mentioned in the legend of the model figure (figure 8).

      Line 56: LD needs to be defined.

      Well spotted thanks. Since the abbreviation was not used anywhere else we opted to spell it out instead (line 59).

      Line 75. I think you have misrepresented Xia et al here. They clearly say that in their study that they show helicase and chaperone activity. I never managed to repeat that work but you should still report what they claim. One major thing is that they used insect expressed protein, whereas most people (including myself and in the paper under review) use E.coli expressed protein. Do post translational modifications play an important role in function?

      You are right that the reference to their paper for this statement was incorrect. We have now made this part of the introduction more explicit (lines 82-83) and we also in the new discussion mention the possibility of e.g. post-translational modifications affecting 2C helicase activity, under reference to Xia et al (lines 359-361)

      Line 103. Need to make it clear here it is poliovirus 2C.

      Thanks, we added it (line 112).

      Line 135. I assume you mean kDa instead of uM?

      It should actually be μM. It is the solution concentration at which the assay was performed. We added some words to clarify this (line 154).

      Figure 3. What do you mean by "Only 2C"? Is that MBP-2C? Maybe I am reading the data wrong but adding TEV does nothing? How do you know TEV is removing the MBP? It looks like MBP-2C binds to the liposomes just the same as cleaved MBP-2C. I see in line 165 you acknowledge this. Could an alternative conclusion for line 168 be that MBP isn't being cleaved off but that AH2 is too small to be exposed in that construct? Did you do that construct without MBP being cleaved? I think you need to confirm that MBP is being cleaved off.

      Thanks for spotting this mistake. It should indeed be MBP-2C (in the absence of liposomes). We corrected figure 3. Also, in response to this comment and similar ones, we have now added a new supplementary figure showing SDS-PAGE gels of the reaction loaded onto flotation assays and DLS (figure S5). It shows that MBP-2C is cleaved.

      Line 184. Is there a reason you use the 2019 paper as a reference instead of the far earlier Bienz et al papers? I'd suggest they are the seminal papers on 2C membrane association. Once again how is this work different from the recent "An Amphipathic Alpha-Helix Domain from Poliovirus 2C Protein Tubulate Lipid Vesicles" paper?

      See our response above of the paper mentioned here (which we have now cited). As for why we cite the 2019 paper here: our statement pertains specifically to the contact sites between lipid droplets and replication organelles, not to the membrane binding of 2C per se. We have now added a more general mention of membrane remodelling by non-structural proteins in the introduction, where we cite on of the Bienz papers (lines 75-77).

      Figure 5D. So only 1-3% of RNA is found in the upper fraction? Is that significant enough to say that dsRNA was recruited significantly more than ssRNA? How confident are you in your quantification of the starting amounts of RNA?

      We agree that the fraction is low, however, the fluorescence signal is very clearly above background. We are thus confident in the measurement. The low percentage at the end of the experiment likely has a simple physico-chemical explanation: in a dynamic equilibrium in a density gradient, whatever RNA dissociates during the run will migrate away from the 2C-vesicle fraction and not be able to rebind. We still tried to address this concern by a complementary experiment where we used fluorescence anisotropy to measure binding of RNA to 2C on vesicles. While the measurements showed the same tendency, they curves were not clean enough to be published, which we think is due to the complex system with 2C bound to vesicles and clusters of vesicles. Still, in view of the relatively low percentage of measured recruitment we opted to adjust the paper title and the title of figure 5 (including the subheading related to figure 5) to put less emphasis on the dsRNA recruitment.

      Line 223. Any idea why the MBP needs to be cleaved off? Clearly the MDB is accessible or it would not bind to the liposomes.

      Since we have no data directly supporting this we prefer not to speculate in the paper. But one guess would be that the NTD of 2C, as implicated by previous publications, has a dual role in membrane binding and RNA binding. It may be that it can bind membrane while conjugated to MBP, but needs MBP to be removed in order to simultaneously bind membrane and RNA.

      Line 237: missing "b" in "by"

      Thanks. This paragraph was rewritten in the light of the changes to figure 6.

      Figure 6. I don't fully understand the results here. Earlier you showed that the delta MBD didn't really bind SUV. So presumably it isn't really membrane bound. Why does it have similar activity to full-length MBP in your helicase assay if membrane is important? Did you do SUV and TEV protease only control?

      We are very grateful to this reviewer (and others) for pointing out the need for a TEV control. When performing the control, we found that the TEV protease, at the high concentrations initially used, surprisingly had an artefactual RNA chaperone-like effect on its own. We then proceeded to titrate down the TEV protease concentration to the point where it no longer interfered. At this TEV protease concentration, although 2C was substantially cleaved (see the new supplementary figure S12), we could no longer detect an RNA chaperone activity. Thus, the contents of the new figure 6, and its conclusions, have been substantially changed. We now focused our attention on the remaining effect that 2C has on RNA: single-strand ribonuclease activity. These experiments were all conducted in the presence of RNase inhibitors, and the presence of Mg2+-dependent ribonuclease activity parallels a recent publication that found this for truncated 2C from hepatitis A and several enteroviruses.

      Line 257: "staring"?

      Thanks, corrected. A staring glycine would indeed be something strange.

      Line 336. Need to change the u to mu.

      Thanks, corrected.

      Any discussion on your observation in Figure 1D that EV71 and CVB3 don't appear to have AH1 and AH2 or do you think that the domains are conserved across the different viruses?

      Thanks for bringing this up. Based on this and a comment from another reviewer, we have now clarified our thinking around this. Since the glycine will introduce some flexibility between AH1 and AH2, we cannot say from the single alphafold predictions that this is THE kink angle. The presence of the kink in the predictions of several MBDs lends more credibility to the robustness of the observation, but most importantly the hydrophobic surfaces in AH1 and AH2 are non-aligned for ALL sequences we looked at. This is now described on lines 126-128.

      Table 1 (and possibly elsewhere): an apostrophe is not the prime symbol. 5' compared to 5′.

      Thanks, we corrected this throughout.

      Line 702 "and" should be "an".

      Thanks, corrected.

      I couldn't open one of the movies (140844_0_supp_2820374_a2g272.avi).

      Sorry to hear this, we will check the movie again.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Overall I liked the paper and is worth publishing. One of the issues in the 2C field is the difficulty in making pure 2C and carrying out in vitro assays that correlate with what is observed in the natural infection. I think this paper suffers from similar struggles with a 2C preparation that doesn't appear that pure. I think it also suffers from not having 2C from a wild-type infection. I don't think that it is feasible to get that kind of 2C but by once again using a recombinant protein from E.coli we are left with another manuscript that provides conflicting evidence of the functions of 2C without a definitive answer. The experiments are well done, although are missing some controls and the manuscript is laid out in a logical manner and is relatively easy to follow.

      We thanks the reviewer for these comments. We believe that we have now provided better information regarding the purification of the recombinant 2C protein, and we do think that the controls present in the original manuscript and the revised manuscript alleviate the concerns about lack of specificity. Of course, isolating 2C vesicles from wildtype infection would be another interesting way of approaching its function, but such an approach would come with its own set of challenges related e.g. to the presence of confounding host factors.

      Reviewer #4 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      This is an interesting manuscript that reports the development of an in vitro membrane assay for probing the biochemical functions of the enterovirus 2C protein. The technique is interesting because it can be applied to 2C proteins from other members of the picornavirus family, an important group of mammalian pathogens. It has the capacity to probe different functions (e.g. membrane clustering, ATPase activity, RNA-binding and manipulation activities).

      Overall, the manuscript is well written and gives a clear account of the work undertaken. It adds insight to previous studies of enteroviral (and picornaviral) 2C proteins, providing confirmation of some earlier work in a more physiological context and some new insights, particularly into the membrane and RNA binding aspects of 2C.

      That said, there are a number of places where some amendment of the claims made is required to provide a more precise statement of the findings of this work. These are listed below.

      We thank the reviewer for this positive feedback on our work, as well as for the specific comments below.

      Line 21 (Abstract) - The authors claim to have shown that a conserved glycine divides the N-terminal membrane-binding domain into 2 helices. I would suggest instead what they have produced are computational predictions that this is the case - some way short of an experimental demonstration. Sequence analysis predicts helical secondary structure in the N-terminus and indeed Alphafold2 also predicts a helical structure, but these predictions require experimental verification. The authors should therefore rewrite sections that claim to have shown the presence of 2 helices. In doing so, they should perhaps also comment on the fact that Alphafold2 does not predict 2 helices in this region for all enteroviruses (see Fig 1D). Moreover, the sequence analysis in Fig. S1 shows the presence of two Lys residues in the segment 17-38; it would be interesting for the reader to have these indicated in the figures showing the Alphafold2 prediction - do they in any way interrupt the hydrophobic face of the predicted helix?

      Thanks very much for this comment, which is in line with what other reviewers also wrote. We agree, and changed the abstract sentence. We have also rewritten the manuscripts in several places to address the limits of structure predictions and the eventual need for an experimental structure of full-length membrane-bound 2C (lines 126-128 and 315-318).

      Line 82 (Introduction) - The authors write that the membrane binding domain (MBD) of poliovirus has been shown to mediate hexamerisation, citing Adams et al (2009) - reference 43. However, that is not what this paper shows. Rather it provides evidence of aggregation of an MBP-2C fusion protein into forms that ranged from tetramer to octamer, but no evidence that these aggregates assume functional forms (e.g. the presumed hexameric ring structure characteristic of the AAA+ ATPase family to which 2C belongs). As far as I am aware the first demonstration of hexameric ring formation by a picornaviral 2C protein was for the 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus (see Sweeney et al, JBC, 2010). Although this is not an enterovirus, this finding was later confirmed for Echovirus 30 (ref 51). I should declare an interest here: the Sweeney paper is from my lab. I will leave it to the editor and the authors to determine how to write a more precise account of the early observations of hexamerisation in picornaviral and enteroviral 2C proteins.

      Thanks very much for this insightful comment. As a response to this and other similar comments, we are much more cautious about our wording in the revised manuscript (see also response to comment below. In the part of the introduction discussed here (now lines 89-91) we now use the original wording of the Adams paper ("oligomerization"). In the context of that new text we didn't feel that Sweeney et al paper was a suitable reference, but we now cite it in the later mention of 2C's oligomeric/hexameric state in the first part of the Results (lines 137-138 ).

      Line 132 - the authors used mass photometry to investigate oligomeric forms of their MBP-2C constructs and state that for the full length 2C protein "the high-mass peak closely corresponds to a hexamer". While it is true that the peak shown in Fig 2C aligns with the expected MW for an MBP-2C hexamer, the peak is very broad, indicative of the presence of other oligomeric states with lower and higher numbers of monomers. This should be commented on. Indeed, the finding seems to echo the early findings of Adams et al (ref 43) with poliovirus MBP-2C.

      Thanks for this comment, which was also made by another reviewer. We cite here what we replied to that reviewer

      ...we do agree with the reviewer on the broad mass photometry peaks. To address this experimentally, we compared the existing MBP-2C spectra to new recordings on apoferritin, a highly stable homomultimeric protein complex of a similar mass to aa MBP-2C hexamer. The apoferritin mass estimate is overlayed with the full-length MBP-2C in the new figure 2D and the corresponding supplementary figure S3. This indeed shows that the MBP-2C peak is broader, i.e. consistent with a mix of species which are predominantly but not only hexamers. We describe and discuss this on lines 145-149.

      Line 143 - for the reasons given above, this summary paragraph represents too strong a statement of what has been observed.

      We agree, and changed the paragraph. It now only refers to "oligomerization" (lines 162-164).

      Line 197 - I note that the authors did not test the membrane clustering capabilities of the 2C(41-329) construct. Although the 2C(deltaAH1) construct had already shown a significant loss of activity, the shorter construct could still have been a useful control. I don't think it is necessary for this experiment to be done, but if the authors have a rationale for not performing the experiment, perhaps they could include it in a revised manuscript.

      Thanks for the suggestion. The rationale is that a protein that doesn't bind a membrane in the first place will also not cluster them (an action that requires binding TWO membranes). We now describe our reasoning on lines 220-222. Nevertheless, we did test these constructs in the new supplementary figure showing negative staining TEM (figure S10).

      Line 223 - typo. I think you mean MBD.

      Thanks! Corrected (now line 257).

      Line 215 - the authors observed that the presence of ssDNA reduced membrane clustering and conclude that "nucleic acid binding partially outcompetes membrane tethering activity". Two things: (1) although I agree is it likely that this effect is due to binding of DNA to 2C, binding has not been demonstrated experimentally so the authors should be more careful in how they describe their result; (2) there is no data presented to show that RNA binding reduces membrane tethering so at best I think the conclusion has to be that the data are consistent with the notion that DNA binding reduces membrane tethering. It would of course be interesting to see the effects of RNA and I'm curious to know why the assay was not performed.

      Thanks for the comment. The honest answer is that previous publications (primarily Yeager et al, NAR 2022) convinced us that the outcome should be near-identical with DNA, so we chose DNA oligos because they are cheaper and easier to work with. But we agree with the reviewer that RNA is of course more relevant. We now present a comparison at 5 μM of ssDNA and ssRNA, which in fact shows a slightly stronger effect on membrane clustering by RNA (figure 5C). In the light of this additional experiment, we feel that some of the text changes suggested by the reviewer may no longer be necessary.

      Line 237 - typo: by, not y

      Thanks. In the light of the extensive changes to figure 6 this text was removed.

      Line 284 - the authors claim that 2C may only bind RNA after the N-terminus is liberated from 2B in infected cells, since cleavage of the MBP tag from their construct was needed for 2C to bind RNA in their in vitro assay. However, this does not automatically follow given the large structural differences between MBP and 2B and the fact that the authors have not tested the RNA binding capacity of a 2BC fusion protein. Their claim here is too strong and should be re-written.

      We agree, and have added a discussion along the lines suggested by the reviewer (line 330-332).

      Line 293 - The authors speculate that RNA binding might cause a shift between the membrane clustering activities and the role of the protein in RNA replication. However, since they have not shown that RNA binding reduces membrane clustering, this is too speculative.

      In our revised manuscript we have studied the effect of RNA on membrane binding, thus we feel that this text is relevant in the context of the extended experiments.

      Line 299-317 - within this discussion is the assumption that in their assay system enterovirus 2C adopts the ring-like hexameric structure typical of AAA+ ATPases. While I agree this may well be the case, it has not been demonstrated in this study so the authors should make clear they are making this assumption. The same applies to the legend of Fig 8.

      This part of the discussion was extensively rewritten after our changes to figure 6. We now only refer to "hexamer" once in the corresponding part of the discussion, where we talk about structural models of hexamers produced by other groups who have crystallised fragments of 2C. There we believe we should refer to hexamers to accurately cite their work.

      We are not sure what the reviewer is referring to when it comes to the legend for figure 8: the original legend had no reference to the oligomeric state of 2C. We have substantially changed figure 8 and its legend and the new figure and legend make no references to hexamers/oligomers.

      Line 302 - the authors claim to have shown that 2C is 'selective' for dsRNA. I think at best they have shown a preference for binding dsRNA over ssRNA.

      We changed the wording (line 349). We have also changed the title of the paper where we removed "double-stranded".

      Line 313 - The sentence starting "A recent study..." needs a reference.

      The revised discussion no longer contains this sentence.

      Line 332 - the full sequence of the synthetic gene used in this study should be made available (e.g. as supplementary information or a deposited sequence with an accession number). This is a critical point before the paper can be published.

      We will of course submit the sequences as supplementary data. Thanks for the reminder.

      Line 362 - the authors should describe the likely points of attachment of fluorophores and comment on how this labelling might affect 2C function.

      Thanks for the comment. In response to this and a similar comment from another reviewer, we discuss the likely conjugation site of the fluorophore (lines 175-181), and also (due to the proximity to the Zn finger) provide a new measurement showing that equal amounts of Zn can be detected in the labelled and unlabelled protein (figure S7).

      Line 372 - Is a single protein standard (BSA) sufficient to calibrate the SEC-MALS system?

      Yes, it is the recommended procedure (note that SEC-MALS is only dependent on scattering, not elution volumes etc).

      Reviewer #4 (Significance (Required)):

      As stated above this is an interesting study that presents findings from a novel assay. It will be of interest to picornavirologists and the wider community interested in the mechanisms of AAA+ ATPases.

      We thanks the reviewer for this positive appraisal of our work.

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      Referee #4

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      This is an interesting manuscript that reports the development of an in vitro membrane assay for probing the biochemical functions of the enterovirus 2C protein. The technique is interesting because it can be applied to 2C proteins from other members of the picornavirus family, an important group of mammalian pathogens. It has the capacity to probe different functions (e.g. membrane clustering, ATPase activity, RNA-binding and manipulation activities).

      Overall, the manuscript is well written and gives a clear account of the work undertaken. It adds insight to previous studies of enteroviral (and picornaviral) 2C proteins, providing confirmation of some earlier work in a more physiological context and some new insights, particularly into the membrane and RNA binding aspects of 2C.

      That said, there are a number of places where some amendment of the claims made is required to provide a more precise statement of the findings of this work. These are listed below.

      Line 21 (Abstract) - The authors claim to have shown that a conserved glycine divides the N-terminal membrane-binding domain into 2 helices. I would suggest instead what they have produced are computational predictions that this is the case - some way short of an experimental demonstration. Sequence analysis predicts helical secondary structure in the N-terminus and indeed Alphafold2 also predicts a helical structure, but these predictions require experimental verification. The authors should therefore rewrite sections that claim to have shown the presence of 2 helices. In doing so, they should perhaps also comment on the fact that Alphafold2 does not predict 2 helices in this region for all enteroviruses (see Fig 1D). Moreover, the sequence analysis in Fig. S1 shows the presence of two Lys residues in the segment 17-38; it would be interesting for the reader to have these indicated in the figures showing the Alphafold2 prediction - do they in any way interrupt the hydrophobic face of the predicted helix?

      Line 82 (Introduction) - The authors write that the membrane binding domain (MBD) of poliovirus has been shown to mediate hexamerisation, citing Adams et al (2009) - reference 43. However, that is not what this paper shows. Rather it provides evidence of aggregation of an MBP-2C fusion protein into forms that ranged from tetramer to octamer, but no evidence that these aggregates assume functional forms (e.g. the presumed hexameric ring structure characteristic of the AAA+ ATPase family to which 2C belongs). As far as I am aware the first demonstration of hexameric ring formation by a picornaviral 2C protein was for the 2C of foot-and-mouth disease virus (see Sweeney et al, JBC, 2010). Although this is not an enterovirus, this finding was later confirmed for Echovirus 30 (ref 51). I should declare an interest here: the Sweeney paper is from my lab. I will leave it to the editor and the authors to determine how to write a more precise account of the early observations of hexamerisation in picornaviral and enteroviral 2C proteins. Line 132 - the authors used mass photometry to investigate oligomeric forms of their MBP-2C constructs and state that for the full length 2C protein "the high-mass peak closely corresponds to a hexamer". While it is true that the peak shown in Fig 2C aligns with the expected MW for an MBP-2C hexamer, the peak is very broad, indicative of the presence of other oligomeric states with lower and higher numbers of monomers. This should be commented on. Indeed, the finding seems to echo the early findings of Adams et al (ref 43) with poliovirus MBP-2C.

      Line 143 - for the reasons given above, this summary paragraph represents too strong a statement of what has been observed.

      Line 197 - I note that the authors did not test the membrane clustering capabilities of the 2C(41-329) construct. Although the 2C(deltaAH1) construct had already shown a significant loss of activity, the shorter construct could still have been a useful control. I don't think it is necessary for this experiment to be done, but if the authors have a rationale for not performing the experiment, perhaps they could include it in a revised manuscript.

      Line 223 - typo. I think you mean MBD.

      Line 215 - the authors observed that the presence of ssDNA reduced membrane clustering and conclude that "nucleic acid binding partially outcompetes membrane tethering activity". Two things: (1) although I agree is it likely that this effect is due to binding of DNA to 2C, binding has not been demonstrated experimentally so the authors should be more careful in how they describe their result; (2) there is no data presented to show that RNA binding reduces membrane tethering so at best I think the conclusion has to be that the data are consistent with the notion that DNA binding reduces membrane tethering. It would of course be interesting to see the effects of RNA and I'm curious to know why the assay was not performed.

      Line 237 - typo: by, not y

      Line 284 - the authors claim that 2C may only bind RNA after the N-terminus is liberated from 2B in infected cells, since cleavage of the MBP tag from their construct was needed for 2C to bind RNA in their in vitro assay. However, this does not automatically follow given the large structural differences between MBP and 2B and the fact that the authors have not tested the RNA binding capacity of a 2BC fusion protein. Their claim here is too strong and should be re-written.

      Line 293 - The authors speculate that RNA binding might cause a shift between the membrane clustering activities and the role of the protein in RNA replication. However, since they have not shown that RNA binding reduces membrane clustering, this is too speculative.

      Line 299-317 - within this discussion is the assumption that in their assay system enterovirus 2C adopts the ring-like hexameric structure typical of AAA+ ATPases. While I agree this may well be the case, it has not been demonstrated in this study so the authors should make clear they are making this assumption. The same applies to the legend of Fig 8.

      Line 302 - the authors claim to have shown that 2C is 'selective' for dsRNA. I think at best they have shown a preference for binding dsRNA over ssRNA.

      Line 313 - The sentence starting "A recent study..." needs a reference.

      Line 332 - the full sequence of the synthetic gene used in this study should be made available (e.g. as supplementary information or a deposited sequence with an accession number). This is a critical point before the paper can be published.

      Line 362 - the authors should describe the likely points of attachment of fluorophores and comment on how this labelling might affect 2C function.

      Line 372 - Is a single protein standard (BSA) sufficient to calibrate the SEC-MALS system?

      Significance

      As stated above this is an interesting study that presents findings from a novel assay. It will be of interest to picornavirologists and the wider community interested in the mechanisms of AAA+ ATPases.

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The authors present an alternative assay system to investigate picornavirus 2C, a protein that is tricky to analyze biochemically in its full length form because of an amphipathic helix at the N-terminus. Poliovirus 2C is expressed with an N-terminal MBP tag, a 50kD protein that helps with solubility as is commonly used for 2C investigations. A difference here is that liposomes are included to mimic membranes for 2C attachment. The key findings are that 2C induces clustering of of liposomes, that double stranded RNA binding by 2C impacts this clustering effect and that a free N-terminus (after cleavage of MBP by TEV protease) is needed for RNA binding and an ATP independent (ie non helicase) RNA duplex separation activity.

      Major:

      In the floatation assays in figure 3 the authors use a system where MBP-2C is fluorophore-labeled with ATTO488 on exposed cysteines. Poliovirus and other enterovirus 2C has a very well characterized zinc finger domain that has cysteines coordinating a zinc ion. Mutation experiments previously showed that these cysteines are necessary for viral replication and 2C stability. Have the authors controlled for disruption of the zinc finger domain by the labelling of cysteines with ATT0488 and checked if the protein remains folded?

      In the analysis of the amphipathic helix, did the authors include membranes in their structural predictions o just the free helix? How does inclusion of membranes impact the predictions? In the predictions in Figure D, only 2 of 4 show a kink and there doesn't seem to be a correlation between those that predict a kink or not and whether the hydrophobic side is aligned in Figure S1.

      Based on previous structures of 2C from different viruses the N-terminal amphipathic helix containing region is predicted to localize on one face of the predicted hexametric structure tethering 2C to the membrane. How does the authors hypothesized model explain 2C dependent clustering? is there evidence that 2C hexamers can oligomerize further into dodecamers for example, maintaining separate faces to enable N-terminal interaction with different membranes? What is the distance between the liposomes in figure 4 at the points of density attributed to 2C? How does this compare to the size of 2C determined in previous structural studies? Is it consistent with one hexamer/2 hexamers sitting on top of one another?

      In the Discussion lines 278-285 the authors suggest that having MBP attached may reflect the polyprotein condition. Can they make a construct with MBP-2B2C to examine interaction with liposomes and assess 2C function?

      Discussion lines 293-296, the possibility of two different populations of 2C, binding RNA or membranes cannot be excluded, there is much more 2C around late in infection that present in early infection- the model in figure 8 doesn't acknowledge/capture this.

      Discussion lines 313-317, the authors don't reference a study where a mutant of foot-and-mouth disease virus 2C lacking the n-terminal amphipathic helix that could bind but not hydrolyze ATP, hexamerized in the presence of RNA that seems pertinent here (PMID: 20507978).

      Some evidence of MBP-2C cleavage by TEV in the different assays used should be presented as this is a major focus of discussion and currently no gels show TEV cleavage is happening.

      Significance

      The work presents an additional methodology to investigate a a protein that has previously been difficult to study. The authors acknowledge that there is still a lot of 2C biology that remains to be discovered.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      1. General Statements [optional]

      We thank all the reviewers for their constructive and critical comments. We provide a point-by-point response to the reviewers' comments, as detailed below. By responding to them, we believe that our revised manuscript will significantly improve so that it will be of interest for researchers in the field of cell biology, signaling pathways, physiology and nutrition.

      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity):

      Summary: The manuscript by Yusuke Toyoda and co-workers describes that the phosphorylation of the a-arrestin Aly3 downstream of TORC2 and GAD8 (AKT) negatively regulates endocytosis of the hexose transporter Ght5 in S.pombe under glucose limiting growth conditions.

      To arrive at these conclusions, the researchers define a set of redundant c-terminal phosphorylation sites in Aly3 that are downstream by GAD8. Phosphorylation of these sites reduces Ght5 ubiquitination and endocytosis. For ubiquitination, Aly3 interacts with the ubiquitin ligases Pub1/3.

      We thank the reviewer for his/her time and reporting advantages and issues of this study.

      Major points:

      Figure 3B: it would be interesting to compare Aly3 migration pattern (and hence potential phosphorylation) under glucose replete or limiting growth conditions. Can the authors provide direct evidence that Aly3 phosphorylation changes in response to glucose availability? Also please explain the 'smear' in lanes aly3(4th Ala), aly3(4th Ala, A584S), aly3(4th Ala, A586T).

      While it is an interesting possibility that the Aly3 migration pattern changes in response to glucose concentrations in medium, we think that this is unlikely and that examining this possibility is beyond the scope of this study. Because a phospho-proteomics study reported by Dr. Paul Nurse's lab showed Tor1-dependent phosphorylation of Aly3 at S584 under high glucose (2%) conditions (Mak et al, EMBO J, 2021), the Aly3 phosphorylation (migration) pattern is likely to be constant regardless of glucose conditions. Glucose conditions affect the mRNA and protein levels of Ght5, but supposedly not its endocytosis to vacuoles (Saitoh et al, Mol Biol Cell, 2015; Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021).

      As for the smear in Aly3(4th A), Aly3(4th A;A584S), Aly3(4th A; A586T), we suspect that some posttranslational modification occurs on these mutant Aly3 proteins, but the identity of the modification is unclear. We did not mention the smear signals in the original manuscript, because the presence or absence of the smear did not necessarily correlate with cell proliferation in low glucose and thus vacuolar localization of Ght5, which is the main topic of this study. In the revised manuscript, we will mention this point more clearly.

      Figure 4: Ght5 localization should be analyzed + / - thiamine and in media with different glucose levels. Also, a co-localization with a vacuolar marker (FM4-64) would be nice (but not necessary). Ideally, the authors should add WB analysis of Ght5 turnover to complement the imaging data. Also, would it be possible to measure directly the effects on glucose uptake (using eg: 2-NBDG).

      In this revision, we plan to observe Ght5 localization under the conditions indicated by the reviewer (+/- thiamine and high/low glucose levels) to unambiguously show that the vacuolar localization of Ght5 occurs in a manner dependent solely on expression of the mutant Aly3 protein.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion of co-staining with FM4-64. Indeed, because we previously reported that the cytoplasmic Ght5 signals were surrounded by FM4-64 signals in the TORC2-deficient tor1Δ mutant cells (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021), the cytoplasmic Ght5-GFP signals in Figure 4 are very likely to co-localize with vacuoles. We will modify the text to clarify this point.

      As suggested, we plan to add Western blot analysis of Ght5 turnover in Aly3-expressing cells, to complement the imaging data (Figure 4) in the revised manuscript. Persistent appearance of GFP in Western blot would be a good support for vacuolar transport of Ght5-GFP.

      While regulation of glucose uptake is an important issue, measurement of Ght5-dependent glucose uptake using 2-NBDG was very difficult in our hands. Another reviewer (Reviewer #2) also mentioned the difficulty of this measurement in the Referees cross-commenting section.

      Figure 5: Given the localization of Ght5 shown in Figure 4, I'm surprised that it is possible in to detect full length Ght5, and its ubiquitination in the phospho-mutants of Aly3. I expected that the majority of Ght5 would be constitutively degraded, and that one would need to prevent endocytosis and/or vacuolar degradation to detect full length Ght5 and ubiquitination. Please explain the discrepancy. Also it seems that the quantification in B was performed on a single experiment.

      As the aim of Figure 5 is to compare the ubiquitinated species of Ght5 among the samples expressing different species of Aly3, the loading amount of each sample was adjusted so that the abundance of immunoprecipitated Ght5 is same across them. Therefore, as the reviewer points out, before the adjustment, abundance of the full-length Ght5 might be different in these samples. In the revised manuscript, we will add explanation on this point; why the anti-GFP blot of Figure 5A has the similar intensities in those samples.

      In the revised manuscript, we will add two additional replicates of the same experiment as Figure 5 in Supplementary material to show reproducibility of the result.

      Figure 6: Which PPxY motif of Aly3 is used for interaction with Pub1/3 and does their interaction depend on (de)phosphorylation?

      In the revised manuscript, we will discuss that "both PY motifs of Aly3 might be required for full interaction with Pub1/3," by citing the following published knowledge:

      (a) Mutation of both PPxY motif of budding yeast Rod1 and Rog3 (Aly3 homologs) diminished their interaction with the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5 (Andoh et al, FEBS Lett, 2002).

      (b) Mutating either one of two PPxY motifs of budding yeast Cvs7/Art1 greatly decreased interaction with WW domain, and mutating both abolished the interaction (Lin et al, Cell, 2008).

      Our preliminary results indicated that Pub3 interacted with Aly3, Aly3(4th A) and phospho-mimetic Aly3(4th D), and thus suggested that the Aly3-Pub1/3 interaction does not depend on the phosphorylation status of Aly3. Consistently, budding yeast Rod1 reportedly interacts with Rsp5 regardless of its phosphorylation status (e.g. Becuwe et al, J Cell Biol, 2012). While we have partially mentioned this point in the original manuscript (L499-503), we will discuss this point more clearly in the revised manuscript.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance):

      The results are well presented and clear cut (with few exceptions, please see major points). They provide further evidence that metabolic cues instruct the phosphorylation of a-arrestins. Phosphorylation then negatively regulates a-arrestin function in selective endocytosis and is essential to adjust nutrient uptake across the plasma membrane to the given biological context.

      We thank the reviewer for finding significance of our study. We believe that adding new results of the requested experiments and responding to the raised comments will clarify the significance of our revised manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity):

      **Summary / background. This paper focuses on the regulation of endocytosis of the hexose transporter, Ght5, in S. pombe by nutrient limitation through the arrestin-like protein Aly3. Ght5 is induced when glucose is limiting and is required for growth and proliferation in these conditions. ght5+ encodes the only high-affinity glc transporter from fission yeast. ght5+ is induced in low glucose conditions at the transcriptional level and is translocated to the plasma membrane to allow glc import. Ght5 is targeted to the vacuole in conditions of N limitation. Mutations in the TORC2 pathway lead to the same process, thus preventing growth on low glucose medium, as shown in the gad8ts mutant, mutated for the Gad8 kinase acting downstream of TORC2. Previously, the authors demonstrated that the vacuolar delivery of Ght5 in the gad8ts mutant is suppressed by mutation of the arrestin-like protein Aly3. Arrestin-like proteins are in charge of recognising and ubiquitinating plasma membrane proteins to direct their vacuolar targeting by the endocytosis pathway. This suggested that Aly3 is hyperactive in TORC2 mutants, and accordingly, Ght5 ubiquitination was increased in gad8ts.

      **Overall statement This study aims at deepening our understanding of the regulation of endocytosis by signalling pathways through arrestin-like proteins. Ght5 is a nice model to study a physiological regulation, and the authors have a great set of tools at hand. However, I think the conclusions are not always rigorous and the conclusions are sometimes far-reaching. The main problem is that much of the conclusions concern a potential phosphorylation of Aly3 which is not experimentally addressed. An additional issue is the fact that they look at Ght5 ubiquitination by co-immunoprecipitation in native conditions (or at least, it seems to me) which cannot be conclusive. Overall, I think some experiments should be performed to address (at least) these 2 points before the manuscript can be published, see detailed comments below.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing both advantages and issues of our manuscript.

      We admit that phosphorylation of Aly3 was not experimentally shown in our manuscript, although its phosphorylation has already been shown in phospho-proteomic studies by other groups. For this issue, we plan to add an experiment and modify the text, as explained below.

      The other major issue raised by this reviewer is that detection of Ght5 ubiquitination by immunoprecipitation in a native condition cannot be conclusive. Although we noticed that many studies perform affinity purification after denaturing and precipitating proteins with TCA or acetone to detect ubiquitination of the affinity-purified protein (e.g. Lin et al, Cell, 2008), we disagree with this opinion of the reviewer #2. In a review article describing methods to study ubiquitination by immunoblotting (Emmerich and Cohen, Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2015), affinity purification of the protein of interest in a native condition is mentioned as one major choice. Moreover, a denaturing condition was not applicable to detect ubiquitinated Ght5 because the Ght5 protein that is once denatured and precipitated with TCA cannot be re-solubilized for immune-purification and -blotting. As the reviewer points out, a pitfall of detection of ubiquitinated Ght5 in a native condition is the presence of co-immunoprecipitated proteins. In our previous study (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021), we purified GFP-tagged Ght5 and showed that a 110 kDa band detected in an anti-Ub immunoblot was also recognized by an anti-GFP antibody, confirming that the detected 110 kDa band corresponded to an ubiquitinated species of Ght5, but not a co-immunoprecipitated protein. Similarly, in the revised manuscript, we will add a panel of high-contrast (over-exposed) anti-GFP immunoblot, in which the indicated 110 kDa band was clearly detected by an anti-GFP antibody, in Figure 5A.

      We appreciate these issues raised by the reviewer #2. By responding to them, we believe that conclusions of our study will be more rigorous and undoubtful in the revised manuscript.

      **Major statements and criticism.

      *Fig 1. Based on the hypothesis that TORC2-mediated phosphorylation regulate Ght5 endocytosis, the authors first considered a possible phosphorylation of Ght5. They mutagenised 11 **possible** phosphorylation sites on the Ct of Ght5, but none affected the growth on low glucose in the absence of thiamine, suggesting that they don't contribute to the observed TORC2-mediated regulation. However, I disagree with the statement that "phosphorylation of Ght5 is dispensable for cell proliferation in low glucose", given that the authors do not show 1- that Ght5 is phosphorylated and 2-that this is abolished by these mutations. They should either provide data on this or tone down and say that these residues are not involved in the regulation, without implying phosphorylation which is not proven.

      Although we did not experimentally test whether these 11 residues of Ght5 was phosphorylated in our hand, these residues have been shown to be phosphorylated in phospho-proteomics studies by other groups (Kettenbach et al, Mol Cell Proteomics, 2015; Swaffer et al, Cell Rep, 2018; Tay et al, Cell Rep, 2019; Halova et al, Open Biol, 2021; Mak et al, EMBO J, 2021). In the revised manuscript, we plan to be more precise by replacing this conclusion with the following statement: "11 Ser/Thr residues of Ght5, which are reportedly phosphorylated, are not essential for cell proliferation in low glucose."

      In the presence of Thiamine (Supp fig 1), it seems that the ST/A mutant grows better in low glucose, and this is not explained nor commented. Since the transporter is not expressed, could the authors provide an explanation to this? If the promoter is leaky and some ght5-ST/A is expressed, it may be more stable and allow better growth than the WT, which would tend to indicate that impairing phosphorylation prevents endocytosis (which is classical for many transporters, see the body of work on CK1-mediated phosphorylation of transporters). Have the authors tried to decrease glc concentration lower than 0.14% in the absence of thiamine to see if this also true when the transporters is strongly expressed? (OPTIONAL)

      Improved growth of Ght5(ST11A)-expressing cells in the presence of thiamine was mentioned in the legend of Supplementary Figure 1A. In the revised manuscript, we will mention this observation also in the main text for better description of the results.

      Adding thiamine to medium does not completely shut off transcription from the nmt1 promoter but allows some transcription, as previously reported (Maundrell, J Biol Chem, 1990; Forsburg, Nuc Acid Res, 1993). In the revised manuscript, we will mention this "leakiness" of the nmt1 promoter and, by citing the suggested studies, will discuss a possibility that the ST11A mutations might prevent endocytosis of Ght5 and consequently promote cell proliferation in low glucose conditions.

      We found that, in the absence of thiamine, cells expressing ght5+ and ght5(ST11A) proliferated to the comparable extent on medium containing 0.08% glucose. This result will be added to the revised manuscript.

      *Fig 2. The authors then follow the hypothesis that TORC2 exerts its Ght5-dependent regulation through the phosphorylation of Aly3. They mutagenised 18 **possible** phosphorylation sites on Aly3. This led to a strong defect in growth in low-glc medium. Mutation of the possible Gad8 site (S460) did not recapitulate this phenotype, suggesting that it is not sufficient, however, mutations of 4 ST residues in a CT cluster (582-586) mimicked the full 18ST/A mutation, suggesting these are the important residues for Ght5 endocytosis.

      We thank the reviewer for appreciating the results in Fig. 2. As we explain below, we plan to perform an additional experiment to show that the Aly3 C-terminus is phosphorylated. With this result, our model will gain another experimental support.

      *Fig 3A. Further dissection did not allow to pinpoint this regulation to a specific residue, beyond the dispensability of the T586 residue. Fig 3B. The authors look at the effects of mutation of Aly3 on these sites at the protein level. They had to develop an antibody because HA-epitope tagging did not lead to a functional protein (Supp fig 2). Whereas I agree that the mutations causing a phenotype lead to a change in the migration pattern, I disagree with the statement that "This observation indicated that slower migrating bands were phosphorylated species of Aly3" (p.9 l.271). First, lack of phosphorylation usually causes a slower mobility on gel, which is not clear to spot here. Second, a smear appears on top of the mutated proteins (eg. 4th Ala) which is possibly caused by another modification. There are many precedents in the literature about arrestins being ubiquitinated when they are not phosphorylated (see the work on Bul1, Rod1, Csr2 in baker's yeast from various labs). My gut feeling is that lack of phosphorylation unleashes Aly3 ubiquitination leading to change in pattern. All in all, it is impossible to state about the phosphorylation of a protein without addressing its phosphorylation properly by phosphatase treatment + change in migration, or MS/MS. Thus, whereas the data looks promising, this hypothesis that Aly3 is phosphorylated at the indicated sites is not properly demonstrated.

      We disagree with the reviewer's opinion that a lack of phosphorylation usually causes slower mobility on gel. There are many examples in which phosphorylation causes slower mobility on gel, including budding yeast Rod1 (Alvaro et al, Genetics, 2016), and mammalian TXNIP (Wu et al, Mol Cell, 2013). In the revised manuscript, we will cite these reports to support our interpretation that the slower migrating bands are likely phosphorylated species of Aly3 (L270-271).

      Smear-like signals in Aly3(4th Ala), Aly3(4th A;A584S) and Aly3(4th A;A586T) might result from some modification, but identity of the modification is unknown. As the reviewer #2 mentioned, phosphorylation on Aly3 might negatively regulate another modification. The precedent studies revealed that budding yeast Rod1 and Rog3 arrestins tend to be ubiquitinated in snf1/AMPK-deficient cells (Becuwe et al, J Cell Biol, 2012; O'Donnell et al, Mol Cell Biol, 2015), and that Bul1 arrestin is dephosphorylated and ubiquitinated in budding yeast cells deficient in Npr1 kinase (Merhi and Andre, Mol Cell Biol, 2012). Also, budding yeast Csr2 arrestin is deubiquitinated and phosphorylated upon glucose replenishment, while non-phosphorylated Csr2 is ubiquitinated and activated by Rsp5 (Hovsepian et al, J Cell Biol, 2012). While the smear-like signals are interesting, we noticed that the smear-like signals did not necessarily correlate with cell proliferation defects in low glucose. We therefore think that clarifying the identity of the smear-like signals is beyond the scope of this study. We will discuss the smear-like signals only briefly in the revised manuscript, and would address this issue in our future work, hopefully.

      While the 4 S/T residues at the C-terminus of Aly3 as well as the other 14 S/T residues have been already shown to be phosphorylated in the precedent studies (Kettenbach et al, Mol Cell Proteomics, 2015; Tay et al, Cell Rep, 2019; Halova et al, Open Biol, 2021), we will confirm that the slower migrating Aly3 is indeed phosphorylated by phosphatase treatment in the revised manuscript. This planned experiment will further strengthen our study and support our conclusion and model.

      *Fig 4. The authors now look at the functional consequences of these mutations on ALy3 on Ght5 localisation. The data clearly shows that mutation of the 4 identified S/T residues (Aly3-4th A) causes aberrant localisation of the transporter to the vacuole, likely to cause the observed growth defect on low glucose. There is a nice correlation between the vacuolar localisation and growth in low-glucose for the various aly3 mutants. (A final proof could be to express this in the context of an endocytic mutant, which should restore membrane localisation and suppress the aly3-4thA phenotype - OPTIONAL). However, I still disagree with the statement that "These results indicate that phosphorylation of Aly3 at the C-terminal 582nd, 584th, and/or 585th serine residues is required for cell-surface localization of Ght5." given that phosphorylation was not properly demonstrated.

      While phosphorylation of the 582nd, 584th and/or 585th serine residues of Aly3 is not experimentally demonstrated in our hands, they have been shown to be phosphorylated in phospho-proteomics studies by other groups (Kettenbach et al, Mol Cell Proteomics, 2015; Tay et al, Cell Rep, 2019; Halova et al, Open Biol, 2021; Mak et al, EMBO J, 2021). Among them, the 584th serine residue (S584) was reported to be phosphorylated in a TORC2-dependent manner (Mak et al, EMBO J, 2021), consistent with our model. To explicitly demonstrate that S584 is phosphorylated, we plan to make a strain expressing a mutant Aly3 protein in which all the possible phosphorylation sites except S584 are replaced with alanine, namely Aly3(ST17A;S584). Hopefully, we can properly show the phosphorylation of S584 by measuring the mobility of the Aly3(ST17A;S584) on gel with/without phosphatase treatment or gad8 mutation.

      We thank the reviewer for suggestion of the experiment using an endocytic mutant. Previously we reported that vacuolar localization of Ght5 in gad8 mutant cells was suppressed by mutations in not only aly3 but also genes encoding ESCRT complexes (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021). We therefore think that in cells expressing Aly3(ST18A) or Aly3(4th Ala), Ght5 is subject to endocytosis and ensuing selective transport to vacuoles via endosome-localized ESCRT complexes. We will discuss this point in the revised manuscript.

      *Fig 5. Here, the authors question the role of Aly3 mutations on Ght5 ubiquitination. They immunoprecipitate Ght5 and address its ubiquitination status in various Aly3 mutants. The data is encouraging for a role in Aly3 phosphorylation (?) in the negative control of Ght5 ubiquitination. My main problem with this experiment is that it seems that Ght5 immunoprecipitations were made in non-denaturing conditions, which leads to the question of what is the anti-ubiquitin revealing here (Ght5 or a co-immunoprecipitated protein, for example Aly3 itself, or the Pub ligases, or an unknown protein). It seems that this protocol was previously used in their previous paper, but I stand by my conclusion that ubiquitination of a given protein can only be looked in denaturing conditions. The experiments should be repeated in buffers classical for the study of protein ubiquitination to be able to conclude unambiguously that we are looking at Ght5 ubiquitination itself, especially in the absence of a non-ubiquitinable form of Ght5 as a negative control. Could the authors comment on the fact that S-A or S-D mutations display the same phenotype regarding the possible Ght5 ubiquitination?

      As mentioned above, immunoprecipitation of Ght5 in denaturating conditions is not feasible. Ght5 can be affinity-purified only in a non-denaturing condition. In addition, affinity purification in a native condition is considered as a major choice to examine its ubiquitination according to a literature by Emmerich and Cohen (Emmerich and Cohen, Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 2015). A drawback of native condition is, as the reviewer points out, that the affinity-purified fraction might include non-bait (non-Ght5) proteins. The 110 kDa band indicated by an arrow in Fig. 5A was confirmed to be Ght5, not a non-bait protein, as a band at the identical position was detected in the immunoblot with anti-GFP antibody. Because this band in the anti-GFP immunoblot was too faint to be visible in Fig. 5A of the original manuscript, we will add an additional panel showing the contrast-enhanced anti-GFP immunoblot in which the 110 kDa band is clearly visible.

      As for the result that "S-A or S-D mutations display the same phenotype regarding the possible Ght5 ubiquitination," we are afraid that the reviewer #2 misunderstood the labels of the samples. We apologize for confusing notational system of the sample name. Full description of samples is as follows; In Aly3(4th A), all of S582, S584, S585 and T586 are replaced with A; In Aly3(4th A;A584S), S582, S585 and T586 are replaced with A, whereas S584 remains intact; In Aly3(4th A;A584D), S582, S585 and T586 are replaced with A, and S584 is replaced with phospho-mimetic D. Because cells expressing Aly3(4th A;A584S) and Aly3(4th A;A584D) exhibited similarly low levels of Ght5 ubiquitination, we speculated that phosphorylation at S584 of Aly3 negatively regulates ubiquitination of Ght5.

      In the revised manuscript, we plan to add a table showing amino acid sequence of each species of Aly3 (just like Figure 3A) to avoid confusion.

      *Fig 6. The authors want to document the model whereby Aly3 may interact with some of the Nedd4 ligases (Pub1/2/3) to mediate its Ght5-ubiquitination function. They actually use the Aly3-4thA mutant, it should have been better with the WT protein. But the results indicate a clear interaction with at least Pub1 and Pub3. By the way, are the Pub1/2/3 fusions functional? Nedd4 proteins are notoriously affected in their function by C-terminal tagging and are usually tagged at their N-terminus (See Dunn et al. J Cell Biol 2004).

      We plan to test whether Pub1-myc is functional by comparing proliferation of the Pub1-myc-expressing strain and pub1Δ strain, as pub1Δ cells reportedly show proliferation defects at a high temperature (Tamai and Shimoda, J Cell Sci, 2002). As deletion of pub2 or pub3 reportedly exhibited no obvious defects (Tamai and Shimoda, J Cell Sci, 2002; Hayles et al, Open Biol, 2013), it is not easy to assess functionality of the myc-tagged genes.

      Please note that C-terminally tagged Pub1/2/3 proteins have been widely used in studies with fission yeast. Both Pub1-HA and non-tagged Pub1 were reported to be ubiquitinated (Nefsky and Beach, EMBO J, 1996; Strachan et al, J Cell Sci, 2023). Pub1-GFP, which complemented the high temperature sensitivity of pub1Δ, localized to cell surface and cytoplasmic bodies (Tamai and Shimoda, J Cell Sci, 2002). Pub2-GFP, overexpression of which arrested cell growth just like overexpression of non-tagged Pub2, localized to cell surface, and consistently Pub2-HA was detected in membrane-enriched pellet fractions after ultracentrifugation (Tamai and Shimoda, J Cell Sci, 2002). They also reported ubiquitin conjugation of the HECT domain of Pub2 fused with myc epitope at its C-terminus. Pub3-GFP localized to cell surface (Matsuyama et al, Nat Biotech, 2006).

      Regardless of functionality of the myc-tagged Pub1/2/3, we believe that results of this experiment (Figure 6) support our model, because the aim of this experiment, which is to identify the HECT-type and WW-domain containing ubiquitin ligase(s) that interact with Aly3, is irrelevant to functionality of the myc-tagged Pub proteins.

      *Fig 7. The authors want to provide genetic interaction between the Pub ligases and the growth defects in low glc due to alterations in Ght5 trafficking. It is unclear how the gad8ts pub1∆ mutant was generated since it doesn't seem to grow on regular glc concentration (Supp fig 5), could the authors provide some information about this? It is also not clear whether it can be stated thatches mutant is "more sensitive" to glc depletion because of the low level of growth to begin with (even at 3%). Altogether, the data show that deletion of pub3+ is able to suppress the growth defect of the gad8ts mutant on low glc medium, suggesting it is the relevant ligase for Ght5 endocytosis. This is confirmed by microscopy observations of Ght5 localisation. However, I would again tone down the main conclusion, which I feel is far-reaching: "Combined with physical interaction data, these results strongly suggest that Aly3 recruits Pub3, but not Pub2, for ubiquitination of Ght5." Work on Rsp5 in baker's yeast has shown that Rsp5 function goes beyond cargo ubiquitination, including ubiquitination of arrestins (which is often required for their function as mentioned in the introduction) or other endocytic proteins (epsins, amphyphysin etc). I agree that the data are compatible with this model but there are other possible explanations. Anything that would block endocytosis would supposedly suppress the gad8ts phenotype.

      gad8ts pub1Δ was produced at 26 {degree sign}C, a permissive temperature of the gad8ts mutant. While this is described in the Methods section of the original manuscript, we will mention this more clearly in the Results section of the revised manuscript.

      We did not conclude low glucose sensitivity of gad8ts pub1Δ cells in the indicated part (L376-377). Rather, we compared proliferation of gad8ts single mutant and pub1Δ single mutant cells in low glucose, and we found that the pub1Δ single mutant exhibited the higher sensitivity. In the revised manuscript we will correct the text to clarify that we compared proliferation of two single mutants (but not gad8ts pub1Δ mutant).

      We agree with the opinion that the recruited Pub3 may ubiquitinate proteins other than Ght5. In the revised manuscript, we will correct our conclusion of the Figure 7 experiment (L388-390), not to limit the possible ubiquitination target(s) to Ght5.

      In a genetic screen, we found that mutations in aly3+ and genes encoding ESCRT complexes suppressed low-glucose sensitivity and vacuolar transport of Ght5 of gad8ts mutant cells (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021). This finding appears consistent with the reviewer's opinion that blocking endocytosis would supposedly suppress the gad8ts phenotype. We will mention this point in the revised manuscript.

      *Discussion Some analogy with the regulation of the Bul arrestins by TORC1/Npr1 and PP2A/Sit4 could be mentioned (Mehri et al. 2012), at the discretion of the authors. The possibility that phosphorylation may neutralise a basic patch on Aly3 Ct, possibly involved in electrostatic interactions with Ght5 is very interesting. Regarding the effect of the mutations on Aly3 localisation (p.15 l.498), did the authors tag Aly3 with GFP? There are examples where proteins tagged with HA are not functional whereas tagging with GFP does not alter their function (eg. Rod1, Laussel et al. 2022) - and here Supp Fig 2 only relates to HA-tagging. Proof of a change in Aly3 localisation upon mutation would definitely be a plus (OPTIONAL).

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion of a reference. In the revised manuscript, we will cite the indicated report in the corresponding part for an additional support of TORC1-mediated control of Aly3 (de)phosphorylation.

      While examining localization of Aly3 by GFP-tagging is interesting, we do not believe that it is necessary in this study. We would like to produce Aly3-GFP and to examine its functionality and localization in our future study. We thank the reviewer's insightful suggestion.

      **Minor comments.

      *Introduction: - I believe the text corresponding to the work on TXNIP is incorrect (p.5 l.127). TXNIP is degraded after its phosphorylation, not "rectracted" from the surface.

      In the revised manuscript, we will correct the text accordingly.

      • For the sake of completion, the authors could add other references concerning the regulation of Rod1 in budding yeast such as Becuwe et al. 2012 J Cell Biol and O'Donnell et al. 2015 Mol Cell Biol, in addition to Llopis-Torregrosa et al. 2016.

      In the revised manuscript, we will add the suggested references and correct the text in the corresponding part of the Introduction (L123-138).

      • Other examples of the requirement for arrestin ubiquitination beyond Art1 (p.5 l.136-137) are listed in the ref cited: Kahlhofer et al. 2021.

      We will cite the indicated review to navigate readers for more examples of arrestin ubiquitination (and transporter ubiquitination).

      *Figures: In general, I think it would be clearer if the authors showed on the figures that the background strain in which the XXX gene is added (or its mutant forms) is a xxx∆ strain.

      We will modify the figures to clearly show the genetic background of the strains used.

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      Cross review of Reviewer 1 - *I don't believe that the authors "define a set of redundant c-terminal phosphorylation sites in Aly3", because phosphorylation is not proven. *I thinks the points raised for Fig 3B are valid but the authors should focus on making their story conclusive before expanding to other data (except for the explanation of the smear, see my review). Also, I don't think 2NBDG actually works to measure Glc uptake. * same for Fig 6 - not sure the interaction site mapping between Aly3 and Pubs would bring much value since there are more urgent things to do to make the story solid.

      As mentioned above, we will experimentally show phosphorylation of the Aly3 C-terminus in the revised manuscript. Such experiments would make our story more solid and conclusive. We truly appreciate the comments and suggestions.

      We agree with the comments on difficulty of measuring glucose uptake using 2-NBDG. In fact, we tried and failed measuring Ght5-mediated glucose uptake using 2-NBDG.


      Cros review of Reviewer 3 - we have many overlaps, so briefly : *I agree that the bibliography is incomplete (mentioned in my review) *I agree that there is no demonstration of the phospho-status of Aly3, and it is a problem *I agree that the results can be better quantified, esp. in the light of the points raised by this referee concerning the variability of expression of ST18A Other specific comments : *I agree that the statement that dephosphorylation activates alpha-arresting should be toned down - this was observed in several instances but there are examples of arrestin-mediated endocytosis which does not require their prior dephosphorylation. *I fully agree that efforts could be made regarding the classification/nomenclature of arrestins in S. pombe, this had escaped my attention

      As detailed in the individual point raised by the reviewers, we will add the suggested references and accordingly correct the text in the revised manuscript.

      In addition to experimentally showing Aly3 phosphorylation, we will quantify the immunoblot result.

      Our statement that dephosphorylation activates alpha-arrestins might be too generalized. We will mention reports in which arrestin-mediated endocytosis does not require prior dephosphorylation (e.g. O'Donnell et al, Mol Biol Cell, 2010; Gournas et al, Mol Biol Cell, 2017; Savocco et al, PLoS Biol, 2019), and modify the text precisely.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance):

      *strengths and limitations This study aims at deepening our understanding of the regulation of endocytosis by signalling pathways through arrestin-like proteins in S. pombe. Ght5 is a nice model to study a physiological regulation, and the authors have a great set of tools at hand, including the discovery of Aly3 as the main arrestin for this regulation, and a signalling pathway (TORC2/Gad8) acting upstream. The main question is now to understand at the mechanistic level how TORC2 signaling impinges on the regulation of this arrestin.

      Overall, the authors nicely demonstrate that C-terminal Ser/Thr residues are crucial for the function of Aly3 in Ght5 endocytosis. They propose a model whereby Aly3 phosphorylation by an unknownn kinase inhibits its function on Ght5 ubiquitination, which would favour its endocytosis. However, I think the conclusions are not always rigorous and the conclusions are sometimes far-reaching. The main problem is that much of the conclusions concern a potential phosphorylation of Aly3 which is not experimentally addressed. An additional issue is the fact that they look at Ght5 ubiquitination by co-immunoprecipitation in native conditions (or at least, it seems to me) which cannot be conclusive. Overall, I think some experiments should be performed to address (at least) these 2 points before the manuscript can be published, see detailed comments above.

      *Advance

      This study, if completed carefully, would provide among the first examples of mapping of phosphorylation sites on arrestins, which are usually phosphorylated at many sites and are thus difficult to study. Few studies went down to this level in this respect (see Ivshov et al. eLife 2020). There are no changes in paradigms or new conceptual insights, but this work is a nice example of the conservation of these regulatory mechanisms.

      We appreciate that this study is highly evaluated by this reviewer. We understand the main problems raised by the reviewer, and as we detailed above, we plan to perform an experiment and make explanation to respond to the problems. With the raised issues answered, we believe that conclusions of the revised manuscript will be more rigorous.

      Our study reveals mechanisms regulating vacuolar transport of the Ght5 hexose transporter via the TORC2 pathway in fission yeast. The serine residues at the Aly3 C-terminus (582nd, 584th and 585th serine residues), which are probably phosphorylated in a manner dependent on the TORC2 pathway, are required for sustained Ght5 localization to cell surface and cellular adaptation to low glucose. To our knowledge, there is no such study, and thus we think that this study is novel. By responding to the reviewers' comments and adding new data as explained above, the revised manuscript will be able to present novelty of our study more clearly. Comparison of our study in fission yeast to related studies in other model organisms may reveal the conservation and diversity of these regulatory mechanisms.

      *Audience Should be of interest for people studying basic research in the field of cell biology, signalling pathways, transporter regulation by physiology. Reviewer background is on the regulation of transporter endocytosis by signalling pathways and arrestin-like proteins.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity): (Authors' response in blue)

      In this manuscript, the authors work to address how phospho-regulation of a-arrestin Aly3 in S. pombe regulates the glucose transporter Ght5. The authors use a series of phospho-mutants in Aly3 and assess function of these mutants using growth assays and localization of Ght5. My main concerns with the manuscript are that 1) there is a lack of appreciation for the similar work that has been done in S. cerevisiae to define a-arrestin phospho-regulation, which is evidenced by the severe lack of referencing throughout the document, 2) the sites mutated on Aly3 are not demonstrated to change phospho-status of Aly3 and so all interpretations of these mutants need to be better contextualized and 3) almost none of the findings are quantified (imaging or immunoblots) making it difficult to assess the rigor of the outcomes. More detailed comments are provided below.

      We thank the reviewer for thorough reading of the manuscript and the detailed comments. As explained below, we will respond to the points raised by the reviewer and accordingly modify the manuscript.

      Minor Comments

      Immunoblotting or immunostaining to define the levels and localization of phospho-mutants - In Figure 1, an immunoblot or immunostaining to define the abundance/localization of WT Ght5 vs its ST11A mutant would be appreciated. It is very difficult to know if ST11A is as functional as WT or not without an assessment of the levels and localization of the WT and mutant proteins to accompany the spot assays. Perhaps a version of Ght5 that is a phospho-mimetic would be more useful here as well since that version should not be dephosphorylated and then presumably would be internalized and not allow for growth on low glucose medium.

      We plan to add fluorescence microscopy data of WT Ght5 and Ght5(ST11A) in the revised manuscript, to compare the localization and abundance of these two Ght5 species. In our preliminary observation, those of two Ght5 species seemed to be indistinguishable.

      We'd like to emphasize that the primary aim of this study is to reveal mechanisms regulating Ght5 localization and consequently ensuring cell proliferation in low glucose. While analyzing a phospho-mimetic Ght5 mutant (e.g. Ght5(ST11D)) is interesting in terms of understanding of the nature of Ght5, we believe that such an analysis is out of the scope on this study. As Ght5(ST11A)-expressing cells proliferated comparably to Ght5(WT)-expressing cells and WT and ST11A Ght5 indistinguishably localize on the cell surface, phosphorylation of the ST residues of Ght5 is not likely to be the primary mechanism regulating Ght5 localization and function. We would like to assess a phospho-mimetic Ght5 mutant protein in our future studies.

      For the Aly3 mutants where the abundance of Aly3 appears lower via immunoblotting (i.e., 4thA-A582S or S582A) how is the near perfect functional readout explained when the levels of the protein are much lower than WT? For the ST18A mutant, this is a particularly important point since the authors indicate on lines 194-197 that based on the functional data for ST18A, some of these ST residues are needed for phospho-regulation of Aly3. However, in Figure 3B the authors clearly show that there is very little ST18A protein in cells, and so these mutations have impacted Aly3 stability, which may or may not be linked to its phospho-status. The authors should be upfront about this finding on lines 194-197 and should not present this phospho-model as the only reason for why ST18A may not be functional. On lines 265-276 for the authors indicate that ST18A is expressed equivalently to WT Aly3, which is just not the case in Figure 3B. Perhaps quantification of replicate data would help clarify this issue. Further, if the authors wish to conclude that the upper MW bands in Figure 3B are due to phosphorylation, perhaps they should perform phosphatase treatments of their extracts to collapse these bands. However, most certainly the overall abundance of the single band for ST18A is reduced compared to the total bands of WT Aly3.

      We disagree with the opinion that the levels of the mutant Aly3 are much lower than WT. For semi-quantitative measurement of the protein abundance, 2-fold dilution series of the WT Aly3 sample were loaded in the leftmost 3 lanes of Figure 3B. Although the levels of Aly3(4th A;A582S), Aly3(S582A) and Aly3(ST18A) were lower than that of WT Aly3, those are 50% or more of the WT, judging from the intensities of the serially-diluted WT samples. To clearly show that the expression of these Aly3 proteins is within comparable levels, we plan to add a column chart of the quantified expression levels and to mention abundances of the Aly3 proteins more quantitatively in the revised text. We do not think that replicate data (of Western blots as in Figure 3B) helps clarify this issue, because nmt1 promoter-driven gene transcription is induced with a small variation (Forsburg, Nuc Acid Res, 1993). We will cite this report and mention this point in the revised text.

      We are afraid that this reviewer seems to consider that Aly3(ST18A) is not functional, but it is not a case and we do not intend to claim so. While deletion of aly3 did not interfere with cell proliferation in low glucose (see vector controls in Figures 2B, 2C and 3A, -Thiamine), expression of the ST18A mutant clearly hinders cell proliferation in low glucose, indicating that the ST18A performs dominant negative function to inhibit cell proliferation. That is, even though the expression level and/or stability of the ST18A is reduced, it is still sufficiently abundant to perform the dominant negative function. We propose the phospho-model not due to dysfunctionality of ST18A, but its dominant negative functionality. The 18 S/T residues of Aly3, which are shown to be phosphorylated in precedent phospho-proteomics studies, seem to be required to down-regulate Aly3's function to inhibit cell proliferation in low glucose. We apologize for this confusion, and we will modify the text and figures to clarify these points in the revised manuscripts.

      To obtain an experimental support for our description that the slower migrating bands in Figure 3B are due to phosphorylation, we plan to perform a phosphatase treatment experiment as suggested.

      Figure 2A - how do the phosphorylation sites identified in Aly3 compare to those identified in Rod1 from S. cerevisiae? See PMID 26920760 or SGD for more information. I am confused as to why the Aly3 protein has an arrowhead at the C-terminus. What does this denote?

      We will mention reported phosphorylation sites of Aly3 and budding yeast Rod1/Art4 in the revised manuscript, by referring to the indicated report and database. It should be noted that similarity between amino acid sequences of Aly3 and S. cerevisiae Rod1 is not so high and limited in Arrestin-N and -C domains. The C-terminal half of Aly3, in which most of the potential phosphorylation sites are found, is not similar to Rod1. Thus, these sites are unlikely to be conserved between them.

      An arrowhead indicates the direction of transcription (from N to C-terminus). We will describe it explicitly in the revised figure legend.

      Figure 2 - The WT and Aly3-ST18A are expressed in S. pombe from a non-endogenous locus under the control of the Nmt1 promoter. However, are these mutants present in cells that contain WT copies of Aly3 at other genomic loci? If so, this would surely muddy the interpretations of these data as a- and b-arrestins are capable of multimerizing and the effect of multimerization on their activities can vary.

      As mentioned in L188, an aly3 deletion mutant strain (aly3Δ) was used as a host, and thus all strains harboring an nmt1-driven aly3 gene lack the endogenous aly3 gene. We will add an illustration clearly showing that the host strain lacks the endogenous aly3+ gene and modify the legend of Figure 2.

      Functional readouts for Aly3 using Ght5 localization - The reduced surface levels of Ght5 does correspond to the spot assay growth in low glucose for the various Aly3 mutants used. However, it would be useful if these assays incorporated an endocytosis inhibitor to help prevent the activities of these Aly3 plasmids to see if the transporter is retained at the PM. At the end of these mutational analyses, the authors conclude that phosphorylation of Aly3 at any of 3 sites is required for Ght5 trafficking to the vacuole in low glucose, however no experiment is done to demonstrate that these sites are phosphorylated residues. A phosphatase assay would be useful to help demonstrate that the modifications in 3B really are phosphorylation and a quantification of the phosphorylated bands in these WBs would also be useful to solidify the statement made on lines 306-309.

      We thank the reviewer for suggestion of the experiment using an endocytosis inhibitor. Previously we reported that vacuolar localization of Ght5 in gad8ts mutant cells was suppressed by mutations in not only aly3 but also genes encoding ESCRT complexes (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021). We therefore think that, in cells expressing Aly3(ST18A) or Aly3(4th Ala), Ght5 is subject to endocytosis and subsequent selective transport to vacuoles via ESCRT complexes. We will mention these previous findings in the revised manuscript.

      As mentioned in responses to the comments above and other reviewer's, we will perform a phosphatase treatment experiment and its quantification in the revised manuscript. Here, we'd like to emphasize that these 3 sites have been shown to be phosphorylated in phospho-proteomic studies by other researchers (Kettenbach et al, Mol Cell Proteomics, 2015; Tay et al, Cell Rep, 2019; Halova et al, Open Biol, 2021; Mak et al, EMBO J, 2021), although we do not show it directly in this study.

      Phosphorylation assessments - in general, it would be good to not only build the non-phosphorylatable versions of Aly3 but also the phospho-mimetic forms.

      We produced a phospho-mimetic mutant Aly3 (i.e. Aly3(4th A;A584D)), and showed the result in Figure 5A; cells expressing Aly3(4th A;A584D) exhibited a low ubiquitination of Ght5, similarly to Aly3(WT)- and Aly3(4th A;A584S)-expressing cells. According to our experiences, replacing S/T with D/E does not necessarily mimic phosphorylation. Thus, we do not believe that systematic production of phospho-mimetic Aly3 mutants would help achieve the aim of this study.

      Pub1, 2, and 3 - It would be helpful if the authors indicated what genes Pubs 1-3 correspond to in S. cerevisiae, where Rsp5 is the predominant Ub ligase interacting with a-arrestins. Is there no ortholog of Rsp5 in S. pombe?

      Pub1, Pub2 and Pub3 are regarded as orthologs of budding yeast Rsp5, according to the fission yeast database PomBase. We will perform a homology search for these E3 proteins, and based on the result, we will add a description in the revised manuscript.

      Pub-Aly3 interactions - could the authors please comment on the reason why so very little Aly3 is copurified with Pub1 or Pub2? Can any clear conclusion be drawn about pub2 given how very little Pub2 is present in the IPs? Based on my understanding of these data I do not think that this can be cleanly interpreted. What is is the identity of the ~50kDa MW band in Figure 6 in the upper MYC detection panel?

      We do not have an accurate answer for the result that a small amount of Aly3 is copurified with Pub1 or Pub3. The Pub1/3-Aly3 interaction may be weak or transient. We will discuss this point in the revised manuscript.

      Regarding whether Aly3 interacts with Pub2, we agree with the reviewer. As described in the Results (L360-362), we could not conclude anything about Aly3-Pub2 interaction by this immunoprecipitation experiment alone. On the other hand, the genetic interaction experiment (Figure 7A) suggests that pub2+ is not involved in defects caused by the gad8ts mutation (while pub3+ and aly3+ are). By this experiment, we think that Pub2 is not a partner of Aly3.

      In the revised manuscript, we will describe that Pub2 is not a partner of Aly3 in a paragraph describing the Figure 7A experiment.

      Because the 50 kDa band found in the IP fraction of all the samples appears even in "beads only" (Figure 6), those are supposedly derived from mouse IgG dissociated from the beads used for immunoprecipitation. We will mention this in the legend of Figure 6.

      Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of a-arrestins - The paragraph from lines 123-138 is very superficial in addressing what is known about phosphorylation and ubiquitination of a-arrestins. The way this section is written, it feels misleading to the reader as it omits many of the details for regulation that would help place the current study in context. The discussion of Rod1 phosphorylation by AMPK for example, which is directly relevant to this study, is underdeveloped. I would recommend splitting this into two paragraphs and providing a more in depth, and accurate, view of the literature on this topic, with a focus on the regulation that is relevant for the ortholog of Aly3 in S. cerevisiae. For example, Rod1 phosphorylation by AMPK is greatly expanded upon in the following papers (PMID 22249293 and 25547292) and AMPK regulation of C-tail phosphorylation of a-arrestins is defined further in PMID 26920760. These references are each particularly important to compare with the current findings presented in this manuscript. Torc2 regulation ofa-arrestins is also reviewed in PMID 36149412 and references therein should be considered.

      Because the primary aim of this study is to reveal mechanisms regulating Ght5 localization in fission yeast, but not to dissect modification and regulation of α-arrestins, we decided not to get into the details of phosphorylation and ubiquitination of α-arrestins. Furthermore, although budding yeast Rod1 and Rog3 are found to be downstream of the TORC2-Ypk1 signaling in the context of internalization of the Ste2 pheromone receptor, it is not clear whether TORC2-Ypk1 signaling also regulate α-arrestin-mediated internalization of hexose transporters in budding yeast. For these reasons, we focused on limited literatures essential for interpretation of the results and omitted many references describing the details of α-arrestin regulation. However, as this reviewer commented, we realize that our decision makes the discussion superficial and misleading to the reader. We sincerely apologize for this inconvenience.

      In the revised manuscript, we will reorganize the paragraphs in the discussion and include the suggested references. Regarding budding yeast Rod1, we will cite the study reporting Ypk1-mediated phosphorylation on Rod1 in mating pheromone response via regulation of Ste2 endocytosis (Alvaro et al, Genetics, 2016). We will also mention other reports (Becuwe et al, J Cell Biol, 2012; O'Donnell et al, Mol Cell Biol, 2015) about AMPK-dependent phosphorylation of Rod1 in the corresponding part (e.g. L129-130). In addition, we will mention that Aly2, Rod1 and Rog3 α-arrestins were found downstream of the TORC2-Ypk1 signaling (Muir et al, eLife, 2014; Thorner, Biochem J, 2022).

      As a further detailed example, there is far more work done on ubiquitination of a-arrestins in S. cerevisiae than the single citation provided by the authors on line 137. The way this section is written it feels misleading. Considerable effort has been spent on defining how mono- and poly-ubiquitination regulate a-arrestins and the authors should consider the data provided in the following citations and revise the two sentences they provide in this introduction to better reflect the breadth of our understanding rather than simply indicate that the 'mechanisms that regulate functions of a-arrestisn are not fully understood'. (PMIDs 23824189; 22249293; 17028178; 28298493)

      Ubiquitination of α-arrestin itself is not the topic of this study, and physiological consequences of ubiquitination of Aly3 remain unknown. Because of these reasons, we did not describe the details of ubiquitination of α-arrestins in the original manuscript. However, we never intend to mislead the reader, and thus to avoid it, we will revise the indicated sentences and cite the suggested literatures (O'Donnell et al, J Biol Chem, 2013; Becuwe et al, J Cell Biol, 2012; Kee et al, J Biol Chem, 2006; Ho et al, Mol Biol Cell, 2017) in the revised manuscript.

      Context of the findings and lack of citations - The referencing in this manuscript is very poor as many of the key papers that report analogous findings in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are not cited. This oversight in citing the appropriate literature must be remedied before this manuscript can be considered further for publication. Examples of these omissions occur at the following places:

      We will modify the text and carefully cite more literatures describing analogous finding in budding yeast and other organisms in the revised manuscript. We appreciate the insightful suggestions by this reviewer. It should be noted, however, that it is not evident whether budding yeast Rod1 and Rog3 are orthologous to fission yeast Aly3. Although Rod1 and Aly3 share overlapping roles, amino acid sequence similarity of them is not high and limited only in domains which are generally conserved among α-arrestin-family proteins.

      Line 90 - The Puca and Brou citations is one example of this but the first examples come from Daniela Rotin's work looking at Rsp5 interactions in budding yeast, which is where the association between HECT-domain Ub ligases and a-arrestins is also documented by Scott Emr and Hugh Pelham's labs. Here are some PMID numbers to improve the citations of this section (PMID 17551511; 18976803; 19912579) and each of these references long predates the Puca and Brou publication.

      In the revised manuscript, we will improve the citations by including the suggested studies (Gupta et al, Mol Syst Biol, 2007; Lin et al, Cell, 2008; Nikko and Pelham, Traffic, 2009).

      Lines 123-126 - Phosphorylation can also increase vacuole-dependent degradation of alpha-arrestins as demonstrated in PMID 35454122. The interaction with 14-3-3 proteins that is driven by phosphorylation of a-arrestins was first demonstrated by the Leon group in PMID 22249293). Lines 129-132 - Here again the Leon reference that helps demonstrate the 14-3-3 inhibition of Rod1 is lacking (PMID 22249293).

      We will cite the suggested studies in description of these topics (Bowman et al, Biomolecules, 2022; Becuwe et al, J Cell Biol, 2012).

      Lines 130-132 - Please include references for the statement that dephosphorylation activates a-arrestin activity. There are no citations on this statement and there are many to choose from and I would urge the authors to cite the primary literature on these points.

      We will cite studies for the statement "Conversely, dephosphorylation is thought to activate α-arrestins and to promote selective endocytosis of transporter proteins" (L130-132).

      These are just a few examples from the Introduction, but the Discussion is similarly wrought with issues in referencing and framing the experimental results within the context of the larger field, including what is known about Rod1/Rog3 regulation in S. cerevisiae. For example, the Llopis-Torregrosa et al reference and statement on lines 508-510 is incorrect. There are other phosphorylation sites defined in the C-terminus of Rod1, as described in Alvaro et al. PMID: 26920760.

      We will carefully correct Discussion by citing the suggested references (e.g. Alvaro et al, Genetics, 2016) and framing the obtained results within the context of the larger field.

      Of note, a combination of α-arrestin, upstream kinase(s) and distinct phosphorylation sites appears to determine the target transporter (Kahlhofer et al, Biol Cell, 2021; Thorner, Biochem J, 2022), and it has not been explicitly proved that TORC2-Ypk1 signaling also regulate α-arrestin-mediated internalization of hexose transporters in budding yeast. For these reasons, we stated "S. cerevisiae Rod1 and Rog3 are phosphorylated solely by Snf1p/AMPK" in the context of internalization of hexose transporters. We will also discuss this point in the revised manuscript.

      Minor Comments Clarification needed - Lines 107-121 - The relationship between the S. pombe arrestins and those in other organisms is somewhat unclear. Frist, all the arrestins in humans and S. cerevisiae can be sorted into the alpha, beta and Vps26 classes. However, the authors indicate that the S. pombe genome has 11 arrestin-like proteins but only 4 of these are a-arrestins. What classes do the other 7 arrestins belong to? It would be appreciated if this point was clarified.

      To our knowledge, fission yeast arrestins are not well classified yet. We will perform a phylogenetic tree analysis to classify them, and modify the description of the indicated part accordingly. We will also cite our previous report (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021), in which the overall protein structure and domains of 11 fission yeast arrestin-like proteins were reported.

      Next, for the 4 a-arrestins identified in S. pombe the authors indicate that Aly3 is the homolog of Rod1/Art4 and Rog3/Art7 from S. cerevisiae. What is the relationship of Rod1 in S. pombe to Rod1 in S. cerevisiae? Are these also homologs? You can see how the nomenclature is confusing and, given the functional overlap of S. cerevisiae Rod1/Rog3 proteins it is important to know if Aly3 is the only version of these a-arrestins or if there is an additional counterpart in S. pombe. This point becomes somewhat more confusing when on lines 134-136 the authors talk about Arn1/Any1 as an arrestin related protein in S. pombe yet this protein was not included on the list of a-arrestins in the preceding section. What class of arrestin is this protein?

      According to PomBase, both Aly3 and Rod1 are assigned as the orthologue of budding yeast Rod1 and Rog3. However, as mentioned in responses above, it is unclear whether Aly3 is really orthologous to budding yeast Rod1/Rod3. In the revised manuscript, we will perform a homology search for these 4 proteins, and add information on how much these arrestins share homology.

      Arn1/Any1 is regarded as a β-arrestin (Nakase et al, J Cell Sci, 2013). We will also mention this in the revised manuscript.

      Alpha-arrestin homology - On lines 127-129 the authors indicate that TXNIP is the mammalian homolog of Aly3. To my knowledge, there are no evolutionary analyses that can draw these lines of homology between the a-arrestins in humans and those in yeasts. It would be appreciated if the authors could cite the work that leads to this conclusion or revise the sentence to more accurately reflect what is known on this topic. It certainly appears that, given their functional overlap in regulating glucose transporters, Txnip and Rod1/Rog3 in humans and S. cerevisiae are functionally connected. I urge the authors to use more caution when describing this protein family.

      Among human α-arrestins, ARRDC2 (22%) but not TXNIP (20%) has the highest amino acid identity to Aly3 (Toyoda et al, J Cell Sci, 2021). However, as TXNIP has been reported to regulate endocytosis of hexose transporters, GLUT1 and 4 (Wu et al, Mol Cell, 2013; Waldhart et al, Cell Rep, 2017), we think that TXNIP and Aly3 share physiological roles. We will revise the sentence (L127-129) more accurately.

      Text editing - The text could use editing as there are awkward and grammatically incorrect sentences in several places. Here are a few examples to help the authors:

      Please note that the original manuscript is edited by a professional editor, who is a native English (American) speaker and has edited thousands of research papers, before initial submission. We will ask an editor to check the revised draft again before submission.

      Lines 57-60 - the protein is not expressed over the entire cell surface, but is localized to the entire cell surface.

      We will correct this wording.

      Lines 80-83 - this sentence is very confusing

      We will correct this part by changing the phrase "Unlike TORC1," into a clause.

      Line 86 - Is there more than one gene encoding Aly3 in S. pombe?

      No, there is only one gene encoding Aly3. We will correct this part so as to avoid being misunderstood.

      Line 88, 109, - these sentences need to start with a capitol so either capitalize the A in arrestin or write out Alpha with a capitol A.

      We will correct the sentence as suggested.

      Lines 145-148 - unclear as written

      We will clarify the meaning of the sentence by changing the voice.

      Line 224 - why are these amino acids being referred to as hydroxylated? Perhaps hydroxyl-containing amino acids or 18 amino acids with hydroxyl side chains would be better choices?

      We will correct the word as suggested.

      Line 300 - very confusing sentence structure

      We will correct this part by simplifying the structure of the sentence.

      And elsewhere....

      We will carefully check the revised text before submission.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance):

      The authors provide some information as to the residues needed in the Aly3 C-tail for Ght5 trafficking in S. Pombe. These results are not places in the context of similar phosphor-regulatory work done for a-arrestins in S. cerevisiae, and this is needed for appreciation of the significance of the study.

      Overall, it appears that the model put forth is very similar to the one already proposed in S. cerevisiae where phosphorylation impedes a-arrestin-mediated trafficking of glucose transporters. It is interesting to see this similarity hold in S. Pombe, but it does not dramatically alter our appreciation of a-arrestin biology.

      The significance of the findings are somewhat underscored by the fact that very little quantification of data are presented, making the rigor of the work difficult to assess.

      We thank the reviewer for careful reading and evaluation of our study. As the reviewer states, the results are not placed in the context of similar phospho-regulatory works done for α-arrestins in S. cerevisiae. This may partly come from the fact that it remains unclear whether internalization of hexose transporters is regulated by TORC2-dependent phosphorylation in S. cerevisiae. We believe that our study is novel and significant for this reason. By performing the additional experiments/quantification and revising the text as suggested by the reviewers, the manuscript will be further strengthened, and we will be able to clearly conclude that TORC2-dependent phosphorylation of Aly3 regulates localization of the Ght5 hexose transporter and cellular responses to glucose shortage stress.

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary/background.

      This paper focuses on the regulation of endocytosis of the hexose transporter, Ght5, in S. pombe by nutrient limitation through the arrestin-like protein Aly3. Ght5 is induced when glucose is limiting and is required for growth and proliferation in these conditions. ght5+ encodes the only high-affinity glc transporter from fission yeast. ght5+ is induced in low glucose conditions at the transcriptional level and is translocated to the plasma membrane to allow glc import. Ght5 is targeted to the vacuole in conditions of N limitation. Mutations in the TORC2 pathway lead to the same process, thus preventing growth on low glucose medium, as shown in the gad8ts mutant, mutated for the Gad8 kinase acting downstream of TORC2. Previously, the authors demonstrated that the vacuolar delivery of Ght5 in the gad8ts mutant is suppressed by mutation of the arrestin-like protein Aly3. Arrestin-like proteins are in charge of recognising and ubiquitinating plasma membrane proteins to direct their vacuolar targeting by the endocytosis pathway. This suggested that Aly3 is hyperactive in TORC2 mutants, and accordingly, Ght5 ubiquitination was increased in gad8ts.

      Overall statement

      This study aims at deepening our understanding of the regulation of endocytosis by signalling pathways through arrestin-like proteins. Ght5 is a nice model to study a physiological regulation, and the authors have a great set of tools at hand. However, I think the conclusions are not always rigorous and the conclusions are sometimes far-reaching. The main problem is that much of the conclusions concern a potential phosphorylation of Aly3 which is not experimentally addressed. An additional issue is the fact that they look at Ght5 ubiquitination by co-immunoprecipitation in native conditions (or at least, it seems to me) which cannot be conclusive. Overall, I think some experiments should be performed to address (at least) these 2 points before the manuscript can be published, see detailed comments below.

      Major statements and criticism.

      • Fig 1. Based on the hypothesis that TORC2-mediated phosphorylation regulate Ght5 endocytosis, the authors first considered a possible phosphorylation of Ght5. They mutagenised 11 possible phosphorylation sites on the Ct of Ght5, but none affected the growth on low glucose in the absence of thiamine, suggesting that they don't contribute to the observed TORC2-mediated regulation. However, I disagree with the statement that "phosphorylation of Ght5 is dispensable for cell proliferation in low glucose", given that the authors do not show 1- that Ght5 is phosphorylated and 2-that this is abolished by these mutations. They should either provide data on this or tone down and say that these residues are not involved in the regulation, without implying phosphorylation which is not proven. In the presence of Thiamine (Supp fig 1), it seems that the ST/A mutant grows better in low glucose, and this is not explained nor commented. Since the transporter is not expressed, could the authors provide an explanation to this? If the promoter is leaky and some ght5-ST/A is expressed, it may be more stable and allow better growth than the WT, which would tend to indicate that impairing phosphorylation prevents endocytosis (which is classical for many transporters, see the body of work on CK1-mediated phosphorylation of transporters). Have the authors tried to decrease glc concentration lower than 0.14% in the absence of thiamine to see if this also true when the transporters is strongly expressed? (OPTIONAL)
      • Fig 2. The authors then follow the hypothesis that TORC2 exerts its Ght5-dependent regulation through the phosphorylation of Aly3. They mutagenised 18 possible phosphorylation sites on Aly3. This led to a strong defect in growth in low-glc medium. Mutation of the possible Gad8 site (S460) did not recapitulate this phenotype, suggesting that it is not sufficient, however, mutations of 4 ST residues in a CT cluster (582-586) mimicked the full 18ST/A mutation, suggesting these are the important residues for Ght5 endocytosis.
      • Fig 3A. Further dissection did not allow to pinpoint this regulation to a specific residue, beyond the dispensability of the T586 residue. Fig 3B. The authors look at the effects of mutation of Aly3 on these sites at the protein level. They had to develop an antibody because HA-epitope tagging did not lead to a functional protein (Supp fig 2). Whereas I agree that the mutations causing a phenotype lead to a change in the migration pattern, I disagree with the statement that "This observation indicated that slower migrating bands were phosphorylated species of Aly3" (p.9 l.271). First, lack of phosphorylation usually causes a slower mobility on gel, which is not clear to spot here. Second, a smear appears on top of the mutated proteins (eg. 4th Ala) which is possibly caused by another modification. There are many precedents in the literature about arrestins being ubiquitinated when they are not phosphorylated (see the work on Bul1, Rod1, Csr2 in baker's yeast from various labs). My gut feeling is that lack of phosphorylation unleashes Aly3 ubiquitination leading to change in pattern. All in all, it is impossible to state about the phosphorylation of a protein without addressing its phosphorylation properly by phosphatase treatment + change in migration, or MS/MS. Thus, whereas the data looks promising, this hypothesis that Aly3 is phosphorylated at the indicated sites is not properly demonstrated.
      • Fig 4. The authors now look at the functional consequences of these mutations on ALy3 on Ght5 localisation. The data clearly shows that mutation of the 4 identified S/T residues (Aly3-4th A) causes aberrant localisation of the transporter to the vacuole, likely to cause the observed growth defect on low glucose. There is a nice correlation between the vacuolar localisation and growth in low-glucose for the various aly3 mutants. (A final proof could be to express this in the context of an endocytic mutant, which should restore membrane localisation and suppress the aly3-4thA phenotype - OPTIONAL). However, I still disagree with the statement that "These results indicate that phosphorylation of Aly3 at the C-terminal 582nd, 584th, and/or 585th serine residues is required for cell-surface localization of Ght5." given that phosphorylation was not properly demonstrated.
      • Fig 5. Here, the authors question the role of Aly3 mutations on Ght5 ubiquitination. They immunoprecipitate Ght5 and address its ubiquitination status in various Aly3 mutants. The data is encouraging for a role in Aly3 phosphorylation (?) in the negative control of Ght5 ubiquitination. My main problem with this experiment is that it seems that Ght5 immunoprecipitations were made in non-denaturing conditions, which leads to the question of what is the anti-ubiquitin revealing here (Ght5 or a co-immunoprecipitated protein, for example Aly3 itself, or the Pub ligases, or an unknown protein). It seems that this protocol was previously used in their previous paper, but I stand by my conclusion that ubiquitination of a given protein can only be looked in denaturing conditions. The experiments should be repeated in buffers classical for the study of protein ubiquitination to be able to conclude unambiguously that we are looking at Ght5 ubiquitination itself, especially in the absence of a non-ubiquitinable form of Ght5 as a negative control. Could the authors comment on the fact that S-A or S-D mutations display the same phenotype regarding the possible Ght5 ubiquitination?
      • Fig 6. The authors want to document the model whereby Aly3 may interact with some of the Nedd4 ligases (Pub1/2/3) to mediate its Ght5-ubiquitination function. They actually use the Aly3-4thA mutant, it should have been better with the WT protein. But the results indicate a clear interaction with at least Pub1 and Pub3. By the way, are the Pub1/2/3 fusions functional? Nedd4 proteins are notoriously affected in their function by C-terminal tagging and are usually tagged at their N-terminus (See Dunn et al. J Cell Biol 2004).
      • Fig 7. The authors want to provide genetic interaction between the Pub ligases and the growth defects in low glc due to alterations in Ght5 trafficking. It is unclear how the gad8ts pub1∆ mutant was generated since it doesn't seem to grow on regular glc concentration (Supp fig 5), could the authors provide some information about this? It is also not clear whether it can be stated thatches mutant is "more sensitive" to glc depletion because of the low level of growth to begin with (even at 3%). Altogether, the data show that deletion of pub3+ is able to suppress the growth defect of the gad8ts mutant on low glc medium, suggesting it is the relevant ligase for Ght5 endocytosis. This is confirmed by microscopy observations of Ght5 localisation. However, I would again tone down the main conclusion, which I feel is far-reaching: "Combined with physical interaction data, these results strongly suggest that Aly3 recruits Pub3, but not Pub2, for ubiquitination of Ght5." Work on Rsp5 in baker's yeast has shown that Rsp5 function goes beyond cargo ubiquitination, including ubiquitination of arrestins (which is often required for their function as mentioned in the introduction) or other endocytic proteins (epsins, amphyphysin etc). I agree that the data are compatible with this model but there are other possible explanations. Anything that would block endocytosis would supposedly suppress the gad8ts phenotype.

      Discussion

      Some analogy with the regulation of the Bul arrestins by TORC1/Npr1 and PP2A/Sit4 could be mentioned (Mehri et al. 2012), at the discretion of the authors. The possibility that phosphorylation may neutralise a basic patch on Aly3 Ct, possibly involved in electrostatic interactions with Ght5 is very interesting. Regarding the effect of the mutations on Aly3 localisation (p.15 l.498), did the authors tag Aly3 with GFP? There are examples where proteins tagged with HA are not functional whereas tagging with GFP does not alter their function (eg. Rod1, Laussel et al. 2022) - and here Supp Fig 2 only relates to HA-tagging. Proof of a change in Aly3 localisation upon mutation would definitely be a plus (OPTIONAL).

      Minor comments.

      Introduction:

      • I believe the text corresponding to the work on TXNIP is incorrect (p.5 l.127). TXNIP is degraded after its phosphorylation, not "rectracted" from the surface.
      • For the sake of completion, the authors could add other references concerning the regulation of Rod1 in budding yeast such as Becuwe et al. 2012 J Cell Biol and O'Donnell et al. 2015 Mol Cell Biol, in addition to Llopis-Torregrosa et al. 2016.
      • Other examples of the requirement for arrestin ubiquitination beyond Art1 (p.5 l.136-137) are listed in the ref cited: Kahlhofer et al. 2021.

      Figures: In general, I think it would be clearer if the authors showed on the figures that the background strain in which the XXX gene is added (or its mutant forms) is a xxx∆ strain.

      Referees cross-commenting

      Cross review of Reviewer 1

      • I don't believe that the authors "define a set of redundant c-terminal phosphorylation sites in Aly3", because phosphorylation is not proven.
      • I thinks the points raised for Fig 3B are valid but the authors should focus on making their story conclusive before expanding to other data (except for the explanation of the smear, see my review). Also, I don't think 2NBDG actually works to measure Glc uptake.
      • same for Fig 6 - not sure the interaction site mapping between Aly3 and Pubs would bring much value since there are more urgent things to do to make the story solid.

      Cros review of Reviewer 3 - we have many overlaps, so briefly :

      • I agree that the bibliography is incomplete (mentioned in my review)
      • I agree that there is no demonstration of the phospho-status of Aly3, and it is a problem
      • I agree that the results can be better quantified, esp. in the light of the points raised by this referee concerning the variability of expression of ST18A

      Other specific comments :

      • I agree that the statement that dephosphorylation activates alpha-arresting should be toned down - this was observed in several instances but there are examples of arrestin-mediated endocytosis which does not require their prior dephosphorylation.
      • I fully agree that efforts could be made regarding the classification/nomenclature of arrestins in S. pombe, this had escaped my attention

      Significance

      strengths and limitations

      This study aims at deepening our understanding of the regulation of endocytosis by signalling pathways through arrestin-like proteins in S. pombe. Ght5 is a nice model to study a physiological regulation, and the authors have a great set of tools at hand, including the discovery of Aly3 as the main arrestin for this regulation, and a signalling pathway (TORC2/Gad8) acting upstream. The main question is now to understand at the mechanistic level how TORC2 signaling impinges on the regulation of this arrestin.

      Overall, the authors nicely demonstrate that C-terminal Ser/Thr residues are crucial for the function of Aly3 in Ght5 endocytosis. They propose a model whereby Aly3 phosphorylation by an unknownn kinase inhibits its function on Ght5 ubiquitination, which would favour its endocytosis. However, I think the conclusions are not always rigorous and the conclusions are sometimes far-reaching. The main problem is that much of the conclusions concern a potential phosphorylation of Aly3 which is not experimentally addressed. An additional issue is the fact that they look at Ght5 ubiquitination by co-immunoprecipitation in native conditions (or at least, it seems to me) which cannot be conclusive. Overall, I think some experiments should be performed to address (at least) these 2 points before the manuscript can be published, see detailed comments above.

      Advance

      This study, if completed carefully, would provide among the first examples of mapping of phosphorylation sites on arrestins, which are usually phosphorylated at many sites and are thus difficult to study. Few studies went down to this level in this respect (see Ivshov et al. eLife 2020). There are no changes in paradigms or new conceptual insights, but this work is a nice example of the conservation of these regulatory mechanisms.

      Audience

      Should be of interest for people studying basic research in the field of cell biology, signalling pathways, transporter regulation by physiology. Reviewer background is on the regulation of transporter endocytosis by signalling pathways and arrestin-like proteins.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the previous reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Although the study by Xiaolin Yu et al is largely limited to in vitro data, the results of this study convincingly improve our current understanding of leukocyte migration.

      (1) The conclusions of the paper are mostly supported by the data and in the revised manuscript clarification is provided concerning the exact CCL5 forms (without or with a fluorescent label or His-tag) and amounts/concentrations that were used in the individual experiments. This is important since it is known that modification of CCL5 at the N-terminus affects the interactions of CCL5 with the GPCRs CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 and random labeling using monosuccinimidyl esters (as done by the authors with Cy-3) is targeting lysines. The revised manuscript more clearly indicates for each individual experiment which form is used. However, a discussion on the potential effects of the modifications on CCL5 in the results and discussion sections is still missing.

      Many thanks for the reviewer's suggestion. We fully agree it is important to clarify the potential issue of Cy3 labeling, and believe it is more suitable in the Materials and Methods section (line 312-314).

      (2) In general, authors used high concentrations of CCL5 in their experiments. In their reply to the comments they indicate that at lower CCL5 concentrations no LLPS is detected. This is important information since it may indicate the need for chemokine oligomerization for LLPS. This info should be added to the manuscript and comparison with for instance the obligate monomer CCL7 and another chemokine such as CXCL4 that easily forms oligomers may clarify whether LLPS is controlled by oligomerization.

      We are pleased by the help of the reviewers and accordingly inserted a brief discussion as suggested (line 240-246).

      (3) Statistical analyses have been improved in the revised manuscript.

      Thanks to the reviewer for his/her comment.

    1. the right knowledge to make a full-stack app

      Worth considering Brooks's distinction of essential versus incidental complexity. It's especially worth considering the instances where the "incidental" part comes from being incidental to the fact that if it were easier, there it would make a lot of people unhappy for reasons that I call "the consultant effect".

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      The study identifies the epigenetic reader SntB as a crucial transcriptional regulator of growth, development, and secondary metabolite synthesis in Aspergillus flavus, although the precise molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Using homologous recombination, researchers constructed sntB gene deletion (ΔsntB), complementary (Com-sntB), and HA tag-fused sntB (sntB-HA) strains. Results indicated that deletion of the sntB gene impaired mycelial growth, conidial production, sclerotia formation, aflatoxin synthesis, and host colonization compared to the wild type (WT). The defects in the ΔsntB strain were reversible in the Com-sntB strain.

      Further experiments involving ChIP-seq and RNA-seq analyses of sntB-HA and WT, as well as ΔsntB and WT strains, highlighted SntB's significant role in the oxidative stress response. Analysis of the catalase-encoding catC gene, which was upregulated in the ΔsntB strain, and a secretory lipase gene, which was downregulated, underpinned the functional disruptions observed. Under oxidative stress induced by menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB), the deletion of sntB reduced catC expression significantly. Additionally, deleting the catC gene curtailed mycelial growth, conidial production, and sclerotia formation, but elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and aflatoxin production. The ΔcatC strain also showed reduced susceptibility to MSB and decreased aflatoxin production compared to the WT.

      This study outlines a pathway by which SntB regulates fungal morphogenesis, mycotoxin synthesis, and virulence through a sequence of H3K36me3 modification to peroxisomes and lipid hydrolysis, impacting fungal virulence and mycotoxin biosynthesis.

      The authors have achieved majority of their aims at the beginning of the study, finding target genes, which led to catC mediated regulation of development, growth and aflatoxin metabolism. Overall most parts of the study is solid and clear.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript by Beardslee and Schmitz, the authors undertook a screen for potential degrons - short peptide sequences at the C-terminus that would target the toxin VapC for degradation. The authors randomly mutagenized 5 amino acids appended to the C-terminus of VapC and transformed this library into E. coli to look for surviving cells when the VapC gene was expressed. The authors found an enrichment for tags ending Ala-Ala, and found that this enrichment was dependent on the presence of the ClpXP protease, since this sequence was not similarly enriched in a mutant lacking this protease. Moreover, the authors identify the sequence FKLVA as the tag with the highest fold enrichment in the screen and confirm that GFP tagged with this sequence is degraded by ClpXP with similar kinetics to GFP tagged with the ssrA-derived tag.

      Strengths:

      This study has two major implications for understanding the nature of degrons in E. coli. First, peptides ending Ala-Ala, and especially degrons resembling the ssrA degron are likely the most degradation-promoting sequences in E. coli. Second, these findings suggest that ClpXP is the most central protease, at least for this particular protein with a randomized C-terminus under the particular conditions of this screen. It is also notable that the ribosome quality control protein RqcH tags truncated proteins with an alanine tag in a template-free manner when the large ribosomal subunit is obstructed. Although E. coli doesn't encode RqcH, the utility of alanine-tagging for protein degradation likely extends to other organisms.

      Weaknesses:

      The authors remark and show that mutations that inactivate the VapC protein are enriched potentially more than the proteolysis tags. This is a limitation of the study and the authors have done well to describe this as it will inform future screens. Perhaps using a protein with more intermediate toxicity in future screens would help to prioritize C-terminal mutations instead of toxin-inactivating mutations.

      For clarity, the authors should explain why the NNK structure of the random codons was used. Why is it important that the codon end with a G or T?

      Authors state on page 7 that by determining enrichment of individual tags they can rank the relative Km for proteolysis of the individual tags. This statement is not accurate since the tag could variously impact its association with any of the proteases in the cell. Since Km is specific to each particular protease, these can't be ranked in vivo when all proteases are present.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors studied the sequence determinants of C-terminal tags that govern protein degradation in bacteria. They introduce a new strategy to determine degron sequences: Detox (Degron Enrichment by toxin). This unbiased approach links degron efficiency to cell growth as degrons are C-terminally fused to the toxin VapC, which inhibits protein translation. Selecting for bacterial growth and thus toxin degradation enabled the identification of potent degron derived from a randomized library of pentapeptides. Remarkably, most degrons show sequence similarity to the SsrA-tag, which is fused to incomplete polypeptides at stalled ribosomes by the tmRNA-tagging system. These findings underline the extraordinary efficiency of the SsrA-tag and the ClpXP protease in removing incomplete polypeptides and demonstrate that most proteins are spared from degradation by harboring different C-termini. The introduced method will be highly useful to determine degron sequences in other positions and other bacterial species.

      Strengths:

      The work introduces an innovative and powerful strategy to identify degron sequences in bacteria. The study is well-controlled and results have been thoroughly analyzed. It will now become important to broaden the technology, making it also accessible for more complex degrons.

      Weaknesses:

      The approach is efficient in identifying strong degron sequences that are predominantly recognized by the ClpXP protease. The sequence specificity of other proteolytic systems, however, is not efficiently addressed, pointing to a potential limitation of this technology. The GS-rich linker sequence connecting the degron and the toxin might also impact proteolysis and thus outcome.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Key Considerations:

      There seem to be two inconsistencies related to some results depicted in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 5.

      Firstly, Figure 1 shows the effect on C_Las infection (_C_Las+) compared to the control (_C_Las-), where results show an increase of TAG, Glycogen, lipid droplet size, oviposition period, and fecundity. In Figures 2, 3, and 5, the authors establish the involvement of the genes _DcAKH, DcAKHR, and miR34 in this process, by showing that by preventing the function of these three factors the effects of _C_Las+ are lost. However, while Figure 1 shows the increase of TAG and lipid droplet size in _C_Las+, Figures 2, 3, and 5 do not show a significant elevation in TAG when comparing _C_Las- and _C_Las+.

      Secondly, in addition to the absence of statistical difference in TAG and lipid droplet size observed in Figure 1, Figures 2, 3, and 5 show an increase in TAG and lipid droplet size after ds_DcAKH_ (Figure 2), ds_DcAKHR_ (Figure 3) and agomiR34 (Figure 5) treatments. Considering that AKH, AKHR, and miR34 are important factors to _C_Las-induce increase in TAG and lipid droplet size, one might expect a reduction in TAG and lipid droplet size when _C_Las+ insects are silenced for these factors, contrary to the observed results.

      Thanks for your excellent suggestion. Lipid droplets are cellular organelles responsible for storing lipids within cells, playing a crucial role in fat metabolism and energy homeostasis. The formation and breakdown of lipid droplets involve a complex interplay of genes and enzymes, including DGAT (for synthesis), ATGL and HSL (for breakdown). In C_Las-negative _D. citri, there is a delicate balance between creasing and breaking down of lipid droplets. The enlargement of lipid droplet size following C_Las infection may result from a significantly higher synthesis rate compared to breakdown, as more energy is required during early ovarian development. The hormone AKH, a key player in fat metabolism, primarily stimulates fat breakdown. Therefore, when _DcAKH and DcAKHR are silenced without affecting fat synthesis, there is no enhancement of fat breakdown; instead, there is an accumulation of lipid droplets, resulting in their enlargement. This suggests that _C_Las infection affects both the breakdown and synthesis of lipid droplets, while AKH and AKHR primarily impact the breakdown, leading to similar outcomes. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms warrant further in-depth exploration.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) Line 25: change "In addition" to "Additionally".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed “In addition” to “Additionally” in our revised manuscript (Line 26).

      (2) Lines 60-72: Have there been any previous reports on the interaction between host AKH hormones and microorganisms in insects or animals? If yes, please add more background.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the interactions between host AKH hormones and microorganisms in insects (Line 74-81).

      (3) Lines 82-95: add the following reference about the miR-275 of Diaphorina citri in the background. Nian, X., Luo, Y., He, X., Wu, S., Li, J., Wang, D., Holford, P., Beattie, G. A. C., Cen, Y., Zhang, S., & He, Y. (2024). Infection with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' improves the fecundity of Diaphorina citri aiding its proliferation: A win-win strategy. Molecular Ecology, 33, e17214.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the sentence “in D. citri-C_Las interaction, _C_Las hijacks the JH signaling pathway and host miR-275 that targets the _vitellogenin receptor (DcVgR) to improve D. citri fecundity, while simultaneously increasing the replication of C_Las itself, suggesting a mutualistic interaction in _D. citri ovaries with _C_Las” in our revised manuscript (Line 97-100).

      (4) In the figures of Nile red staining, the digit of the scale bar should be added.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the digit of the scale bar for Nile red staining in the Figure 1C, 2E, 3E, 5C.

      (5) In Figures 2G-H, 3G-H, 5E-F, the presentation of data should be consistent with Figure 1D-E.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed figure 1D-E in our revised manuscript.

      (6) In the discussion part, more information should be added about miR-275 and DcVgR from the above reference.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the information “In D. citri-C_Las interaction, _C_Las operates host hormone signaling and miRNA to mediate the mutualistic interaction between _D. citri fecundity and its replication” in Line 350-353.

      (7) For the primer specific, please add the melting curves for qPCR primers of DcAKH, DcAKHR, Dcβ-ACT, U6, and miR-34 in the supplementary material.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the melting curves for qPCR primers of DcAKH, DcAKHR, Dcβ-ACT, U6 and miR-34 in the supplementary material of Figure S6.

      (8) Line 476: Dcβ-ACT was indicated as a gene and should be Italic.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed “DcβACT” to “Dcβ-ACT” in our revised manuscript (Line 491).

      (9) Reference style should be consistent and correct. Like [5], [10], [37], [47].

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in our revised manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) In order to better engage readers, I suggest emphasizing the "enhanced fecundity" in the title. A suggestion for the revised title is: Adipokinetic hormone signaling mediates the enhanced fecundity of Diaphorina citri infected by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed the title to “Adipokinetic hormone signaling mediates the enhanced fecundity of Diaphorina citri infected by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'” in our revised manuscript.

      (2) For the abstract, in lines 14-15, please change the first sentence to "Diaphorina citri serves as the primary vector for 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (C_Las), the bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing." In line 18, delete "present". In line 19, change "increased" to "increasing". In line 21, change "triacylglycerol accumulation" to "the accumulation of triacylglycerol". In line 33, change "in _D. citri ovaries with C_Las" to "between _C_Las and _D. citri ovaries".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them following your suggestion in our revised manuscript, including changed “Diaphorina citri is the primary vector of the bacterium, ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (C_Las) associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing” to “_Diaphorina citri serves as the primary vector for 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (C_Las), the bacterium associated with the severe Asian form of huanglongbing” in Line 15-16; deleted "present" in Line 19; changed "increased" to "increasing" in Line 20; changed "triacylglycerol accumulation" to "the accumulation of triacylglycerol" in Line 22; changed "in _D. citri ovaries with C_Las" to "between _C_Las and _D. citri ovaries" in Line 34.

      (3) In lines 57-59, change "How D. citri maintains a balance between lipid metabolism and increased fecundity after infection with C_Las is not known." to "However, the mechanism of how _D. citri maintains a balance between lipid metabolism and increased fecundity after infection with _C_Las remains unknown.".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed " How D. citri maintains a balance between lipid metabolism and increased fecundity after infection with C_Las is not known" to "However, the mechanism of how _D. citri maintains a balance between lipid metabolism and increased fecundity after infection with _C_Las remains unknown" in our revised manuscript (Line 58-60).

      (4) In Figure 1, "n.s" should be changed to "n.s.", "n.s." should be added in 13 DAE of Figure 1A, and the specific numerical value of the scale bar should be indicated on Figures 1C, 2E, 3E, and 5C.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in our revised manuscript.

      (5) In all the figure legends, the "**P < 0.01,***P < 0.001" should be changed to "**p < 0.01,***p < 0.001".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in our revised manuscript.

      (6) In Figures 1D-E, the preoviposition period and oviposition period were presented using a box diagram, but in other figures (including Figure 2G-H, Figure 3G-H, Figure 5E-F) these were shown using a column chart. Please keep the method of presentation consistent.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised the figure 1D-E in our revised manuscript.

      (7) For discussion, in line 333, change "Increasing numbers" to "An increasing number". In line 334, change "vertically transmitted" to "transmitted vertically".

      Thanks for  your wonderful suggestion. We have changed "Increasing numbers" to "An increasing number" in Line 345; changed "vertically transmitted" to "transmitted vertically" in Line 346 in our revised manuscript.

      (8) In lines 338-342, change "There are few studies on the mechanisms underlying vector-bacteria interactions. However, Singh and Linksvayer (2020) [38] found that Wolbachia-infected colonies of Monomorium pharaonis had increased colony-level growth, accelerated colony reproduction, and shortened colony life cycles compared to those that were uninfected." to "Although there is limited research on the mechanisms underlying vectorbacteria interactions, Singh and Linksvayer (2020) [38] found that Wolbachia_infected colonies of _Monomorium pharaonis exhibited increased colony-level growth, accelerated colony reproduction, and shortened colony life cycles compared to uninfected colonies.".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised it in our revised manuscript (Line 350-355) .

      (9) In line 370, delete "present". In lines 386-387, change "More and more miRNAs have been reported to be involved in the metabolic processes of insects including reproduction." to "There is increasing evidence implicating miRNAs in the metabolic processes of insects, particularly in relation to reproduction.".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in our revised manuscript, including deleted "present" in Line 383 and changed "More and more miRNAs have been reported to be involved in the metabolic processes of insects including reproduction" to "There is increasing evidence implicating miRNAs in the metabolic processes of insects, particularly in relation to reproduction" in Line 399-400.

      (10) In line 423, change "After infection with C_Las, _D. citri are more fecund than their uninfected counterparts." to "Upon infection with C_Las, _D. citri exhibits enhanced fecundity compared to uninfected individuals.". In lines 424-425 and 439-440, change "the more offspring of D. citri, the more C_Las in the field" to "the increased offspring of _D. citri contributes to a higher presence of _C_Las in the field.". In Line 429, change " information" to "insights".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in our revised manuscript, including changed "After infection with C_Las, _D. citri are more fecund than their uninfected counterparts" to "Upon infection with C_Las, _D. citri exhibits enhanced fecundity compared to uninfected individuals" in Line 436-437; changed "the more offspring of D. citri, the more C_Las in the field" to "the increased offspring of _D. citri contributes to a higher presence of _C_Las in the field" in Line 438-439; changed "information" to "insights" in Line 443.

      (11) In lines 446-447, change "The _C_Las-infected lemon plants and psyllids were monitored to detect _C_Las infection monthly using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)" to "Monthly monitoring of the _C_Las infection in both the lemon plants and psyllids was conducted using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)".

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised it in our revised manuscript (Line 460-461).

      (12) In lines 452-458, how did the authors identify homologous sequences of AKH and AKHR for phylogenetic tree analysis and alignment of the amino acid sequences? From NCBI or other databases? The methodological details should be added.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have added the methodological details in our revised manuscript (Line 469-470).

      (13) In line 476, Dcβ-ACT should be italic.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have changed “DcβACT” to italic in our revised manuscript (Line 491).

      (14) In line 538, the manufacturer should be provided for Nile Red.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have provided the manufacturer of Nile Red in our revised manuscript (Line 553).

      (15) Does miR-34 have any other target genes? If yes, whether they have any function in the fecundity improvement of D. citri after infected by CLas.

      Thanks for your insightful suggestion. In addition to DcAKHR, we predicted three other genes have binding sites in 3’UTR with miR-34, including Innexin, T-box transcription factor TBX1, and fatty acid synthase. Despite this, the mRNA expression levels of all three genes remained unchanged between _C_Las-negative and _C_Las-postive females. Therefore, we believe that these genes are not implicated in the fecundity improvement.

      (16) The reference format should be unified. Please revise references 10, 28, 43, 47, and 53.

      Thanks for your wonderful suggestion. We have revised them in the revised manuscript.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript by Shea and Villeda furnishes the field with a valuable scRNAseq data set detailing microglial aging in the mouse hippocampus. They provide clear evidence that changes in microglial attributes begin in mid-life, well before time points when mice are traditionally considered to be "aging." It also adds to a growing body of data in the field demonstrating that there is substantial heterogeneity in microglial responses to aging. Using in vitro experiments and transgenic manipulations in mice, the authors show that transforming growth factor beta (TGFb1)-based signaling can potently impact microglial state, consistent with previous findings in the field. They also demonstrate that manipulation of microglial TGFb1-based signaling can impact hippocampus-dependent behaviors.

      Limitations of the study lie primarily in reaching too far with interpretations of the data. The authors argue that changes in microglial transcriptome during midlife represent a type of "checkpoint," after which microglial aging can progress along distinct trajectories depending on the status of TGFb1 signaling. They also posit that a specific intermediate "stress response" state in midlife is mechanistically linked to a translational burst that drives the subsequent progression of microglia to an "inflammatory state." Unequivocal data to support these causal links is lacking, however. similarly, key additional experiments would be needed to demonstrate that TGFb1 signaling and microglial progression through these identified intermediate states are causally linked to cognitive decline.

      Guidance for readers along with study strengths and caveats:

      The present manuscript provides valuable strengthening and expansion to a growing body of data showing prominent changes in the microglial state during aging. Microarray(1), bulkRNAseq(2-5), scRNAseq(6,7), snRNAseq(8,9), and spatial transcriptomic(10) approaches have been leveraged to map changes in microglial transcriptome during aging in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. A number of these studies include the hippocampus (1,8,9,11) and have highlighted variation across brain regions in microglial transcriptomic changes during aging (1,11). They have also revealed differences across sex (7) as well as increased cell-to-cell heterogeneity (6-10), consistent with the idea that individual microglia can follow distinct aging trajectories. Several of these studies revealed that changes in microglial attributes begin in middle age (1,7,11), supporting similar observations from studies that did not use omics (12-14). The present manuscript utilizes scRNAseq of hippocampal microglia at adulthood (6mo), middle age (12mo), late middle age (18mo) and aging (24mo) to show that aging-induced changes in microglia begin in middle age and that microglia exhibit ample phenotypic heterogeneity during the progression of aging.

      To gain further insight into the dynamics of microglial aging in the hippocampus, the authors used a bioinformatics method known as "pseudotime" or "trajectory inference" to understand how cells may progress through different functional states, as defined by cellular transcriptome (15,16). These bioinformatics approaches can reveal key patterns in scRNAseq / snRNAseq datasets and, in the present study, the authors conclude that a "stress response" module characterized by expression of TGFb1 represents a key "checkpoint" in microglial aging in midlife, after which the cells can move along distinct transcriptional trajectories as aging progresses. This is an intriguing possibility. However, pseudotime analyses need to be validated via additional bioinformatics as well as follow-up experiments. Indeed, Heumos et al, in their Nature Genetics "Expert Guidelines" Review, emphasize that "inferred trajectories might not necessarily have biological meaning." They recommend that "when the expected topology is unknown, trajectories and downstream hypotheses should be confirmed by multiple trajectory inference methods using different underlying assumptions."(15) Numerous algorithms are available for trajectory inference (e.g. Monocle, PAGA, Sligshot, RaceID/StemID, among many others) and their performance and suitability depends on the individual dataset and nature of the trajectories that are to be inferred. It is recommended to use dynGuidelines(16) for the selection of optimal pseudotime analysis methods. In the present manuscript, the authors do not provide any justification for their use of Monocle 3 over other trajectory inference approaches, nor do they employ a secondary trajectory inference method to confirm observations made with Monocle 3. Finally, follow-up validation experiments that the authors carry out have their own limitations and caveats (see below). Hence, while the microglial aging trajectories identified by this study are intriguing, they remain hypothetical trajectories that need to be proven with additional follow-up experiments.

      To follow up on the idea that TGFb1 signaling in microglia plays a key role in determining microglial aging trajectories, the authors use RNAscope to show that TGFb1 levels in microglia peak in middle age. They also treat primary LPS-activated microglia with TGFb1 and show that this restores expression of microglial homeostatic gene expression and dampens expression of stress response and, potentially, inflammatory genes. Finally, they utilize transgenic approaches to delete TGFb1 from microglia around 8-10mo of age and scRNAseq to show that homeostatic signatures are lost and inflammatory signatures are gained. Hence, findings in this study support the idea that TGFb1 can strongly regulate microglial phenotype. Loss of TGFb1 signaling to microglia in adulthood has already been shown to cause decreased microglial morphological complexity and upregulation of genes typically associated with microglial responses to CNS insults(17-19). TGFb1 signaling to microglia has also been implicated in microglial responses to disease and manipulations to increase this signaling can improve disease progression in some cases(19). In this light, the findings in the present study are largely confirmatory of previous findings in the literature. They also fall short of unequivocally demonstrating that TGFb1 signaling acts as a "checkpoint" for determining subsequent microglial aging trajectory. To show this clearly, one would need to perturb TGFb1 signaling around 12mo of age and carry out sequencing (bulkRNAseq or scRNAseq) of microglia at 18mo and 24mo. Such experiments could directly demonstrate whether the whole microglial population has been diverted to the TGFb1-low aging trajectory (that progresses through a translational burst state to an inflammation state as proposed). Future development of tools to tag TGFb1 high or low microglia could also enable fate tracing type experiments to directly show whether the TGFb1 state in middle age predicts cell state at later phases of aging.

      The present study would also like to draw links between features of microglial aging in the hippocampus and a decline in hippocampal-dependent cognition during aging. To this end, they carry out behavioral testing in 8-10mo old mice that have undergone microglial-specific TGFb1 deletion and find deficits in novel object recognition and contextual fear conditioning. While this provides compelling evidence that TGFb1 signaling in microglia can impact hippocampus-dependent cognition in midlife, it does not demonstrate that this signaling accelerates or modulates cognitive decline (see below). Age-associated cognitive decline refers to cognitive deficits that emerge as a result of the normative brain aging process(20-21). For a cognitive deficit to be considered age-associated cognitive decline, it must be shown that the cognitive operation under study was intact at some point earlier in the adult lifespan. This requires longitudinal study designs that determine whether a manipulation impacts the relationship between brain status and cognition as animals age (22-24). Alternatively, cross-sectional studies with adequate sample sizes can be used to sample the variability in cognitive outcomes at different points of the adult lifespan(22-24) and show that this is altered by a particular manipulation. For this specific study, one would ideally demonstrate that hippocampal-based learning/memory was intact at some point in the lifespan of mice with microglial TGFb1 KO but that this manipulation accelerated or exacerbated the emergence of deficits in hippocampal-dependent learning/memory during aging. In the absence of these types of data, the authors should tone down their claims that they have identified a cellular and molecular mechanism that contributes to cognitive decline.

      A final point of clarification for the reader pertains to the mining of previously generated data sets within this study. The language in the results section, methods, and figure legends causes confusion about which experiments were actually carried out in this study versus previous studies. Some of the language makes it sound as though parabiosis experiments and experiments using mouse models of Alzheimer's Disease were carried out in this study. However, parabiosis and AD mouse model experiments were executed in previous studies (25,26), and in the present study, RNAseq datasets were accessed for targeted data mining. It is fantastic to see further mining of datasets that already exist in the field. However, descriptions in the results and methods sections need to make it crystal clear that this is what was done.

      References:

      (1) Grabert, K. et al. Microglial brain region-dependent diversity and selective regional sensitivities to aging. Nat. Neurosci. (2016). doi:10.1038/nn.4222<br /> (2) Hickman, S. E. et al. The microglial sensome revealed by direct RNA sequencing. Nat. Neurosci. (2013). doi:10.1038/nn.3554<br /> (3) Deczkowska, A. et al. Mef2C restrains microglial inflammatory response and is lost in brain ageing in an IFN-I-dependent manner. Nat. Commun. (2017). doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00769-0<br /> (4) O'Neil, S. M., Witcher, K. G., McKim, D. B. & Godbout, J. P. Forced turnover of aged microglia induces an intermediate phenotype but does not rebalance CNS environmental cues driving priming to immune challenge. Acta Neuropathol. Commun. (2018). doi:10.1186/s40478-018-0636-8<br /> (5) Olah, M. et al. A transcriptomic atlas of aged human microglia. Nat. Commun. (2018). doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02926-5<br /> (6) Hammond, T. R. et al. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing of Microglia throughout the Mouse Lifespan and in the Injured Brain Reveals Complex Cell-State Changes. Immunity 50, 253-271 (2019).<br /> (7) Li, X. et al. Transcriptional and epigenetic decoding of the microglial aging process. Nat. aging 3, 1288-1311 (2023).<br /> (8) Zhang, H. et al. Single-nucleus transcriptomic landscape of primate hippocampal aging. Protein Cell 12, 695-716 (2021).<br /> (9) Su, Y. et al. A single-cell transcriptome atlas of glial diversity in the human hippocampus across the postnatal lifespan. Cell Stem Cell 29, 1594-1610.e8 (2022).<br /> (10) Allen, W. E., Blosser, T. R., Sullivan, Z. A., Dulac, C. & Zhuang, X. Molecular and spatial signatures of mouse brain aging at single-cell resolution. Cell 186, 194-208.e18 (2023).<br /> (11) Soreq, L. et al. Major Shifts in Glial Regional Identity Are a Transcriptional Hallmark of Human Brain Aging. Cell Rep. 18, 557-570 (2017).<br /> (12) Hefendehl, J. K. et al. Homeostatic and injury-induced microglia behavior in the aging brain. Aging Cell (2014). doi:10.1111/acel.12149<br /> (13) Nikodemova, M. et al. Microglial numbers attain adult levels after undergoing a rapid decrease in cell number in the third postnatal week. J. Neuroimmunol. 0, 280-288 (2015).<br /> (14) Moca, E. N. et al. Microglia Drive Pockets of Neuroinflammation in Middle Age. J. Neurosci. 42, 3896-3918 (2022).<br /> (15) Heumos, L. et al. Best practices for single-cell analysis across modalities. Nat. Rev. Genet. 24, 550-572 (2023).<br /> (16) Saelens, W., Cannoodt, R., Todorov, H. & Saeys, Y. A comparison of single-cell trajectory inference methods: towards more accurate and robust tools. (2018). doi:10.1101/276907<br /> (17) Zöller, T. et al. Silencing of TGFβ signalling in microglia results in impaired homeostasis. Nat. Commun. 9, (2018).<br /> (18) Bedolla, A. et al. Microglia-derived TGF-β1 ligand maintains microglia homeostasis via autocrine mechanism and is critical for normal cognitive function in adult mouse brain. bioRxiv Prepr. Serv. Biol. (2023). doi:10.1101/2023.07.05.547814<br /> (19) Spittau, B., Dokalis, N. & Prinz, M. The Role of TGFβ Signaling in Microglia Maturation and Activation. Trends Immunol. 41, 836-848 (2020).<br /> (20) L. Nyberg, M. Lövdén, K. Riklund, U. Lindenberger, L. Bäckman, Memory aging and brain maintenance. Trends Cogn. Sci. 16, 292-305 (2012).<br /> (21) L. Luo, F. I. M. Craik, Aging and memory: A cognitive approach. Can. J. Psychiatry 53, 346-353 (2008).<br /> (22) Y. Stern, M. Albert, C. Barnes, R. Cabeza, A. Pascual-Leone, P. Rapp.<br /> A framework for concepts of reserve and resilience in aging. Neurobiol. Aging, 124 (2022), pp. 100-103, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.10.015<br /> (23) Y. Stern, C.A. Barnes, C. Grady, R.N. Jones, N. Raz. Brain reserve, cognitive reserve, compensation, and maintenance: operationalization, validity, and mechanisms of cognitive resilience. Neurobiol. Aging, 83 (2019), pp. 124-129, 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.03.022<br /> (24) R. Cabeza, M. Albert, S. Belleville, F.I.M. Craik, A. Duarte, C.L. Grady, U. Lindenberger, L. Nyberg, D.C. Park, P.A. Reuter-Lorenz, M.D. Rugg, J. Steffener, M.N. Rajah. Maintenance, reserve and compensation: the cognitive neuroscience of healthy ageing. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 19 (11) (2018), Article 11, 10.1038/s41583-018-0068-2<br /> (25) Palovics, R. et al molecular hallmarks of heterochronic parabiosis at single-cell resolution. Nature 603, 309-314 (2022)<br /> (26) Sala Frigerio, C. et al. The major risk factors for Alzheimer's Disease: age, sex, and genes modulate the microglial response to Abeta plaques. Cell Rep, 27, 1293-1306 (2019)

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    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, "PAbFold: Linear Antibody Epitope Prediction using AlphaFold2", the authors generate a python wrapper for the screening of antibody-peptide interactions using AlphaFold, and test the performance of AlphaFold on 3 antibody-peptide complexes. In line with previous observations regarding the ability of AlphaFold to predict antibody structures and antigen binding, the results are mixed. While the authors are able to use AlphaFold to identify and experimentally validate a previously characterized broad binding epitope with impressive precision, they are unable to consistently identify the proper binding registers for their control [Myc-tag, HA-tag] peptides. Further, it appears that the reproducibility and generality of these results are low, with new versions of AlphaFold negatively impacting the predictive power. However, if this reproducibility issue is solved, and the test set is greatly increased, this manuscript could contribute strongly towards our ability to predict antibody-antigen interactions.

      Strengths:

      Due to the high significance, but difficulty, of the prediction of antibody-antigen interactions, any attempts to break down these predictions into more tractable problems should be applauded. The authors' approach of focusing on linear epitopes (peptides) is clever, reducing some of the complexities inherent to antibody binding. Further, the ability of AlphaFold to narrow down a previously broadly identified experimental epitope is impressive. The subsequent experimental validation of this more precisely identified epitope makes for a nice data point in the assessment of AlphaFold's ability to predict antibody-antigen interactions.

      Weaknesses:

      Without a larger set of test antibody-peptide interactions, it is unclear whether or not AlphaFold can precisely identify the binding register of a given antibody to a given peptide antigen. Even within the small test set of 3 antibody-peptide complexes, performance is variable and depends upon the scFv scaffold used for unclear reasons. Lastly, the apparent poor reproducibility is concerning, and it is not clear why the results should rely so strongly on which multi-sequence alignment (MSA) version is used, when neither the antibody CDR loops nor the peptide are likely to strongly rely on these MSAs for contact prediction.

      Major Point-by-Point Comments:

      (1) The central concern for this manuscript is the apparent lack of reproducibility. The way the authors discuss the issue (lines 523-554) it sounds as though they are unable to reproduce their initial results (which are reported in the main text), even when previous versions of AlphaFold2 are used. If this is the case, it does not seem that AlphaFold can be a reliable tool for predicting antibody-peptide interactions.

      (2) Aside from the fundamental issue of reproducibility, the number of validating tests is insufficient to assess the ability of AlphaFold to predict antibody-peptide interactions. Given the authors' use of AlphaFold to identify antibody binding to a linear epitope within a whole protein (in the mBG17:SARS-Cov-2 nucleocapsid protein interaction), they should expand their test set well beyond Myc- and HA-tags using antibody-antigen interactions from existing large structural databases.

      (3) As discussed in lines 358-361, the authors are unsure if their primary control tests (antibody binding to Myc-tag and HA-tag) are included in the training data. Lines 324-330 suggest that even if the peptides are not included in the AlphaFold training data because they contain fewer than 10 amino acids, the antibody structures may very well be included, with an obvious "void" that would be best filled by a peptide. The authors must confirm that their tests are not included in the AlphaFold training data, or re-run the analysis with these templates removed.

      (4) The ability of AlphaFold to refine the linear epitope of antibody mBG17 is quite impressive and robust to the reproducibility issues the authors have run into. However, Figure 4 seems to suggest that the target epitope adopts an alpha-helical structure. This may be why the score is so high and the prediction is so robust. It would be very useful to see along with the pLDDT by residue plots a structure prediction by residue plot. This would help to see if the high confidence pLDDT is coming more from confidence in the docking of the peptide or confidence in the structure of the peptide.

      (5) Related to the above comment, pLDDT is insufficient as a metric for assessing antibody-antigen interactions. There is a chance (as is nicely shown in Figure S3C) that AlphaFold can be confident and wrong. Here we see two orange-yellow dots (fairly high confidence) that place the peptide COM far from the true binding region. While running the recommended larger validation above, the authors should also include a peptide RMSD or COM distance metric, to show that the peptide identity is confident, and the peptide placement is roughly correct. These predictions are not nearly as valuable if AlphaFold is getting the right answer for the wrong reasons (i.e. high pLDDT but peptide binding to a non-CDR loop region). Eventual users of the software will likely want to make point mutations or perturb the binding regions identified by the structural predictions (as the authors do in Figure 4).

    1. Author response:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      This manuscript presents an exciting new method for separating insulin secretory granules using insulator-based dielectrophoresis (iDEP) of immunolabeled vesicles. The method has the advantage of being able to separate vesicles by subtle biophysical differences that do not need to be known by the experimenter, and hence could in principle be used to separate any type of organelle in an unbiased way. Any individual organelle ("particle") will have a characteristic ratio of electrokinetic to dielectrophoretic mobilities (EKMr) that will determine where it migrates in the presence of an electric field. Particles with different EKMr will migrate differently and thus can be separated. The present manuscript is primarily a methods paper to show the feasibility of the iDEP technique applied to insulin vesicles. Experiments are performed on cultured cells in low or high glucose, with the conclusion that there are several distinct subpopulations of insulin vesicles in both conditions, but that the distributions in the two conditions are different. As it is already known that glucose induces release of mature insulin vesicles and stimulates new vesicle biosynthesis and maturation, this finding is not necessarily new, but is intended as a proof of principle experiment to show that the technique works. This is a promising new technology based on solid theory that has the possibility to transform the study of insulin vesicle subpopulations, itself an emerging field. The technique development is a major strength of the paper. Also, cellular fractionation and iDEP experiments are performed well, and it is clear that the distribution of vesicle populations is different in the low and high glucose conditions. However, more work is needed to characterize the vesicle populations being separated, leaving open the possibility that the separated populations are not only insulin vesicles, but might consist of other compartments as well. It is also unclear whether the populations might represent immature and mature vesicles, distinct pools of mature vesicles such as the readily releasable pool and the reserve pool, or vesicles of different age. Without a better characterization of these populations, it is not possible to assess how well the iDEP technique is doing what is claimed.

      Major comments:

      1) There is no attempt to relate the separated populations of vesicles to known subpopulations of insulin vesicles such as immature and mature vesicles, or the more recently characterized Syt9 and Syt7 vesicle subpopulations that differ in protein and lipid composition (Kreutzberger et al. 2020). Given that it is unclear exactly what populations of vesicles will be immunolabeled (see point #2 below), it is also possible that some of the "subpopulations" are other compartments being separated in addition to insulin vesicles. It will be important to examine other markers on these separated populations or to perform EM to show that they look like insulin vesicles.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment and have added the following to the discussion:

      “The intensity peaks we observed at specific EKMr values likely correspond to some of the previously described insulin vesicle subpopulations34,54-57. Larger particles are expected to have a smaller EKMr value compared to smaller particles50. Subpopulations containing larger insulin vesicles, such as a mature pool34,54, synaptotagmin IX-positive vesicles57, or docked vesicles near the plasma membrane34 may have lower EKMr values than smaller immature vesicles. Additionally, phosphatidylcholine lipids increase the zeta potential of tristearoylglycerol crystals58. This effect may extend to insulin vesicle subpopulations containing more phosphatidylcholine, such as young insulin vesicles55 which could lead to higher EKMr values. Taken together, these two properties may be used to predict the EKMr values of known insulin vesicle subpopulations. For example, insulin vesicles with EKMr values of 1-2×109 V/m2 (Fig. 4C) may represent a synaptotagmin IX-positive subpopulation due to their larger radii and depletion under glucose stimulation. Additionally, young insulin vesicles may have EKMr values between 5 and 7.5×109 V/m2 (Fig. 4C) due to higher amounts of phosphatidylcholine present in this subpopulation55. In this EKMr range, we observed a higher intensity for glucose-treated cells which may suggest biosynthesis of new vesicles. Immature insulin vesicles are likely to have higher EKMr values due to their smaller size34, such as an EKMr value between 1.5-1.6×1010 V/m2 (Fig. 4C). Here we demonstrated the capabilities of DC-iDEP to separate insulin vesicle subpopulations in an unbiased manner. Future experiments using chemical probes to label subpopulations will be useful to accurately define the EKMr values associated with specific subpopulations.” pages 7-8, lines 176-191

      Furthermore, we have conducted additional experiments using a modified INS-1 cell line with a GFP-tagged C-peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP, GRINCH cells RRID:CVCL_WH61) in order to visualize a more complete population of insulin vesicles. By using this cell line, we have performed confocal microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and cryo-electron microscopy experiments, demonstrating that the isolated vesicles resemble insulin vesicles and contain GFP-tagged C-peptide (Fig. 1-S3). While we acknowledge that further investigation using a more detailed labeling strategy of known insulin vesicle populations with DC-iDEP would be informative, we believe it is beyond the scope of our initial proof-of-concept experiments.

      The following text was added to the results section to describe our additional microscopy analysis:

      “To verify that the insulin vesicles were intact prior to DC-iDEP, we imaged a modified INS-1E cell line that contains a human insulin and green fluorescent protein-tagged C peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP).49 This GFP tag allowed for quick visual verification of intact vesicles using fluorescence confocal microscopy. We observed distinct puncta rather than a diffuse GFP signal which indicated that the vesicles were intact and not ruptured. Further analysis of isolated vesicles was done using EM. We observed intact vesicles with the expected size and shape using both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) (Fig. 1—figure supplement 3).” Page 5, lines 104 – 109.

      2) An antibody to synaptotagmin V is used to immunolabel vesicles, but there has been confusion between synaptotagmins V and IX in the literature and it isn't clear what exactly is being recognized by this antibody (this reviewer actually thinks it is Syt 9). If it is indeed recognizing Syt 9, it might already be labeling a restricted population of insulin vesicles (Kreutzberger et al. 2020). The specificity of this antibody should be clarified. Furthermore, Figure 2 is not convincing at showing that this synaptotagmin antibody specifically labels insulin vesicles nor is there convincing colocalization of this synaptotagmin antibody with insulin vesicles. In the image shown, several cells show very weak or no staining of both insulin and the synaptotagmin. The highlighted cell appears to show insulin mainly in a perinuclear structure (probably the Golgi) rather than in mature vesicles (which should be punctate), and insulin is not particularly well-colocalized with the synaptotagmin. Other cells in the image appear to have even less colocalization of insulin and synaptotagmin, and there is no quantification of colocalization. It seems possible that this antibody is recognizing other compartments in the cell, which would change the interpretation of the populations measured in the iDEP experiments. It would also be good to perform synaptotagmin staining under glucose-stimulating conditions, in case this alters the localization.

      We thank the reviewer for bringing this issue to our attention. The antibody originally used in Figure 2 recognizes the 386 aa isoform of synaptotagmin, which is called Syt 9 in the paper mentioned above (Kreutzberger et al. 2020). We have edited our manuscript to label this antibody as “Synaptotagmin IX” to match the existing literature. This antibody, therefore, likely labels only a subset of insulin vesicles. We believe that populations measured in the iDEP experiments consist solely of insulin vesicles, as supported by Western blot and dynamic light scattering results (Fig. 1—figure supplement 2B-C), as well as EM images (Fig. 1—figure supplement 3). Even with a subset of insulin vesicles, these results show the potential of this method, as iDEP analysis reveals heterogeneity within the population of Syt 9-positive insulin vesicles. We have replaced the original immunofluorescence images in Figure 2 with images that are more representative of INS-1E cells. We recognize that immuno-labeling did not yield perfect co-localization, which was expected. However, these experiments do provide valuable insights into the promise of using DC-iDEP for more in-depth separation analysis. Future work will use a modified INS-1 cell line or mouse model with a GFP-tagged C-peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP, GRINCH cells RRID:CVCL_WH61) in order to visualize a less restricted set of insulin vesicles, avoiding the limitations associated with antibodies confined to a specific insulin vesicle subpopulation.

      3) The EKMr values of the vesicle populations between the low and high glucose conditions don't seem to precisely match. It is unclear if this just a technical limitation in comparing between experiments or instead suggests that glucose stimulation does not just change the proportion of vesicles in the subpopulations (i.e. the relative fluorescent intensities measured), but rather the nature of the subpopulations (i.e. they have distinct biophysical characteristics). This again gets to the issue of what these vesicle subpopulations represent. If glucose stimulation is simply converting immature to mature vesicles, one might expect it to change the proportion of vesicles, but not the biophysical properties of each subpopulation.

      We thank the reviewer for this question. We agree that glucose likely shifts the proportion of vesicles within a specific EKMr value rather than impacting the overall biophysical characteristics of all vesicles. We have performed new statistical analysis as suggested and rewritten this section to better explain the differences between conditions.

      “Visual inspection of the collected data revealed generally similar patterns of vesicles collected at specific EKMr values (Fig. 4). However, at 1200 V we achieved adequate separation of vesicle populations to discern unique populations of vesicles from cells treated with glucose compared to no treatment. Using a two-way ANOVA, we found a statistically significant interaction between the effect of treatment on vesicles collected at each EKMr value for data collected only at 1200 V [F (8, 45) = 3.61, p= 0.003]. A Bonferroni post hoc test revealed a significant difference in the intensity or quantity of vesicles collected between treated and untreated samples at 1.10x109 V/m2 (p=0.0249), 5.35x109 V/m2 (p=0.0469), 7.45x109 V/m2 (p=0.0369). These differences reflect a shift in the populations of insulin vesicles upon glucose stimulation.” Page 7, lines 158-165

      We have also now directly addressed the potential identities of the different populations in the discussion section. This was addressed in major comment #1 and on page 7 lines, 176-191 of the manuscript.

      4) The title of the paper promises "isolation" of insulin vesicles, but the manuscript only presents separation and no isolation of the separated populations. Isolation of the separated populations is important to be able to better define what these populations are (see point #1 above). Isolation is also critical if this is to be a valuable technique in the future. Yet the paper is unclear on whether it is actually technically feasible to isolate the populations separated by iDEP. In line 367, it states "this method provides a mechanism for the isolation and concentration of fractions which show the largest difference between the two population patterns for further bioanalysis (imaging, proteomics, lipidomics, etc.)." However, in line 361 it says "developing the capability to port the collected individual boluses will enable downstream analyses such as mass spectrometry or electron microscopy," suggesting that true isolation of these populations is not yet feasible. This should be clarified.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. We have modified the text and title to put more focus on our ability to separate vesicles rather than isolate. We agree that the isolation and further biophysical characterization of these subpopulations will be critical to understanding them. However, this capability is still in development. We have made the following change to clarify that a way to isolate these subpopulations once iDEP-assisted separation has occurred is currently being developed.

      Title: “Insulator-based dielectrophoresis-assisted separation of insulin secretory vesicles”

      “this method serves as a stepping stone towards isolation and concentration of fractions which show the largest difference between the two population patterns for further bioanalysis…” page 9, line 230-232.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      This manuscript used DC-iDEP, a technology previously used on other organelle preparations to isolate insulin secretory granules from INS1 cells based on differences in dielectrophoretic and electrokinetic properties of synaptotagmin V positive insulin granules.

      The major motivation presented for this work is to provide a methodology to allow for more sensitive isolation of subpopulations of granules allowing better understanding of the biochemical composition of these populations. This manuscript clearly demonstrates the ability of this technology to separate these subpopulations which will allow for future biochemical characterizations of insulin granules in future studies.

      After proving these subpopulations can be observed, this method was then utilized to show there are shifts in these subpopulations when granules are isolated from glucose stimulated cells. Overall the method of isolation is novel and could provide a tool for further characterization of purified secretory granules.

      The observation of glucose stimulation causing shifts in subpopulations is unsurprising. Glucose stimulation could cause a depletion of insulin and other secretory content from a subset of granules. It would be expected that this loss of content would cause a shift in electrochemical properties of the granules, but this is a nice confirmation that the isolation method has the sensitivity to delineate these changes.

      Major comments:

      1) It is unclear what Synaptotagmin isoform is being looked at. Synaptotagmin V and IX have been repetitively interchanged in the literature. See note in syt IX section of "Moghadam and Jackson 2013 Front. Endocrinology" or read "Fukuda and Sagi- Eisenberg Calcium Bind Proteins 2008".

      The 386 aa. isoform that is abundant in PC12 cells has been robustly observed in INS1 cells in multiple studies and has been frequently referred to as syt IX. The sequence the antibody was raised against should be determined from the company where this was purchased and then this should be mapped to to which isoform of Synaptotagmin by sequence and clarified in the text.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. The supplier (Thermo Fisher Scientific) calls this antibody “Synaptotagmin V.” As it recognizes the 386 aa synaptotagmin isoform, we have changed references to this antibody to call it “Synaptotagmin IX” to match the existing literature.

      2) Immunofluorescence of insulin and syt V is confusing. The example images do not appear to show robust punctate structures that are characteristic of secretory granules (in both the insulin and syt V stain).

      We appreciate the reviewer bringing this point to our attention. We agree that the immunofluorescence images in Figure 2 are not representative of typical INS-1E cells and have replaced the original image for Figure 2 with new images that show punctate structures that are more characteristic of secretory granules. These images also have better colocalization of insulin and synaptotagmin V (now labeled synaptotagmin IX) than the original image, with Pearson’s R values of 0.66 and 0.64.

      3) In the discussion it says, "Finally, this method provides a mechanism for the isolation and concentration of fractions which show the largest difference between the two population patterns for further bioanalysis (imaging, proteomics, lipidomics, etc.) that otherwise would not be possible given the low-abundance components of these subpopulations."

      It would help to elaborate more on the yield and concentrations of isolated granules. This would give a better sense of what level of biochemical characterization could be performed on sub- populations of granules.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. This line has been changed to clarify the current capabilities of iDEP, as subpopulations cannot presently be removed from the channel.

      “this method serves as a stepping stone towards isolation and concentration of fractions which show the largest difference between the two population patterns for further bioanalysis…” page 9 line 230-232.

      Once it is possible to isolate subpopulations from the channel, we expect to obtain sufficient sample for further characterization. We anticipate that biophysical characterization such as imaging will be highly feasible, and small-scale proteomics could also be possible. However, currently we have not measured the concentration of isolated vesicles due to complications in the isolation steps. If the quantity of isolated subpopulations proves inadequate for proteomic analysis, we plan to scale up our cell culture to generate enough insulin vesicles for further biochemical characterization. However, these experiments are out of scope for our current work, so we removed details on this idea in the Introduction and Discussion.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      The manuscript from Barekatain et al. is investigating heterogeneity within the population of insulin vesicles from an insulinoma cell line (INS-1E) in response to glucose stimulation. Prevailing dogma in the beta-cell field suggests that there are distinct pools of mature insulin granules, such as ready-releasable and a reserve pool, which contribute to distinct phases of insulin release in response to glucose stimulation. Whether these pools (and others) are distinct in protein/lipid composition or other aspects is not known, but has been suggested. In this manuscript, the authors use density gradient sedimentation to enrich for insulin vesicles, noting the existence of a number of co-purifying contaminants (ER and mitochondrial markers). Following immunolabeling with synaptotagmin V and fluorescent-conjugated secondary antibodies, insulin vesicles were applied to a microfluidic device and separated by dielectrophoretic and electrokinetic forces following an applied voltage. The equilibrium between these opposing forces was used to physically separate insulin granules. Here some differences were observed in the insulin (Syt V positive) granule populations, when isolated from cells that were either non-stimulated or stimulated with glucose, which has been suggested previously by other studies as noted by the authors; however in the current manuscript, the inclusion of a number of control experiments may provide a better context for what the data reveal about these changes.

      The major strength of the paper is in the use of the novel, highly sophisticated methodology to examine physical attributes of insulin granules and thus begin to provide some insight into the existence of distinct insulin granule populations within a beta-cell -these include insulin granules that are maturing, membrane- docked (i.e. readily releasable), in reserve, newly-synthesized, aged, etc. Whether physical differences exist between these various granule pools is not known. In this capacity, the technical abilities of the current manuscript may begin to offer some insight into whether these perceived distinctions are physical.

      The major weakness of the manuscript is that the study falls short in terms of linking the biology to the sophisticated changes observed and primarily focuses on differences in response to glucose. Without knowing what the various populations of granules are, it is challenging to understand what the changes in response to glucose mean.

      Specific concerns are as follows:

      1) There is confusion on what the DC-iDEP separation between stimulated and stimulated cells reveals. Do these changes reflect maturation state of granules, nascent vs. old granules? Ready- releasable vs. reserve pool? The comments in the text seem to offer all possibilities.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. Additional experiments will be useful to concretely define the physical nature of these subpopulations. Our primary goal in this study is to assess the utility of DC-iDEP in reproducibly separating these subpopulations. Our current results reflect variations in the amounts of subpopulations described in the literature and/or in currently uncharacterized subpopulations. As addressed in Reviewer #1 question #1, we have added to the discussion to review these possibilities (Page 7-8, lines 176-191).

      2) It is unclear what we can infer regarding the physical changes of granules between the stimulated states of the cells. Without an understanding of the magnitude of the effect, it is unclear how biologically significant these changes are. For example, what degree of lipid or protein remodeling would be necessary to give a similar change?

      We thank the reviewer for this question. Separation by iDEP is sufficiently sensitive to distinguish particles with minimal differences between them. For example, we could successfully separate wild type GFP from a point mutation variant of GFP. We anticipate that this method is capable of distinguishing vesicles with greater physical differences between them resulting in more distinct EKMr values. However, significant future experiments are likely necessary to determine the extent of lipid and protein remodeling between each subpopulation to define the biological significance of each subpopulation.

      3) The reliance on a single vesicle marker, Syt V, is concerning given that granule remodeling is the focus.

      We appreciate the reviewer’s concern. The current manuscript focuses on synaptotagmin V (IX)-positive insulin vesicles. The results of these experiments demonstrate the capabilities of iDEP to reveal heterogeneity in a seemingly similar set of particles. In future experiments we plan to use the modified INS-1 cell line with a GFP-tagged C-peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP, GRINCH cells RRID:CVCL_WH61). All insulin vesicles from this cell line contain GFP-tagged C-peptide, and therefore would allow for the detection of a more complete set of insulin vesicles. The results from the current manuscript provide the proof-of-concept validation that this method is promising for understanding vesicle remodeling in more detail in the future.

      4) Additional confirmation that the isolated vesicles are in fact insulin granules would be helpful. As noted, granules were gradient enriched, but did carry contaminants. Note that the microscopy image provided does not provide any real validation for this marker.

      Further confirmation that the immune-isolated vesicles are in fact insulin granules should be included. EM with immunogold labeling post-SytV enrichment would be a potential methodology to confirm.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. We have performed new immunofluorescence imaging to demonstrate the overlap of insulin and synaptotagmin (Fig 2). Additionally, we have performed microscopy experiments with a modified INS-1 cell line with a GFP-tagged C-peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP, GRINCH cells RRID:CVCL_WH61) in order to provide evidence of these granules’ identity. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that the isolated granules contain GFP-tagged C-peptide (Fig. 1—figure supplement 3A), while transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron microscopy confirmed that these vesicles have radii within the correct range to be considered insulin vesicles (Fig 1—figure supplement 3B-C). We added the following text in the results section to describe the new results included:

      “To verify that the insulin vesicles were intact prior to DC-iDEP, we imaged a modified INS-1E cell line that contains a human insulin and green fluorescent protein-tagged C peptide (hPro-CpepSfGFP).49 This GFP tag allowed for quick visual verification of intact vesicles using fluorescence confocal microscopy. We observed distinct puncta rather than a diffuse GFP signal which indicated that the vesicles were intact and not ruptured. Further analysis of isolated vesicles was done using EM. We observed intact vesicles with the expected size and shape using both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) (Fig. 1—figure supplement 3). Page 5, lines 104 – 109.

      5) It would be useful to understand if the observed effects are specific to the INS-1E cell line or are a more universal effect of glucose on beta-cells.

      We agree with the reviewer that it would be interesting to study these effects in primary beta cells. While we expect to see similar results in these cells, there may be differences in the population variations or EKMr values. However, working with beta cells is currently beyond the scope of this study, as our primary focus is on validating this approach.

    1. Author response:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Authors propose a mechanism where actin polymerization in the dendritic shaft plays a key role in trapping AMPAR vesicles around the stimulated site, promoting the preferential insertion of AMPAR into the potentiated synapse. This dendritic mechanism is novel and may be important for phenomena. Authors also developed a sophisticated method to observe the endogenous behavior of AMPAR using the HITI system.

      However, there are some major issues that need to be addressed to support the authors' claims. Also, overall, it is hard to follow. It could be better written.

      We thank the reviewer for carefully reading our text and for the helpful recommendations. We have performed additional experiments and analysis to address the raised issues (detailed below). In addition, we have streamlined and shortened the text to improve its clarity and focus on the biological story.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      In this study, Wong and colleagues investigate mechanisms leading to input-specificity of LTP. They focus on the trafficking of AMPA receptors as the surface accumulation of AMPARs is one of the key features of potentiated synapses. They employ an elegant strategy to label endogenous GluA1 with a HaloTag using CRISPR-based technology and succeed to find targeting site which does not interfere with receptor's trafficking or function. This allowed them to visualize and track single receptors in endosomes as well as at the plasma membrane of primary rat hippocampal neurons. They develop and extend particle tracking and molecule counting algorithms to analyze active transport and diffusion of AMPARs and, as expected find that neuronal activation leads to increased surface expression of labelled AMPARs. Interestingly, they also observe a strong decrease in long-range motion of AMPAR-containing vesicles upon induction of chemical LTP. From this point, the manuscript focuses on explaining this observation. The authors switch from a global activation protocol to glutamate uncaging to induce LTP at individual synapses. Also, in these settings, they measure the reduction in mobile vesicle fraction within about 30 µm long dendritic segment containing the activated spine. In search of an explanation, they investigate activity-dependent actin polymerization as a possible confinement factor that could change the motility of organelles in dendrites. Their hypotheses is based on pre-existing literature demonstrating the role of F-actin in trapping and stalling dendritic endolysosomes as well similar role of F-actin in non-neuronal cells. Indeed, the authors convincingly show that pharmacological depolymerization or stabilization of F-actin bidirectionally impacts the trafficking behavior of AMPAR-containing vesicles in the dendritic shaft. To directly visualize effects of structural LTP at individual synapses on dendritic actin cytoskeleton, they employ a F-actin-binding probe Tractin. Here they find that cLTP results in the formation of dendritic F-actin fibers and bundles arranged in a network. The spatial extent of such a network correlates with an area where AMPAR vesicles exhibit decreased motility. Although this makes sense, I have some concerns about these experiments.

      Tractin has been previously published as F-actin marker but like several other binding probes (i.e. lifeact), it affects F-actin structure and dynamics. The large number of F-actin bundles is not very typical for dendrites of hippocampal neurons and might be an artifact of Tractin overexpression. It is difficult to judge whether this is a case because there is no comparison with the endogenous situation where F-actin is labelled directly. The final series of experiments focus on the role of processive myosins in stalling and exocytosis of AMPAR vesicles. To address this point, the authors employ a mixture of three different myosin inhibitors and show that although myosins are not responsible for increased vesicle confinement they facilitate exocytosis of AMPARs. What I find somewhat missing are data and examples of AMPAR trafficking into dendritic spines. Also here, stronger experimental support could benefit the conclusions.

      Overall, the authors achieved the aims of their study. They demonstrated that synapse-specific potentiation results in signaling which triggers actin polymerization in dendritic shaft beneath the activated input. This leads to trapping and accumulation of AMPAR-containing endosomes which then have higher probability to be delivered and secreted at activated dendritic spines. In addition to conceptual advance of this work, several state-of-the-art labeling and analysis techniques where developed in this project and they will likely be used by other groups.

      We thank the reviewer for raising these important issues with regards to the use of tractin as a marker for actin polymerization. We have performed additional experiments (detailed below) using phalloidin and also dominant negative inhibitors of myosin Va, Vb, and VI in order to strengthen our conclusions. We find that inducing synaptic activity with cLTP increases phalloidin labeling and the appearance of F-actin fibers. Moreover, inhibition of myosin Va and Vb (but not VI) using their dominant negative c-terminal domains recapitulates the effects of pharmacological inhibition on both the motion states and directional bias of GluA1-HT vesicles in response to cLTP.

      With regards to AMPAR trafficking into spines, we and others have found that GluA1-containing vesicles rarely enter dendritic spines (see response to Reviewer #2, comment 3). Furthermore, exocytic events occur largely at extrasynaptic sites, such as on the dendritic shaft (Figure 5-video 1-3; Lin et al., 2007; Makino et al., 2009; Patterson et al., 2010). Consequently, we believe vesicles are concentrated proximal to synaptic activity in the dendritic shaft rather than in the dendritic spine itself, creating a larger reservoir of intracellular AMPARs that can exocytose during synaptic activity. Others have demonstrated that surface bound AMPARs diffuse across the cell membrane into stimulated synapses where they are captured (Choquet and Opazo, 2022).

      We also thank the reviewers for acknowledging the conceptual and technical advances in this work.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Wong et al. developed a new versatile approach with a robust signal to track protein dynamics by inserting a tag into the endogenous loci and different properties of fluorescent dyes for conjugation. Using this approach, the authors monitor the trafficking of Fluorescent dye and Halo-tagged GluA1 with time-lapse imaging and found that neuronal stimulation induces GluA1 accumulation surrounding stimulated synapses on dendritic shafts and actin polymerization at synapses and dendrites. Furthermore, combining with pharmacological manipulations of actin polymerization or myosin activity, the authors found that actin polymerization facilitates exocytosis of GluA1 near activated synapses. The new approach may provide broad impacts upon appropriate control experiments, and the practical application of this approach to GluA1 trafficking upon neuronal activation is significant. However, there are several weaknesses, including confirmation of activity of the tagged receptors and receptor specificity mimicking endogenous LTP machinery. If the receptor tagged by the new robust approach reflects endogenous machinery, this approach will provide a big opportunity to the community as a versatile method to visualize a protein not visualized previously.

      Although we use methods previously demonstrated to stimulate LTP, we do not ourselves demonstrate LTP using electrophysiological methods, and consequently we have changed the text to focus on synaptic plasticity (specifically structural plasticity). Furthermore, we confirm the activity of HaloTag knock-in receptors by expressing GluA1-HT and GluA1-HT-SEP in HEK293T cells and performing whole-cell patch clamp experiments. We find that GluA1-HT and GluA1-HT-SEP responds to glutamate in a similar manner to untagged GluA1.

      We also thank the reviewer for acknowledging the novelty of our strategy.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reply to reviewers

      First, we would like to extend our gratitude to all reviewers for their supportive and enthusiastic feedback, which acknowledges our study as an interesting, well-executed, and well-documented contribution to the field. We are also pleased that the novelty and significance of our work have been recognized and appreciated.

      As highlighted by reviewers 2, 3, and 4, our research represents a substantial advancement in understanding the mechanisms that coordinate the development of different cell types. Our findings have broader implications for developmental biology. We also thank the reviewers for their valuable insights, which have significantly improved the overall readability of our manuscript. We have carefully considered all minor corrections and text modifications they had suggested and made amendments accordingly.

      The reviewers proposed several complementary experiments to enhance and clarify our points. We have conducted most of these experiments, with one exception (detailed below), and incorporated the corresponding results into this revised version of the manuscript.

      Additionally, reviewers agreed that higher resolution images depicting the interactions between tendon and myoblast membranes would strengthen our manuscript. In response, we are pleased to present new high-resolution images of Ama::EGFP localization with respect to tendon and muscle cells, obtained using Zeiss Airyscan technology. We also provide new images using newly generated flies that allow simultaneous observation of both myoblast and tendon membranes.

      We believe these modifications substantially enhance the quality and interest of our results, as already highlighted by the reviewers.

      __Referees cross-commenting: __

      All reviewers agreed* that "this is an interesting study that is well done and well documented. I agree with reviewer 1 that the study would further benefit from better imaging of the cellular extensions of tendons and myoblasts to see how both cell types interact." *

      Reply: We agree with this point. To address it, we analyzed leg discs from Sr-Gal4>UAS-myrGFP line (labelling tendon membranes) crossed with a newly generated line R32D05::CD4TdTomato (myoblast specific expression of membrane tagged Tomato protein). Using confocal Zeiss Airy Scan technology, we generated high resolution images for which both tendon cell extensions and myoblast membranes are simultaneously visualized. These images are included in the new Figure 2 (O, P and O', P'). To be noticed: as we also provide new high resolution images of Ama::EGFP and Nrt localizations (Fig. 2 M, N and M', N'), we removed images of zoom in of 5h APF leg disc.

      REVIEWER 1

      Moucaud et al carried out single cell sequencing on myoblasts from the developing drosophila leg muscles, focusing on gene expressions overlapping with tendon and muscle cells. This study proposes that neuronal cell adhesion molecules Ama and Nrt interact in myoblast and tendon adhesion to support tendon and in proliferation of muscle progenitors. This study traces Ama and Nrt expression with various drosophila mutant strains and provides evidence to support its claims using single cell sequencing, immuno-fluoresence and in situ hybridisation. *The authors report novel markers to study the interactions between muscle and tendon progenitors in the Drosophila leg provide convincing evidence of their functions in muscle and muscle and tendon formation. *

      • The authors report novel markers to study the interactions between muscle and tendon progenitors in the Drosophila leg provide convincing evidence of their functions in muscle and muscle and tendon formation. *

      __ Reply:__ We are grateful to the Reviewer 1 for his/her supportive comments on the quality of our work.

      Page 2 "cell types*..." might be worth including other cell types such as vascular/endothelial if listing all cell types in the limb, as the sentence is suggesting. *

      __ Reply__: "blood vessels" have been added as components of the limb musculoskeletal system.

      Reviewer's comment: The authors discuss the interactions between the myoblasts and tendon cells but do not show any cellular resolution of the interaction between the cells and the secreted adhesion proteins. It would enhance the manuscript if the authors could show high resolution images of these cellular interactions with the secreted protein in vivo.

      __ Reply__: see reply to referees cross-commenting about newly generated high-resolution images shown in Fig. 2.

      Lots of examples of definite article (the) missing throughout the text.

      Reply: The text has been edited and missing articles added

      Second line of Abstract does not flow: Ama encodes secreted proteins to "Ama encodes a secreted protein"

      __ Reply__ the correction has been made accordingly

      2nd para Intro- this para is essentially discussing vertebrate limb muscle/tendon precursors, although includes a non-vertebrate citation. It could be helpful to (briefly) compare/contrast the non-vertebrate vs vertebrate literature on this topic.

      __ Reply__: Indeed, this paragraph is primarily focused on the development of the musculoskeletal system in vertebrates. The comparison (from a molecular standpoint) with the muscle system of the Drosophila leg appears in the following paragraph. For clarity, we have included a brief, more general description (end of second paragraph) about the muscle/tendon system in Drosophila to highlight certain divergences between vertebrate and invertebrate systems and to introduce the subsequent paragraph.

      "in limb of chick embryo add "the limb"

      __ Reply:__ the correction has been made accordingly

      p6 because these two antibodies were raised in rabbit, as the Twist antibody, needs some additional explanatory text.

      __ Reply__: We have modified the text to give a more accurate explanation: "Because these two antibodies were raised in rabbit, as was the Twist antibody, we could not use this latter to visualize the myoblasts"

      P9 discussion creeping into results section-with some speculation on Ama forming homophilic adhesions which has not been experimentally tested.

      __ Reply:__ Because we chose to submit this work as a short format paper, Results and Discussion sections are indeed combined. However, we agree that homophilic adhesion properties of Ama have been shown only in cell culture and not tested in physiological context. To clarify this point, we have modified the corresponding part of the text and only suggest that Ama could directly bind to membranes through its putative GPI modification as proposed by Seeger et al.

      Ama depletion affects both viability and the proliferation rate of leg disc myoblasts (in a Nrt-independent way) Does it have similar role in tendon precursors? Could the authors provide any evidence of apoptosis given proposed role of Ama in glial cells?

      __ Reply: __As asked by Reviewer 1, we have tested these two points and included the results in suppl figure 3 (A-C). As expected, the proliferation rate of tendon cells is not affected as we have previously showed that tendon cells are post-mitotic cells (Laurichesse et al. 2021). Moreover, we now show that Ama depletion does not lead to apoptosis of tendon cells. See Supp. Figure 3 (A-C), the main text has also been modified accordingly.

      REVIEWER 2:

      In this well-written, comprehensive, and interesting manuscript, the authors study the molecular circuitry that supports the coordinated activity of tendon cells and myoblasts during development. As the authors themselves point out in the introduction, the assembly of tissues within the musculoskeletal system provides a particularly attractive system in which to study how different cell types coordinate their behaviours to form higher-order structures. Using single-cell transcriptomics, the authors first identify the cell adhesion molecule Ama and transmembrane protein Nrt as enriched in Drosophila myoblasts and tendon cells. Their transcriptomic data suggest that Nrt is specifically expressed in the tendon cells while Ama is expressed in both. They support these data with a variety of in situ, antibody, and endogenous stainings. Using a series of genetic manipulations, they then convincingly show that Ama controls the total number of myoblasts during the larval stages: Ama knockdown is associated with both decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of myoblasts. Ama's role in regulating myoblast number is shown to be independent of Nrt and likely under the control of the FGF/RTK pathway. Finally, the authors show that the loss of either Nrt or Ama activity is associated with a loss of adhesion between myoblasts and tendon cells and with the stunted growth of the long tendon. Thus, their data point to Ama playing dual roles in muscle development by regulating both myoblast number and cell adhesion.

      * I very much enjoyed reading the paper, which I think makes an important contribution to our understanding of both the developing musculature and inter-cell-type coordination during development more broadly. I have only a handful of grammatical errors to point out.*

      __Reply: __We appreciate these enthusiastic and supportive comments, and we would like to thank the Reviewer for highlighting the broader contribution of our work to the understanding of the mechanisms of coordination between different cell types.

      *- Grammar: 'This prompted us to use Drosophila model to search' should read 'This prompted us to use the Drosophila model to search' - Grammar: '...identify Neurotactin (Nrt) and its binding partner, Amalgam (Ama) as candidates...' should read '...identify Neurotactin (Nrt) and its binding partner, Amalgam (Ama), as candidates...' - Grammar: 'As tendon precursors in leg disc' should read 'As tendon precursors in the leg disc'. - Grammar : '...we performed a series of in situ hybridization...' should read '...we performed a series of in situ hybridizations...' - Grammar: 'Because these two antibodies were raised in rabbit, as the Twist antibody' should read 'Because these two antibodies were raised in rabbit, as was the Twist antibody' - Grammar: 'Statistical analysis reveals an increase myoblast total number when overexpressing an activated ERK' should read 'Statistical analysis reveals an increase in the total number of myoblasts when overexpressing an activated ERK' - Grammar: The following section header needs rephrasing: 'Ama, potential downstream effector of FGF pathway in the regulation of myoblast number'. Maybe 'Ama is a potential downstream effector of the FGF pathway in the regulation of myoblast number' or Ama: a potential downstream effector of the FGF pathway in the regulation of myoblast number. - Grammar: 'whereas its reduction (UAS-StyRNAi) lead to more myoblasts' should read 'whereas its reduction (UAS-StyRNAi) leads to more myoblasts' - For clarity 'The expression of the constitutively active form of ERK could rescue the phenotype of Ama depletion in glial cells (Ariss et al. 2020)' might read better as 'Previous work has shown that the expression of the constitutively active form of ERK can rescue the phenotype of Ama depletion in glial cells (Ariss et al. 2020). Therefore, we tried...' - Grammar: 'showed a significant higher number of myoblasts compared' should read 'showed a significantly higher number of myoblasts compared' - Grammar: 'Another, not exclusive, possibility' should read Another, non-mutually exclusive, possibility'. - Grammar: 'We measured the length of the tilt relatively to the length' should read '. We measured the length of the tilt relative to the length' *

      Reply: All the modifications suggested above by Reviewer 2 are now included in the text.

      REVIEWER 3:

      *Myoblast and tendon precursors stem from different developmental origins. Hence, they need to find each other to build a functional muscle-skeleton. How they do so is an exciting biological problem, not only for this reviewer who is working on Drosophila muscle development, too. As we currently understand little about how myoblasts communicate with tendons during development, I find this manuscript a generally interesting contribution unravelling a new mechanism of cell-cell communication between these two cell types. It proposes a role for 2 interesting proteins that are little studied. Furthermore, Drosophila leg muscle-tendon development is complex and results in an intricate final architecture. Thus, a better understanding of its molecular mechanisms of development is exciting to this reviewer and to the muscle and tendon fields. *

      Reply: We express our gratitude to Reviewer 3 for his/her keen interest in our work and for emphasizing its significance within the field of developmental biology.

      *While some Ama mRNA expression in myoblasts was confirmed with in situ hybridisation, it was also shown that Ama mRNA is expressed in other sources including tendon precursors. As the interesting AmaGFP protein overlapping with the developing tendon cells is found at some distance from the myoblasts, the source for this Ama protein population is not entirely clear. To identify if it is secreted from myoblasts I suggest to stain for Ama-GFP in the muscle-specific Ama knock-down discs at 5h APF. This could use the late knock-down condition. *

      __ Reply:__ In Suppl Fig.2 in a close-up view of the femur region, we show that at 5h APF Ama is transcribed in addition to myoblasts also in the developing tilt tendon. This tendon associated Ama expression is specific as it is detected after myoblast specific Ama knockdown. Thus, at 5h APF, the Ama-GFP signal detected at the interface of muscle and tendon precursors could in part correspond to Ama secreted by the tilt tendon cells. However, we also observed clear Ama-GFP signal at the interface of myoblasts and tendon precursors at 0h APF when Ama is not yet transcriptionally activated in tilt tendon precursors (not shown). Thus, we are confident that the myoblasts are the main source of secreted Ama protein that ensure close proximity of myoblast and tendon precursor cells. A view supported by the loss of myoblast-tendon cell proximity in myoblast-specific Ama knockdown. However, to clarify this point, we immunostained myoblast-specific Ama knock-down discs for the Ama protein in at 5h APF as suggested. As stated in the text, we were concerned that GFP tag could influence the life-time of the Ama protein, as GFP itself is pretty stable. This is why we used anti-Ama antibody kindly provided by Dr. Silman to determine whether myoblast-specific Ama knockdown (using R32D05-Gal4 driver) would completely abolish Ama protein at 5h APF. We indeed observed a strong reduction of Ama protein at this stage indicating that the contribution of Ama protein from tendon cells is minimal (but cannot be completely excluded), with myoblasts remaining the major source at this stage. This new result is now presented in Suppl Fig. 2M-P. This result is also in accordance with our new result showing that tendon-specific AmaKD has no effect on tendon growth (see reply to the comment below regarding tendon length). In light of this new result, we have modified the text accordingly in the corresponding paragraph (p5-6).

      Generally, it might be useful to move the part of Figure 2 that shows the Ama-GFP Nrt co-staining to the later part in the text that addresses the interaction of both cell types and keep the autonomous Ama role in muscle for the start of paper only.

      __ Reply: __We have indeed debated extensively about this possibility before submitting this work. While such a presentation would have some logical coherence, it also has the disadvantage of having to resume, at least partially, the expression of Ama, leading to certain redundancies. Additionally, we chose to begin with a comparison of the new myoblast transcriptomic data with pre-established tendon data to highlight the presence of ligand-receptor pairs. In this context, it seemed to us more pertinent to present the expression patterns of Ama and Nrt together in the initial figures.

      To quantify the interaction of the myoblast cell membranes and the tendon cells better it would be useful to combine sr>CAAXmCherry with a myoblast membrane maker (possibly Him-CD8-GFP or use R15B03-Gal4 with R79D08-lexA). This could also improve the "mean distance" measurements. As currently presented, it is not so clear how the mean distance was measured. It could be helpful to indicate some examples in zoom-in vies on Figure 5. Does a distance of 4 µm in wild type mean that the myoblast is not touching the tendon precursors, or is only the myoblast nucleus that is Twi positive at this distance?

      __ Reply: We are grateful to this reviewer for its relevant suggestion. Thus, as stated above (referees cross-commenting), we provide new high-resolution images with labelled membranes of both tendon cells and myoblasts (fig 2 O-P). As shown here, myoblast membranes are very closed to each other, and nuclei occupy an important part of myoblast volumes. So, we found more accurate to use the myoblast nucleus (stained with Twist antibody) to detect individual myoblasts using Imaris Spot function rather than myoblast membranes. We also believe that the distances between the center of myoblast nuclei and the tendon surface are representative of the distance between these two cell types as nucleus myoblast occupies most of the cell volume. We addressed this point in the new Suppl. Fig.5. __Regarding the distance of 4____ µm: As mentioned in the original text, the 4 µm distance represents the average distance between myoblasts and the tendon surface in wild type discs. We do not perceive this distance as indicative of a threshold distinguishing myoblasts that interact physically with tendons from those that do not. We rather use this mean distance to quantify the distribution of myoblasts around the tendon and their dispersion/mis-distribution in Ama and Nrt knockdown leg discs. To clarify this point, we have modified the corresponding paragraph: "This result indicates that AmaKD leads to myoblasts mis-distribution around the tilt, suggesting that the reduction of Ama level could affect myoblast-tendon adhesion".

      For a better understanding of how the mean distance was measured, we added a new Supplementary Figure 5 (rather than a zoom-in in the main figure as suggested by this reviewer), with a corresponding description of how this distance was measured in addition to the explanations in the material and method section.

      Is the tendon elongation phenotype seen after Ama RNAi in muscle and in Nrt mutants due to the fact that myoblasts are further away from tendons or is it an Ama/Nrt role that is autonomous to tendons? This could be tested by assaying tendon elongation after tendon-specific Ama knock-down as shown in Figure S2.

      __ Reply: __As asked by this reviewer, we have performed this experiment using Sr-Gal4 driver to induce tendon-specific Ama knockdown and assessed tendon elongation using R79D08-lexA>lexAop-GFP marker. Overall statistical analysis is now included in Fig 5F and G graphs. This analysis shows that tendon-specific Ama knockdown does not affect tendon elongation. This is in concordance with the fact that Ama knockdown in myoblasts leads to tendon defects similar to that of Nrt loss of function in tendon clearly indicating that the observed phenotypes are due to Ama's role in myoblasts. This does not exclude an additional subsequent Ama function in growing tendon precursors in later development.

      Minor : Is Figure 2Q a zoom-in from Figure 2P? If yes, it would be helpful to indicate the rough position of it in the lower magnification image.

      Reply: Figure 2Q was not a zoom-in from Figure 2P in the previous version of the paper. As stated above Fig. 2 has now been modified.

      Minor page 6 - w[1118] is with small "w".

      Reply: modifications have been made accordingly in main and figure texts.

      REVIEWER 4:

      *The manuscript is well-organized, with clear descriptions of methods and results. The use of transcriptomic datasets and gene expression analyses provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between muscle and tendon precursors. *

      *The immunostaining and in situ hybridization experiments well illustrate the expression patterns of Ama and Nrt in muscle and tendon cells during leg disc development in Drosophila. *

      *The functional analyses, including knockdown experiments, support the conclusion that Ama plays a crucial role in maintaining the pool of leg muscle precursor cells and coordinating tendon and muscle precursor growth. *

      The manuscript significantly enhances our understanding of cell-cell interactions in the musculoskeletal system of Drosophila. The findings have broader implications for the field of developmental biology. In general, this manuscript provides valuable insights into the molecular processes governing leg muscle and tendon development.

      Reply: We are indebted to Reviewer 4 for highlighting that our manuscript is well-organized and well-illustrated. We are also grateful to Reviewer 4 for highlighting the valuable insights of our work.

      some aspects in the manuscript, for example how Ama regulates myoblast number and its interaction with the FGFR pathway, could be further explored or clarified.

      __ Reply:__ Regarding Ama's contribution for maintaining the myoblast pool through its interaction with the FGF pathway, we demonstrate here that, contrary to what has been proposed for glial cells, Ama acts downstream of this pathway, although we emphasize that there is a synergistic effect with the MAPK pathway inhibitor, Sprouty. These findings thus reveal complex and variable regulatory mechanisms between Ama and the FGF pathway that would require specific investigation, the entirety of which appears challenging to integrate into this same publication.

      the organization of the abstract could be improved to provide a clearer and more comprehensive overview of the study. The abstract currently lacks a structured presentation of essential components such as methods, results, and conclusions. It would greatly benefit from a more systematic arrangement.

      __ Reply:__ We have made modifications to propose a more structured abstract.

    1. TAG ENDS OF OVERHEARD CONVERSATIONS

      I don't have time to proof this entire play, but hopefully someone else already has or will do so? I've been comparing it to the Dial publication, but probably better to look at Sara Crangle's edited version, reprinted in the Essays and Stories of Mina Loy. This is also the authoritative addition of Sacred Prostitute.

    1. ENRON –THE POWER TO DO IT ALL, CHS’ Indranet Journal, Vol 3, No 2-4,1994

      Description

    2. Herman Rodrigues, who produced the Indranet journal for many years

      indranet

    3. the journal Indranet

      Description

    1. Contents move to sidebar hide (Top) 1Text 2Printing history 3The production process: Das Werk der Bücher Toggle The production process: Das Werk der Bücher subsection 3.1Pages 3.2Ink 3.3Type 3.4Type style 3.5Rubrication, illumination and binding 4Early owners 5Influence on later Bibles 6Forgeries 7Surviving copies Toggle Surviving copies subsection 7.1Substantially complete copies 8Recent history 9See also 10General bibliography 11References 12External links Toggle the table of contents Gutenberg Bible 48 languages العربية閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gúБеларускаяБеларуская (тарашкевіца)БългарскиCatalàČeštinaCymraegDanskDeutschEestiΕλληνικάEspañolEsperantoEstremeñuEuskaraفارسیFrançaisFrysk한국어Հայերենहिन्दीHrvatskiBahasa IndonesiaInterlinguaItalianoעבריתქართულიLatviešuМакедонскиമലയാളംमराठीNederlands日本語Norsk bokmålPolskiPortuguêsРусскийSimple EnglishSlovenčinaСрпски / srpskiSuomiSvenskaதமிழ்TürkçeУкраїнськаاردو中文 Edit links ArticleTalk English ReadEditView history Tools Tools move to sidebar hide Actions ReadEditView history General What links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent linkPage informationCite this pageGet shortened URLDownload QR codeWikidata item Expand allEdit interlanguage links Print/export Download as PDFPrintable version In other projects Wikimedia Commons From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Earliest major book printed in Europe The copy of the Gutenberg Bible held at the Richelieu - Bibliothèques, musée, galeries. The Gutenberg Bible, also known as the 42-line Bible, the Mazarin Bible or the B42, was the earliest major book printed in Europe using mass-produced metal movable type. It marked the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the age of printed books in the West. The book is valued and revered for its high aesthetic and artistic qualities[1] and its historical significance. The Gutenberg Bible is an edition of the Latin Vulgate printed in the 1450s by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, in present-day Germany. Forty-nine copies (or substantial portions of copies) have survived. They are thought to be among the world's most valuable books, although no complete copy has been sold since 1978.[2][3] In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible displayed in Frankfurt to promote the edition, and that either 158 or 180 copies had been printed. The 36-line Bible, said to be the second printed Bible, is also sometimes referred to as a Gutenberg Bible, but may be the work of another printer.[4] Text[edit] Gutenberg Bible in the Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut The Gutenberg Bible, an edition of the Vulgate, contains the Latin version of the Hebrew Old Testament and the Greek New Testament. It is mainly the work of St Jerome who began his work on the translation in AD 380, with emendations from the Parisian Bible tradition, and further divergences.[5] Printing history[edit] Gutenberg Bible of the New York Public Library; purchased by James Lenox in 1847, it was the first Gutenberg Bible to be acquired by a United States citizen. While it is unlikely that any of Gutenberg's early publications would bear his name, the initial expense of press equipment and materials and of the work to be done before the Bible was ready for sale suggests that he may have started with more lucrative texts, including several religious documents, a German poem, and some editions of Aelius Donatus's Ars Minor, a popular Latin grammar school book.[6][7][8] Preparation of the Bible probably began soon after 1450, and the first finished copies were available in 1454 or 1455.[9] It is not known exactly how long the Bible took to print. The first precisely datable printing is Gutenberg's 31-line Indulgence which certainly existed by 22 October 1454.[10] Gutenberg made three significant changes during the printing process.[11] Spine of the Lenox copy Some time later, after more sheets had been printed, the number of lines per page was increased from 40 to 42, presumably to save paper. Therefore, pages 1 to 9 and pages 256 to 265, presumably the first ones printed, have 40 lines each. Page 10 has 41, and from there on the 42 lines appear. The increase in line number was achieved by decreasing the interline spacing, rather than increasing the printed area of the page. Finally, the print run was increased, necessitating resetting those pages which had already been printed. The new sheets were all reset to 42 lines per page. Consequently, there are two distinct settings in folios 1–32 and 129–158 of volume I and folios 1–16 and 162 of volume II.[11][12] The most reliable information about the Bible's date comes from a letter. In March 1455, the future Pope Pius II wrote that he had seen pages from the Gutenberg Bible, being displayed to promote the edition, in Frankfurt.[13] It is not known how many copies were printed, with the 1455 letter citing sources for both 158 and 180 copies. Scholars today think that examination of surviving copies suggests that somewhere between 160 and 185 copies were printed, with about three-quarters on paper and the others on vellum.[14][15] The production process: Das Werk der Bücher[edit] A vellum copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress, on display at the Thomas Jefferson Building in Washington, D.C. In a legal paper, written after completion of the Bible, Johannes Gutenberg refers to the process as Das Werk der Bücher ("the work of the books"). He had introduced the printing press to Europe and created the technology to make printing with movable types finally efficient enough to facilitate the mass production of entire books.[16] Many book-lovers have commented on the high standards achieved in the production of the Gutenberg Bible, some describing it as one of the most beautiful books ever printed. The quality of both the ink and other materials and the printing itself have been noted.[1] Pages[edit] First page of the first volume: the epistle of St Jerome to Paulinus from the University of Texas copy. The page has 40 lines. The paper size is 'double folio', with two pages printed on each side (four pages per sheet). After printing the paper was folded once to the size of a single page. Typically, five of these folded sheets (ten leaves, or twenty printed pages) were combined to a single physical section, called a quinternion, that could then be bound into a book. Some sections, however, had as few as four leaves or as many as twelve leaves.[17] Gutenberg Bible on display at the U.S. Library of Congress The 42-line Bible was printed on the size of paper known as 'Royal'.[18] A full sheet of Royal paper measures 42 cm × 60 cm (17 in × 24 in) and a single untrimmed folio leaf measures 42 cm × 30 cm (17 in × 12 in).[19] There have been attempts to claim that the book was printed on larger paper measuring 44.5 cm × 30.7 cm (17.5 in × 12.1 in),[20] but this assertion is contradicted by the dimensions of existing copies. For example, the leaves of the copy in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, measure 40 cm × 28.6 cm (15.7 in × 11.3 in).[21] This is typical of other folio Bibles printed on Royal paper in the fifteenth century.[22] Most fifteenth-century printing papers have a width-to-height ratio of 1:1.4 (e.g. 30:42 cm) which, mathematically, is a ratio of 1 to the square root of 2 or, simply, 2 {\textstyle {\sqrt {2}}} . Many suggest that this ratio was chosen to match the so-called Golden Ratio, 1 + 5 2 {\textstyle {\tfrac {1+{\sqrt {5}}}{2}}} , of 1:1.6; in fact the ratios are, plainly, not at all similar (equating to a difference of about 12 per cent). The ratio of 1:1.4 was a long established one for medieval paper sizes.[23] A single complete copy of the Gutenberg Bible has 1,288 pages (4×322 = 1288) (usually bound in two volumes); with four pages per folio-sheet, 322 sheets of paper are required per copy.[24] The Bible's paper consists of linen fibers and is thought to have been imported from Caselle in Piedmont, Italy based on the watermarks present throughout the volume.[25] Ink

      we have

      FORK LYFT

      https://philosophybreak.com/articles/if-a-tree-falls-in-the-forest-and-theres-no-one-around-to-hear-it-does-it-make-a-sound/#:~:text=So%2C%20the%20answer%20to%20this%20age-old%20question%20seems,lonesome%20falling%20tree%20does%20not%20make%20a%20sound.

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      If a tree falls in the forest, and there's no one around to hear it, does it make a sound?

      If a Tree Falls in the Forest, and There's No One Around to Hear It, Does It Make a Sound?

      The age-old question of whether a falling tree makes a sound when there's no one around to hear it exploits the tension between perception and reality. This article explores possible answers and their consequences.

      Jack Maden

      By Jack Maden  |  September 2022

      3-MIN BREAK  

      If a tree falls in the forest, and there's no one around to hear it, does it make a sound? Well, if by 'sound' we mean vibrating air, then yes, when the tree falls, it vibrates the air around it.

      However, if by 'sound' we mean the conscious noise we hear when our sensory apparatus interacts with the vibrating air, then if no one is around to hear the tree when it falls, there'd be no sensory apparatus for the vibrating air to interact with, and thus no conscious noise would be heard.

      So, the answer to this age-old question seems to be simple: it depends on how we define 'sound'. If we define it as 'vibrating air', the falling tree makes a sound. If we define it as a conscious experience, the lonesome falling tree does not make a sound.

      There, problem solved.

      The point of asking this question, however, is not so that it can be answered quickly and put aside.

      Rather, its point is to draw out the rather strange tension between our two very different definitions of the word 'sound'.

      On the one hand, we classify sound as a mechanistic process that exists without us, 'out there' in the world. On the other, we regard it as a private conscious experience, its existence entirely dependent on us.

      And when you dwell on this latter definition, you realize it doesn't just extend to sounds. Everything we experience --- everything we see, hear, smell, touch, taste --- all of it depends on our sensory apparatus, on us. Without us, our experiences would not exist.

      As the great 16th-century astronomer Galileo Galilei put it:

      Tastes, odors, colors, and so on... reside only in consciousness. If the living creature were removed, all these qualities would be wiped away and annihilated.

      Take away our senses, and the world of our experience would be replaced by a colorless, soundless, odorless, tasteless nothingness. Without us, what remains?

      The reason our original question --- When a tree falls in the forest, and there's no one around to hear it, does it make a sound? --- is such a teaser, is because it hits on a deeper question. Namely:

      If there was no conscious life, would the physical universe exist?

      Our kneejerk reaction to this question might be, 'of course it would'. But let's think about it again: if there was nothing conscious, then nothing would be experienced. There would be nothing resembling anything we call 'existence'. No colors, no sounds, no smells, no tastes, no touch, no sense of time, no sense of space.

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      Is consciousness more fundamental than matter?

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      For instance, in his 1710 work, A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge, the philosopher George Berkeley discusses the absurdity of a world existing independently of our conscious minds:

      It is indeed an opinion strangely prevailing amongst people that houses, mountains, rivers, and in a word all sensible objects, have an existence natural or real, distinct from their being perceived by the understanding... for what are the forementioned objects but things we perceive by sense? And what do we perceive besides our own ideas or sensations? And is it not plainly repugnant that any one of these or any combination of them should exist unperceived?

      On this view, it is absurd to say a lonesome falling tree makes a sound. For Berkeley, it is absurd to say the tree, without a conscious mind there perceiving it, even exists. (You can learn more about his mind-bending arguments for this position in our short explainer piece on Berkeley's subjective idealism, his theory that the world is in our minds).

      But to conclude this brief reflection on the tension between perception and reality, consider a comment from the Nobel Prize-winning quantum physicist Max Planck in a 1931 interview (italics added):

      I regard consciousness as fundamental. I regard matter as derivative from consciousness. We cannot get behind consciousness. Everything that we talk about, everything that we regard as existing, postulates consciousness.

      What do you think? Can we get behind consciousness?

      This is a short exploration of themes covered in our celebrated 5-day introduction to philosophy course, Life's Big Questions, in which you can learn thousands of years of philosophy with just 30 minutes of thought-provoking reading per day. Learn more and see if it's for you now:

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      About the Author

      Jack Maden

      Jack MadenFounder\ Philosophy Break

      Having received great value from studying philosophy for 15+ years (picking up a master's degree along the way), I founded Philosophy Break in 2018 as an online social enterprise dedicated to making the subject's wisdom accessible to all. Learn more about me and the project here.

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      The Buddha's Four Noble Truths

      The Buddha's Four Noble Truths: the Cure for Suffering

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      Compatibilism: Philosophy's Favorite Answer to the Free Will Debate

      Compatibilism: Philosophy's Favorite Answer to the Free Will Debate

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      The Last Time Meditation: a Stoic Tool for Living in the Present

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      https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/44272/the-road-not-taken

      The Road Not Taken

      Launch Audio in a New Window

      BY ROBERT FROST

      Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,

      And sorry I could not travel both

      And be one traveler, long I stood

      And looked down one as far as I could

      To where it bent in the undergrowth;

      Then took the other, as just as fair,

      And having perhaps the better claim,

      Because it was grassy and wanted wear;

      Though as for that the passing there

      Had worn them really about the same,

      And both that morning equally lay

      In leaves no step had trodden black.

      Oh, I kept the first for another day!

      Yet knowing how way leads on to way,

      I doubted if I should ever come back.

      I shall be telling this with a sigh

      Somewhere ages and ages hence:

      Two roads diverged in a wood, and I---

      I took the one less traveled by,

      And that has made all the difference.

      n/a

      THIS POEM HAS A POEM GUIDE

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  4. May 2024
    1. In his renowned essay,“Battle of the Books” (1698), Jonathan Swift celebrated these texts asmore excellent than moderns realized—and he bequeathed a phraseto describe the honey of the ancients that Matthew Arnold wouldlater make infamous: “sweetness and light.”

      note the "honey of the ancients" description here with a tangential nod to the commonplace tradition

      see: <br /> - https://hypothes.is/a/mCsl9voQEeuP3t8jNOyAvw<br /> - https://hypothes.is/users/chrisaldrich?q=tag%3A%22jonathan+swift%22+tag%3A%22commonplace+books%22

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Major concerns:

      (1) It is not clear about the biological significance of the inhibitory effects of human Abeta42 on gammasecretase activity. As the authors mentioned in the Discussion, it is plausible that Abeta42 may concentrate up to microM level in endosomes. However, subsets of FAD mutations in APP and presenilin 1 and 2 increase Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio and lead to Abeta42 deposition in brain. APP knock-in mice NLF and NLGF also develop Abeta42 deposition in age-dependent manner, although they produce more human Abeta42 than human Abeta40. 

      If the production of Abeta42 is attenuated, which results in less Abeta42 deposition in brain. So, it is unlikely that human Abeta42 interferes gamma-secretase activity in physiological conditions. This reviewer has an impression that inhibition of gamma-secretase by human Abeta42 is an interesting artifact in high Abeta42 concentration. If the authors disagree with this reviewer's comment, this manuscript needs more discussion in this point of view. 

      We thank the Reviewer for raising this key conceptual point, we acknowledge that it was insufficiently discussed in the original manuscript. In response to this point, we introduced the following paragraph in the discussion section of the revised manuscript:

      “From a mechanistic standpoint, the competitive nature of the Aβ42-mediated inhibition implies

      that it is partial, reversible, and regulated by the relative concentrations of the Aβ42 peptide (inhibitor) and the endogenous substrates (Figure 10C and 10D). The model that we put forward is that cellular uptake, as well as endosomal production of Aβ, result in increased intracellular concentration of Aβ42, facilitating γ-secretase inhibition and leading to the buildup of APP-CTFs (and γ-secretase substrates in general). As Aβ42 levels fall, the augmented concentration of substrates shifts the equilibrium towards their processing and subsequent Aβ production. As Aβ42 levels rise again, the equilibrium is shifted back towards inhibition. This cyclic inhibitory mechanism will translate into pulses of (partial) γsecretase inhibition, which will alter γ-secretase mediated-signaling (arising from increased CTF levels at the membrane or decreased release of soluble intracellular domains from substrates). These alterations may affect the dynamics of systems oscillating in the brain, such as NOTCH signaling, implicated in memory formation, and potentially others (related to e.g. cadherins, p75 or neuregulins). It is worth noting that oscillations in γ-secretase activity induced by treatment with a γ-secretase inhibitor semagacestat have been proposed to have contributed to the cognitive alterations observed in semagacestat treated patients in the failed Phase-3 IDENTITY clinical trial (7) and that semagacestat, like Aβ42, acts as a high affinity competitor of substrates (85).

      The convergence of Aβ42 and tau at the synapse has been proposed to underlie synaptic dysfunction in AD (86-89), and recent assessment of APP-CTF levels in synaptosome-enriched fractions from healthy control, SAD and FAD brains (temporal cortices) has shown that APP fragments concentrate at higher levels in the synapse in AD-affected than in control individuals (90).  Our analysis adds that endogenous Aβ42 concentrates in synaptosomes derived from end-stage AD brains to reach ~10 nM, a concentration that in CM from human neurons inhibits γ-secretase in PC12 cells (Figure 7). Furthermore, the restricted localization of Aβ in endolysosomal vesicles, within synaptosomes, likely increases the local peptide concentration to the levels that inhibit γ-secretase-mediated processing of substrates in this compartment. In addition, we argue that the deposition of Aβ42 in plaques may be preceded a critical increase in the levels of Aβ present in endosomes and the cyclical inhibition of γsecretase activity that we propose. Under this view, reductions in γ-secretase activity may be a (transient) downstream consequence of increases in Aβ due to failed clearance, as represented by plaque deposition, contributing to AD pathogenesis.“

      We have also added figures 10C and 10D, presented here for convenience.

      Author response image 1.

      (2) It is not clear whether the FRET-based assay in living cells really reflects gamma-secretase activity.

      This reviewer thinks that the authors need at least biochemical data, such as levels of Abeta. 

      We have established a novel, HiBiT tag based assay reporting on the global γ-secretase activity in cells, using as a proxy the total levels of secreted HiBiT-tagged Aβ peptides. The assay and findings are presented in the revised manuscript as follows:

      In the result section, in the “Aβ42 treatment leads to the accumulation of APP C-terminal fragments in neuronal cell lines and human neuron” subsection:

      “The increments in the APP-CTF/FL ratio suggested that Aβ42 (partially) inhibits the global γ-

      secretase activity. To further investigate this, we measured the direct products of the γ-secretase mediated proteolysis of APP. Since the detection of the endogenous Aβ products via standard ELISA methods was precluded by the presence of exogenous human Aβ42 (treatment), we used an N-terminally tagged version of APPC99 and quantified the amount of total secreted Aβ, which is a proxy for the global γsecretase activity. Briefly, we overexpressed human APPC99 N-terminally tagged with a short 11 amino acid long HiBiT tag in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, treated these cultures with human Aβ42 or p3 17-42 peptides at 1 μM or DAPT (GSI) at 10 µM, and determined total HiBiT-Aβ levels in conditioned media (CM). DAPT was considered to result in full γ-secretase inhibition, and hence the values recorded in DAPT treated conditions were used for the background subtraction. We found a ~50% reduction in luminescence signal, directly linked to HiBiT-Aβ levels, in CM of cells treated with human Aβ42 and no effect of p3 peptide treatment, relative to the DMSO control (Figure 3D). The observed reduction in the total Aβ products is consistent with the partial inhibition of γ -secretase by Aβ42.”

      In Methods:

      “Analysis of γ-secretase substrate proteolysis in cultured cells using secreted HiBiT-Aβ or -Aβ-like peptide levels as a proxy for the global γ-secretase endopeptidase activity

      HEK293 stably expressing APP-CTF (C99) or a NOTCH1-based substrate (similar in size as

      APP- C99) both N-terminally tagged with the HiBiT tag were plated at the density of 10000 cells per 96-well, and 24h after plating treated with Aβ or p3 peptides diluted in OPTIMEM (Thermo Fisher Scientific) supplemented with 5% FBS (Gibco). Conditioned media was collected and subjected to analysis using Nano-Glo® HiBiT Extracellular Detection System (Promega). Briefly, 50 µl of the medium was mixed with 50 µl of the reaction mixture containing LgBiT Protein (1:100) and Nano-Glo HiBiT Extracellular Substrate (1:50) in Nano-Glo HiBiT Extracellular Buffer, and the reaction was incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Luminescence signal corresponding to the amount of the extracellular HiBiT-Aβ or -Aβ-like peptides was measured using victor plate reader with default luminescence measurement settings.”

      As the direct substrate of γ -secretase was used in this analysis, the observed reduction (~50%) in the levels of N-terminally-tagged (HiBiT) Aβ peptides in the presence of 1 µM Aβ42, relative to control conditions, demonstrates a selective inhibition of γ-secretase by Aβ42 (not by the p3). These data complement the FRET-based findings presented in Figure 5.

      (3) Processing of APP-CTF in living cells is not only the cleavage by gamma-secretase. This reviewer thinks that the authors need at least biochemical data, such as levels of Abeta in Figures 4, 5 and 7.

      We tried to measure the levels of Aβ peptides secreted by cells into the culture medium directly by ELISA (using different protocols) or MS (using established methods, as reported in Koch et al, 2023), but exogenous Aβ42 (treatment) present at relatively high levels interfered with the readout and rendered the analysis inconclusive. 

      However, we were successful in the determination of total secreted (HiBiT-tagged) Aβ peptides from the HiBiT tagged APP-C99 substrate, as indicated in the previous point. The quantification of the levels of these peptides showed that Aβ42 treatment resulted in ~50% reduction in the γ -secretase mediated processing of the tagged substrate.    

      In addition, we would like to highlight that our analysis of the contribution of other APP-CTF degradation pathways, using cycloheximide-based assays in the constant presence of γ-secretase inhibitor, failed to reveal significant differences between Aβ42 treated cells and controls (Figure 6B & C). The lack of a significant impact of Aβ42 on the half-life of APP-CTFs under the conditions of γsecretase inhibition maintained by inhibitor treatment is consistent with the proposed Aβ42-mediated inhibitory mechanism.

      (4) Similar to comment #3. Processing of Pancad-CTF and p75 in living cells may be not only the cleavage by gamma-secretase. This reviewer thinks that the authors need at least biochemical data, such as levels of ICDs in Figures 6C and E. 

      To address this comment we have now performed additional experiments where we measured Nterminal Aβ-like peptides derived from NOTCH1-based substrate using the HiBiT-based assay. These experiments showed a reduction in the aforementioned peptides in the cells treated with Aβ42 relative to the vehicle control, and hence further confirmed the inhibitory action of Aβ42. These new data have been included as Figure 8D in the revised manuscript and described as follow:

      Finally, we measured the direct N-terminal products generated by γ-secretase proteolysis from a HiBiT-tagged NOTCH1-based substrate, an estimate of the global γ-secretase activity. We quantified the Aβ-like peptides secreted by HEK 293 cells stably expressing this HiBiT-tagged substrate upon treatment with 1 µM Aβ1-42,  p3 17-42 peptide or  DAPT (GSI) (Figure 8D). DAPT treatment was considered to result in a complete γ-secretase inhibition, and hence the values recorded in the DAPT condition were used for background subtraction. A ~20% significant reduction in the amount of secreted

      N-terminal HiBiT-tagged peptides derived from the NOTCH1-based substrates in cells treated with Aβ1-

      42 supports the inhibitory action of Aβ1-42 on γ-secretase mediated proteolysis.

      Minor concerns:

      (1) Murine Abeta42 may be converted to murine Abeta38 easily, compared to human Abeta42. This may be a reason why murine Abeta42 exhibits no inhibitory effect on gamma-secretase activity. 

      In order to address this question, we performed additional experiments where we assessed the processing of murine Aβ42 into Aβ38. Analogous to human Aβ42, the murine Aβ42 peptide was not processed to Aβ38 in the assay conditions. These new data have been integrated in the manuscript and added as a Supplementary figure 1B.

      (2) It is curious to know the levels of C99 and C83 in cells in supplementary figure 3.  

      The conditions used in these assays were analogous to the conditions used in the figure 3 (i.e. treatment with Aβ peptides at 1 µM concentrations). Such conditions were associated with profound and consistent APP-CTF accumulation in this model system.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      In the current study, the authors show that Aβs with low affinity for γ-secretase, but when present at relatively high concentrations, can compete with the longer, higher affinity APPC99 substrate for binding and processing. They also performed kinetic analyses and demonstrate that human Aβ1-42 inhibits γ-secretase-mediated processing of APP C99 and other substrates. Interestingly, neither murine Aβ1-42 nor human p3 (17-42 amino acids in Aβ) peptides exerted inhibition under similar conditions. The authors also show that human Aβ1-42-mediated inhibition of γ-secretase activity results in the accumulation of unprocessed, which leads to p75-dependent activation of caspase 3 in basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs) and PC12 cells. 

      These analyses demonstrate that, as seen for γ-secretase inhibitors, Aβ1-42 potentiates this marker of apoptosis. However, these are no any in vivo data to support the physiological significance of the current finding. The author should show in APP KO mice whether gamma-secretase enzymatic activity is elevated or not, and putting back Aβ42 peptide will abolish these in vivo effects. 

      The findings presented in this manuscript form the basis for further in vitro and in vivo research to investigate the mechanisms of inhibition and its contribution to brain pathophysiology. Here, we used well-controlled model systems to investigate a novel mechanism of Aβ42 toxicity. Multiple mechanisms regulate the local concentration of Aβ42 in vivo, making the dissection of the biochemical mechanisms of the inhibition more complex. Nevertheless, beyond the scope of this report, we consider these very reasonable comments as a motivation for further research activities. 

      The experimental concentrations for Aβ42 peptide in the assay are too high, which are far beyond the physiological concentrations or pathological levels. The artificial observations are not supported by any in vivo experimental evidence.

      It is correct that in the majority of the experiments we used low μM concentrations of Aβ42. However, we would like to note that we have also performed experiments where conditioned medium collected from human APP.Swe expressing neurons was used as a source of Aβ. In these experiments total Aβ concentration was in low nM range (0.5-1 nM) (Figure 7). Treatment with this conditioned medium  led to the increase APP-CTF levels, supporting  that low nM concentrations of Aβ are sufficient for partial inhibition of  γ-secretase. 

      In addition, we highlight that analyses of the brains of the AD affected individuals have shown that APPCTFs accumulate in both sporadic and genetic forms of the disease (Pera et al. 2013, Vaillant-Beuchot et al. 2021); and recently, Ferrer-Raventós et al. 2023 have revealed a correlation between APP-CTFs and Aβ levels at the synapse (Ferrer-Raventós et al. 2023). We therefore assessed the concentration of Aβ42 in synaptosomes derived from frontal cortices of post-mortem AD and age-matched non-demented (ND) control individuals. Our findings and conclusions are included in the revised version as follows: 

      In the results section:

      “We next investigated the levels of Aβ42 in synaptosomes derived from frontal cortices of post-mortem AD and age-matched non-demented (ND) control individuals (Figure 10B). Towards this, we prepared synaptosomes from frozen brain tissues using Percoll gradient procedure (62, 63). Intact synaptosomes were spun to obtain a pellet which was resuspended in minimum amount of PBS, allowing us to estimate the volume containing the resuspended synaptosome sample. This is likely an overestimate of the actual synaptosome volume. Finally, synaptosomes were lysed in RIPA buffer and Aβ peptide concentrations measured using ELISA (MSD). We observed that the concentration of Aβ42 in the synaptosomes from (end-stage) AD tissues was significantly higher (10.7 nM)  than those isolated from non-demented tissues (0.7 nM), p<0.0005***. These data provide evidence for accumulation at nM concentrations of endogenous Aβ42 in synaptosomes in end-stage AD brains. Given that we measured Aβ42 concentration in synaptosomes, we speculate that even higher concentrations of this peptide may be present in the endolysosome vesicle system, and therein inhibit the endogenous processing of APP-CTF at the synapse. Of note treatment of PC12 cells with conditioned medium containing even lower amounts of Aβ (low nanomolar range (0.5-1 nM)) resulted in the accumulation of APP-CTFs.” 

      In the discussion: 

      “The convergence of Aβ42 and tau at the synapse has been proposed to underlie synaptic dysfunction in AD (86-89), and recent assessment of APP-CTF levels in synaptosome-enriched fractions from healthy control, SAD and FAD brains (temporal cortices) has shown that APP fragments concentrate at higher levels in the synapse in AD-affected than in control individuals (90).  Our analysis adds that endogenous Aβ42 concentrates in synaptosomes derived from end-stage AD brains to reach ~10 nM, a concentration that in CM from human neurons inhibits γ-secretase in PC12 cells (Figure 7). Furthermore, the restricted localization of Aβ in endolysosomal vesicles, within synaptosomes, likely increases the local peptide concentration to the levels that inhibit γ-secretase-mediated processing of substrates in this compartment. In addition, we argue that the deposition of Aβ42 in plaques may be preceded by a critical increase in the levels of Aβ present in endosomes and the cyclical inhibition of γ-secretase activity that we propose. Under this view, reductions in γ-secretase activity may be a (transient) downstream consequence of increases in Aβ due to failed clearance, as represented by plaque deposition, contributing to AD pathogenesis. ”

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      The authors present evidence suggesting that MDA5 can substitute as a sensor for triphosphate RNA in a species that naturally lacks RIG-I. The key findings are potentially important for our understanding of the evolution of innate immune responses, but the evidence is incomplete, as additional biochemical and functional experiments are needed to unambiguously assign MDA5 as a bona fide sensor of triphosphate RNA in this model. This also leaves the title as overstating its case.

      We would like to thank the editorial team for these positive comments on our manuscript and the constructive suggestions to improve our manuscript. According to the suggestions and valuable comments of the referees, we have added substantial amounts of new data and analysis to substantiate our claims, and the manuscript, including the title, has been carefully revised to better reflect our conclusions. We are now happy to send you our revised manuscript, we hope the modified manuscript addresses your and the reviewers’ concerns satisfactorily and is suitable for publication in eLife now.

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      This study offers valuable insights into host-virus interactions, emphasizing the adaptability of the immune system. Readers should recognize the significance of MDA5 in potentially replacing RIG-I and the adversarial strategy employed by 5'ppp-RNA SCRV in degrading MDA5 mediated by m6A modification in different species, further indicating that m6A is a conservational process in the antiviral immune response.

      However, caution is warranted in extrapolating these findings universally, given the dynamic nature of host-virus dynamics. The study provides a snapshot into the complexity of these interactions, but further research is needed to validate and extend these insights, considering potential variations across viral species and environmental contexts.

      We concur with the viewpoint that virus-host coevolution complicates the derivation of universal conclusions. To address this challenge, incorporated additional experiments and data based on the suggestions of the reviewers. These experiments were carried out across diverse models, including two distinct vertebrate species (M. miiuy and G. gallus), two different viruses (SCRV and VSV), and the synthesis of corresponding 5’ppp-RNA probes. We believe that these supplementary data bolster the evidence supporting the immune replacement role of MDA5 in the recognition of 5'ppp-RNA in RIG-I deficient species (Figure 1C-1E, Figure 2O and 2P, Figure 4). Moreover, we have duly incorporated references in both the introduction and discussion sections to further support our conclusion that MDA5 in T. belangeri, a mammal lacking RIG-I, possesses the ability to detect RNA viruses posed as RIG-I agonists (doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604939113). Lastly, meticulous revisions have been undertaken in the manuscript, including adjustments to the title, to ensure harmonization with our research outcomes.

      Reviewer#2 (Public Review):

      This manuscript by Geng et al. aims to demonstrate that MDA5 compensates for the loss of RIG-I in certain species, such as teleost fish miiuy croaker. The authors use siniperca cheats rhabdovirus (SCRV) and poly(I:C) to demonstrate that these RNA ligands induce an IFN response in an MDA5-dependent manner in M. miiuy derived cells. Furthermore, they show that MDA5 requires its RD domain to directly bind to SCRV RNA and to induce an IFN response. They use in vitro synthesized RNA with a 5'triphosphate (or lacking a 5'triphosphate as a control) to demonstrate that MDA5 can directly bind to 5'-triphosphorylated RNA. The second part of the paper is devoted to m6A modification of MDA5 transcripts by SCRV as an immune evasion strategy. The authors demonstrate that the modification of MDA5 with m6A is increased upon infection and that this causes increased decay of MDA5 and consequently a decreased IFN response.

      The key message of this paper, i.e. MDA5 can sense 5'-triphosphorylated RNA and thereby compensate for the loss of RIG-I, is novel and interesting, yet there is insufficient evidence provided to prove this hypothesis. Most importantly, it is crucial to test the capacity of in vitro synthesized 5'-triphosphorylated RNA to induce an IFN response in MDA5-sufficient and -deficient cells. In addition, a number of important controls are missing, as detailed below.

      To further support the notion that MDA5 is capable of detecting 5'ppp-RNA in species lacking RIG-I, we conducted additional experiments. Initially, we isolated the RNA from SCRV and VSV viruses. Subsequently, we synthesized 5'ppp-RNA probes that corresponded to the genome termini of SCRV and VSV in vitro. Then, these RNAs were treated with Calf intestinal phosphatase (CIAP) to generate dephosphorylated derivatives. Next, we separately tested the activation ability of various RNAs on IRF3 dimer and IFN response in MKC (M. miiuy kidney cell line) and DF-1 (G. gallus fibroblast cell line) cells, and determined that the immune activation ability of SCRV/VSV viruses depends on their triphosphate structure (Figure 1C-1E, Figure 4C and 4J). In addition, the knockdown of MDA5 inhibited the immune response mediated by SCRV RNA (Figure 2P and 2Q). Finally, we incorporated essential experimental controls (Figure 4B and 4I). We think that the inclusion of these supplementary experimental data significantly enhances the credibility and further substantiates our hypothesis.

      The authors describe an interaction between MDA5 and STING which, if true, is very interesting. However, the functional implications of this interaction are not further investigated in the manuscript. Is STING required to relay signaling downstream of MDA5?

      To better explore the role of STING in MDA5 signal transduction, we constructed a STING expression plasmid and synthesized specific siRNA targeting STING. Next, we found that co-expression of STING and MDA5 significantly enhance MDA5-mediated IFN-1 response during SCRV virus infection (Figure 2N). Conversely, silencing of STING expression restored the MDA5-mediated IFN-1 response (Figure 2O). These findings provide important evidence for the critical involvement of STING in the immune signaling cascade mediated by MDA5 in response to 5'ppp-RNA viruses.

      The second part of the paper is quite distinct from the first part. The fact that MDA5 is an interferon-stimulated gene is not mentioned and complicates the analyses (i.e. is there truly more m6A modification of MDA5 on a per molecule basis, or is there simply more total MDA5 and therefore more total m6A modification of MDA5).

      For the experimental data analysis in Figure 5E and 5F, we first compared the m6A-IP group to the input group, and then normalized the control group (IgG group of 5E and Mock group of 5F) to a value of “1”. Given the observed variability in MDA5 expression levels within the input group of Mock and SCRV virus-infected cells, our analysis represents the actual m6A content of each MDA5 molecule. To enhance clarity, we have updated the label on the Y-axis in Figure 5E and 5F.

      Finally, it should be pointed out that several figures require additional labels, markings, or information in the figure itself or in the accompanying legend to increase the overall clarity of the manuscript. There are frequently details missing from figures that make them difficult to interpret and not self-explanatory. These details are sometimes not even found in the legend, only in the materials and methods section. The manuscript also requires extensive language editing by the editorial team or the authors.

      We acknowledge the valuable feedback from the reviewer and have made significant improvements to our manuscript based on the recommendations provided in the "Recommendation for the authors" section. Furthermore, we have conducted a thorough review of the entire article, resulting in substantial enhancements to the format, clarity, and overall readability of our manuscript.

      Reviewer#3 (Public Review):

      Summary: In this manuscript, the authors investigated the interaction between the pattern recognition receptor MDA5 and 5'ppp-RNA in a teleost fish called Miiuy croaker. They claimed that MDA5 can replace RIG-I in sensing 5'ppp-RNA of Siniperca cheats rhabdovirus (SCRV) in the absence of RIG-I in Miiuy croaker. The recognition of MDA5 to 5'ppp-RNA was also observed in the chicken (Gallus gallus), a bird species that lacks RIG-I. Additionally, they reported that the function of MDA5 can be impaired through m6A-mediated methylation and degradation of MDA5 mRNA by the METTL3/14-YTHDF2/3 regulatory network in Miiuy croaker under SCRV infection. This impairment weakens the innate antiviral immunity of fish and promotes the immune evasion of SCRV.

      Strengths:<br /> These findings provide insights into the adaptation and functional diversity of innate antiviral activity in vertebrates.

      Weaknesses:<br /> However, there are some major and minor concerns that need to be further addressed. Addressing these concerns will help the authors improve the quality of their manuscript.One significant issue with the manuscript is that the authors claim to be investigating the role of MDA5 as a substitute for RIG-I in recognizing 5'ppp-RNA, but their study extends beyond this specific scenario. Based on my understanding, it appears that sections 2.2, 2.3, 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 do not strictly adhere to this particular scenario. Instead, these sections tend to investigate the functional involvement of Miiuy croaker MDA5 in the innate immune response to viral infection. Furthermore, the majority of the data is focused on Miiuy croaker MDA5, with only a limited and insufficient study on chicken MDA5. Consequently, the authors cannot make broad claims that their research represents events in all RIG-I deficient species, considering the limited scope of the species studied.

      We agree with the reviewer's perspective that functional analysis of MDA5 in M. miiuy may not adequately represent all species lacking RIG-I. To address this concern, we have incorporated additional experimental data utilizing different model systems, including two different vertebrate species (M. miiuy and G. gallus), two distinct viruses (SCRV and VSV), and the synthesis of two corresponding 5’ppp-RNA probes. While the functional characterization of G. gallus MDA5 remains relatively limited compared to M. miiuy, our current experimental findings provide support for two key observations. Firstly, the triphosphate structure of the VSV virus is pivotal in activating the innate immune response in G. gallus against the virus (Figure 1D and 4J). Secondly, G. gallus MDA5 can recognize 5’ppp-RNA (Figure 4I, 4K and 4L). Consequently, although we cannot definitively establish the immune surrogate function of MDA5 in all RIG-I-deficient species, our research data further substantiates this hypothesis. Moreover, we have adopted a more cautious attitude in summarizing our experimental conclusions, thereby enhancing the rigor of our manuscript language.

      The current title of the article does not align well with its actual content. It is recommended that the focus of the research be redirected to the recognition function and molecular mechanism of MDA5 in the absence of RIG-I concerning 5'ppp-RNA. This can be achieved through bolstering experimental analysis in the fields of biochemistry and molecular biology, as well as enhancing theoretical research on the molecular evolution of MDA5. It is advisable to decrease or eliminate content related to m6A modification.

      Following the reviewer's recommendations, we have revised the title to emphasize that our main research focus is a teleost fish devoid of RIG-I. Furthermore, we have conducted additional molecular experiments to further elucidate the 5'ppp-RNA recognition function of MDA5 in RIG-I-deficient species. In an attempt to analyze the potential molecular evolution of MDA5 resulting from RIG-I deficiency, we collected MDA5 coding sequences from diverse vertebrates. However, due to multiple independent loss events of RIG-I in fish, fish with or without RIG-I genes in the phylogenetic tree cannot be effectively clustered separately, making it extremely difficult to perform this aspect of analysis. Consequently, we have regrettably opted to forgo the molecular evolution analysis of MDA5.

      Our article topic is to reveal an antagonistic phenomenon between fish receptor and RNA viruses. The MDA5 of RIG-I-lost fish has evolved the ability to recognize 5’ppp-RNA virus and mediate IFN response to resist SCRV infection. Conversely, the m6A methylation mechanism endows the SCRV virus with a means to weaken the immune capacity of MDA5. Therefore, we believe that the latter part is an important part of the arms race between the virus and its host, and should be retained.

      Additionally, the main body of the writing contains several aspects that lack rigor and tend to exaggerate, necessitating significant improvement.

      We appreciate the reviewer’s comment and have improved the manuscript addressing the points raised in the “Recommendation for the authors”. We have added corresponding experiments to strengthen the verification of the conclusions, and in addition, we are more cautious in summarizing the language of the conclusions.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) The evidential foundation within the Result 1 section appears somewhat tenuous.

      Firstly, the author derives conclusions regarding the phenomenon of RIG-I loss in lower vertebrates by referencing external literature and conducting bioinformatics analyses. It is pertinent to inquire whether the author considered fortifying these findings through additional WB/PCR experiments, particularly for evaluating RIG-I expression levels across diverse vertebrates, encompassing both lower and higher orders.

      Firstly, the species we analyzed are mostly model species with excellent genomic sequence information in the database. Secondly, the RIG-I protein sequences (at least some domain sequences) are relatively conserved in vertebrates. Therefore, the credibility of evaluating the existence of RIG-I in these species through homology comparison is high. Therefore, we do not intend to conduct additional PCR/WB experiments to confirm this.

      Additionally, following the identification of RIG-I loss, the author postulates MDA5 as a substitute of RIG-I, grounding this speculation in the analysis of MDA5 and LGP2 protein structures. It is imperative to address whether the author could enhance the manuscript by supplying expression data for MDA5 and LGP2 across different vertebrates and elucidating further why MDA5 is posited as the compensatory mechanism for RIGI loss.

      Like MDA5, LGP2 is also an interferon-stimulating gene, so they both likely exhibit high sensitivity to viral infections. Therefore, we think that comparing the expression data of these two genes is difficult to evaluate their function. In mammals, the regulatory mechanisms of LGP2 to RIG-I and MDA5 were complicated and ambiguous. To evaluate the potential function of LGP2 in M. miiuy, we further constructed LGP2 plasmid and synthesized siRNA targeting LGP2. Then, our results indicate that mmiLGP2 can enhance the antiviral immune response mediated by mmiMDA5 (Figure 1H and 1I), further indicating the regulatory role of mmiLGP2 in RLR signaling, rather than acting as a compensatory receptor for RIG-I.

      Also, is it conceivable that other receptors contribute to this compensatory effect in lower vertebrates?

      5’ triphosphate short blunt-end double-strand RNA is the ligand of RIG-I as contained in the panhandle of negative-strand viral genomes. We mainly focus on the immune recognition and compensatory effects of other receptors on RIG-I loss, and MDA5, as the protein with the most similar structure, first attracted our attention. In addition, IFIT proteins have been reported to recognize triphosphate single-stranded RNA (doi: 10.1038/nature11783). However, we used SCRV and VSV RNA as viral models, both of which have negative stranded genomes and meet the ligand standards of RIG-I, rather than IFIT. Therefore, we excluded the IFIT protein from our research scope.

      (2) The article exclusively employs a singular type of 5'PPP-RNA virus and one specific lower vertebrate species, thereby potentially compromising the robustness of the assertion that this phenomenon is prevalent in lower vertebrates. To bolster this claim, could the author consider incorporating data from an alternative 5'PPP-RNA virus and a different lower vertebrate species?

      To address this concern, we have incorporated additional experimental data utilizing different model systems, including two different vertebrate species (M. miiuy and G. gallus) and two distinct viruses (SCRV and VSV). While the functional characterization of G. gallus MDA5 remains relatively limited compared to M. miiuy, our current experimental findings provide support for two key observations. Firstly, the triphosphate structure of the VSV virus is pivotal in activating the innate immune response in G. gallus against the virus (Figure 1D and 4J). Secondly, G. gallus MDA5 can recognize 5’ppp-RNA (Figure 4I, 4K and 4L). Consequently, these experimental results further confirmed the conservatism of this immune compensation mechanism.

      (3) A nuanced consideration of the statement in Result 5 is warranted. Examination of the results under SCRV infection conditions suggests dynamic fluctuations in MDA5 expression levels, challenging the veracity of the statement implying "increased expression", which contradicts the proposed working model of this article.

      Because MDA5 acts as a receptor and plays a recognition immune role in the early stages of virus infection, the expression of MDA5 in the early stage of SCRV infection rapidly increases. In the later stage of infection, the expression of MDA5 may gradually decrease again due to the negative feedback mechanism in the host body to prevent excessive inflammation. However, compared to the uninfected group, the expression of MDA5 was significantly increased in the SCRV-infected group, so we believe that the term "increased expression" is not a problem. In addition, the m6A mechanism can weaken the function of MDA5, but it still cannot prevent the overall increase of MDA5 expression, which is not contradictory to the working model in this article.

      Additionally, the alterations in m6A levels in miiuy croaker under SCRV infection conditions warrant clarification. Could the author employ m6A dot blotting to supplement the findings related to total m6A levels?

      Our previous studies (doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200618) have suggested that the total m6A level is increased after SCRV infection in miiuy croaker. We cited this conclusion in the discussion of our manuscript.

      (4) It would be beneficial if the editors could assist the author in enhancing the language of the manuscript.

      We have carefully checked the full article and modified it with Grammarly tools, and we believe that the grammar, format, and readability of our articles have been greatly improved.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Figure 1

      (1) Figure 1B - some clarification needs to be added about this figure in the text. It is unclear what the main point is that the authors would like to convey.

      What we want to emphasize is that some species with RIG-I, such as zebrafish, have also experienced RIG-I loss events, but have undergone whole genome replication events before the loss, thus preserving a copy of RIG-I. This indicates that loss events of RIG-I are very common in vertebrates and do not occur randomly. We have elaborated on this point in the results and discussion.

      (2) Figure 1C - is not very informative other than showing Mm MDA5 and LGP2 side-by-side. It would be more useful to show a comparison of human RIG-I/MDA5 alongside Mm and Gg MDA5. Are there any conserved/shared key residues between hRIG-I/hMDA5 versus mmMDA5?

      Homologous proteins are often known to adopt the same or similar structure and function. We have added human RIG-I domain information to this figure (Figure 1F). By comparing the domain information of human RIG-I with M. miiuy MDA5 and LGP2, M. miiuy MDA5 has a similar structure to human RIG-I, making it most likely to compensate for the missing RIG-I. While M. miiuy LGP2 lacks the CARD domain, which is crucial for signal transduction, so we will shift our focus to M. miiuy MDA5. In addition, we collected protein sequences of MDA5 and RIG-I from various vertebrates to identify key residues evolved in recognizing 5'ppp-RNA by M. miiuy MDA5. However, unfortunately, no potential residues were found during the comparison process.

      Figure 2

      (1) Figure 2B - It would be important to demonstrate MDA5-Flag expression by immunoblot and compare MDA5-Flag overexpression to endogenous MDA5 expression using the anti-MDA5 antibody from panel 2A. If IF is used, more cells need to be visible in the field.

      After transfecting the MDA5 plasmid into MKC, endogenous MDA5 expression was detected using MDA5 antibodies. The results showed a significant increase in MDA5 protein levels, indicating that MDA5 antibodies can specifically recognize MDA5 protein. In addition, we retained the original immunofluorescence images to better demonstrate the subcellular localization of MDA5.

      (2) Figure 2C - The 1:1 stoichiometry of MDA5:MAVS (in the absence of any stimulus) is quite surprising. How does the interaction between MDA5 and MAVS change upon stimulation with an RNA ligand (SCRV, poly(I:C))?

      We do not believe that the actual stoichiometry between MDA5 and MAVS is what you described as 1:1. In fact, the proportion of proteins in the complex depends on many factors in the experimental results with Co-IP. Firstly, the MDA5 plasmid in this study has a 3 × Flag tag, while the MAVS only has a 1x Myc tag, which makes the antibody more sensitive for detecting MDA5-Flag. In addition, the Co-IP results are also affected by multiple factors such as the type of antibody and the number of recoveries, making it difficult to estimate the actual ratio of MDA5 to MAVS. Based on the above reasons and the fact that the detection of the interaction strength between MDA5 and MAVS after infection seems to be off-topic, we did not continue to explore this point.

      (3) Figure 2D - The interaction between MDA5 and STING is a very interesting finding but is not elaborated on in the paper (even though the interaction between MDA5 and STING is mentioned in the abstract). The manuscript would be strengthened if the interaction between MDA5 and STING is further investigated. For example, does the IFN response that is reported in panels 2E to 2H require the presence of STING? Does mmMDA5 signal via STING in response to a DNA ligand?

      We appreciate the referee's suggestion to study the mutual influence between MDA5 and STING. We found that co-expression of STING and MDA5 can enhance MDA5-mediated IFN-1 response during SCRV virus infection, while knocking down STING can restore MDA5-mediated IFN-1 (Figure 2N and 2O). This indicates that STING plays an important signaling role in the immune response of MDA5 to RNA viruses. We understand the importance of cGAS/STING pathways in identifying exogenous DNA, so exploring the MDA5 pathway for DNA ligand recognition is an interesting and meaningful perspective. But this seems to be detached from the theme of our article, so we didn't continue to explore this point.

      (4) Figures 2F and 2H - the authors demonstrate that SCRV induces a type I IFN response in an MDA5-dependent manner. While SCRV is a single-stranded negative-sense RNA virus that contains 5'ppp-RNA, it cannot be excluded that MDA5 is activated here in response to a double-stranded RNA intermediate of viral origin or even a host-derived RNA whose expression or modification is altered during infection. To demonstrate in an unambiguous manner that MDA5 senses 5'ppp-RNA, it is crucial to use the in vitro synthesized 5'ppp-RNA (and its dephosphorylated derivative as a control) from Fig. 4 in these experiments.

      We transfected 5 'ppp SCRV and 5' ppp VSV (and their dephosphorylated derivatives) synthesized in vitro into MKC cells and DF-1 cells, respectively. The results showed that 5’ppp-RNAs significantly promoted the formation of IRF3 dimers, while their dephosphorylated derivatives did not (Figure 4C and 4J). In addition, we extracted virus RNA from the SCRV and VSV viruses and dephosphorylated them with Calf intestinal phosphatase (CIAP). These RNAs were transfected into MKC and DF-1 cells and found that the immune response mediated by virus RNAs was much higher than the dephosphorylated form (Figure 1C-1E). The above results indicate that the immune response activated by SCRV and VSV is indeed dependent on their triphosphate structure. Finally, the IRF3 dimer and IFN induction activated by SCRV RNA can be inhibited by si-MDA5 (Figure 2P and 2Q), further demonstrating the involvement of MDA5 in the immune response mediated by 5’ppp-RNA ligands.

      (5) In mice and humans, MDA5 is known to collaborate with LGP2 to jointly induce an IFN response. Does M.miiuy express LGP2? If so, it would be informative to include a siRNA targeting LGP2 in the experiments in panel F. In mammals, LGP2 potentiates the response via MDA5 while it may inhibit RIG-I activation.

      M.miiuy express LGP2. We constructed an LGP2 plasmid and synthesized si-LGP2 to investigate the impact of LGP2 on MDA5-mediated immune processes (Figure 1G-1I). The results showed that LGP2 can enhance the IFN response mediated by MDA5 during SCRV virus infection, similar to that in mammals.

      (6) Minor comment - Is the poly(I:C) used in this figure high or low molecular weight poly(I:C)? HMW poly(I:C) preferentially stimulates MDA5, while LMW poly(I:C) preferentially stimulates RIG-I.

      We used poly(I:C)-HMW as a positive control for activating MDA5. We have modified the relevant information in Figure 2 and its legend.

      Figure 3

      (1) Figure 3F/G - The normalization in this Figure is difficult to interpret. It would be better to split Figure 3G into 4 separate graphs and include the mock-infected cells alongside the infected samples (as done in Figure 2).

      To better demonstrate the function of the RD domain of MDA5 in M. miiuy, we have changed the experimental plan, as shown in figure 3F. We detected the induction of antiviral factors by overexpression of MDA5 and MDA5-△RD under poly (I:C)-HMW stimulation. This can indicate that the RD domain of MDA5 has a conserved function in the recognition of poly(I:C)-HMW in M. miiuy, and can serve as a positive control for the recognition of SCRV virus by the RD domain.

      Figure 4

      (1) Figure 4B - A number of important controls are missing. Was the immunoprecipitation of RNA successful? This could be shown by running a fraction of the immunoprecipitated material on an RNA gel and/or by showing that the input RNA was depleted after IP. In addition, a control IP (Streptavidin beads without biotinylated RNA) is missing to ensure that MDA5 does not stick non-specifically to the Streptavidin resin.

      We appreciate the referee's suggestions. We rerun this experiment and added a non-biomarker RNA IP control group, and the results showed that MDA5 did not adsorb non-specific onto the beads (Figure 4B). In addition, based on the referee's suggestion, we tested the consumption of RNA before and after immunoprecipitation, and the results showed that biotin-labeled RNA, rather than non-biotin-labeled RNA, could be adsorbed by beads, indicating the success of RNA precipitation. However, we think that this is not necessary for the final presentation of the experimental results, so we did not show this in the figure.

      (2) Figure 4B - It is unclear why there is such a large molecular weight difference between endogenous MDA5 and MDA5-Flag (110 kDa versus 130/140 kDa). Why is there less MDA5-Flag retrieved than endogenous MDA5?

      After careful analysis, we believe that the significant difference in molecular weight between endogenous MDA5 and MDA5 Flag may be due to three reasons. Firstly, MDA5 flag has a 3× Flag tag. Secondly, as shown in the primer table, we constructed MDA5 between the NotI and XbaI cleavage sites in the pcDNA3.1 vector, which are located at the posterior position in the vector. This means that the Flag tag has a certain distance from the starting codon of MDA5, and these sequences on the vector can also be translated and increase the molecular weight of the exogenous MDA5 protein. Finally, in order to facilitate the amplification of the primers, the F-terminal primers of MDA5 contain a small portion of the 3'UTR sequence (excluding the stop codon). These above reasons may have led to significant differences in molecular weight. In addition, in order to supplement important experimental controls, we have conducted a new RNA pull-down experiment as shown in Figure 4B.

      (3) Minor point: Figure 4B - please clarify in the figure whether RNA or protein is immunoprecipitated and via which tags.

      We have conducted a new RNA pull-down experiment as shown in Fig 4B, and we have clearly labeled the relevant information in the figure.

      (4) Figure 4E - the fraction of MDA5 that binds 5'ppp-RNA seems incredibly minor. And why is this experiment done using 5'OH-RNA as a competitor, rather than simply incubating MDA5 and 5'OH-RNA together and demonstrating that these do not form a complex?

      The proportion of MDA5 combined with 5’ppp-RNA is influenced by many conditions, including the concentration and purity of the probe and purified protein. In addition, the dosage ratio between the RNA probe and MDA5 protein in the EMSA experiment can also have a significant impact on the results. Therefore, it is not possible to accurately determine the actual binding force between MDA5 and RNA. In the EMSA experimental program, both cold probes (5’ppp-RNA) and mutated cold probes (5’OH-RNA and 5’pppGG-RNA) are crucial for demonstrating the specific binding between MDA5 and 5’ppp-RNA, as they can exclude false positive errors caused by factors such as the presence of biotin in the purified MDA5 protein itself.

      (5) Figure 4B/4C/4F - These experiments would be strengthened by including an MDA5 mutant that cannot bind to RNA. These mutants are well-described in mammals. If these residues are conserved, it is straightforward to generate this mutant.

      As shown in Figure 3, the MDA5 of M. miiuy has an RD domain that can recognize the SCRV virus. We constructed MDA5-△RD mutant plasmids with 6x His-tags and purified them for EMSA experiments (Figure 4E). The experimental results further indicate that MDA5, rather than MDA5-△RD, can bind to 5’ppp-SCRV (Figure 4G). This further confirms the crucial role of the RD domain in recognizing the 5'ppp-RNA virus.

      (6) Minor point: Figure 4E: please clarify in which lanes MDA5 has been added.

      Thank you for the referee's suggestion. We have synthesized new 5'ppp-RNA probes (5’ppp-SCRV and their dephosphate derivatives) and rerun this experiment, and relevant information has been added in the Figure (Figure 4F).

      Figure 5

      (1) Figure 5C - As MDA5 is an interferon-stimulated gene (as shown in panel G/H/I)) the increased MDA5 expression could simply explain the increase in the amount of m6A-MDA5 that is immunoprecipitated after infection. Could this figure be improved by doing a fold change between input vs m6A-IP OR uninfected vs SCRV-infected conditions? This would reveal whether the modification of MDA5 with m6A is really increased after infection.

      As shown in Figure 5F below, our data indicates that the proportion of m6A-modified MDA5 does indeed increase after SCRV infection, rather than solely due to the increased expression of MDA5 itself.

      (2) Figure. 5E/F - The y-axis is unclear: relative MDA5 m6A levels. Relative to what? Input? Mock infected?

      For experiments in Figure 5E/F, we first compared the m6A-IP group with the input group, and then normalized the control group (IgG group of 5E and Mock group of 5F) to “1”. We have replaced the Y-axis name with a clearer one (Figure 5E and 5F).

      (3) General comment - It is not mentioned in the text that MDA5 is an interferon-stimulated gene. This would account for the increase in expression (qPCR) after viral infection or poly(I:C) transfection, hence there is no novelty in this finding. In addition, the authors suggest that MDA5 increases at the protein level (by immunoblot) but the increase on these blots is not convincing (figure 5H/5I).

      We understand that the increase in expression of MDA5 as an interferon-stimulated gene after viral infection is a common phenomenon. We present this to further validate the m6A sequencing transcriptome data, and to demonstrate that although m6A modification interferes with MDA5 expression during viral infection, it cannot prevent the increase of mRNA level of MDA5. In addition, we rerun the experiment and the results showed that the expression of MDA5 protein can indeed be specifically activated by the SCRV virus and poly(I:C)-HMW.

      Figure 6

      (1) Figure 6E - What was the MOI of the virus used in this experiment? It is not mentioned in the figure legend.

      MOI=5, we have added this point in the figure legend.

      Figure 7

      (1) Figure 7J - This graphic is somewhat misleading and should be altered to better reflect the conclusions that are drawn in the manuscript. The graphic suggests that MAVS and STING interact, but this is not demonstrated in the paper. In addition, the paper does not demonstrate whether MAVS or STING (or both) are needed downstream of MDA5 to relay signalling. Finally, please draw an arrow from type I IFNs to increased expression of MDA5 to illustrate that MDA5 is an ISG.

      Thank you for the referee's suggestion. We have revised the images to more accurately match the conclusions of the manuscript (Figure 7J). Firstly, we have separated the STING protein from the MAVS protein. Secondly, arrows have been used to indicate that MDA5 is an IFN-stimulated gene. Finally, as we have added relevant experiments to demonstrate the importance of MITA protein in the signaling process of MDA5-activated IFN response. In addition, the function of MAVS binding to MDA5 protein and promoting its signal transduction is very conserved, and there is a good research background even in fish with RIG-I deficiency (10.1016/j.dci.2021.104235). Therefore, in Figure 7J, we still chose to bind MAVS to MDA5 protein and use it as a downstream signal transducer of MDA5.

      Discussion<br /> (1) There is very little discussion about METTL and YTHDF proteins in the discussion despite the fact that the last 2 figures are entirely devoted to these proteins.

      Based on the referee's suggestion, we have added relevant content about METTL and YTHDF proteins in the discussion. In addition, the basic mechanism and function of METTL and YTHDF proteins were briefly described in the introduction.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Please refer to the specific suggestions and recommendations. They include proposals for experimental additions, improved methodologies, and suggestions to resolve writing-related concerns.

      Major concerns

      (1) I suggest changing the article title to "Functional Replacement of RIG-I with MDA5 in Fish Miiuy Croaker", or a similar title, to make it more focused and closely aligned with the content of the article.

      Following the reviewer's recommendations, we have revised the title to emphasize our primary research subject is a teleost fish that lacks RIG-I. In addition, we have changed “5’ppp-RNA” to “5’ppp-RNA virus” to emphasize the interaction between the virus and the receptor. We believe that the revised title is more in line with the content of the article.

      (2) Due to the inherent limitations in genome sequencing, assembly, and annotation for the Miiuy croaker, comprehensive annotation of immune-related genes remains incomplete. To address this critical gap, it is recommended that authors establish experimental protocols, such as Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH), to confirm the absence of RIG-I in the Miiuy croaker. They should simultaneously employ MDA5 probes as a positive control for validation purposes.

      The miiuy croaker has good genomic information at the chromosomal level (doi: 10.1016/j.aaf.2021.06.001). In addition, studies have shown that RIG-I is absent in the orders of Perciformes (doi: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100012), while miiuy croaker belongs to the order Perciformes, so it does indeed lose the RIG-I gene. Therefore, we do not intend to use FISH technology to prove this.

      (3) Similarly, it is recommended that the authors first provide evidence of the presence of 5'ppp at the 5' terminus of the genome RNA of SCRV, as demonstrated in the study by Goubau et al. (doi: 10.1038/nature13590, Supplementary figure 1). This evidence is crucial before drawing conclusions about the compensatory role of MDA5 in recognizing 5'ppp RNA viruses, using SCRV as the viral model.

      As suggested by the referee, we extracted SCRV RNA from SCRV virus particles and assessed the 5’-phosphate-dependence of stimulation by SCRV RNA. Calf intestinal phosphatase (CIAP) treatment substantially reduced the stimulatory activity of SCRV RNA in MKC cells of M. miiuy (Figure 1C and 1E). In addition, similar results were obtained by transfecting VSV-RNA isolated from VSV virus into DF-1 cells of G. gallus (Figure 1D). The above evidences confirm the presence of triphosphate molecular features between SCRV and VSV viruses, and indicating that birds and fish lacking RIG-I have other receptors that can recognize 5’ppp-RNA.

      (4) The 62-nucleotide (nt) 5'ppp-RNA utilized in this study was obtained from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV). In order to provide direct evidence, it is necessary to include a 62-nt 5'ppp-RNA that is directly derived from SCRV itself.

      We adopted this suggestion and synthesized a 67-nucleotide 5’ppp-SCRV RNA probe. We found that 5’ppp-SCRV activates dimerization of IRF3 and binds to MDA5 of M. miiuy in a 5’-triphosphate-dependent manner (Figure 4A-4F).

      (5) Given that RNAs with uncapped diphosphate (PP) groups at the 5′ end also activate RIG-I, similar to RNAs with 5′-PPP moieties, and the 5′-terminal nucleotide must remain unmethylated at its 2′-O position to allow RNA recognition by RIG-I, it is necessary for the authors to conduct additional experiments to supplement and validate these two distinguishing features of RIG-I in RNA recognition. This will provide more reliable evidence for the replacement of RIG-I by MDA5 in RNA recognition.

      Thank you for the reviewer's professional suggestions. We understand that exploring the combination of 5’pp-RNA and 2′-O-methylated RNA with MDA5 can further demonstrate the alternative function of MDA5. But we think that the use of 5’ppp-RNA and their dephosphorylation derivatives can fully demonstrate that the MDA5 of M. miiuy and G. gallus have evolved to recognize 5’triphosphate structure like human RIG-I. Therefore, we do not intend to conduct any additional experiments

      (6) In section 2.3, the authors assert that Miiuy croaker recognizes SCRV through its RD domain. This claim is supported by their data showing that cells overexpressed with the MDA5 ΔRD mutant lost the ability to inhibit SCRV replication. As a result, the authors draw the conclusion that "these findings provide evidence that MDA5 may recognize 5'-triphosphate-dependent RNA (5'ppp-RNA) through its RD domain." However, to strengthen their argument, the authors should first demonstrate that during SCRV infection, MDA5-mediated antiviral immune response is indeed initiated by recognizing the 5'ppp part of the SCRV RNA, rather than the double-strand part (which can exist in ssRNA virus) of the viral RNA, as this is naturally a ligand for MDA5. Additionally, the authors should treat the isolated SCRV RNA with CIP to remove the phosphate group and examine the binding of MDA5 with SCRV RNA before and after treatment. They should also transfect CIP-treated or untreated SCRV RNA into MDA5 knockdown and wild-type MKC cells to investigate the induction of antiviral signaling and levels of viral replication. Finally, the authors should verify the binding ability of the mutants with isolated SCRV RNA, with or without CIP treatment, to determine which domain of MDA5 is responsible for SCRV 5'ppp-RNA recognition.

      We understand the reviewer's concern that MDA5 may be identified by binding to dsRNA in the SCRV virus. Based on the reviewer's suggestion, we extracted SCRV RNA and obtained its dephosphorylated RNA using Calf intestinal phosphatase (CIAP). Next, we transfected them into MDA5-knockdown and wild-type MKC cells, and detected the dimerization of IRF3 and IFN reaction. The results indicate that SCRV RNA does indeed activate immunity in a triphosphate-dependent manner, and knockdown of MDA5 prevents immune activation of SCRV RNA (Figure 1C and 1E, Figure 2P and 2Q). Finally, we synthesized a 5'ppp-SCRV RNA probe and demonstrated that MDA5 binds to 5'ppp-SCRV through the RD domain (Figure 4E-4G). We believe that these results can better demonstrate that MDA5 recognizes 5’ppp-RNA through its RD domain and addresses the concerns of the reviewers.

      (7) Similarly, merely presenting Co-IP data demonstrating the interaction between Miiuy croaker MDA5 and STING in overexpressed EPC cells does not justify the claim that "in vertebrates lacking RIG-I, MDA5 can utilize STING to facilitate signal transduction in the antiviral response". This is because interactions observed through overexpression may not accurately reflect the events occurring during viral infection or their actual antiviral functions. To provide more robust evidence, it is essential to conduct functional experiments after STING knockout (or at least knockdown). Furthermore, it is important to note that Miiuy Croaker alone cannot adequately represent all "vertebrates lacking RIG-I".

      We found that co-expression of STING and MDA5 can enhance MDA5-mediated IFN-1 response during SCRV virus infection, while knocking down STING can restore MDA5-mediated IFN-1 response (Figure 2N and 2O). This indicates that STING plays an important signaling role in the immune response of MDA5 to RNA viruses. In addition, loss of RIG-I is a common phenomenon in vertebrates, and STING of birds such as chickens (doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500638) and mammalian tree shrews (doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604939113) can also bind to MDA5, indicating that STING can indeed play a crucial role in MDA5 signaling in species with RIG-I deficiency. We have added this section to our discussion and elaborated on our observations in more cautious language.

      (8) In the manuscript, a series of experiments were conducted using an antibody (Beyotime Cat# AF7164) against endogenous MDA5. The corresponding immunogen for this MDA5 antibody is a recombinant fusion protein containing amino acids 1-205 of human IFIH1/MDA5 (NP_071451.2). However, the amino acid sequences of IFIH1/MDA5 differ substantially between humans and Miiuy croaker, which could introduce errors in the results. Therefore, it is essential to employ antibodies specifically designed for targeting Miiuy croaker's own MDA5 in the experiments.

      As shown in Figure 2B, endogenous MDA5 antibodies can detect the MDA5 portion that is forcibly overexpressed by plasmids, suggesting that the MDA5 antibody can indeed specifically recognize the MDA5 protein of M. miiuy.

      (9) It is recommended to investigate the phosphorylation of IRF3 in order to confirm the downstream signaling pathway during viral infection when MDA5 is knocked down or overexpressed.

      Due to the lack of available phosphorylation antibodies for fish IRF3, we used IRF3 dimer experiments to detect downstream signaling (Figure 1C and 1D, Figure 2P, Figure 4C and 4J).

      (10) The use of poly I:C as a mimic for dsRNA to investigate MDA5's recognition of 5'ppp-RNA in hosts lacking RIG-I, as well as the examination of the regulatory role of MDA5 m6A methylation upon activation by 5'ppp-RNA, may be inappropriate. Poly I:C does not possess 5'ppp, and while it has been identified as a ligand for MDA5 in various studies, MDA5 cannot serve as a substitute for RIG-I in recognizing poly (I:C). Therefore, the authors should utilize 5'ppp-dsRNA as the mimic and include the corresponding 5'ppp-dsRNA control without a 5'triphosphate as the negative control (both available from InvivoGen). This approach will specifically elucidate the mechanisms involved when MDA5 functions similarly to RIG-I in the recognition of 5'ppp-RNA.

      In our study, we used poly(I:C)-HMW, a known dsRNA mimetic that can be preferentially recognized by MDA5 rather than RIG-I, as a positive control for activating MDA5. What we want to demonstrate is that, like poly(I:C)-HMW (positive control), SCRV can also promote MDA5-mediated IFN immunity, further indicating the important role of MDA5 in 5’ppp-RNA virus invasion. We have clearly labeled the type of poly(I:C) in the figures and legends to avoid misunderstandings for readers.

      (11) In Figure 2, Figure 3, and Figure 6, the appearance of virus plaques is not readily apparent, and it is necessary to replace these images with clearer photographs. It appears that MKC or MPC cells are not appropriate for conducting plaque assays. To accurately assess viral proliferation, the authors should measure key indicators throughout the process, such as the production of positive-strand RNAs (+RNAs), replication intermediates (RF), and transcription of subgenomic RNAs. This approach is preferable to solely measuring the M and G protein genes from the virus genome as positive results can still be observed in contaminated cells.

      As pointed out by the reviewer, we also think that the virus plaque images in Figure 2K and Figure 3D are not clear enough, so we have replaced them with new clear images (Figure 2J and Figure 3D). But we think that other images can clearly display the proliferation of the SCRV virus, so we did not replace them. In addition, the primers we currently use do measure +RNA, so the replication level of the SCRV virus can be accurately evaluated without being affected by virus contamination. Because the regions where the two pairs of primers are located belong to the SCRV-M and SCRV-G protein genes, we label them as SCRV-M and SCRV-G to distinguish between the two pairs of genes. To avoid reader misunderstanding, we have modified the Y-axis label in the figures (Figure 2I and 2K, Figure 3E, Figure 6E and 6O).

      (12) There is a substantial disparity in the molecular size of M. miiuy MDA5 between endogenous and exogenously expressed proteins, as shown in Figure 2A and 2C-D. Please provide clarification.

      Please refer to the response to Reviewer 2's question regarding Figure 4B above.

      (13) The manuscript incorporates the evolutionary perspective, but lacks specific evolutionary analysis. Thus, it is essential to include relevant analysis to comprehend the evolutionary dynamics and positive selection on MDA5 and LGP2 in the absence of RIG-I in Miiuy croaker. This can be achieved through theoretical calculations using appropriate algorithms, such as the branch models and branch-site models based on the maximum-likelihood method implemented in the phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood (PAML) package.

      In fact, we have analyzed the molecular evolution of MDA5 and LGP2. Unfortunately, even when analyzing only the MDA5/LGP2 CDS sequences in fish, we found that the topologies of gene trees of MDA5/LGP2 were largely consistent with the species tree. Thus, species with or without RIG-I in the gene trees cannot effectively separate clusters, making it extremely difficult to analyze the molecular evolution of MDA5/LGP2 caused by RIG-I deficiency. Consequently, we gave up this aspect of analysis.

      (14) If the narrative regarding m6A methylation goes beyond the activation of MDA5 through recognition of 5'ppp-RNA and represents a regulatory mechanism for all MDA5 activation events, it is not relevant to the theme of "An arms race under RIG-I loss: 5'ppp-RNA and its alternative recognition receptor MDA5." Therefore, all investigations in this paper should focus solely on events when MDA5 recognizes 5'ppp-RNA. Any data associated with the broader regulatory mechanisms and m6A methylation of MDA5 should be excluded from this manuscript and instead be included in a separate study dedicated to exploring this specific topic.

      Our theme aims to showcase RNA viruses, rather than an interaction between 5'ppp-RNA and host virus receptors, which our current topic cannot accurately express. Therefore, we made two main changes: firstly, we limited the study species to M. miiuy, although some studies on the functional substitution of MDA5 for RIG-I involved birds. Secondly, change “5’ppp-RNA” to “5’ppp-RNA virus”. We believe that the revised title is more in line with our current research contents.

      (15) The running title appears to be hastily done.

      We modified it to “MDA5 recognizes 5’ppp-RNA virus in species lacking RIG-I”.

      (16) There are many descriptions that are not strongly related to the main theme of the article in the introduction section, making it lengthy and fragmented. Please focus on the research background of RIG-I and MDA5, including their structures, functions, and regulatory mechanisms, as well as the research progress on the compensatory effect of MDA5 in the absence of RIG-I and its evolutionary adaptation mechanism in other species.

      Based on the suggestions of the reviewers, we have removed some of the less relevant content in the introduction and added research progress on the compensatory effect of MDA5 in the evolutionary adaptation mechanism of tree shrews in the absence of RIG-I.

      (17) Lines 149-156 in the "Results" section include content that resembles an "Introduction" It is important to avoid duplicating information in the results section. Therefore, the authors are encouraged to revise this paragraph to ensure conciseness in the article.

      We have streamlined this section to enhance the article's conciseness and clarity.

      (18) In the "Results" section, at line 177, the authors assert, "As depicted in Figure 1F-1H," which should be corrected to Figure 2F-2H. Furthermore, the y-axis of the two figures on the right-hand side of Figure 2H represents the ISG15 genes. At line 182, "as demonstrated in Figure 1I-1L," should be revised as "as illustrated in Figure 2I-2L". The authors demonstrated a lack of attention to detail.

      Thank you to the reviewer for pointing out our errors, and we have made the necessary corrections.

      (19) In lines 197-198, the authors stated that "MDA5-ΔRD showed an inability to interact with SCRV." However, Figure 3D did not reveal any significant difference, thus it is advisable to repeat this experiment at least once.

      We have replaced this virus spot image with a new one (Figure 3D).

      (20) In lines 200-201 of the "2.3 RD domain is required for MDA5 to recognize SCRV" section, the authors report that the expression of antiviral genes was induced by the overexpression of both MDA5 and MDA5-ΔRD, even in the absence of infection (Figure 3F). Why does the expression of antiviral genes increase in the absence of viral RNA stimulation? Please provide a reasonable explanation.

      In the absence of viral infection, overexpression of viral receptor proteins may still transmit erroneous signaling, affecting the body's immunity. We speculate that due to the preservation of the CARD domain by MDA5 and MDA5-ΔRD, they can still induce the expression of antiviral factors without ligands, although this induction effect is much smaller than that of viral infection. However, in order to better demonstrate the function of the RD domain of MDA5 in M. miiuy, we have changed the experimental plan, as shown in the figure 3F. We detected the induction of antiviral factors by overexpression of MDA5 and MDA5-△RD under poly (I:C)-HMW stimulation. This can indicate that the RD domain has a conserved function in the recognition of poly(I:C)-HMW in M. miiuy, and can serve as a positive control for the recognition of SCRV virus invasion by the RD domain of MDA5.

      (21) Please provide the GeneBank accession number of M. miiuy MDA5.

      The GeneBank accession number of M. miiuy MDA5 was added in the section 4.5 plasmids construction.

      (22) The content of lines 228-233 in the "Results" section bears resemblance to that of the "Introduction." To ensure the avoidance of information duplication, it is recommended to remove this paragraph from the results section.

      This section has been streamlined.

      (23) The bands of mmiMDA5 in the 5'ppp-RNA and dsRNA lanes in Figure 4B are weak and almost unobservable. Please replace them with clear images.

      We have rerun this experiment and replaced the images (Figure 4B).

      (24) In Figure 5G and at line 253, there are only results presented for the SCRV infection group, while no results are shown for the control group. This raises the question of why the control group results are missing. It is necessary to provide a reasonable explanation or correction for this issue.

      The "0 h" infection time point of the SCRV virus is the control group, and we have replaced it with a more intuitive image (Figure 5G).

      (25) In Figure 7C, it would be necessary to include the western blot result of YTHDF protein expression in order to verify the efficiency of YTHDF siRNA.

      In fact, we have attempted to detect the endogenous expression of YTHDF protein using available commercial antibodies. Unfortunately, only the YTHDF2 antibody can specifically recognize the endogenous protein expression of YTHDF2 in M. miiuy. In addition, the knockdown effect of si-YTHDF2 has been validated by YTHDF2 antibody (doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200618).

      (26) In line 422 of the "4.3 Cell culture and treatment" section, the paragraph raises a question regarding the nature of Miiuy croaker kidney cells (MKCs) and spleen cells (MPCs) - whether they are cell lines or freshly isolated cells (or primary cultures) derived from kidney and spleen tissues. If these cells are indeed cell lines, it is requested to provide detailed information about the sources and properties of the cells (such as whether they are epithelial cells or other mixed cell types) and the generations of propagation. Alternatively, if the cells were freshly isolated or primary cultures obtained from fish, the method for cell isolation should be provided. The source and stability of cells are extremely important for ensuring the repeatability and reliability of experimental outcomes.

      M. miiuy kidney cells (MKCs) and spleen cells (MPCs) are cell lines derived from the kidney and spleen tissues of M. miiuy, with passages ranging from 20 to 40 times. These details have been incorporated into section 4.3.

      (27) There are many inaccurate descriptions in the text, which employ concepts that are too broad. These descriptions need to be narrowed down to specific species or objects. Here are a few examples, along with the necessary revisions. Other similar instances should also be revised accordingly. For instance, in line 119, "fish MDA5" should be changed to "Miiuy croaker MDA5." Similarly, in line 166, "fish MDA5-mediated signaling pathway" should be changed to "Miiuy croaker MDA5-mediated signaling pathway." In line 174, "fish MDA5" should be revised to "Miiuy croaker MDA5." Additionally, in line 185, "antiviral responses of teleost" should be changed to "antiviral responses of Miiuy croaker." In line 197, "interact with SCRV" should be revised to "interact with 5'ppp-RNA of SCRV." In line 337, "loss of RIG-I in the vertebrate" should be modified to "loss of RIG-I in Miiuy croaker and chicken." Similarly, in line 338, "MDA5 of fish" should be changed to "MDA5 of Miiuy croaker." Lastly, in line 348, "RIG-I deficient vertebrates" should be revised to "RIG-I deficient Miichthys miiuy and Gallus gallus."

      Thank you for the reviewer's suggestions. We have made revisions to these inaccurate descriptions and reviewed the entire manuscript to address similar statements with broad concepts.

      (28) Finally, it should be noted that a similar discovery has already been reported in tree shrews (Ling Xu, et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci., 2016, 113(39):10950-10955). This article shares similarities with that research report, therefore it is necessary to discuss in detail the relationship between the two in the discussion and compare and analyze the evolutionary patterns of MDA5 from it.

      Based on the reviewer's suggestions, we have compared the similarities and differences between these two reports during the discussion and analyzed the evolutionary dynamics of MDA5 in these vertebrates lacking RIG-I.

      Minor concerns:

      Thank you to the reviewer for their meticulous examination to our manuscript, we have made revisions to the following suggestions.

      (1) At line 120, the sentence "SCRV(one 5'ppp-RNA virus)" should have a space between "SCRV" and "(one 5'ppp-RNA virus)". Please make this correction.

      Corrected.

      (2) At lines 147-148, the sentence "However, the downstream gene of TOPORSa is missing a RIG-I" is not accurate and needs modification.

      We have modified this sentence.

      (3) At line 184, "findings indicate" should be corrected to "findings indicated".

      Corrected.

      (4) At line 189, "a 5'ppp-RNA virus" should be deleted and the text seems redundant.

      Deleted.

      (5) At line 198, "replication. (Figure 3C-3E)", please remove the punctuation between "replication" and "(Figure 3C-3E)".

      Corrected.

      (6) At line 416 in "Materials and methods" section, "4.2 Sample and challenge" should be corrected to "4.2 Fish and challenge".

      Corrected.

      (7) At line 419, the authors state that "The experimental procedure for SCRV infection was performed as described", please briefly describe the SCRV infection method and the infectious dose.

      Based on the reviewer's suggestions, we have added relevant descriptions of SCRV infection in section 4.2.

      (8) There are several formatting issues in the "Materials and Methods" section. For instance, in line 424, there is no space between the number and letter in "100 μg/ml" and "26 ℃" should be corrected to "26℃". Additionally, in line 430, "Cells" should be corrected to "cells".

      Corrected.

      (9) At line 446, "50 ng/ul" and "100 mU/ul" should be corrected to "50 ng/μl" and "100 mU/μl".

      Corrected.

      (10) At line 459, "primers 1)" should be corrected to "primers".

      Corrected.

      (11) At lines 461-464, the description "For protein purification, MDA5 plasmids with 6× His tag was constructed based on pcDNA3" seems to be no direct logical connection between protein purification and the plasmid construction. Please make the necessary corrections.

      Corrected.

      (12) At line 548, "cytoplasmic" should be corrected to "Cytoplasmic".

      Corrected.

      (13) At line 549, "5× 107" should be corrected to "5 × 107".

      Corrected.

      (14) At line 557, "MgCl2" should be corrected to "MgCl2".

      Corrected.

      (15) At line 558, "6 %" should be corrected to "6%".

      Corrected.

      (16) At line 565, "50μg" should be corrected to "50 μg".

      Corrected.

      (17) At line 571, "300{plus minus}50 bp." should be corrected to "300 {plus minus} 50 bp."

      Corrected.

      (18) At lines 592-593, the sentence "After several incubations, the m6A level was quantified colorimetrically at a wavelength of 450 nm" does not read smoothly, please improve it.

      Revised.

      (19) At line 786, "MDA5 recognize" should be corrected to "MDA5 recognized".

      Corrected.

      (20) At lines 788 and 798, "Pulldown" should be corrected to "Pull-down".

      Corrected.

      (21) At lines 790 and 796, "bluestaining" should be corrected to "blue staining".

      Deleted.

      (22) At line 825, "SCRV and infection" should be corrected to "SCRV infection".

      Corrected.

      (23) At lines 826-827, "SCRV (H) and poly(I:C) (I) infection" should be corrected to "SCRV infection (H) and poly(I:C) stimulation (I)".

      Corrected.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The authors report a mass spectrometry (MS)-based interactomics technique, time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP), which allows for tracking temporal changes in the interactome of protein of interest. To show that TRIP can successfully deconvolute interactomes over time, they pulsed thyroid cells with homopropargylglycine (Hpg), immunoprecipitated the Hpg incorporated thyroglobulin (Tg) and its interacting proteins at different time points, and subjected the samples to tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative MS analysis. The MS results show that WT and variant Tg proteins indeed associate with different proteostasis network factors in a differential manner over the course of time. In addition, they utilized an siRNA-based luciferase fusion assay to evaluate whether silencing each proteostasis network component changes the levels of Tg in both lysate and media. From the combination of the TRIP and siRNA-based assays, they found many hits, including hits implicated in protein degradation, VCP and TEX264, which they validated with multiple experiments.

      I am overall quite positive and think this is an important study. But there are some meaningful points to consider.

      Our Response: We thank Reviewer #1 for their positive outlook on our manuscript and their constructive feedback. We have addressed the comments below.

      Significant comments:

      Reviewer #1, Comment #1: Oonly two replicates of the main data (the TRIP-MS experiments) for this paper is problematic. Especially since the manuscript is supposed to be demonstrating and validating the new technique. Consistent with this concern, the relative enrichment profiles for some of the results were surprising. For instance, interaction with CCDC47 was tapering off but then at 3 h it suddenly reaches the maximum level of engagement. Is this a real finding or the variability in the method? Impossible to tell with two replicates. Presenting heat maps based on biological duplicates is also very problematic. It masks the error, which is large as can be seen in some of the panels showing individual proteins. In my view, triplicates and a clear understanding of the error in the technique should be required.

      Our Response: The TRIP datasets for WT Tg contains 5 biological replicates, while the A2234D and C1264R Tg contains 6 biological replicates. Two replicates are typically included in a TMTpro 16plex mass spectrometry run, and each analysis consists of 3 MS runs. We apologize that the number of replicates and layout of the MS runs was not clearly explained. Data for individual replicates is found in Dataset EV1, Dataset EV3, and a newly added Table EV3 delineates the sample layout across the TMT channels and MS runs. We clarified the text as follows:

      "Subsequently, two sets of TRIP time course samples (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 hr) could be pooled using the 16plex TMTpro and analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Fig 2A). In total, 5 biological replicates were analyzed for WT and 6 biological replicates were analyzed for A2234D and C1264R, respectively (Table EV3)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #2: The same concern arises for the high-throughput siRNA screen, which was performed only in duplicate for WT and A2234D.

      Our Response: While the initial screen was performed in duplicate for WT and A2234D, which is common for larger screens due to resource constraints, we would like to direct the reviewer to the fact that we followed up on observed hits using thyroid cell lines with many more replicates. Furthermore, most hits came from the C1264R Tg variant, which had three replicates in the initial screen. Hits were also extensively followed-up.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #3: *There are issues with some of the immunoprecipitation experiments: In Figure 1C, a negative control for FLAG IP is missing. *

      *-In Figure 2B, I am curious why the band (Hpg -, chase time 0 h) is so faint for the first WB (IB for FLAG) - is Hpg treatment indeed leading to much more Tg present at 0 h? If so, that is a concern. *

      -Also, a negative control must be included (either plain cells or cells expressing fluorescent protein or a different epitope-tagged WT Tg).

      -In this same figure, I am puzzled why the bands for 1.5-3 timepoints in Biotin PD elution, probed for Rhodamine, are very faint especially considering that in Figure 1D, the corresponding bands, which are 4 h after the pulse, look fine. It seems like the IP failed here?

      Our Response: In Fig 2B, we have updated this figure with higher-quality images that are more representative of the results found when performing this experiment. Furthermore, to address the missing negative controls in Fig. 1C, we have added a separate figure (Fig EV2) where (-) FLAG-tagged Tg is included in this panel. We updated the text as follows:

      "Furthermore, the C-terminal FLAG-tag and Hpg labeling are necessary for this two-stage enrichment strategy, and DSP crosslinking is necessary to capture these interactions after stringent wash steps (Fig 1D, Fig EV2)."

      Regarding the Biotin PD rhodamine/TAMRA signal in Fig 2B: The blots in this figure panel represent the time-resolved Tg fractions from cell lysate, corresponding only to intracellular thyroglobulin. The decrease in band intensity for 1.5-3 hr time points is expected due to continued secretion and/or degradation dynamics taking place that decrease the intracellular population of labeled thyroglobulin that is able to be captured. For comparison, please note the C1264R panel (Fig 2C), where the rhodamine/TAMRA signal in the Biotin PD elutions is more stable compared to WT, indicating the cellular retention of C1264R while WT Tg is efficiently secreted and the signal is lost more rapidly. Fig 1D contains samples derived from a 4 hr Hpg pulse (without chase), explaining why the overall fluorescent Tg signal is more intense.

      Suggestion to consider:

      Reviewer #1, Comment #4: This manuscript, supported by the title and abstract, mainly focuses on the presentation of the development and application of TRIP, which is highly significant. The story becomes less coherent and harder to follow as significant amounts of text/figures are dedicated to siRNA-based high throughput screening and follow-up. In addition, although the discovery of TEX264 as one of the hits is very interesting and exciting, TEX264 apparently was not a hit in the TRIP experiment and is pretty distracting from the main point of the paper highlighted in the abstract and title, therefore. The siRNA-based assay and follow-up studies could be a separate scientific story of their own. Especially considering my concerns on the number of replicates for both the TRIP and siRNA-based assay, it could be beneficial to actually split the manuscript into two and conduct more replicates of the -omic work, which should corroborate the exciting discoveries the authors have made.

      Our Response: We have edited the manuscript to hopefully provide a more cohesive presentation of all data, findings, and conclusions within the paper. Given the generally positive outlook on the manuscript from other reviewers and our responses to significant comments from Reviewer #1 we opted to keep the manuscript as a single piece and address all reviewer comments.

      Minor comments:

      Reviewer #1, Comment #5: Throughout the manuscript, the authors have not defined what FT is; presumably it means FLAG tag.

      Our Response: Reviewer #1 is correct in FT corresponding to FLAG tag. We have now edited the manuscript text to clarify this as follows:

      "Thyroglobulin was chosen as model secretory client protein, and we generated isogenic Fischer rat thyroid cells (FRT) cells that stably expressed FLAG-tagged Tg (Tg-FT), including WT or mutant variants (A2234D and C1264R)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #6: The authors might discuss their rationale for choosing 0-3 hrs for their TRIP studies. That includes any relevant information about the half-life of WT versus variant Tg, whether the Hpg pulse time is short enough to avoid missing key features of the temporal interactome, and discussion of what would happen if the TRIP were performed at prolonged time points (e.g. 6-10 h).

      Our Response: Apologies that we omitted this important point, which is indeed related to the secretion and degradation half-life. We edited the manuscript text to discuss the rationale for 0-3 hr, length of the Hpg pulse and the impact on capturing interactions, and performing TRIP at prolonged time points as follows:

      "Our previous study indicated that ~70% of WT Tg-FT was secreted after 4 hours, while approximately 50% of A2234D and 15% of C1264R was degraded after the same time period (Wright et al, 2021). Therefore, we reasoned that a 3-hr chase period would be a enought time to capture the majority of Tg interactions throughout processing, secretion, cellular retention, and degradation, while still being able to capture an appreciable amount of sample for analysis."

      We explain the labeling timeline and limitations further in the discussion:

      "To address this, we utilized a labeling time of 1 hr which allows us to generate a large enough labeled population of Tg-FT for TRIP analysis, but some early interactions are likely missed within the TRIP workflow. In the case of mutant Tg, performing the TRIP analysis for much longer chase periods (6-8 hrs) may provide insightful details to the iterative binding process of PN components that is thought to facilitate protein retention within the secretory pathway."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #7: Lines 68-69: the two citations should probably come one sentence earlier (at least Coscia et al 2020 is a structure paper).

      Our Response: We agree. We have edited the manuscript as follows to correct this:

      "In earlier work, we mapped the interactome of the secreted thyroid prohormone thyroglobulin (Tg) comparing the WT protein to secretion-defective mutations implicated in congenital hypothyroidism (CH) (Wright et al, 2021). Tg is a heavily post-translationally modified, 330 kDa prohormone that is necessary to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) thyroid specific hormones (Citterio et al, 2019; Coscia et al, 2020). Tg biogenesis relies extensively on distinct interactions with the PN to facilitate folding and eventual secretion."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #8: Line 91: "(Figure 1A)" should follow the sentence "To develop the time-resolved..." to help readers better understand the system.

      Our Response: __We agree. We have edited the manuscript to add the Fig 1A reference. Furthermore, we redesigned the schematic in Fig 1A to better explain the experimental system. (see also __Reviewer #2, comment 10)

      "To develop the time-resolved interactome profiling method, we envisioned a two-stage enrichment strategy utilizing epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation coupled with pulsed biorthogonal unnatural amino acid labeling and functionalization (Fig 1A). Cells can be pulse labeled with homopropargylglycine (Hpg) to synchronize newly synthesized populations of protein. After pulsed labeling with Hpg, samples can then be collected across time points throughout a chase period (Fig 1A, Box 1) (Kiick et al, 2001; Beatty et al, 2006). The Hpg alkyne incorporated into the newly synthesized population of protein can be conjugated to biotin using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) (Fig 1A, Box 2). Subsequently, the first stage of the enrichment strategy can take place where the client protein of interest is globally captured and enriched using epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation, followed by elution (Fig 1A, Box 3)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #9: Line 101: Fisher should be Fischer

      Our Response: Thank you. We have edited the manuscript text to correct this.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #10: Line 131: Should be 1.5 hrs instead of 2 hrs.

      Our Response: We edited this point (see below in comment #11)

      Reviewer #1, Comment #11: Lines 135-136: I do not agree with the claim that HSPA5 profile looked similar for MS and WB. I do not see a peak for HSPA5 at 2 hrs in Figure 2D.

      Our Response: We replaced the mass spectrometry quantification in Fig 2D, E with the scaled, relative enrichments. This provides a more meaningful comparison, as all interactions are scaled in the same way. Unfortunately, it is still difficult to directly compare the Western blot results in Fig. 2B-C to the mass spectrometry quantifications in Fig 2D-E because the WB intensities are not normalized to the Tg bait protein amounts, which is changing over time. At 2-3hrs time points, little WT Tg is pulled down as most of it is secreted. Therefore, the HSPA5 interactions are no longer detectable by Western blot. On the other hand, MS is much more sensitive to capture the interactions. We modified the text as follows:

      "For C1264R, interactions with HSPA5 were highly abundant at the 0 hr time point and remained mostly steady throughout the first 1.5 hours (Fig 2C). A similar temporal profile was also observed for HSP90B1. Additionally, interactions with PDIA4 were detectable for C1264R and were found to gradually increase throughout the first 1.5 hr of the chase period, before rapidly declining (Fig 2C). We noticed similar temporal profiles for PDIA4 and HSPA5 to our western blot analysis, when measured via TMTpro LC-MS/MS as further outlined below (Fig 2D-E). In particular, the HSPA5 WT Tg interaction declined within the first hours, yet for C1264R Tg, the HSPA5 interactions remained mostly steady over the 3-hour chase period. (Fig 2E)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #12: Line 186: The cited paper Shurtleff et al 2018 is missing in the reference list.

      Our Response: Thank you. We have corrected this in the citation management system and it is now available in the reference list.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #13: Line 188: I disagree with the authors' claim here because, at least for CCDC47, interactions with C1264R seem to come back at the 3 hr time point.

      Our Response: We have removed the discussion of EMC and PAT complex components from the text. The implications of these interactions for Tg biogenesis remain unclear and were therefore a distraction from the discussion of other core proteostasis network components pertinent to Tg processing. Nonetheless, the full dataset - including these interactions - remains available to readers in Appendix Fig S1 for further perusal.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #14: Line 203: I am not sure if P4HA1 can be included in the examples for showing distinct patterns for mutants compared to the WT according to their data in Figure 3H.

      Our Response: We agree. We have edited the text to remove the discussion of prolyl hydroxylation and isomerization family members and elected to discuss the new clustering analysis and the robustness of the TRIP method in more detail. The full TRIP data is nonetheless available to interested readers in Appendix Fig S1.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #15: Line 216: The authors should add citations about the functions of STT3A and STT3B proteins.

      Our Response: We've edited the manuscript text to include a reference to the primary literature for STT3A and STT3B functions, as follows:

      "Previously, we showed that A2234D and C1264R differ in interactions with N glycosylation components, particularly the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex. Efficient A2234D degradation required both STT3A and STT3B isoforms of the OST, which mediate co-translational or post-translational N-glycosylation, respectively (Kelleher et al, 2003; Cherepanova & Gilmore, 2016)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #16: Lines 248-251, "We found that interactions with these components...": this sentence should refer to Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3 instead of Figure 3L and S4.

      Our Response: Thank you. This section of the manuscript was significantly rewritten and the figure references updated.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #17: Lines 258-260, "Another striking observation was that the temporal profile of EMC interactions for C1264R correlated with RTN3, PGRMC1, CTSB, and CTSD interactions.": Please provide more evidence to support the potential correlation between different interaction profiles. Or the authors should move this sentence to the discussion section as it sounds speculative. This highlights the issue of only having duplicates, as well.

      Our Response: We agree that this point was highly speculative and we removed discussion of the EMC interactions.

      To further investigate the correlation of interaction profiles across the dataset, we performed unbiased k-means clustering. This led to the identification of 7 and 6 unique clusters of interactors for WT and C1264R Tg-FT, respectively. These data are represented in Fig 3F and Fig EV5. Unique clusters highlight similar temporal interaction profiles for Tg-FT interactors, and provide a quantitative representation of correlative interactions that take place during Tg-FT processing.

      "To assess temporal interaction changes in an unbiased fashion and identify protein groups exhibiting comparative behavior, we carried out k-means clustering of the temporal profiles for WT and C1264R. This analysis revealed a large divergence in the interaction profiles. For WT Tg, only one cluster exhibited steadily decreasing interactions (cluster 4), while others increased with time, or showed peaks at intermediate times (Fig 3F, Fig EV5A). On the other hand, C1264R largely exhibited clusters with decreasing interactions over time (Fig 3F, Fig EV5B). Cluster 2 for WT with biomodal interactions at early and late time points contains many Hsp70/90 chaperoning components. For C1264R Tg, many Hsp70/90 chaperoning components and disulfide/redox-processing components are instead part of cluster 2', which exhibited an initial rise in interactions strength before plateauing (Fig 3F, Fig EV5A,B). This divergent temporal engagement between WT Tg and the destabilized C1264R mutant is aligned with the patterns observed in the manual grouping (Fig 3B,C), highlighting that the unbiased temporal clustering can reveal broader patterns in the reorganization of the proteostasis dynamics."

      One of the clusters of the C1264R Tg interactions contained autophagy interactors along with glycosylation components. We therefore postulate that this could point to a coordination of these processes. We discuss this new point in the updated manuscript:

      "In the k-means clustered profiles, autophagy interactions largely group together in the same cluster, showing stronger interactions at earlier time points. In the same cluster are glycosylation components (UGGT1 and STT3B, MLEC), further supporting a possible coordination for C1264R Tg between lectin-dependent protein quality control and targeting to autophagy (Fig EV5B,C)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #18: Line 340: As written, should cite more than one paper

      Our Response: Thank you. We reworded the manuscript to correct this, as follows:

      "The discovery of several protein degradation components as hits for rescuing mutant Tg secretion may suggest that the blockage of degradation pathways can broadly rescue the secretion of A2234D and C1264R mutant Tg, a phenomenon similarly found for destabilized CFTR implicated in the protein folding disease cystic fibrosis (Vij et al, 2006; Pankow et al, 2015; McDonald et al, 2022)."

      Reviewer #1, Comment #19: Line 371: Should be Figure 4 - figure supplement 2

      Our Response: We edited the manuscript to correct this error.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #20: Line 1231: "Zhang et al 2018" needs to be removed

      Our Response: We have removed this citation.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #21: Line 1286: FRTR should be FRT

      Our Response: Thank you. We have corrected this within the text.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #22: Figure 3E: Color used to highlight the three proteins (CCDC47, EMC1, EMC4) should match the color used in Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3

      Our Response: __We have edited Figure 3 to remove the section related to membrane protein biogenesis. This data is still available in __Appendix Fig S1 with consistent color coding.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #23: Figure 4A: The bottom figure where lysate signal is inversely proportional to time is misleading because the authors are assessing steady-state level of proteins in this assay.

      __Our Response: __We agree. We updated the schematic in __Fig 4A __to better explain the workflow and differentiate the steady-state protein level being measured within the lysate.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #24: Figure 4 - Figure Supplement 1 caption: in (C), (F) should be (B). (K) should be (G) and I am not sure what the authors mean when they refer to (J) in caption of (G).

      Our Response: We have corrected this lettering mistake to match the figure properly. Please note that this figure is now Fig EV6, and it includes some new and reorganized panels.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #25: Figure 5 caption for (C and D): Need to specify the time that the samples were collected (8 hrs), as it seems different from A and B according to the main text.

      Our Response: We have specified the collection time within the caption for these data in Fig 5C __and __5D.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #26: Figure 5 - Figure Supplement 1: Data for HERPUD1 and P3H1 should be included.

      Our Response: We have now included data to confirm the knockdown for HERPUD1 and LEPRE1 (P3H1) in Fig EV7F-G.

      Reviewer #1, Comment #27: Figure 5 - Figure Supplement 2B: Please mention in the caption how degradation is defined.

      Our Response: We have updated the Fig EV7H caption to include how "degradation" is defined within these experiments:

      "% Degradation is defined as . Where is the fraction of Tg-FT detected in the lysate at a given timepoint n, and is the fraction of Tg-FT detected in the media at a given timepoint n."

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      Reviewer #1, Comment #28: This manuscript is highly significant because the authors (1) designed and validated a new methodology for time-resolved interactomics study, (2) presented the dynamic changes in Tg interactome for WT and variants, and (3) discovered how proteins implicated in degradation pathways (e.g. VCP, TEX264, RTN3) can change the secretion profile of WT and mutant Tg proteins. With TRIP, the authors demonstrated that they could obtain valuable data that were previously not captured from steady-state interactomics studies (Wright et al. 2021; Figure 3M and Figure 3 - Figure supplement 4D-4I). Furthermore, the authors treated cells with VCP inhibitors and performed both 35S pulse-chase analyses and TRIP. These experiments provide valuable information to the field by (1) presenting a new method to rescue Tg secretion defect, and (2) demonstrating a broader applicability of TRIP. If the major comments above can be addressed I believe this is a tremendous contribution to the field.

      Our Response: We thank Reviewer #1 for their review comments and praise for the work presented within this manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Reviewer #2: In the manuscript 'Time-Resolved Interactome Profiling Deconvolutes Secretory Protein Quality Control Dynamics' Wright et al. developed an approach for time-resolved protein protein interaction mapping relying on pulsed unnatural amino acid incorporation, protein cross linking, sequential affinity purification, and quantitative mass spectrometry named time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP). The authors applied the TRIP method to compare the interactions of the secreted thyroid prohormone thyroglobulin (Tg) comparing the WT protein to secretion-defective mutations implicated in congenital hypothyroidism. They further employed an RNA interference screening platform (1) to investigate if (1) interactors identified via TRIP are functionally relevant for Tg protein quality control and (2) to identify factors that can rescue mutant Tg secretion. The screen was initially performed in HEK293 cells, but selected hits with a phenotype in HEK cells were then followed up in Fisher rat thyroid cells. Further functional validation was performed by pharmacologic inhibition of VCP, a hit from the RNAi screen with an effect on Tg lysate abundance and Tg secretion. While the authors present a comprehensive study including identification of protein-protein interactions using proteomics followed up by an RNA interference screen for functional validation, major comments need to be addressed for both the proteomics as well as the functional genomics aspects of the study (see comments below).

      Our response: Thank you to reviewer 2 for their constructive feedback. We addressed all comments in detail below.

      Major comments:

      Reviewer #2, Comment #1: The authors describe a new method for quantitative, temporal interaction mapping. The protocol involves two enrichment steps as well as several reactions including cross-linking of the samples as well as functionalization of the unnatural amino acids. Given all these steps, the authors should rigorously characterize the quantitative reproducibility of the experiment when performed in independent biological replicates. This is important because in the final quantitative MS experiment, the authors only use two biological replicates, which is too low especially for such an involved sample preparation procedure, which would expect to have a high variability between replicates. Given the low number of replicates and the unknown reproducibility of the quantification for this protocol, it is questionable at this point how reliable the quantification over the time course is.

      __Our Response: __We apologize that the number of replicates and robustness of the analysis was not entirely clear in our manuscript. We thank the reviewer for the feedback, as this is important point to clarify. We included several additional analyses to further explain the robustness and quantitative reproducibility of our results:

      • We clarified the number of replicates For quantitative MS experiments five biological replicates were analyzed for WT, while six biological replicates were analyzed for A2234D and C1264R Tg-FT, respectively not two as mistakenly presumed by Reviewer #2. These data are available in Dataset EV1 and Table EV3. There is only one place where two biological replicates are included, C1264R Tg-FT FRT cells treated with ML-240 treatment for TRIP analysis. We have further clarified the number of biological replicates within the manuscript text as follows (see also reviewer #1, comment 1):

      "Subsequently, two sets of TRIP time course samples (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 3 hr) could be pooled using the 16plex TMTpro and analyzed by LC-MS/MS (Fig 2A). In total, 5 biological replicates were analyzed for WT and 6 biological replicates were analyzed for A2234D and C1264R, respectively (Table EV3)."

      • We displayed the reproducibility of TRIP time profiles for several individual proteins in Fig EV3 __and in __Fig 3K (VCP). We included shading to indicate the standard error of the mean (SEM) for the individual protein time courses to provide further assessment of the quantitative reproducibility. We updated the text as follows: "To benchmark the TRIP methodology, we chose to monitor a set of well-validated Tg interactors and compare the time-resolved PN interactome changes to our previously published steady-state interactomics dataset (Wright et al, 2021). Previously, we found that CALR, CANX, ERP29 (PDIA9), ERP44, and P4HB interactions with mutants A2234D or C1264R Tg exhibited little to no change when compared to WT under steady state conditions (Fig EV4A). However, in our TRIP dataset we were able to uncover distinct temporal changes in engagement that were previously masked within the steady-state data. Our time-resolved data deconvolutes these aggregate measurements, revealing prolonged CALR, ERP29, and P4HB engagements for both A2234D and C1264R Tg mutants compared to WT (Fig EV4B-F). We found that these measurements for key interactors and PN pathways exhibited robust reproducibility, as exemplified by the standard error of the mean for the TRIP data (Fig EV4B-I, Appendix Figure S1B)."

      • For full transparency, we also include the SEM of all TRIP profiles in the heatmap in Appendix Fig S1B.

      • Furthermore, we included 25-75% quartile ranges for the pathway aggregated time courses (Fig 3B,C,J,K) and the k-means hierarchical clustering analysis (Fig 3F, Fig EV5). Especially these clustering data allow for the visualization and analysis of temporal protein interactions that are correlated with one another, while the accompanying quartile ranges provide further context for the reproducibility of these measurements and cluster profiles (see __Reviewer #1, Comment 17 __above for further explanation about the k-means clustering).

        Reviewer #2, Comment #2: Compared to the previous dataset published last year, the authors discover an overlap in interactors, but also a huge discrepancy, with 96 previously identified interactors not detected in the current study, but 198 additional interactors identified. How do the authors explain the big differences between these datasets?

      __Our Response: __We can only speculate here but this difference in overlapping interactors may stem from several different factors, including but not limited to cell line, instrumentation, LC-MS/MS methodology, and sample processing workflows. Our previous dataset was published using transiently transfected HEK293 cell lines expressed FLAG-tagged constructs of Tg. The HEK293 cell line makes for a robust cell line used throughout several biological investigations, but it is not representative of the native cellular environment in which Tg is expressed. Moreover, transiently transfected cells can lead to high protein expression that may not always represent what is found within the native cellular environment and proteome. Here, we used Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells engineered to stably express FLAG-tagged constructs of Tg. This cell line model should more accurately represent the native cellular environment Tg is expressed as it is exclusively found within thyroid tissue. Our previous dataset was collected across two different instruments with similar LC-MS/MS methodology. Here, this dataset was collected on a single instrument after performing further method optimization from our methodology used to acquire the first dataset. In line with our LC-MS/MS methodology development, the sample processing workflows here are quite different. Our previous dataset utilized 6plex TMT labeling with globally immunoprecipitated samples from various Tg constructs. Global immunoprecipitation of Tg leads to much larger protein sample amounts than the TRIP methodology presented here, which we coupled with 16plex TMTpro labeling. This is also one of the reasons we chose to deploy a booster/carrier channel within our experimental labeling schemes.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #3: For the temporal interaction analysis the authors describe differences in the temporal profiles of selected interactions comparing wt and mutant, however no statistical analysis is performed comparing wt and mutant interaction profiles across the time course. Furthermore the variability between the replicates for the temporal profiles is not shown and some of the temporal profiles appear to be noisy. A more rigorous statistical analysis should be performed including additional biological replicates to evaluate the changes over the time course, especially as the temporal interaction analysis is the novelty of this study.

      Our Response: Please also see our response to Reviewer #2, comment 1 above. We previously presented an analysis of the variability of the TRIP measurements (SEM) (now in Appendix Fig S1B). We have since provided further statistical analysis found in the updated Fig 2B,C,J, which include 25-75% quartile ranges for respective proteostasis network pathways. We also included SEM for the time profiles of individual interactors in Fig EV4.

      To assess the divergence in time profiles in an unbiased way, we added a k-means hierarchical clustering analysis (Fig 3F, Fig. EV5). These clustering data allow for the visualization and analysis of temporal protein interaction profiles that are similar to one another and how groups of interactors shift between different clusters for WT Tg and the C1264R mutant.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #4: To functionally validate interactors derived from the TRIP analysis as well as to identify factors that can rescue mutant Tg secretion the authors developed an RNA interference screen. There are a number of aspects that need to be addressed/clarified for this part of the study.

      Our Response: We have added some clarifying changes to the text and the figure panels associated with the siRNA screening and follow-up experiments on the trafficking and degradation factors that rescue Tg secretion. We have addressed other comments from Reviewers #3 and #4 related to these portions of the paper and hope that Reviewer #2 finds them satisfactory.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #5: While the authors validate the stable cell lines expressing the nanoluciferase tagged Tg and the linearity of luminescence signal in lysate and media carefully, they do not validate their platform in combination with the RNAi knockdown strategy. The authors should select genes as positive controls that are expected to modulate Tg secretion and demonstrate that the knockout of these positive controls indeed results in changes in Tg secretion in their system.

      Our Response: This is an excellent suggestion and certainly something we would have done given any prior knowledge on known control genes that would positively or negatively regulate Tg secretion. The purpose for developing the siRNA screening platform was to investigate and hopefully discover genes that are able to positively or negatively regulate Tg processing. We have done so to the best of our ability, identifying for example NAPA which positively regulates WT Tg secretion, as seen by the decrease in WT Tg secretion when treated with NAPA siRNA. Conversely, we found that VCP may negatively regulate C1264R Tg secretion, as discovered by the increase in secretion with VCP siRNA or ML-240 treatment. We included a standard "TOX" siRNA control, which we knew would likely negatively affect WT Tg secretion and this was indeed the case. As we stated within the manuscript:

      "This is the first study to broadly investigate the functional implications of Tg in-teractors and other PQC network components on Tg processing."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #6: For the screen the authors select 167 Tg interactors and PN (Proteostasis network) related factors. This statement is very vague and the authors should clarify which genes were knocked down and which criteria were applied to narrow down the list of interactors and to select PN factors. The authors should therefore provide a supplementary table including all genes included in the screen, their source (were this derived from the initial study by Wright et al, from the current study or compiled from prior knowledge about PN), as well as their results from the screen based on luminescence in media and lysate. It is unclear how many of the selected factors are actually coming from the TRIP analysis.

      Our Response: The list of genes included within the siRNA screen, as well as the results were previously included, and are now included in Appendix Fig S2. We have further provided the information requested by Reviewer #2 within Dataset EV5 indicating whether a gene was included in the siRNA screen due to its identification within our previous proteomics dataset (Wright et al, 2021.), the proteomics dataset presented here, or based upon primary literature. We added a comment in the text:

      "Moreover, we were interested in identifying factors whose modulation may act to rescue mutant Tg secretion. HEK293 cells were engineered to stably express nanoluciferase-tagged Tg constructs (Tg-NLuc) and screened against 167 Tg interactors and related PN components (see Dataset EV5 for the list of genes)."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #7: Only a small number of the 167 selected genes shows an effect on Tg abundance/secretion. How do the authors explain this result? Would we not expect that Tg interactors, especially those from the TRIP method which interact with the newly synthesized are more enriched for functionally relevant genes.

      Our Response: The proteostasis network contains genes and proteins of high redundancy in structure and function, and many single-gene knockdowns are likely insufficient to have a large impact on Tg abundance or secretion. In fact, these results are in line with what we would have expected when designing these experiments. Our goal here was to identify the key players that control Tg protein quality control.

      We explain the proteostasis network redundancy in the manuscript:

      "The functional implications of protein-protein interactions can be difficult to deduce, especially in the case of PQC mechanisms containing several layers of redundancy across stress response pathways, paralogs, and multiple unique proteins sharing similar functions (Wright & Plate, 2021; Bludau & Aebersold, 2020; Karagöz et al, 2019; Braakman & Hebert, 2013)."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #8: The authors initially performed the screen in HEK293 cells and as a second step wanted to validate the hits from the HEK cells in more relevant Fisher rat thyroid cells. Indeed they could show that knockdown of NAPA increased WT TG in lysate and decreased WT Tg secretion. Furthermore, they further validated genes to modulate mutant Tg lysate and media abundance. The authors should perform a rescue experiment to demonstrate that the observed phenotype can be reversed through re-introduction of NAPA.

      Our Response: We have now performed the requested NAPA complementation experiments and provided the data within Fig EV 7I. Overexpression of a human, siRNA-resistant NAPA construct partially reversed the increase in WT Tg lysate retention. These results further support the identification of NAPA as a pro-trafficking factor for WT Tg. We updated the manuscript text to include these data as follows:

      "To understand if these results were directly attributable to NAPA function, we performed complementation experiments where FRT cells treated with NAPA siRNAs were co-transfected with a human NAPA plasmid. WT Tg lysate abundance decreased when NAPA expression was complemented, confirming that the observed retention phenotype could be attributed to NAPA silencing (Fig EV7I). These results established that NAPA acts as a pro-secretion factor for WT Tg."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #9: One hit from this analysis was the ER-phagy receptor TEX264, while TEX264 was not identified in the TRIP data, is selectively increased the C1264R secretion, but not wt and the other Tg mutant. Following Co-IP data however revealed some interaction between the C1264R and to a lesser extent the A2234D mutant. How do the authors explain that TEX264 was missed in the TRIP dataset?

      Our Response: The TRIP samples are of much lower protein abundance compared to globally purified samples used for the Co-IP analysis. While the interaction is seen with the globally purified Co-IP samples, this interaction is likely much more difficult to capture with the low abundance, time-resolved samples that are acquired through the TRIP workflow, especially if this interaction is transient or requires the coordination of other accessory proteins as has been detailed in the literature and discussed within the manuscript presented here:

      "While A2234D and C1264R Tg were preferentially enriched with TEX264 compared to WT, it remains unclear what other accessory proteins may be necessary for the recognition of TEX264 clients (Chino et al, 2019; An et al, 2019). Furthermore, TEX264 function in both protein degradation and DNA damage repair further complicates siRNA-based investigations (Fielden et al., 2022). Further investigation is needed to fully elucidate 1) if Tg degradation takes place via ER-phagy and 2) by which mechanisms this targeting is mediated."

      Minor comments:

      Reviewer #2, Comment #10: The workflow needs to be described clearer. For example, it should be better explained why the authors selected a two-stage enrichment strategy, I assume that the first based on the Flag affinity tag is to purify the protein of interest and the second step based on the incorporation and functionalization of the unnatural amino acids to enrich for the newly synthesized fraction at specific time points after protein synthesis? These are critical steps for the method but the rationals are not well explained, neither in the text nor the figures captures all these steps of the method very clearly, which makes it really difficult for the reader to understand the individual steps of the method. Moreover, the structures in Figure 1 workflow are not clearly labeled, so that it is confusing which part represents which protein/molecule.

      Our Response: Thank you for this feedback. We have updated Fig 1 to provide more detail to provide more clarity for the readers. Furthermore, we have edited the text to more clearly describe the workflow:

      "To develop the time-resolved interactome profiling method, we envisioned a two-stage enrichment strategy utilizing epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation coupled with pulsed biorthogonal unnatural amino acid labeling and functionalization (Fig 1A). Cells can be pulse labeled with homopropargylglycine (Hpg) to synchronize newly synthesized populations of protein. After pulsed labeling with Hpg, samples can then be collected across time points throughout a chase period (Fig 1A, Box 1) (Kiick et al, 2001; Beatty et al, 2006). The Hpg alkyne incorporated into the newly synthesized population of protein can be conjugated to biotin using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) (Fig 1A, Box 2). Subsequently, the first stage of the enrichment strategy can take place where the client protein of interest is globally captured and enriched using epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation, followed by elution (Fig 1A, Box 3). The second enrichment step can then utilize a biotin-streptavidin pulldown to capture the Hpg pulse-labeled, and CuAAC conjugated population, enriching samples into time-resolved fractions (Fig 1A, Box 4) (Li et al, 2020; Thompson et al, 2019)."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #11: Except for the general workflow shown in Figure 1, a more detailed workflow showing the experimental steps, such as the sample fractions with the following steps could be added so that the design of the method is clearer. Also the style of the workflows including Figure 1, Figure 2A, and Figure 3A are different. It would be helpful to make them the same style and make the Figure 2A as a zoom in or more detailed illustration on part of Figure 1.

      Our Response: Thank you for this feedback. In addition to updating Fig 1, we also expanded Fig 2A to more clearly outline the experimental steps in the TRIP workflow. Assuming the term "style" used here is in reference to color pallets and figure schematics used, these have been updated to ensure they are agreeable aesthetically across manuscript figures.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #12: A summary of proteomics results of time course labeling after all enrichment steps, including the total number of identified proteins at different conditions and control would be helpful for having an overview impression on the proteomics results

      Our Response: __We have included an updated __Dataset EV1 that provides a summary of proteomics data included which runs given proteins were identified in, % of TMT channels quantified, % of Hpg Pulse channels quantified, and generally number of proteins quantified across runs for each construct.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #13: In Figure 2B, the WB for PDIA4 in the Biotin PD elution is missing. Why was the PDIA4 interaction missing for the time course analysis, but the interaction was captured in the initial test for Wt Tg (Figure 1D). Additionally, in this panel the Rhodamine Probe Gel shows inconsistencies at the time points 1.5 - 3h. Does this mean that the labeling did not work well for these conditions? As we would expect a consistent Rhodamine Probe signal at every time point.

      Our Response: Please also see our response to Reviewer #1, comments 3 & 11. Fig 1D features continuous Hpg labeling for 4 hours to ensure that most intracellular Tg is labeled for this proof-of-concept experiment for the two-stage enrichment strategy. Fig 2B features a shorter 60 minute pulse of Hpg labeling, prior to the full chase period and two-stage enrichment strategy. PDIA4 interactions were detectable throughout Fig 1D because those measurements captured a larger population of labeled Tg, whereas in Fig 2B Tg bait protein amounts were much smaller after the two-stage enrichment procedure to capture the time-synchronized population.

      The Rhodamine/TAMRA Probe Gel in Fig 2B does not have inconsistencies in Tg abundance, but highlights the fact that pulse labeled WT Tg is being secreted or degraded in FRT cells. As you would expect as time continues during the chase period, intracellular WT Tg signal decreases as secretion and degradation take place. Constant Rhodamine/TAMRA probe signal would not be expected here. Consistent with this, the C1264R Tg signal remains more stable for the intial time course. This is expected as the C1264R Tg variant is retained intracellular undergoing increased interactions the proteostasis network. We have removed the PDIA4 panel for WT Tg because there was no signal above the detection limit. This is now explained as follows:

      "For WT Tg, interactions with HSPA5 peaked within the first 30 minutes of the chase period and rapidly declined, in line with previous observations, but PDIA4 interactions were not detectable by western blot analysis (Fig 2B) (Menon et al, 2007; Kim & Arvan, 1995)."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #14: In Figure 2, why was there no WB results for the A2234D? In Figure 2D and 2E, at which time point are the changes significant compared to WT?

      Our Response: We did not perform the WB experiments with A2234D. We used WT and C1264R Tg in our proof of concept experiments via WB and decided to move forward with analyzing A2234D Tg by LC-MS/MS. Please see our response above to Reviewer #2, comment 3 for information on the statistical analysis.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #15: All figure legends should indicate how many biological replicates were performed for each experiment represented in the figure.

      Our Response: We have updated the figure captions to include this information where applicable.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #16: The heatmaps shown in Figure 3, Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3, and Figure 7 are in the current form incomprehensible. The heatmaps depict the relative enrichment vs the control sample, which was scaled between 1 and -1. The color coding with 5 different colors from 1 to -1 is very confusing and should be changed to just two colors, one for positive and one for negative relative enrichment. I would also suggest changing the visualization of the heatmap showing the wt and mutants side by side, instead of stacked on top of each other for each individual protein.

      Our Response: Thank you for this feedback, and we apologize for the confusion. We adjusted our data analysis approach by removing previous negative enrichment values. As these served only as "background" within the dataset, they did not carry much meaning. The TRIP enrichment is now scaled from 0 to 1, where a value of 1 represents the time point at which the enrichment is greatest, while 0 represents the background intensity in the (-) Hpg control sample. The associated figures have been updated accordingly, and we feel they are now more comprehensible and aesthetically pleasing.

      We opted to keep the Viridis color scheme in the heatmap to allow for more nuanced differentiation of the enrichment values.

      Reviewer #2, Comment #17: The data analysis method for generating relative enrichment shown in the heatmap is not explained. This should be described in the method section for a better understanding of the data analysis.

      Our Response: We have edited the methods section as follows to better explain the analysis:

      "For time resolved analysis, data were processed in R with custom scripts. Briefly, TMT abundances across chase samples were normalized to Tg TMT abundance as described previously and compared to (-) Hpg samples for enrichment analysis (Wright et al, 2021). For relative enrichment analysis, the means of log2 interaction differences were scaled to values from 0 to 1, where a value of 1 represented the time point at which the enrichment reached the maximum, and 0 represented the background intensity in the (-) Hpg channel. Negative log2 enrichment values were set to 0 as the enrichment fell below the background."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #18: There are no legends of flowcharts in Figure 2A and Figure 3A and it is difficult to understand which are the key components in the complex and what are the differences among different periods of labeling.

      Our Response: We have now consolidated Fig 2A and Fig 3A into a single panel found in Fig 2A, which is significantly reorganized to better explain the TRIP workflow. The caption has additionally been updated to highlight key steps within the workflow with numbering to allow readers to follow and visualize the steps more easily. The figure caption now reads as follows:

      "(A) Workflow for TRIP protocol utilizing western blot or mass spectrometric analysis of time-resolved interactomes. (1) Cells are pulse-labeled with Hpg (200μM final concentration) for 1 hr, chased in regular media for specified time points, and cross-linked with DSP (0.5mM) for 10 minutes to capture transient proteoastasis network interactions; (2) Lysates are functionalized with a TAMRA-Azide-PEG-Desthiobiotin probe using copper CuAAC Click reaction; (3) Lysates undergo the first stage of the enrichment strategy where the Tg-FT is globally captured and enriched using immunoprecipitation; (4) Eluted Tg-FT populations from the global immunoprecipitation undergo biotin-streptavidin pulldown to capture the pulse Hpg-labeled, and CuAAC conjugated population of Tg-FT, enriching samples into time-resolved fractions; (5) Time-resolved fraction may then undergo western blot analysis or (6) quantitative liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis with tandem mass tag (TMTpro) multiplexing or analysis. The (-) Hpg control channel is used to identify enriched interactors and a (-) Biotin pulldown channel to act as a booster (or carrier)."

      Reviewer #2, Comment #19: Why did only one of the VCP inhibitors (ML-240) exhibit a phenotype in Tg abundance and secretion, but not the other VCP inhibitors?

      Our Response: Please also see our response to Reviewer #3, comment 2 below. This could be due to a number of reasons, but we added a brief discussion on the mechanisms of action for the inhibitors that may at least partially explain the differences in phenotype seen with the VCP inhibitors. We updated the text as follows:

      "ML-240 and CB-5083 are ATP-competitive inhibitors that preferentially target the D2 domain of VCP subunits, whereas NMS-873 is a non-ATP-competitive allosteric inhibitor which binds at the D1-D2 interface of VCP subunits (Chou et al, 2013, 2014; Anderson et al, 2015; le Moigne et al, 2017; Tang et al, 2019). ML-240 and NMS-873 have been shown to decrease both proteasomal degradation and autophagy, in line with VCP playing a role in both processes (Chou et al, 2013, 2014; Her et al, 2016). Conversely, while CB-5083 is known to decrease proteasomal degradation it has been shown to increase autophagy. (Anderson et al, 2015; le Moigne et al, 2017; Tang et al, 2019)."

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      Reviewer #2, Comment #20: __The authors __describe a novel and elegant method to map time resolved protein interactions of newly synthesized proteins, which allows monitoring of proteins regulating protein quality control.

      Authors describe it as a general method, however, they only demonstrate the applicability to one protein and do not systematically evaluate the quantitative nature of their approach by determining quantitative reproducibility, which would be necessary to be able to claim that this is a method with broad applicability.

      Given my expertise in quantitative proteomics, I can mainly comment on the technological aspects of the proteomics part of the manuscript, but do not feel qualified to evaluate the significance of this study in terms of novel biology. Nevertheless, it feels that there is a stronger emphasis on the biology in the current form of the manuscript which will raise interest of scientists with a focus on protein quality control and Tg biology.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Provide a short summary of the findings and key conclusions (including methodology and model system(s) where appropriate). Please place your comments about significance in section 2.

      In this manuscript, the authors describe their efforts to develop a methodology for determining time-resolved protein-protein interactions using quantitative mass spectrometry. With TRIP (time-resolved interactome profiling), they combine a pulsed bio-orthogonal unnatural amino acid labelling (homopropargylglycine, Hpg), CuAAC conjugation and biotin-streptavidin pulldowns to enrich at different timepoints and time-resolve by combining TMT labelling and LC-MS/MS (Figure 1). This technique is then applied to the maturation of the secreted WT and mutant thyroglobulin (Tg-WT, Tg-C1264R, Tg-A2234D) expressed in HEK293 and rat thyroid cells (FRT) and linked to hyperthyroidism. There, they identify a collection of ER resident proteins involved in protein folding/processing (e.g. chaperones, redox, glycans, hydroxylation) as well as degradation (e.g. autophagy, ERAD/proteasomes) (Fig. 2). Here the authors effectively use pulse-labelled form of TRIPs to highlight the different interactions formed with Tg-WT vs. Tg-mutants during biogenesis and secretion (or retention). The analysis found ~200 new interactions compared to previous studies along with about 40% of those identified previously. Differences in interactions were observed for mutants, which shown extended interaction with chaperones and redox processing pathways. While many interactions appeared as might be expected, the identification of membrane protein processing elements (e.g. EMC, PAT) was puzzling and raised some questions about the specificity within the protocol. Mutants enriched for CANX CALR and UGGT, suggesting prolonged association with glyco-processing factors. Interaction of C1264R with the ER-phagy factors CCPG1 and RTN3 was greater than WT. The authors note that their interaction correlated with that of EMC1 & 4, but it is not clear why that might be.

      With interactors in hand, the authors complemented the TRIP protocol with siRNA KD of identified factors, to investigate any changes to secreted vs intracellular Tg upon loss. KD of NAPA (a-SNAP) and LMAN1 increased WT lysate (intracellular) Tg but not mutants. NAPA also reduced Tg-WT secretion. In contrast, KD of NAPA increased A2234D secretion while LEPRE1 increased C1264R (but not A2234D or WT), suggesting mutants have differential processing paths and requirements. KD of VCP increased secretion of both mutants. Some ER-phagy receptors were found among interactors (e.g. RTN3 in Tg-C1264R only) but often their KD had no impact on secretion (CCPG1, SEC62, FAM134B). NAMA observations were recapitulated in thyroid derived cell line (FRT). KD of TEX264 and VCP increased Tg-C1264 secretion while RTN3 KD in FRTs decreased Tg-C1264 secretion. This was in contrast to data from HEK293s for reasons that are not clear. Co-IP with TEX264 enriched for all Tg forms but more so for C1264R and A2234D - motivating the authors to propose selective targeting of Tg to TEX264 and the consideration of ER-phagy as a "major" degradative pathway during Tg processing.

      Given the observations with siRNAs to VCP, the authors next use a selection of VCP inhibitors to ask whether secretion can be rescued upon pharmacological impairment of the AAA ATPase. They observed that ML-240, but interestingly not the more conventionally used CB-5083 or NMS-873, increased secretion of Tg-C1264R but not lysate. Inhibitors increased lysate but decreased the secreted fraction for Tg-WT (Fig 7). Finally, the authors used TRIP again in ML-240 treated Tg-C1264R expressing cells to look for changes to interactome with treatment - observed decreases to glycan and chaperone interactions, CANX and UGGT1, decreased interaction with DNAJB11 and C10, like that of WT. There was no apparent change to the UPR, although activation was not directly measured.

      Major comments:

      Reviewer #3, Comment #1: __Are the key conclusions convincing? __The TRIP methodology appears to be quite robust and should be a powerful strategy for this field and others going forward. The drawback will be the length of pulse required will limit the number/type of proteins to be monitored to ones with longer t1/2's. There were interesting interactions found with Tg and the mutants linked to hyperthyroidism, but cut and dry differences did not appear as obvious, even though strong "trends" appear to be present. The path from identifying interactors in a time-resolved manner to then following them up with targeted KD does provides some clarity, which is important.

      Our Response: We thank Reviewer #3 for their time in reviewing our manuscript and providing this positive feedback. We have enhanced our analysis of the TRIP data to more clearly highlight difference in time profiles between WT and mutant variants. Please see our response to Reviewer #2, comment 1 & 3. We also highlight the limitations of the time resolution in the discussion (see also Reviewer #2, comment 6):

      "To address this, we utilized a labeling time of 1 hr which allows us to generate a large enough labeled population of Tg-FT for TRIP analysis, but some early interactions are likely missed within the TRIP workflow. In the case of mutant Tg, performing the TRIP analysis for much longer chase periods (6-8 hrs) may provide insightful details to the iterative binding process of PN components that is thought to facilitate protein retention within the secretory pathway."

      We have addressed all further comments below.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #2: __Should the authors qualify some of their claims as preliminary or speculative, or remove them altogether? The data regarding VCP silencing and pharmacological impairment appear clear but leave some questions outstanding in this reviewer's opinion. The lack of effect with the 2 highly selective inhibitors suggests that the underlying mechanism for switching fate of intracellularly retained Tg-C1264R towards secreted forms is not at all clear. ML-240 is an early derivative of DBeQ and reportedly impairs both ERAD and autophagic pathways, similarly to DBeQ. The differences between the VCP inhibitors' mechanism of action were not discussed, but perhaps should be elaborated upon, particularly in the matter of how ERAD and ER-phagy pathways might be being differentially affected. At the risk of asking for too many additional experiments, this reviewer would just prefer to see this fleshed out in a bit more detail.

      Our response: We agree with Reviewer #3 that the underlying mechanism for switching fate of the intracellular retained Tg-C1264R towards secreted forms remains unclear. We have added additional text to discuss further the details surrounding the inhibitors used and the general manner in which ERAD and ER-phagy pathways can be affected. This added text reads as follows:

      "ML-240 and CB-5083 are ATP-competitive inhibitors that preferentially target the D2 domain of VCP subunits, whereas NMS-873 is a non-ATP-competitive allosteric inhibitor which binds at the D1-D2 interface of VCP subunits (Chou et al, 2013, 2014; Anderson et al, 2015; le Moigne et al, 2017; Tang et al, 2019). ML-240 and NMS-873 have been shown to decrease both proteasomal degradation and autophagy, in line with VCP playing a role in both processes (Chou et al, 2013, 2014; Her et al, 2016). Conversely, while CB-5083 is known to decrease proteasomal degradation it has been shown to increase autophagy. (Anderson et al, 2015; le Moigne et al, 2017; Tang et al, 2019)."

      "As we discovered that pharmacological VCP inhibition with ML-240 can rescue C1264R Tg secretion yet is detrimental for WT Tg processing, it is unclear whether VCP may exhibit distinct functions for WT and mutant Tg PQC. Finally, as ML-240 is shown to block both the proteasomal and autophagic functions of VCP it is unclear which of these pathways may be playing a role in the rescue of C1264R, or detrimental WT processing (Chou et al, 2013, 2014)."

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #3: __Q1. The degree (if any) of Tg-C1264 aggregation during and/or detergent solubility do not appear to have been considered as a potential source of the increase in released secreted material (Figure 4, 5). Do Tg mutants partition into RIPA-insoluble fractions at all? That is to say.. is the total population of synthesized Tg being considered? A full accounting? Could the authors address this and if biochemical extraction data (via urea or high SDS) is available, include it to answer this concern.

      Our response: The transient aggregation of Tg has been investigated in some detail previously (Kim et al, 1992, 1993). The transient aggregates have the ability to partition into RIPA-insoluble fractions. Of note, these aggregates are shown to be made up, at least in part, of mixed disulfide linkages requiring reducing agent to fully resolubilize. With that being said, these aggregates represent a minority of the overall Tg population. In our prior manuscript (Wright, et al. 2021), we quantified the RIPA-insoluble fraction found in the pellet (see Supplemental Info Fig. 5). As the majority of Tg remains soluble during processing it should be able to be captured via our TRIP methodology. That is to say, we are capturing most of the Tg that is available for analysis while understanding that some smaller population of Tg remains in RIPA-insoluble fractions.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #4: __Q2. Along the same lines, what does Tg-WT and mutant expression look like by microscopy? Is Tg-WT uniformly distributed while Tg-mutants appear in puncta... more aggregated - perhaps reflecting the increased engagement of chaperones and redox machinery? Changes in the pattern of Tg-C1264R mutant (e.g. w/ VCP KD or inhibition) would add additional support for the authors interpretation of improved secretion. If this data is at hand, including it might be worth consideration.

      Our response: Thank you for this suggestion. The subcellular localization of Tg and any changes from proteostasis modulation is an ongoing area of follow up work in our lab. We have some preliminary results that the localization for WT and C1264R Tg indeed differs. However, given that this manuscript is already dense in information, we opted to reserve this data for a future manuscript where we plan to further elucidate the targeting mechanism of mutant Tg to VCP or TEX264. We direct the reviewer to work published by Zhang et al, 2022,(https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102066) showing a staunch difference of WT vs mutant Tg in the localization from intracellular to a secreted population in rat tissue. While most all WT Tg is found in the follicular lumen (secreted), mutant Tg heavily co-localizes with the ER resident chaperone BiP. While this paper does not go into detail on the differences in subcellular localization, it further highlights the drastic changes in Tg processing and how these manifest in distinct differences in localization within tissue.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #5: __Q3. Does the level of Tg mutant expression in the FRT clones impact the profiles obtained by TRIP? (Figure 3). This is a question of gauging the relative saturation of QC machinery and how that might impact profiles from TRIP. Were clones expressing at different levels tested? Perhaps a brief discussion of this.

      Our response: We do not foresee an impact from level of Tg expression on the profiles obtained by TRIP. We were able to identify distinct profiles because we processed the data and normalized it based on the relative Tg amount. For example, while WT and A2234D Tg are expressed at similar levels intracellularly, we were able to identify distinct differences in the interaction profiles across the two constructs. When developing FRT clones, we selected those that were expressed at similar levels and, therefore, did not have the capability to directly test differences, if any, in observed profiles that may be the result of different expression levels of the same Tg construct. Furthermore, Tg can make up 50% of all protein content within thyroid tissue (Di Jeso & Arvan, 2016). As such, thyroid cells are adept at maintaining the balance of QC machinery to process thyroid. Therefore, we do not anticipate that the amount of Tg expressed in TRIP experiments would have a significant impact on the profiles that we were able to observe.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #6: __Q4. For Figure 3, the hour-long labelling period seems a bit long, compared with 3 hr of chase. Perhaps this reviewer missed this but how long does Tg take to mature and/or mutants to misfold and degrade? Is there any possibility to shorten this so that the profiles of labelled Tg could be more synchronized? If not, perhaps this could just be discussed.

      Our response: While the 1-hour labeling period may seem long, we had to balance the labeling time to 1) label a large enough population of Tg for it to remain detectible throughout the chase period, and 2) keep the chase period long enough to capture the large majority of Tg processing. In our hands we found that by 4 hours WT Tg was ~63% secreted, with ~25% retained intracellular (Fig EV7H). Conversely, we found that C1264R remains very stable over this period with most protein being retaining intracellularly and little degradation taking place (Fig EV9A). Hence, we opted for the overall ~4 hour total for sample processing (1 Hr pulse labeling + 3 hour chase period for time point collections). Literature suggest that WT Tg takes ~2 hours to be processed within the ER and reach the medial golgi. This is exemplified by the EndoH resistant population that appears at this ~2 hour time point (Menon et al. JBC. 2007). Please also see our response to Reviewer #1, comment 6. We updated the text as follows:

      "We pulse labeled WT Tg FRT cells with Hpg for 1 hr, followed by a 3 hr chase in regular media capturing time points in 30-minute intervals and analyzing via western blot or TMTpro LC-MS/MS (Fig 2A). Our previous study indicated that ~70% of WT Tg-FT was secreted after 4 hours, while approximately 50% of A2234D and 15% of C1264R was degraded after the same time period (Wright et al, 2021). Therefore, we reasoned that a 3-hr chase period would be a enought time to capture the majority of Tg interactions throughout processing, secretion, cellular retention, and degradation, while still being able to capture an appreciable amount of sample for analysis."

      We anticipate that this labeling period can be decreased with future iterations of this methodology. This will also be bolstered by the continued improvements that come about within quantitative proteomics in increased instrument sensitivity and improved sample preparation methods that have the ability to decrease sample loss.

      We explain the labeling timeline and limitations further in the discussion:

      "To address this, we utilized a labeling time of 1 hr which allows us to generate a large enough labeled population of Tg-FT for TRIP analysis, but some early interactions are likely missed within the TRIP workflow. In the case of mutant Tg, performing the TRIP analysis for much longer chase periods (6-8 hrs) may provide insightful details to the iterative binding process of PN components that is thought to facilitate protein retention within the secretory pathway."

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #7: __Q5. It is curious that only ML-240 and not other well characterized inhibitors of VCP/p97, has an effect, as both are used far more often than ML-240. The authors do not really address this in detail but does it suggest that the ML-240 effect on VCP/p97 could be affecting different pathways, given the nature of this compound. Is this compound acting on Tg-C1264R maturation at the level of translation or post-translationally? If the latter, through what means?

      Our Response: We thank Reviewer #3 for appreciating this surprising finding. We were similarly curious as to how, or why ML-240 was able to elicit this effect compared to other VCP inhibitors. We elaborated in the manuscript text on these compounds and on how the ERAD and ERphagy pathways, utilizing VCP, may be differentially regulated (See response to__ Reviewer #3, Comment 2__). While speculative, we believe that ML-240 acts on C1264R Tg maturation post-translationally. This is given by the fact that ML-240 does not seem to affect the translational velocity of C1264R Tg, as Fig EV9A shows similar levels of 35S-labeled C1264R in DMSO or ML-240 treated cells. It may be the case that acute treatment with ML-240 alters the folding vs degradation balance of the ER proteostasis network in such a way that some population of C1264R that is usually degraded is able to be secreted. Another Tg mutation G2320R was shown to be degraded via the proteasome in PLCCL3 thyrocytes, as MG-132 treatment slowed mutant Tg degradation (Menon et al. JBC. 2007), although G2320R degradation was not be exclusively proteasomal. The L2284P Tg mutation exemplified similar results to G2340R where MG-132 slowed degradation. Furthermore, L2284P Tg was not affected by autophagic/lysosomal inhibitors chloroquine and E64 (Tokunaga et al. JBC. 2000), suggesting ERAD more exclusively degrades L2284P. It is unclear which degradation pathway, ERAD or ER-phagy, may be the predominate pathway for C1264R Tg degradation. Furthermore, we do not exclude the possibility that both may be at play and affected by treatment with ML-240.

      We utilized our HEK293 Tg-NLuc cells and screened other proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors bafilomycin and bortezomib. Neither of these compounds were able to rescue A2234D or C1264R secretion, highlighting that the effect is specific to ML-240 treatment. This new data is now shown in __Fig EV10A,B __and described in the text:

      "To understand whether this rescue in secretion was uniquely linked to VCP inhibition or could be more broadly attributed to blocking Tg degradation, we tested the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib, and lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin. Bafilomycin increased WT Tg lysate abundance, and bortezomib significantly increased A2234D lysate abundance, consistent with a role of these degradation processes in Tg PQC (Fig EV10A). When monitoring Tg-NLuc media abundance, neither bafilomycin nor bortezomib significantly altered WT, A2234D, or C1264R abundance (Fig. EV10B). confirming that general inhibition of proteasomal or lysosomal degradation does with rescue mutant Tg secretion."

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #8: __Q6. Continuing from Q5.. At what point and where is VCP/p97 able to affect mutant Tg processing? In line 317, the authors seem to correlate increased VCP association with mutants to their increased secretion. It is not clear how this would result, as engagement with VCP would be in a compartment different to that which supports trafficking and secretion. Could the authors expand on how this might come about. This is also relevant to the ML-240 data in Figure 7. Moreover, VCP is associated with ERAD (as is HerpUD1) rather than ER-phagy and at least in the siRNA raw data, there are also effects from Derlin3 and FAF2 KDs.. both ERAD factors. Some clarity here would be appreciated.

      Our Response: This line of discussion in the text was meant to suggest that, since VCP showed a higher enrichment for mutant Tg, particularly C1264R, it would make sense that inhibiting VCP would have a larger effect on mutant Tg processing as compared to WT Tg. As we saw with the siRNA screening data, suppression of VCP resulted in increased C1264R secretion, while not affecting WT Tg processing. This passage was not intended to suggest that increased VCP association with mutant Tg found within the TRIP dataset was the reason for rescued secretion. These are two different sets of experiments and environments in which these data are captured. We were simply looking for the opportunity to bridge the findings from the two sets of experiments to a single discussion point. Of note, we understand that VCP is associated with ERAD and acts to regulate autophagy. Given that core autophagy machinery is relevant for both bulk autophagy and ER-phagy, we did not want to rule out the fact that VCP inhibition via ML-240 could affect autophagic flux in these experiments (Chou et al. Chemmedchem. 2013; Khaminets et al. Nature. 2015; Hill et al. Nat. Chem. Bio. 2021.)

      It is great that the reviewer also noted that DERL3 and FAF2 knockdown increased C1264R Tg secretion. Since these ERAD factors did not reach the defined threshold in the screen, we did not include further discussion, but this data remains available in Appendix Fig S3. We have updated the manuscript text to clarify the previous points we aimed to make. The text now reads as follows:

      "VCP silencing exclusively affecting mutant Tg corroborates our TRIP dataset, and suggest a more prominent role for VCP in mutant Tg PQC compared to WT. VCP interactions were sparse for WT Tg while they remained more steady throughout the chase period for the mutants (Fig 3H,K)."

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #9: __Q7. There does not appear to be a direct demonstration of Tg-C1264R turnover by ER-phagy (via TEX264). Given the inconsistency with it not being detected by TRIP, while another receptor RTN3 was, but has not impact on Tg-C1264R secretion, perhaps including that data would go some way to demonstrating a fate of ER-phagy (at least partly) for this mutant.

      Our response: We performed follow-up experiments to test interactions with Tg and the wider panel of ER-phagy receptors. We transiently expressed FLAG-tagged CCPG1, RTN3L, and TEX264 in HEK293 cells stably expressing Tg-NLuc and performed FLAG IPs followed by western blot analysis. We found that WT and C1264R Tg were enriched, albeit modestly, in the RTN3L Co-IP compared to control samples expressing GFP. Additionally, we found that WT, A2234D, and C1264R Tg were all enriched with CCPG1 compared to control samples expressing GFP. CCPG1 was found to be a C1264R Tg interactor within our mass spectrometry datasets, along with RTN3. We have now integrated these data into the manuscript as Fig EV8, and updated the manuscript text as follows:

      "Additionally, we monitored Tg enrichment with ER-phagy receptors CCPG1 and RTN3 via Western blot as both were found to be C1264R Tg interactors within our TRIP dataset. RTN3L is found to be the only RTN3 isoform involved in ER turnover via ER-phagy (Grumati et al, 2017). WT and C1264R Tg-NLuc were modestly enriched with RTN3L compared to control samples expressing GFP. Conversely, we found that all Tg variants exhibited modest interactions with CCPG1 compared to control samples expressing GFP, although less than with TEX264 (Fig EV8).

      Together, these data suggest that TEX264, CCPG1, or RTN3L engage with Tg during processing, and CH-associated Tg mutants may be selectively targeted to TEX264. Furthermore, ER-phagy may be considered as a degradative pathway in Tg processing, as other studies have mainly focused on Tg degradation through ERAD (Tokunaga et al, 2000; Menon et al, 2007)."

      Whether the TEX246 recruitment of mutant Tg leads to degradation remains to be tested. When we monitored C1264R Tg degradation by pulse-chase assay (Fig. EV9A), only a small fraction (

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #10: __Q9. The authors provide data that the UPR was not induced by ML-240 at 3hrs (10µM) (Figure 7, supplemental 1). This is in stark contrast to the results of Chou et al (2013) which the authors reference, reporting that ML-240 induced ATF4 and CHOP by 2 hrs at concentrations lower than used here (albeit a different cell type). While not exclusively UPR, could the authors address the potential activation of the integrated stress response (eIF2a phosphorylation, ATF4 and CHOP) in the FRT cells due to ML-240 treatment? If present, is there some link that could this provide an explanation for increased Tg-C1264R secretion? [Basal PERK/UPR activation with mutants.]

      Our Response: Thank you for bringing up this important point. As the reviewer acknowledges, the difference in UPR activation could stem from the different cell lines. Additionally, we measured activation via qPCR, whereas Chou et al. measured via immunoblot. We would like to point out that while we did not observe the upregulation of HSPA5 or ASNS (markers of ATF6 and PERK/ISR activation, respectively) in the presence of short ML-240 treatment (2-3 hr), we did observe the upregulation of DNAJB9 (a marker of IRE1/XBP1s activation).

      To address Reviewer #3's point, we performed further experiments monitoring the potential activation of the ISR in FRT cells due to ML-240 treatment. We treated C1264R Tg-FT FRT cells with ML-240 (10μM) for 2 hours, and monitored eIF2a phosphorylation via immunoblot. Indeed, we observed that ML-240 induced eIF2a phosphorylation compared to cells treated with DMSO. Tunicamycin (1mg/mL) was used a positive control, and showed similar results to ML-240. We have integrated these results into the manuscript, available in Fig EV10C.

      However, we would like to point out that all of these markers represent signs of early UPR inductions. Importantly, our results that HSPA5 transcript levels are not induced suggest that there is only very modest upregulation of ER chaperone levels occurring. Typically, the ER proteostasis network remodeling requires a longer time than the acute 2-4 hr treatment with ML-240. We have updated the manuscript text as follows:

      "Finally, we monitored activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the presence of ML-240 in FRT cells expressing C1264R Tg-FT. Phosphorylation of eIF2a, an activation marker for the PERK arm of the UPR, was induced within 2 hr of ML-240 treatment (Fig EV10C). We further investigated the induction of UPR targets via qRT-PC. HSPA5 and ASNS transcripts, markers of ATF6 and PERK UPR activation respectively, remained unchanged or slightly decreased after 3 hr treatment with ML-240 in C1264R Tg cells (Fig EV10D). Only DNAJB9 transcript expression showed a significant increase in both WT Tg and C2164R Tg FRT cells (Fig EV10D). Moreover, ML-240 did not significantly alter cell viability after 3 hr, as measured by propidium iodide staining (Fig EV10E). Overall, these results highlight that the short ML-240 treatment induces early UPR markers, but the selective rescue of C1264R Tg secretion via ML-240 treatment is unlikely the results of global remodeling of the ER PN due to UPR activation."

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #11: __Are the suggested experiments realistic in terms of time and resources? It would help if you could add an estimated cost and time investment for substantial experiments. Any of the suggested experiments above all use reagents reported in the manuscript and so would presumably incur minimal cost and hopefully time. This reviewer is sympathetic to time and financial constraints and so discussion of the issue could suffice.

      Our response: We have addressed follow-up experiments whenever possible or provided further discussion details where applicable. We are appreciative of Reviewer #3's sympathy for the time and financial constraints that go into this work and addressing manuscript revisions. Unfortunately, the 1st and 2nd authors both left the lab immediately after the reviews were received. Hence, many of the experiments had to be addressed by other lab members joining the project, which took considerably longer than anticipated. We apologize for the long delay with our revisions.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #12: __Are the data and the methods presented in such a way that they can be reproduced? Yes. The methodology is explained in detail.

      Our Response: Thank you.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #13: __Are the experiments adequately replicated and statistical analysis adequate? Yes. Relevant information is either in the figure legends or is provided in the source data.

      Our Response: Thank you.

      Minor comments:

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #14: __Are prior studies referenced appropriately? The references are generally appropriate, with a few exceptions of more general references used

      Our Response: Thank you.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #15: __Are the text and figures clear and accurate? The text is clearly written, and the figures are clear.

      Our Response: Thank you.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #16: __Do you have suggestions that would help the authors improve the presentation of their data and conclusions? A summary figure comparing the changing profiles of WT and C1264R and the factors implicated for them could be helpful.

      Our Response: We opted not to include a summary figure because the paper and figures area already dense in information.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #17: __Perhaps include common nomenclature for proteins as well (e.g. HSP5A - BiP, HSP90B1 - Grp94, etc..)

      Our Response: We updated the manuscript throughout to reference common nomenclature or other protein names where applicable at their first mention.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #18: __Line 317 - our is misspelled

      Our Response: Thank you. We have made this correction.

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #19: __Figure 4 - Supplemental Figure 1 - Legend has text referring to panels J and K, but Figure only goes up to F.

      Our Response: Thank you. This was an error in references to Figure panel lettering and we have since corrected this. Please note that this Figure is now Fig EV6.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      __Reviewer #3, Comment #20: __

      • Describe the nature and significance of the advance (e.g. conceptual, technical, clinical) for the field.

      • Place the work in the context of the existing literature (provide references, where appropriate).

      Protein-protein interactions are often used to illustrate complexes and functionality, but these provide only snapshots, rather than "movies". There are many datasets out there exploring P-P interactions, but most if not all lack any temporal resolution for the interactions they report. The TRIP method described approaches this from the dynamic perspective - identifying the transient interactions formed by folding nascent chains with proteins that aid in their maturation and trafficking, or degradation. This represents an important technical advance in our ability to dynamically monitor protein interactions. The use of Tg mutants is valuable and perhaps this will lead to new perspectives on how to rescue it or other pathophysiological mutants with loss of function phenotypes.

      • State what audience might be interested in and influenced by the reported findings.

      This work should appeal to a broad audience within cell biology, particularly as the TRIP technique is attempting to address a fundamental question - what interactions form during the biogenesis/lifetime of a protein. Moreover, the effort to try to understand the different interactions formed with pathologically relevant mutant proteins as a strategy to try to rescue functionality, is a valuable exercise of this approach.

      • Define your field of expertise with a few keywords to help the authors contextualize your point of view. Indicate if there are any parts of the paper that you do not have sufficient expertise to evaluate.

      ER quality control

      Our Response: We thank reviewer #3 for this positive endorsement.

      Reviewer #4 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary

      In this manuscript, Wright et al. developed an approach (termed TRIP) that allowed to map the temporal changes in the interaction landscape of a newly synthesized protein of interest. Using their TRIP approach, the authors found that the extensive interactions of thyroglobulin (Tg) with the proteostasis network (PN) during its passage through the secretory pathway were profoundly altered in response to disease-causing mutations (e.g. C1264R). The authors cross-validated their findings with a focus RNAi screen monitoring the cellular and secreted abundance of Tg variants upon deletion of PN components. In subsequent experiments the authors focused on two hits, VCP and TEX264, for which they confirmed their inhibitory effect on the secretion of Tg C1264R. Importantly, the authors found that TEX264 increasingly interacts with the Tg mutant and that pharmacological inhibition of VCP yielded the same phenotype than depletion of VCP. Overall, Wright and colleagues__ established an elegant method to map protein interaction in a time-resolved manner and demonstrated its value by the analysis of disease-related Tg mutants__. Hence, this work has the potential to serve as a rich resource for Tg-related research and as a powerful new tool to examine protein interactions. However, several concerns remain.

      Our response: Thank you to reviewer #4 for their valuable feedback and positive assessment. We addressed all comments in detail below.

      Major points:

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #1: __Overall, the TRIP workflow is quite difficult to understand at a first glance - even for a reader with a background in proteomics, biochemistry and cell biology. The authors may want to improve the description of the TRIP methodology and explain in more detail what the individual components and steps are good for. Along the same line, from the main text and the figure legend it was not clear that Tg was actually Flag-tagged. However, without this information it is difficult to follow the workflow. While Figure 1A is certainly helpful, the bulky graphics are deflecting the reader's attention. A more schematic version might be more informative.

      Our Response: Thank you for this feedback, which was also mirrored by Reviewer #2 (comment 10). We have made significant updates to clarify Fig 1 to provide more detail and eliminate some of unnecessary bulky graphics. We also expanded the schematic for the TRIP workflow in Fig 2A and we aligned all symbols used. Furthermore, we have edited the text to describe the workflow more clearly:

      "To develop the time-resolved interactome profiling method, we envisioned a two-stage enrichment strategy utilizing epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation coupled with pulsed biorthogonal unnatural amino acid labeling and functionalization (Fig 1A). Cells can be pulse labeled with homopropargylglycine (Hpg) to synchronize newly synthesized populations of protein. After pulsed labeling with Hpg, samples can then be collected across time points throughout a chase period (Fig 1A, Box 1) (Kiick et al, 2001; Beatty et al, 2006). The Hpg alkyne incorporated into the newly synthesized population of protein can be conjugated to biotin using copper-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) (Fig 1A, Box 2). Subsequently, the first stage of the enrichment strategy can take place where the client protein of interest is globally captured and enriched using epitope-tagged immunoprecipitation, followed by elution (Fig 1A, Box 3). The second enrichment step can then utilize a biotin-streptavidin pulldown to capture the Hpg pulse-labeled, and CuAAC conjugated population, enriching samples into time-resolved fractions (Fig 1A, Box 4) (Li et al, 2020; Thompson et al, 2019)."

      Additionally, we have improved text to very clearly state that for the TRIP experiments Tg is FLAG-tagged and this epitope tag is required for the two-stage enrichment strategy. As one small example:

      "Thyroglobulin was chosen as the model secretory client protein. We generated isogenic Fischer rat thyroid cells (FRT) cells that stably expressed FLAG-tagged Tg (Tg-FT), including WT or mutant variants (A2234D and C1264R) (Fig EV1)"

      "Furthermore, the C-terminal FLAG-tag and Hpg labeling are necessary for this two-stage enrichment strategy, and DSP crosslinking is necessary to capture these interactions after stringent wash steps (Fig 1D, Fig EV2)."

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #2: __To what extend do the difference in protein abundance between Tg WT and Tg C1264R contribute to the increase binding of their interactors (e.g., HSP5 and PDIA4). The authors should perform a TRIP coupled immunoblot analysis where WT and Mutant are loaded side-by-side on the SDS-PAGE.

      Our Response: As Reviewer #3 (comment 5) had a similar inquiry, we provide the same response as listed above:

      We do not foresee an impact from level of Tg expression on the profiles obtained by TRIP. We were able to identify distinct profiles because we processed the data and normalized it based on the relative Tg amount. For example, while WT and A2234D Tg are expressed at similar levels intracellularly, we ere able to identify distinct differences in the interaction profiles across the two constructs. When developing FRT clones, we selected those that were expressed at similar levels and, therefore, did not have the capability to directly test differences, if any, in observed profiles that may be the result of different expression levels of the same Tg construct. Furthermore, Tg can make up 50% of all protein content within thyroid tissue (Di Jeso & Arvan, 2016). As such, thyroid cells are adept at maintaining the balance of QC machinery to process thyroid. Therefore, we do not anticipate that the amount of Tg expressed in TRIP experiments would have a significant impact on the profiles that we were able to observe.

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #3: __While the RNAi screen was done with pooled siRNA, it is not clear what was used for the RNAi validation experiments shown in Figure 5. This should be done by individual siRNA and not the same pooled reagents as used for the screen.

      Our Response: Similarly, pooled siRNAs were initially utilized for the data shown in Figure 5. The RNAi screen utilized siRNAs optimized for human cells, where as those found for Figure 5 were for rat cells. For the revisions, we performed control experiments with individual siRNAs, which are now shown in Fig EV7J,K. While we did not find that any one single siRNA recapitulated the full phenotype, we did find that several single siRNAs for VCP and TEX264 at least partially restored the observed phenotype of increased C1264R Tg secretion. This result is expected given that we reasoned the siRNAs are likely providing an additive effect contributing to the observed phenotypes. We provided these single siRNA control experiments in Fig EV7J,K, and updated the manuscript text as follows:

      "Several individual VCP and TEX264 siRNAs were able to partially recapitulate these increased secretion phenotype on C1264R Tg-FT, confirming that the effect is mediated by the respective gene silencing (Fig EV7J,K)."

      Reviewer #4, Comment #4: __In Figure 5A it is not clear which band was used to quantify the effect of NAPA reduction. Also, this analysis lacks normalization to an unrelated protein or loading control. Moreover, the authors should also examine the effect of the siRNA targets shown in Figure 5C for Tg WT and not only the mutant.__

      Our Response: The uppermost band in Fig 5A was used for quantification. We added a red asterisk similar to that found in Fig 5C to denote this lower back in the lysate panel(s) as a non-specific background band found within the Western blot. These data are the result of immunoprecipitations of both cell lysate and medium content, as such there is no applicable loading control that can be used within the western blots. For experiments, cell amounts were normalized by seeding and subsequently culturing the same amount of cells, as denoted within the Materials and Methods - FRT siRNA validation studies section of the manuscript. Furthermore, there are no loading controls that are easily utilized for analyzing cell culture medium. We have further clarified the Fig 5 caption to provide clearer experimental detail:

      "(A and B) Western blot analysis (A) and quantification (B) of WT Tg-FT secretion from FRT cells transfected with select siRNAs hits from initial screening data set. Red asterisk denotes a non-specific background band within the western blot. Cells were transfected with 25nM siRNAs for 36 hrs, media exchanged and conditions for 4 hrs, Tg-FT was immunoprecipitated from lysate and media samples, and Tg-FT amounts were analyzed via immunoblotting. N = 6.

      (C and D) Western blot analysis (C) and quantification (D) of C1264R Tg-FT secretion from FRT cells transfected with select siRNA hits from the initial screening data set. Red asterisk denotes a non-specific background band within the western blot. Cells were transfected with 25nM siRNAs for 36 hrs, media exchanged and conditions for 8 hrs, Tg-FT was immunoprecipitated from lysate and media samples, and Tg-FT amounts were analyzed via immunoblotting. All statistical testing performed using an unpaired student's t-test with Welch's correction. *pFinally, as the siRNA targets shown in Fig 5C were shown to be hits exclusively for C1264R Tg-FT we did not believe it was necessary to follow-up on these with WT Tg-FT. Similarly, we did not follow-up on hits that were exclusive to WT Tg-FT with C1264R and A2234D Tg-FT.

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #5: __The authors should also test for the binding of RTN3 to Tg WT and mutant - in particular in comparison to TEX264. This would be important in the context that only RTN3 but not TEX264 was detected in the TRIP approach. Do the authors also detect VCP and LC3B in their pulldowns?

      Our response: Please also see Reviewer #3, comment 9, who made a similar point.

      We performed follow-up experiments to test interactions with Tg and the wider panel of ER-phagy receptors. We transiently expressed FLAG-tagged CCPG1, RTN3L, and TEX264 in HEK293 cells stably expressing Tg-NLuc and performed FLAG IPs followed by western blot analysis. We found that WT and C1264R Tg were enriched, albeit modestly, in the RTN3L Co-IP compared to control samples expressing GFP. Additionally, we found that WT, A2234D, and C1264R Tg were all enriched with CCPG1 compared to control samples expressing GFP. CCPG1 was found to be a C1264R Tg interactor within our mass spectrometry datasets, along with RTN3. We have now integrated these data into the manuscript as Fig EV8, and updated the manuscript text as follows:

      "Additionally, we monitored Tg enrichment with ER-phagy receptors CCPG1 and RTN3 via Western blot as both were found to be C1264R Tg interactors within our TRIP dataset. RTN3L is found to be the only RTN3 isoform involved in ER turnover via ER-phagy (Grumati et al, 2017). WT and C1264R Tg-NLuc were modestly enriched with RTN3L compared to control samples expressing GFP. Conversely, we found that all Tg variants exhibited modest interactions with CCPG1 compared to control samples expressing GFP, although less than with TEX264 (Fig EV8).

      Together, these data suggest that TEX264, CCPG1, or RTN3L engage with Tg during processing, and CH-associated Tg mutants may be selectively targeted to TEX264. Furthermore, ER-phagy may be considered as a degradative pathway in Tg processing, as other studies have mainly focused on Tg degradation through ERAD (Tokunaga et al, 2000; Menon et al, 2007)."

      Regarding VCP, we can detect it routinely in our AP-MS experiment as presented previously (Wright et al. 2021), and here in Fig 3, Appendix Fig S1. However, we have not been able to detect interactions via western blot, which may be attributed to the increased sensitivity that LC-MS offers. We have not probed for LC3 interactions via western blot as we did not detect it by LC-MS either, but we identified several lysosomal and other autophagy-related components previously (Wright et al. 2021), and here shown in Appendix Fig S1 and Fig EV5C.

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #6: __The effect of TEX264 depletion on Tg secretion should be confirmed by TEX263 KO experiments. Do the authors observe a similar increase in secreted Tg C1264R in BafA1- or SAR405-treated cells? Moreover, the authors should show that Tg C1264R is actually delivered to lysosomes using biochemical assays such as LysoIP or colocalization experiments.

      Our response: To address this concern, we generated stable TEX264 knockout FRT cell lines by CRISPR, and probed several clones for their impact on Tg secretion. We found that TEX264 knockout did not recapitulate the increase in C1264R Tg secretion observed with transient siRNA knockout. While disappointing, these results are not necessarily surprising, considering that prolonged TEX264 knockout may lead the cell to adapt compensation mechanisms by modulating other proteostasis factors and/or autophagy machinery.

      We performed experiments utilizing the autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1, and have now included these results with the manuscript available in Fig EV10A,B. We found that BafA1 treatment led to the accumulation of WT Tg in the lysate but not for the C1264R Tg. We updated the manuscript text to accompany these data as follows:

      "To understand whether this rescue in secretion was uniquely linked to VCP inhibition or could be more broadly attributed to blocking Tg degradation, we tested the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib, and lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin. Bafilomycin increased WT Tg lysate abundance, and bortezomib significantly increased A2234D lysate abundance, consistent with a role of these degradation processes in Tg PQC (Fig EV10A). When monitoring Tg-NLuc media abundance, neither bafilomycin nor bortezomib significantly altered WT, A2234D, or C1264R abundance (Fig. EV10B). confirming that general inhibition of proteasomal or lysosomal degradation does with rescue mutant Tg secretion."

      These results raise the possibility that the mutant Tg interaction with TEX264 may not lead to active autophagic degradation of mutant Tg. This is also consistent with the slow degradation of C1264R Tg observed in the pulse-chase experiment in Fig EV9A. Whether the TEX246 recruitment of mutant Tg leads to degradation or assumes an alternative function, for example, intracellular sequestration, remains to be tested. Importantly, we have refrained from making claims in the manuscript that C1264R Tg is delivered to the lysosome but have presented data showing that it interacts with ER-phagy-related components and have further speculated on the possibility how autophagy could play a role in Tg processing.

      Thank you for the LysoIP suggestion. Ongoing work in the lab is addressing this question and experiments suggested by the reviewer, but this is better reserved for a follow-up manuscript.

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #7: __Figure 7A and 7C lack loading controls. The quantification shown in Figure 7B and 7D should be normalized to this control. Since VCP activity is often coupled to the of the proteasome, the authors should check whether blocking the proteasome yields a similar effect than ML-240.

      Our Response: Like Fig 5A discussed above (Reviewer #4, comment 4), these data are the result of immunoprecipitations from cell lysate and medium. As a result, there is not applicable loading control that can be used within the western blots. For experiments, cell amounts were normalized by seeding and subsequently culturing the same amount of cells, as denoted within the Materials and Methods - FRT siRNA validation studies section of the manuscript and Material and Methods - VCP pharmacological inhibition studies.

      Regarding the effect of proteasome inhibition, we tested whether bortezomib treatment can increase C1264R Tg secretion. We found that bortezomib led to a small but significant increase in A2234D Tg accumulation in the lysate, but did not increase secretion of Tg for WT or any of the mutant variants. This new data is shown in Fig EV10A,B. We updated the text as follow:

      "To understand whether this rescue in secretion was uniquely linked to VCP inhibition or could be more broadly attributed to blocking Tg degradation, we tested the proteasomal inhibitor bortezomib, and lysosomal inhibitor bafilomycin. Bafilomycin increased WT Tg lysate abundance, and bortezomib significantly increased A2234D lysate abundance, consistent with a role of these degradation processes in Tg PQC (Fig EV10A). When monitoring Tg-NLuc media abundance, neither bafilomycin nor bortezomib significantly altered WT, A2234D, or C1264R abundance (Fig. EV10B). confirming that general inhibition of proteasomal or lysosomal degradation does with rescue mutant Tg secretion."

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #8: __With regard to Figure 7 - Figure supplement 1: The authors should monitor the effect of ML-240 on Tg secretion such that WT and C1264R mutants are directly compared (side-by-side on the same immunoblot). Otherwise, it is difficult to claim that ML-240 rescues the secretion of the mutant.

      Our response: The reviewer is referring to the S35 pulse-chase experiments now shown in Fig EV9. We would like to clarify that these images are not immunoblots but autoradiographs. Even though the samples for WT and C1264R Tg were loaded onto separate gels, the gels were imaged at the same time and are therefore directly comparable. Regardless, the more meaningful information that can be gleaned from these experiments are the absolute rates of protein secretion and degradation and how they change in response to ML-240 treatment. The scale in the quantifications (0 - 100%) is the same and corresponds to the total amount of WT or C1264R Tg that is labeled with 35S during the 30 min pulse. Importantly, we found that C1264R Tg-FT secretion is significantly increased in the presence of ML-240, changing from

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #9: __How did ML-240 affect the ER-phagy components (in particular RTN3) in the TRIP analysis of Tg C1264R (Figure 7G-L)?

      Our response: This is a great discussion point raised by reviewer #4. We have updated the manuscript text to discuss in more detail changes in interactions with degradation components, especially with proteasomal degradation machinery (Fig 7M,N). The manuscript text now reads as follows:

      "The most striking interaction changes occurred with proteasomal degradation components, which remained steady until 1.5 hr, but then abruptly declined with ML-240 treatment at later time points (Fig 7M,N). This decline tracks with changes to the glycan processing machinery, highlighting that the coordination between N-glycosylation and diverting Tg away from ERAD may be a key to the rescue mechanism."

      Minor points:

      __Reviewer #4, Comment #10: __The candidate labeling in Figure 3 - Figure supplement 2 and 3 is too small und unreadable. The authors should provide a higher resolution of these figures or increase the font.

      Our response: These figures are now in the Appendix and we have edited this figure to provide higher resolution.

      Reviewer #4 (Significance (Required)):

      Please see above

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In the manuscript 'Time-Resolved Interactome Profiling Deconvolutes Secretory Protein Quality Control Dynamics' Wright et al. developed an approach for time-resolved protein protein interaction mapping relying on pulsed unnatural amino acid incorporation, protein cross linking, sequential affinity purification, and quantitative mass spectrometry named time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP). The authors applied the TRIP method to compare the interactions of the secreted thyroid prohormone thyroglobulin (Tg) comparing the WT protein to secretion-defective mutations implicated in congenital hypothyroidism. They further employed an RNA interference screening platform (1) to investigate if (1) interactors identified via TRIP are functionally relevant for Tg protein quality control and (2) to identify factors that can rescue mutant Tg secretion. The screen was initially performed in HEK293 cells, but selected hits with a phenotype in HEK cells were then followed up in Fisher rat thyroid cells. Further functional validation was performed by pharmacologic inhibition of VCP, a hit from the RNAi screen with an effect on Tg lysate abundance and Tg secretion. While the authors present a comprehensive study including identification of protein-protein interactions using proteomics followed up by an RNA interference screen for functional validation, major comments need to be addressed for both the proteomics as well as the functional genomics aspects of the study (see comments below).

      Major comments:

      • The authors describe a new method for quantitative, temporal interaction mapping. The protocol involves two enrichment steps as well as several reactions including cross-linking of the samples as well as functionalization of the unnatural amino acids. Given all these steps, the authors should rigorously characterize the quantitative reproducibility of the experiment when performed in independent biological replicates. This is important because in the final quantitative MS experiment, the authors only use two biological replicates, which is too low especially for such an involved sample preparation procedure, which would expect to have a high variability between replicates. Given the low number of replicates and the unknown reproducibility of the quantification for this protocol, it is questionable at this point how reliable the quantification over the time course is.
      • Compared to the previous dataset published last year, the authors discover an overlap in interactors, but also a huge discrepancy, with 96 previously identified interactors not detected in the current study, but 198 additional interactors identified. How do the authors explain the big differences between these datasets?
      • For the temporal interaction analysis the authors describe differences in the temporal profiles of selected interactions comparing wt and mutant, however no statistical analysis is performed comparing wt and mutant interaction profiles across the time course. Furthermore the variability between the replicates for the temporal profiles is not shown and some of the temporal profiles appear to be noisy. A more rigorous statistical analysis should be performed including additional biological replicates to evaluate the changes over the time course, especially as the temporal interaction analysis is the novelty of this study.
      • To functionally validate interactors derived from the TRIP analysis as well as to identify factors that can rescue mutant Tg secretion the authors developed an RNA interference screen. There are a number of aspects that need to be addressed/clarified for this part of the study.
      • While the authors validate the stable cell lines expressing the nanoluciferase tagged Tg and the linearity of luminescence signal in lysate and media carefully, they do not validate their platform in combination with the RNAi knockdown strategy. The authors should select genes as positive controls that are expected to modulate Tg secretion and demonstrate that the knockout of these positive controls indeed results in changes in Tg secretion in their system.
      • For the screen the authors select 167 Tg interactors and PN (Proteostasis network) related factors. This statement is very vague and the authors should clarify which genes were knocked down and which criteria were applied to narrow down the list of interactors and to select PN factors. The authors should therefore provide a supplementary table including all genes included in the screen, their source (were this derived from the initial study by Wright et al, from the current study or compiled from prior knowledge about PN), as well as their results from the screen based on luminescence in media and lysate. It is unclear how many of the selected factors are actually coming from the TRIP analysis.
      • Only a small number of the 167 selected genes shows an effect on Tg abundance/secretion. How do the authors explain this result? Would we not expect that Tg interactors, especially those from the TRIP method which interact with the newly synthesized are more enriched for functionally relevant genes.
      • The authors initially performed the screen in HEK293 cells and as a second step wanted to validate the hits from the HEK cells in more relevant Fisher rat thyroid cells. Indeed they could show that knockdown of NAPA increased WT TG in lysate and decreased WT Tg secretion. Furthermore, they further validated genes to modulate mutant Tg lysate and media abundance. The authors should perform a rescue experiment to demonstrate that the observed phenotype can be reversed through re-introduction of NAPA.
      • One hit from this analysis was the ER-phagy receptor TEX264, while TEX264 was not identified in the TRIP data, is selectively increased the C1264R secretion, but not wt and the other Tg mutant. Following Co-IP data however revealed some interaction between the C1264R and to a lesser extent the A2234D mutant. How do the authors explain that TEX264 was missed in the TRIP dataset?

      Minor comments:

      • The workflow needs to be described clearer. For example, it should be better explained why the authors selected a two stage enrichment strategy, I assume that the first based on the Flag affinity tag is to purify the protein of interest and the second step based on the incorporation and functionalization of the unnatural amino acids to enrich for the newly synthesized fraction at specific time points after protein synthesis? These are critical steps for the method but the rationals are not well explained, neither in the text nor the figures captures all these steps of the method very clearly, which makes it really difficult for the reader to understand the individual steps of the method. Moreover, the structures in Figure 1 workflow are not clearly labeled, so that it is confusing which part represents which protein/molecule.
      • Except for the general workflow shown in Figure 1, a more detailed workflow showing the experimental steps, such as the sample fractions with the following steps could be added so that the design of the method is clearer. Also the style of the workflows including Figure 1, Figure 2A, and Figure 3A are different. It would be helpful to make them the same style and make the Figure 2A as a zoom in or more detailed illustration on part of Figure 1.
      • A summary of proteomics results of time course labeling after all enrichment steps, including the total number of identified proteins at different conditions and control would be helpful for having an overview impression on the proteomics results
      • In Figure 2B, the WB for PDIA4 in the Biotin PD elution is missing. Why was the PDIA4 interaction missing for the time course analysis, but the interaction was captured in the initial test for Wt Tg (Figure 1D). Additionally, in this panel the Rhodamine Probe Gel shows inconsistencies at the time points 1.5 - 3h. Does this mean that the labeling did not work well for these conditions? As we would expect a consistent Rhodamine Probe signal at every time point.
      • In Figure 2, why was there no WB results for the A2234D? In Figure 2D and 2E, at which time point are the changes significant compared to WT?
      • All figure legends should indicate how many biological replicates were performed for each experiment represented in the figure.
      • The heatmaps shown in Figure 3, Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3, and Figure 7 are in the current form incomprehensible. The heatmaps depict the relative enrichment vs the control sample, which was scaled between 1 and -1. The color coding with 5 different colors from 1 to -1 is very confusing and should be changed to just two colors, one for positive and one for negative relative enrichment. I would also suggest changing the visualization of the heatmap showing the wt and mutants side by side, instead of stacked on top of each other for each individual protein.
      • The data analysis method for generating relative enrichment shown in the heatmap is not explained. This should be described in the method section for a better understanding of the data analysis. There are no legends of flowcharts in Figure 2A and Figure 3A and it is difficult to understand which are the key components in the complex and what are the differences among different periods of labeling.
      • Why did only one of the VCP inhibitors (ML-240) exhibit a phenotype in Tg abundance and secretion, but not the other VCP inhibitors?

      Significance

      The authors describe a novel and elegant method to map time resolved protein interactions of newly synthesized proteins, which allows monitoring of proteins regulating protein quality control. Authors describe it as a general method, however, they only demonstrate the applicability to one protein and do not systematically evaluate the quantitative nature of their approach by determining quantitative reproducibility, which would be necessary to be able to claim that this is a method with broad applicability.

      Given my expertise in quantitative proteomics, I can mainly comment on the technological aspects of the proteomics part of the manuscript, but do not feel qualified to evaluate the significance of this study in terms of novel biology. Nevertheless, it feels that there is a stronger emphasis on the biology in the current form of the manuscript which will raise interest of scientists with a focus on protein quality control and Tg biology.

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The authors report a mass spectrometry (MS)-based interactomics technique, time-resolved interactome profiling (TRIP), which allows for tracking temporal changes in the interactome of protein of interest. To show that TRIP can successfully deconvolute interactomes over time, they pulsed thyroid cells with homopropargylglycine (Hpg), immunoprecipitated the Hpg incorporated thyroglobulin (Tg) and its interacting proteins at different time points, and subjected the samples to tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative MS analysis. The MS results show that WT and variant Tg proteins indeed associate with different proteostasis network factors in a differential manner over the course of time. In addition, they utilized an siRNA-based luciferase fusion assay to evaluate whether silencing each proteostasis network component changes the levels of Tg in both lysate and media. From the combination of the TRIP and siRNA-based assays, they found many hits, including hits implicated in protein degradation, VCP and TEX264, which they validated with multiple experiments.

      I am overall quite positive and think this is an important study. But there are some meaningful points to consider.

      Significant comments:

      1. Only two replicates of the main data (the TRIP-MS experiments) for this paper is problematic. Especially since the manuscript is supposed to be demonstrating and validating the new technique. Consistent with this concern, the relative enrichment profiles for some of the results were surprising. For instance, interaction with CCDC47 was tapering off but then at 3 h it suddenly reaches the maximum level of engagement. Is this a real finding or the variability in the method? Impossible to tell with two replicates. Presenting heat maps based on biological duplicates is also very problematic. It masks the error, which is large as can be seen in some of the panels showing individual proteins. In my view, triplicates and a clear understanding of the error in the technique should be required.
      2. The same concern arises for the high-throughput siRNA screen, which was performed only in duplicate for WT and A2234D.
      3. There are issues with some of the immunoprecipitation experiments: In Figure 1C, a negative control for FLAG IP is missing. In Figure 2B, I am curious why the band (Hpg -, chase time 0 h) is so faint for the first WB (IB for FLAG) - is Hpg treatment indeed leading to much more Tg present at 0 h? If so, that is a concern. Also, a negative control must be included (either plain cells or cells expressing fluorescent protein or a different epitope-tagged WT Tg). In this same figure, I am puzzled why the bands for 1.5-3 timepoints in Biotin PD elution, probed for Rhodamine, are very faint especially considering that in Figure 1D, the corresponding bands, which are 4 h after the pulse, look fine. It seems like the IP failed here?

      Suggestion to consider:

      This manuscript, supported by the title and abstract, mainly focuses on the presentation of the development and application of TRIP, which is highly significant. The story becomes less coherent and harder to follow as significant amounts of text/figures are dedicated to siRNA-based high throughput screening and follow-up. In addition, although the discovery of TEX264 as one of the hits is very interesting and exciting, TEX264 apparently was not a hit in the TRIP experiment and is pretty distracting from the main point of the paper highlighted in the abstract and title, therefore. The siRNA-based assay and follow-up studies could be a separate scientific story of their own. Especially considering my concerns on the number of replicates for both the TRIP and siRNA-based assay, it could be beneficial to actually split the manuscript into two and conduct more replicates of the -omic work, which should corroborate the exciting discoveries the authors have made.

      Minor comments:

      Throughout the manuscript, the authors have not defined what FT is; presumably it means FLAG tag.

      The authors might discuss their rationale for choosing 0-3 hrs for their TRIP studies. That includes any relevant information about the half-life of WT versus variant Tg, whether the Hpg pulse time is short enough to avoid missing key features of the temporal interactome, and discussion of what would happen if the TRIP were performed at prolonged time points (e.g. 6-10 h).

      Lines 68-69: the two citations should probably come one sentence earlier (at least Coscia et al 2020 is a structure paper).

      Line 91: "(Figure 1A)" should follow the sentence "To develop the time-resolved..." to help readers better understand the system.

      Line 101: Fisher should be Fischer

      Line 131: Should be 1.5 hrs instead of 2 hrs.

      Lines 135-136: I do not agree with the claim that HSPA5 profile looked similar for MS and WB. I do not see a peak for HSPA5 at 2 hrs in Figure 2D.

      Line 186: The cited paper Shurtleff et al 2018 is missing in the reference list.

      Line 188: I disagree with the authors' claim here because, at least for CCDC47, interactions with C1264R seem to come back at the 3 hr time point.

      Line 203: I am not sure if P4HA1 can be included in the examples for showing distinct patterns for mutants compared to the WT according to their data in Figure 3H.

      Line 216: The authors should add citations about the functions of STT3A and STT3B proteins.

      Lines 248-251, "We found that interactions with these components...": this sentence should refer to Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3 instead of Figure 3L and S4.

      Lines 258-260, "Another striking observation was that the temporal profile of EMC interactions for C1264R correlated with RTN3, PGRMC1, CTSB, and CTSD interactions.": Please provide more evidence to support the potential correlation between different interaction profiles. Or the authors should move this sentence to the discussion section as it sounds speculative. This highlights the issue of only having duplicates, as well.

      Line 340: As written, should cite more than one paper

      Line 371: Should be Figure 4 - figure supplement 2

      Line 1231: "Zhang et al 2018" needs to be removed

      Line 1286: FRTR should be FRT

      Figure 3E: Color used to highlight the three proteins (CCDC47, EMC1, EMC4) should match the color used in Figure 3 - Figure Supplement 3

      Figure 4A: The bottom figure where lysate signal is inversely proportional to time is misleading because the authors are assessing steady-state level of proteins in this assay.

      Figure 4 - Figure Supplement 1 caption: in (C), (F) should be (B). (K) should be (G) and I am not sure what the authors mean when they refer to (J) in caption of (G).

      Figure 5 caption for (C and D): Need to specify the time that the samples were collected (8 hrs), as it seems different from A and B according to the main text.

      Figure 5 - Figure Supplement 1: Data for HERPUD1 and P3H1 should be included.

      Figure 5 - Figure Supplement 2B: Please mention in the caption how degradation is defined.

      Significance

      This manuscript is highly significant because the authors (1) designed and validated a new methodology for time-resolved interactomics study, (2) presented the dynamic changes in Tg interactome for WT and variants, and (3) discovered how proteins implicated in degradation pathways (e.g. VCP, TEX264, RTN3) can change the secretion profile of WT and mutant Tg proteins. With TRIP, the authors demonstrated that they could obtain valuable data that were previously not captured from steady-state interactomics studies (Wright et al. 2021; Figure 3M and Figure 3 - Figure supplement 4D-4I). Furthermore, the authors treated cells with VCP inhibitors and performed both 35S pulse-chase analyses and TRIP. These experiments provide valuable information to the field by (1) presenting a new method to rescue Tg secretion defect, and (2) demonstrating a broader applicability of TRIP. If the major comments above can be addressed I believe this is a tremendous contribution to the field.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Compared to our initial submission to Review Commons, we have addressed all the reviewers' comments. We have extensively re-written the manuscript to make it clearer to a larger audience. In particular, we have transferred Figure EV1 to Figure 1 with more complete panels and included a scheme (Figure EV3) on the steps of D2R internalization which we measure with live cell imaging. We have added a new paragraph to the start of the Discussion to summarize our main conclusions and reordered the discussion on the possible mechanisms of membrane PUFA enrichment on D2R endocytosis. All the changes in the text are in red for easier comparison with the previous version.

      As suggested by reviewer 1, we have performed additional experiments to test the specificity of the effects of PUFA treatments on D2R endocytosis, reinforcing the results shown in Figure 4 using feeding assays. We show with live cell TIRF imaging and the ppH assay that TfR-SEP endocytosis is not affected (Figure EV5) and that SEP-β2AR endocytosis and βarr2-mCherry recruitment to the plasma membrane are not affected (Figure EV6).

      Reviewer #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      *The manuscript, using different live and fixed cell trafficking assays, demonstrates that incorporation of poly-unsaturated, but not saturated, free fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids reduce agonist induced internalization of the D2 dopamine receptor but not the adrenergic beta2 receptors or the transferrin receptor. Pulsed pH (ppH) live microscopy further demonstrated that the reduced internalization by incorporation of free fatty acid was accompanied by a blunted recruitment of Beta-arrestin for the D2R.

      I believe said claims put forward in the manuscript are overall well supported by the data and as such I do not believe that further experiments are necessarily needed to uphold these key claims. Also, the methodology is satisfactorily reported, and statistics are robust, although two-way Anova like used in Fig 1 seems appropriate for Fig 2 and 3*

      We thank the reviewer for his/her positive assessment of our work. We have checked the statistical tests used for all our measures. For Figure 2 and 3 (now 3 and 4) we test for only one factor (PUFA treatment or not) so we ran ordinary one-way ANOVA using Graphpad Prism.

      That said, I suggest that the fixed cell internalization experiments (Fig 2 and 3), which relate the effect on the D2R to B2AR and transferrin are revised. This is important since this is relevant to judge whether the effect is a general or a selective molecular mechanism since this is the one of the three assay which this comparison relies on. Alternatively, I suggest omitting this data and include the B2AR in the Live DERET assay and both B2AR and TfR in the ppH assay. Specifically, my concerns with the fixed cell internalization are: • The analysis is based on counting the number of endosomes, which is not necessarily equivalent to the number of receptors internalized

      The number of puncta, as well as their fluorescence, is reported by the analysis program (written in Matlab2021 and available upon request). We chose to show number of puncta because they reflect more directly the number of labelled endosomes (in Figures 3 and 4). As shown in the figure below, we found slight but significant differences between groups for FLAG-D2R (88.6 % and 87.6 % of average fluorescence in DHA and DPA treated cells compared to control cells), (panel A), and no differences for FLAG-β2AR (panel B). We find a significant decrease in puncta fluorescence for transferrin uptake in cells incubated with DHA (but not DPA) relative to control cells (panel C). However, because we did not detect differences in the number of puncta or in the frequency and amplitude of endocytic vesicle creation events (see below), we still conclude that enrichment with exogenous PUFAs does not affect clathrin mediated endocytosis.

      In conclusion, the most robust measure of endocytosis for this assay is the number of detected puncta per cell rather than their fluorescence.

      • The analysis relies on fully effective stripping of the surface pool of receptors - i.e clustered surface receptors not stripped by the protocol will be assessed as internalized. It is often very difficult to obtain full efficiency of the Flag-tag stripping and this is somewhat expression dependent. • The protocol for the constitutive and agonist induced internalization is different and yet shown on the same absolute graph. Although I take it the microscope gain setting are unaltered between the constitutive and agonist induced internalization I don't believe the quantification can be directly related. This is confusing at the very least. More critically however, the membrane signal from the non-stripped condition of constitutive internalization will likely fully shield internalized receptors in the Rab4 membrane proximal recycling pathway leading to under-estimation of the in the constitutive endocytosis. I believe this methodological limitation underlies the massive relative difference in the constitutive endocytosis between panel 2A,B and 2C,D. For comparison, by a quantitative dual color FACS endocytosis assay, we have previously demonstrated the ligand endocytosis a ~4 fold increased over constitutive (in concert with Fig 2A,B here) (Schmidt et al 20XX). Importantly, high relative variability by this methodology could well shield an actual effect of incorporation of FFAs on the constitutive endocytosis. We thank the reviewer for pointing this difference in the protocol. As a matter of fact, we have not used acid stripping in all the conditions used for the uptake assays (Figures 3 and 4). We apologize for the confusion and we have clarified this point in the Methods section. In early experiments we compared conditions with or without stripping but we concluded from these experiments that indeed, the stripping was not complete. Moreover, we noticed early on that many cells treated with DHA or DPA did not have any detectable cluster (13 cells out of 58 quantified cells treated with DHA after addition of QPL, 12/56 cells treated with DPA, 0/68 for cells treated with vehicle). Stripping the antibody would have made these cells undetectable, biasing the analysis. Therefore, to make our results more consistent we decided to use non-stripping conditions. To detect endosomes specifically, we used a segmentation tool developed earlier (see Rosendale et al.* 2019). This tool is based on wavelet transforms which recognizes dot-like structures. In addition, we excluded from the cell mask the labelled plasma membrane by a mask erosion.

      We agree the design of experiments was not aimed at comparing the effect of PUFA treatment on low levels of constitutive D2R endocytosis. This would require more sensitive assays and be addressed in subsequent studies.

      'Optional' Also, it would be informative to see the ppH Beta-arrestin experiments with the B2AR to assess, whether the putative discrepancy between D2R and B2AR is upstream or downstream of the blunted Beta-arrestin recruitment. To the same point, it would be very informative to assess how the incorporation of the free fatty acids affect receptor signalling, which would also help relate the effect of incorporation of the FFA's in the phospholipids to previous experiment using short term incubation with FFA's

      We have now performed live imaging experiments in HEK293 cells expressing SEP-β2AR, GRK2 and βarr2-mCherry and stimulated with isoproterenol (Figure EV6). We show that the clustering of SEP-β2AR, of βarr2-mCherry, as well as endocytosis, are not affected by treatments with DHA or DPA. In this study, we focused on the early trafficking steps of D2R internalization. It will be interesting in a future study to address its consequences on G protein dependent and independent signaling. Moreover, and for good measure, we performed experiments to assess TfR-SEP endocytosis with the ppH assay. Again, we found no difference between cells treated or not with PUFAs (Figure EV5)

      *References overall seem appropriate although Schmidt et al would be relevant for reference of the constitutive vs agonist induced endocytosis of D2R and B2AR. *

      We have now cited Schmidt et al. 2020 doi 10.1111/bcpt.13274 in the discussion with the following sentences: "D2R also shows constitutive endocytosis (Schmidt et al, 2020) which may be modulated by PUFAs although we did not detect any significant difference in our measures (see Figure 3) which were aimed at detecting high levels of internalization induced by agonists. Further work will be required to specifically examine the effect of PUFAs on constitutive GPCR internalization."

      Overall, the figures are well composed and convey the messages fairly well. Specific point that would strengthen the rigor include: • Chosing actual representative pictures of the quantitative data in Fig 2 and 3 (e.g. hard to see 25 endocytic events in Fig 2A constitutive endo, EtOH)

      We apologize for the confusion. We employ a normalization procedure to account for cell size. In addition, all numbers have been normalized to the condition stimulated with agonist with no PUFA treatment). In fact, we detect in unstimulated cells very few puncta (on average 0.6, range 0-5) compared to 27.3 clusters (range 2-87) in cells stimulated with QPL.

      • Showing actual p values for the statistical comparisons* For easier reading, we have kept the stars convention for the figures but added two tables with all statistical tests and the p values for both main figures and EV figures.

      Moreover, for ease of reading the figures (without consulting the legend repeatedly) it would be very helpful to headline individual panel with what the experiments assesses. Figure 1a and 1b for example can't be distinguished at all before reading the figure legend. Also, y-axis could be more informative on what I measured rather than just giving the unit.

      We have added titles to panels (in particular for Figure 2A,B which correspond to former Figure 1A,B) and we have given new titles to Y axes to make them clearer. We hope that the reading of our figures will now be easier.

      Finally, the figure presentation and description of S1 is very hard to follow. I cannot really make out what is assessed in the different panels.

      We have changed substantially Figure EV1 (now Figure 1) with new presentation of data: all 4 conditions (control, treated with DHA, DPA or BA) systematically presented in the same graph, and clearer titles for the parameter displayed on the Y axes. We hope that this figure is now easier to follow.

      Significance

      *The strength of the manuscript is the use and validation of incorporation of FFA's in the plasma membrane, which more closely mimics the physiological situation than brief application of FFAs as often done. Is addition, the blunted recruitment of beta-arrestin as assessed by the ppH protocol is quite intriguing mechanistically. The limitation are the relative narrow focus on the D2 receptor (and not multiple GPCRs) that does not really speak to as or assess the physiological, pathophysiological or therapeutic role of the observations (except from referring the relation between FFAs and disease). Also, despite the putative role of Beta-arrestin recruitment in the process, the actual causation in the process is not clear. This shortcoming is underscored by the putative effect on the constitutive internalization described above.

      My specific expertise for assessing the paper is within general trafficking processes (including the trafficking methodology applied), trafficking of GPCRs and function of the dopamine system including the role of D2 receptors.*

      • *

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      • *

      The only conclusion that I was able to understand from the study was that enrichment of cell membranes with polyunsaturated fatty acids specifically inhibited agonist-induced internalization of D2 receptors. However, I think that the experiments used to conclude that PUFAs do not alter D2R clustering but reduce the recruitment of β-arrestin2 and D2R endocytosis need some clarification (i.e. data depicted in Fig. 2-5). This lack of clarity might be due to the fact I am not familiar enough with the employed technologies or to the unclear writing style of the paper. There was an overuse of acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations, which are difficult to understand for researchers outside of the specific lipid field. I think that the manuscript should be written in a way to be legible also for researchers not working in the immediate filed.

      The paper was not written in a manner that a general audience of cell biologists or those interested in GPCR biology could understand and judge. It is indeed interesting that polyunsaturated fatty acids specifically inhibit D2R internalization in HEK293 cells, and it could be significant. But, it is difficult to judge the significance of the observation without more in vivo data.

      I would suggest the following. Remove all acronyms and abbreviations. Significantly, expand the Materials and Methods section, either in the manuscript or in the Supplemental section. I suggest clearly explaining each construct used, and the function of each module in the construct, with diagrams. In addition, provide a comprehensive step by step description of each experimental protocol, providing the reader with the rationale for each step in the protocol with explanatory diagrams. The authors should also more clearly explain the rationale and logic that was utilized to make the conclusions that they did from the depicted observations. Only then can a broader audience determine if the authors' conclusions are justified.

      We thank the reviewer for his/her comments. Indeed, our main message was that two types of PUFAs (DHA and DPA) specifically alter D2R endocytosis by reducing the recruitment of β-arrestin2 without changing D2R clustering at the plasma membrane. We are sorry that our writing was not clear enough. We also found out that in the last steps of the submission to Review Commons, the first paragraph of the Discussion was inadvertently erased. This made our main conclusions, summarized in this first paragraph, less clear. We have now put back this important paragraph. Moreover, we have extensively rewritten the manuscript thriving to make it as clear as possible to a large audience. We have reduced the use of acronyms to keep only the most used ones [e.g. PUFA (used 99 times), DHA (37 times), GPCR (34 times), D2R (126 times), GRK (17 times)] and made them consistent throughout the manuscript. Following the reviewer's suggestion, we have also added a scheme of the steps following D2R activation by agonist leading to its internalization (Figure EV3).

      We understand that the reviewer implies by "in vivo data" results obtained in the brain of animals. As written in the Introduction and in the Discussion, the current work follows up on a recently published manuscripts by a subset of the authors, namely (i) Ducrocq et al. 2020 (doi 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.012) in which we show that deficits in motivation in animals deprived in ω3-PUFAs can be restored specifically by conditional expression of a fatty acid desaturase from c. elegans (FAT1) that allows restoring PUFA levels specifically in D2R-expressing striatal projection neurons (which mediate the so-called indirect pathway), and (ii) Jobin et al. 2023 (doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01928-6) which combines in cellulo (HEK 293 cells) and in vivo data to show that PUFAs affects the ligand binding of the dopamine D2 receptor and its signaling in a lipid context that reflects patient lipid profiles regarding poly-unsaturation levels.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      • *

      In summary, I will reiterate that the reported experiments need to be much better explained to make the study understandable to a broader audience and for that audience to determine whether the conclusions are justified.

      • *

      • *

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      • *

      Summary:

      The authors investigate the role of lipid polyunsaturation in endocytic uptake of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). To modulate the degree of unsaturation in live cell plasma membranes, the authors incubate cell lines with pure fatty acid that is metabolized and incorporated into the cellular membranes. To quantify the internalization of D2R in these live cells, the authors utilized quantitative fluorescence assays such as DERET and endosome analysis to determine the degree and rate of D2R internalization in the presence of two model agonists - dopamine and quinpirole. The authors conclude that when the PUFA content of the plasma membrane is increased (i.e., via ω3 or ω6 fatty acids), both the quantity and rate of D2R internalization decrease substantially. The authors confirmed that these phenomena are specific to D2R as caveolar endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were unaffected when these same experimental techniques were utilized for β2 adrenergic receptor and transferrin. Additionally, the authors conclude that the clustering ability of D2R is unaffected by lipid unsaturation but that the ability of D2R clusters to interact with β-arrestin2 is inhibited in the presence of excess PUFA. Based on these findings, the authors propose several hypothetical mechanisms for lipid-D2R interactions on the plasma membrane, which will likely be the scope of future work.

      Overall, this is a highly thorough and rigorous body of work that convincingly illustrates the connection between PUFA levels and D2R activity. However, I do not agree with the authors' conclusions pertaining to how their results should be interpreted in the context of fatty acid-related disorders. Additionally, this manuscript could benefit from some reorganization which would present the work more clearly. Please see the comments below.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive appreciation of our work, qualified as a "thorough and rigorous body of work that convincingly illustrates the connection between PUFA levels and D2R activity". We will address the specific points raised by the reviewer with our answers below.

      Comments:

        • A recurring motivation for this study that is brought up by the authors is that dietary deficiency of ω3 fatty acids is tied to D2R dysfunction. This would indicate that PUFA reduction in the plasma membrane results in D2R dysfunction. However, the experiments emphasized in this manuscript investigate the condition where PUFA content is INCREASED in the plasma membrane and D2R function is compromised. It seems inappropriate for the authors to cite dietary deficiency of ω3 as a motivation when they experimentally test a condition that is tied to ω3 surplus.* Regarding the general comment of the reviewer, we agree that direct conclusion cannot be drawn on the etiology of psychiatric disorders by looking at the effect of membrane fatty acid levels on D2R in HEK 293 cells. Nevertheless, we mention in the Introduction the intriguing occurrence of low PUFA levels in psychiatric disorders as starting point to look at D2R as an important target for psychoactive drugs prescribed for these disorders. In the Discussion, we propose that manipulating fatty acid levels might potentiate the efficacy of D2R ligands used as treatments. We felt raising these aspects was not putting too much emphasis on psychiatric disorders. However, in accordance with the reviewer's comment, we toned down these descriptions in the revised manuscript.

      The goal of increasing the levels of fatty acids at the membrane in HEK 293, the most widely used cellular system to study GPCR trafficking, was to try to emulate the levels of lipids in brain cells. Indeed, the levels of PUFAs in our culture conditions are much lower (~8 %, Figure 1B) than in brain extracts (~30 %). Therefore, the "control" condition in HEK 293 cells would correspond to PUFA deficiency while after our enrichment protocol these levels are closer to those found in brain cells. Our results could therefore be interpreted as endocytosis of D2R being augmented under membrane PUFA decrease. Importantly, increased receptor internalization often correlates with decreased signaling. Therefore, membrane PUFA enrichment in our conditions would rather potentiate D2R signaling.

      • Following up on the first comment, the authors' results seem to indicate that excess ω3's are detrimental to D2R function. This result would be at odds with the conventional view that ω3's are essential and that excessive ω3 may not be harmful. The authors should rationalize their findings in the context of what is known about excess dietary ω3.*

      The Reviewer is right that the conventional view is that excessive ω3 PUFA may not be harmful. However, this rather applies to dietary consumption, which might have limited effect to brain fatty acid contents since their accretion is highly regulated. Moreover, the majority of studies looking at ω3 supplementation have been performed in young adults and the effects on the developing brain - as it might be happening in pathological conditions in which D2R is involved - remain poorly understood. Furthermore, as mentioned above, blunted internalization of D2R under membrane PUFA enrichment is not an indication of "detrimental" to D2R function. Nor do we argue that membrane enrichment corresponds to excess PUFAs.

      • I would argue that the control experiments with saturated fatty acids (i.e., Behenic Acid in figure 1), represent a scenario mimicking ω3 deficiency as the enrichment of Behenic Acid causes an overall reduction in PUFAs (Figure EV1C - an increase in SFA must correspond to a decrease in PUFA). These Behenic acid results are the only experiments presented by the authors that mimic a scenario resembling ω3 deficiency and the results show that the D2R internalization is unaffected (Figure 1G-H). Therefore, I would further argue that if anything, the authors results suggest that ω3 deficiency is NOT correlated to D2R internalization. Again, the authors must rationalize these findings in the context of what is known about dietary intake of ω3's.*

      The Reviewer must refer to the fact that nutrients rich in SFAs are usually poor in PUFAs and vice-versa. Based on our lipidomic analysis, we now present in Figure 1B the effect of treatments (DHA, DPA, BA) on the levels of PUFAs (Figure 1B) and saturated fatty acids (Figure 1C). In cells treated with behenic acid (BA), PUFA levels are not significantly changed relative to control, untreated cells, while saturated fatty acid levels are increased. BA was used here to determine whether the effects observed with PUFAs was related to the enrichment in unsaturations or due to carbon chain length (C22). It is not the case because BA treatment, unlike DHA or DPA treatment, does not affect D2R endocytosis (Figure 2G,H).

      • It's not clear why the authors decided to include an ω6 fatty acid in this study. The authors built up a detailed rationale for investigating ω3's as they are dietarily essential and tied to disease when deficient. To my knowledge, ω6's are considered much less beneficial than ω3's in a dietary sense. The inclusion of an ω6 almost seems coerced as the ω6-related results don't provide any interesting additional insights. It would benefit the manuscript if the authors provided some additional discussion explaining why ω6's are being investigated in addition to ω3's. *

      We agree that we could have made the rationale clearer. The goal in comparing ω3-DHA and ω6-DPA was to assess whether the position of the first unsaturation (n-3 vs n-6), with the same carbon chain length (C22) might differentially impact D2R endocytosis.

      • In Figure EV1D, the AHA and DPA percentages each increase by ~6%. The corresponding Figure EV1B indicates that the overall PUFA% in the plasma membrane also increases by 6%. This makes sense as the total change in PUFA content is consistent with the amount of AHA or DPA being internalized to cells. However, this consistency was not observed with BA and SFAs. In Figure EV1E, the BA percentage increases only ~1% while the total SFA percentage in Figure EV1C increases by ~6%. How can something undergoing a 1% change (relative to total lipid content) result in a 6% overall change in SFA content?*

      The reviewer is correct: the level of SFAs is increased by 5.2% (34.5 % of total FAs in control cells to 39.7 % in BA treated cells), more than the increase in BA alone (1.18% from 0.35 % to 1.53 %). A close look at our lipidomics data showed that many of the 10 saturated fatty acids quantified are enhanced. In particular, the two most abundant ones, palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) are increased, from 21.37 % to 22.28 % and 8.47 % to 11.17%, respectively. The reasons for these apparent discrepancies may involve lipid metabolic pathways which convert the rare and long BA into more common and shorter SFAs to preserve lipid contents and thus membrane properties.

      • In Figure 4, the discussion of kinetics does not make sense. How exactly are kinetics being monitored in this figure? (Recruitment kinetics are discussed in panels D and G)*

      We wanted to convey the impression that the time to reach the peak βarr2-mCherry recruitment was shorter in PUFA-treated cells than in control cells. However, after analyzing the kinetics in individual cells, we did not find a statistically significant difference in the time to maximum fluorescence. Therefore, we removed this reference to the kinetics of recruitment.

      We now write: " However, treatment with DHA or DPA significantly decreased peak βarr2-mCherry fluorescence (Figure 5F-G).."

      • In Figure 5, What is the purpose of panel D? Would it be more helpful to include additional, overlaid "cumulative N" plots for scenarios in which PUFAs were enriched? This would work well in conjunction with panel F.*

      The purpose of this panel is to show the kinetics of increase in the frequency of endocytic vesicle formation upon agonist addition, and the decrease in frequency when the agonist is removed. We have now added examples of cells treated with DHA and DPA of similar surface for direct comparison with control (EtOH) cells.

      • For the readers who are new to this area or unfamiliar with the assays used, Figure 1 is not intuitive and initially difficult to interpret. It would greatly benefit the flow of the manuscript if Figures EV1A-C and EV2A were included in the main text and "Normalized R" was clearly defined in the main text, prior to discussion of Figure 1.*

      We have now transferred Figure EV1 as Figure 1. We have adapted the scheme of the DERET assay and its legend (now in Figure EV1A) to make it clearer. We did not put in Figure 2 because this figure is already very big. We have changed "Normalized R" to "Ratio 620/520) (% max)" to be clearer and more consistent with the scheme.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      • *

      General assessment: The work, for the most part, is rigorous and scientifically sound. The authors utilize impressive, quantitative assays to expand our understanding of protein-lipid interactions. However, the authors need to improve their discussion of the actual physiological conditions that correspond to their experimental results.

      • *

      Advance: This work may fill a gap in our understanding of disorders related to the dopamine D2 receptor. However, some of the results may be at odds with what is currently known/understood about dietary ω3 fatty acids.

      • *

      Audience: This work will be of broad interest to researchers in the biophysics field, with particular emphasis on researchers who study protein and membrane biophysics. This work will also be of interest to researchers who study membrane molecular biology.

      • *

      Reviewer Expertise: quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy; membrane biophysics; protein-lipid interactions

      • *
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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The manuscript, using different live and fixed cell trafficking assays, demonstrates that incorporation of poly-unsaturated, but not saturated, free fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids reduce agonist induced internalization of the D2 dopamine receptor but not the adrenergic beta2 receptors or the transferrin receptor. Pulsed pH (ppH) live microscopy further demonstrated that the reduced internalization by incorporation of free fatty acid was accompanied by a blunted recruitment of Beta-arrestin for the D2R.

      I believe said claims put forward in the manuscript are overall well supported by the data and as such I do not believe that further experiments are necessarily needed to uphold these key claims. Also, the methodology is satisfactorily reported, and statistics are robust, although two-way Anova like used in Fig 1 seems appropriate for Fig 2 and 3

      That said, I suggest that the fixed cell internalization experiments (Fig 2 and 3), which relate the effect on the D2R to B2AR and transferrin are revised. This is important since this is relevant to judge whether the effect is a general or a selective molecular mechanism since this is the one of the three assay which this comparison relies on. Alternatively, I suggest omitting this data and include the B2AR in the Live DERET assay and both B2AR and TfR in the ppH assay. Specifically, my concerns with the fixed cell internalization are:

      • The analysis is based on counting the number of endosomes, which is not necessarily equivalent to the number of receptors internalized
      • The analysis relies on fully effective stripping of the surface pool of receptors - i.e clustered surface receptors not stripped by the protocol will be assessed as internalized. It is often very difficult to obtain full efficiency of the Flag-tag stripping and this is somewhat expression dependent.
      • The protocol for the constitutive and agonist induced internalization is different and yet shown on the same absolute graph. Although I take it the microscope gain setting are unaltered between the constitutive and agonist induced internalization I don't believe the quantification can be directly related. This is confusing at the very least. More critically however, the membrane signal from the non-stripped condition of constitutive internalization will likely fully shield internalized receptors in the Rab4 membrane proximal recycling pathway leading to under-estimation of the in the constitutive endocytosis. I believe this methodological limitation underlies the massive relative difference in the constitutive endocytosis between panel 2A,B and 2C,D. For comparison, by a quantitative dual color FACS endocytosis assay, we have previously demonstrated the ligand endocytosis a ~4 fold increased over constitutive (in concert with Fig 2A,B here) (Schmidt et al 20XX). Importantly, high relative variability by this methodology could well shield an actual effect of incorporation of FFAs on the constitutive endocytosis.

      'Optional' Also, it would be informative to see the ppH Beta-arrestin experiments with the B2AR to assess, whether the putative discrepancy between D2R and B2AR is upstream or downstream of the blunted Beta-arrestin recruitment. To the same point, it would be very informative to assess how the incorporation of the free fatty acids affect receptor signalling, which would also help relate the effect of incorporation of the FFA's in the phospholipids to previous experiment using short term incubation with FFA's

      References overall seem appropriate although Schmidt et al would be relevant for reference of the constitutive vs agonist induced endocytosis of D2R and B2AR. Overall, the figures are well composed and convey the messages fairly well. Specific point that would strengthen the rigor include:

      • Chosing actual representative pictures of the qunatiative data in Fig 2 and 3 (e.g. har to see 25 endocytic events in Fig 2A constitutive endo, EtOH)
      • Showing actual p values for the statistical comparisions

      Moreover, for ease of reading the figures (without consulting the legend repeatedly) it would be very helpful to headline individual panel with what the experiments assesses. Figure 1a and 1b for example can't be distinguished at all before reading the figure legend. Also, y-axis could be more informative on what I measured rather than just giving the unit.

      Finally, the figure presentation and description of S1 is very hard to follow. I cannot really make out what is assessed in the different panels.

      Significance

      The strength of the manuscript is the use and validation of incorporation of FFA's in the plasma membrane, which more closely mimics the physiological situation than brief application of FFAs as often done. Is addition, the blunted recruitment of beta-arrestin as assessed by the ppH protocol is quite intriguing mechanistically. The limitation are the relative narrow focus on the D2 receptor (and not multiple GPCRs) that does not really speak to as or assess the physiological, pathophysiological or therapeutic role of the observations (except from referring the relation between FFAs and disease). Also, despite the putative role of Beta-arrestin recruitment in the process, the actual causation in the process is not clear. This shortcoming is underscored by the putative effect on the constitutive internalization described above.

      My specific expertise for assessing the paper is within general trafficking processes (including the trafficking methodology applied), trafficking of GPCRs and function of the dopamine system including the role of D2 receptors.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Compared to our initial submission to Review Commons, we have addressed all the reviewers' comments. We have extensively re-written the manuscript to make it clearer to a larger audience. In particular, we have transferred Figure EV1 to Figure 1 with more complete panels and included a scheme (Figure EV3) on the steps of D2R internalization which we measure with live cell imaging. We have added a new paragraph to the start of the Discussion to summarize our main conclusions and reordered the discussion on the possible mechanisms of membrane PUFA enrichment on D2R endocytosis. All the changes in the text are in red for easier comparison with the previous version.

      As suggested by reviewer 1, we have performed additional experiments to test the specificity of the effects of PUFA treatments on D2R endocytosis, reinforcing the results shown in Figure 4 using feeding assays. We show with live cell TIRF imaging and the ppH assay that TfR-SEP endocytosis is not affected (Figure EV5) and that SEP-β2AR endocytosis and βarr2-mCherry recruitment to the plasma membrane are not affected (Figure EV6).

      Reviewer #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      *The manuscript, using different live and fixed cell trafficking assays, demonstrates that incorporation of poly-unsaturated, but not saturated, free fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids reduce agonist induced internalization of the D2 dopamine receptor but not the adrenergic beta2 receptors or the transferrin receptor. Pulsed pH (ppH) live microscopy further demonstrated that the reduced internalization by incorporation of free fatty acid was accompanied by a blunted recruitment of Beta-arrestin for the D2R.

      I believe said claims put forward in the manuscript are overall well supported by the data and as such I do not believe that further experiments are necessarily needed to uphold these key claims. Also, the methodology is satisfactorily reported, and statistics are robust, although two-way Anova like used in Fig 1 seems appropriate for Fig 2 and 3*

      We thank the reviewer for his/her positive assessment of our work. We have checked the statistical tests used for all our measures. For Figure 2 and 3 (now 3 and 4) we test for only one factor (PUFA treatment or not) so we ran ordinary one-way ANOVA using Graphpad Prism.

      That said, I suggest that the fixed cell internalization experiments (Fig 2 and 3), which relate the effect on the D2R to B2AR and transferrin are revised. This is important since this is relevant to judge whether the effect is a general or a selective molecular mechanism since this is the one of the three assay which this comparison relies on. Alternatively, I suggest omitting this data and include the B2AR in the Live DERET assay and both B2AR and TfR in the ppH assay. Specifically, my concerns with the fixed cell internalization are: • The analysis is based on counting the number of endosomes, which is not necessarily equivalent to the number of receptors internalized

      The number of puncta, as well as their fluorescence, is reported by the analysis program (written in Matlab2021 and available upon request). We chose to show number of puncta because they reflect more directly the number of labelled endosomes (in Figures 3 and 4). As shown in the figure below, we found slight but significant differences between groups for FLAG-D2R (88.6 % and 87.6 % of average fluorescence in DHA and DPA treated cells compared to control cells), (panel A), and no differences for FLAG-β2AR (panel B). We find a significant decrease in puncta fluorescence for transferrin uptake in cells incubated with DHA (but not DPA) relative to control cells (panel C). However, because we did not detect differences in the number of puncta or in the frequency and amplitude of endocytic vesicle creation events (see below), we still conclude that enrichment with exogenous PUFAs does not affect clathrin mediated endocytosis.

      In conclusion, the most robust measure of endocytosis for this assay is the number of detected puncta per cell rather than their fluorescence.

      • The analysis relies on fully effective stripping of the surface pool of receptors - i.e clustered surface receptors not stripped by the protocol will be assessed as internalized. It is often very difficult to obtain full efficiency of the Flag-tag stripping and this is somewhat expression dependent. • The protocol for the constitutive and agonist induced internalization is different and yet shown on the same absolute graph. Although I take it the microscope gain setting are unaltered between the constitutive and agonist induced internalization I don't believe the quantification can be directly related. This is confusing at the very least. More critically however, the membrane signal from the non-stripped condition of constitutive internalization will likely fully shield internalized receptors in the Rab4 membrane proximal recycling pathway leading to under-estimation of the in the constitutive endocytosis. I believe this methodological limitation underlies the massive relative difference in the constitutive endocytosis between panel 2A,B and 2C,D. For comparison, by a quantitative dual color FACS endocytosis assay, we have previously demonstrated the ligand endocytosis a ~4 fold increased over constitutive (in concert with Fig 2A,B here) (Schmidt et al 20XX). Importantly, high relative variability by this methodology could well shield an actual effect of incorporation of FFAs on the constitutive endocytosis. We thank the reviewer for pointing this difference in the protocol. As a matter of fact, we have not used acid stripping in all the conditions used for the uptake assays (Figures 3 and 4). We apologize for the confusion and we have clarified this point in the Methods section. In early experiments we compared conditions with or without stripping but we concluded from these experiments that indeed, the stripping was not complete. Moreover, we noticed early on that many cells treated with DHA or DPA did not have any detectable cluster (13 cells out of 58 quantified cells treated with DHA after addition of QPL, 12/56 cells treated with DPA, 0/68 for cells treated with vehicle). Stripping the antibody would have made these cells undetectable, biasing the analysis. Therefore, to make our results more consistent we decided to use non-stripping conditions. To detect endosomes specifically, we used a segmentation tool developed earlier (see Rosendale et al.* 2019). This tool is based on wavelet transforms which recognizes dot-like structures. In addition, we excluded from the cell mask the labelled plasma membrane by a mask erosion.

      We agree the design of experiments was not aimed at comparing the effect of PUFA treatment on low levels of constitutive D2R endocytosis. This would require more sensitive assays and be addressed in subsequent studies.

      'Optional' Also, it would be informative to see the ppH Beta-arrestin experiments with the B2AR to assess, whether the putative discrepancy between D2R and B2AR is upstream or downstream of the blunted Beta-arrestin recruitment. To the same point, it would be very informative to assess how the incorporation of the free fatty acids affect receptor signalling, which would also help relate the effect of incorporation of the FFA's in the phospholipids to previous experiment using short term incubation with FFA's

      We have now performed live imaging experiments in HEK293 cells expressing SEP-β2AR, GRK2 and βarr2-mCherry and stimulated with isoproterenol (Figure EV6). We show that the clustering of SEP-β2AR, of βarr2-mCherry, as well as endocytosis, are not affected by treatments with DHA or DPA. In this study, we focused on the early trafficking steps of D2R internalization. It will be interesting in a future study to address its consequences on G protein dependent and independent signaling. Moreover, and for good measure, we performed experiments to assess TfR-SEP endocytosis with the ppH assay. Again, we found no difference between cells treated or not with PUFAs (Figure EV5)

      *References overall seem appropriate although Schmidt et al would be relevant for reference of the constitutive vs agonist induced endocytosis of D2R and B2AR. *

      We have now cited Schmidt et al. 2020 doi 10.1111/bcpt.13274 in the discussion with the following sentences: "D2R also shows constitutive endocytosis (Schmidt et al, 2020) which may be modulated by PUFAs although we did not detect any significant difference in our measures (see Figure 3) which were aimed at detecting high levels of internalization induced by agonists. Further work will be required to specifically examine the effect of PUFAs on constitutive GPCR internalization."

      Overall, the figures are well composed and convey the messages fairly well. Specific point that would strengthen the rigor include: • Chosing actual representative pictures of the quantitative data in Fig 2 and 3 (e.g. hard to see 25 endocytic events in Fig 2A constitutive endo, EtOH)

      We apologize for the confusion. We employ a normalization procedure to account for cell size. In addition, all numbers have been normalized to the condition stimulated with agonist with no PUFA treatment). In fact, we detect in unstimulated cells very few puncta (on average 0.6, range 0-5) compared to 27.3 clusters (range 2-87) in cells stimulated with QPL.

      • Showing actual p values for the statistical comparisons* For easier reading, we have kept the stars convention for the figures but added two tables with all statistical tests and the p values for both main figures and EV figures.

      Moreover, for ease of reading the figures (without consulting the legend repeatedly) it would be very helpful to headline individual panel with what the experiments assesses. Figure 1a and 1b for example can't be distinguished at all before reading the figure legend. Also, y-axis could be more informative on what I measured rather than just giving the unit.

      We have added titles to panels (in particular for Figure 2A,B which correspond to former Figure 1A,B) and we have given new titles to Y axes to make them clearer. We hope that the reading of our figures will now be easier.

      Finally, the figure presentation and description of S1 is very hard to follow. I cannot really make out what is assessed in the different panels.

      We have changed substantially Figure EV1 (now Figure 1) with new presentation of data: all 4 conditions (control, treated with DHA, DPA or BA) systematically presented in the same graph, and clearer titles for the parameter displayed on the Y axes. We hope that this figure is now easier to follow.

      Significance

      *The strength of the manuscript is the use and validation of incorporation of FFA's in the plasma membrane, which more closely mimics the physiological situation than brief application of FFAs as often done. Is addition, the blunted recruitment of beta-arrestin as assessed by the ppH protocol is quite intriguing mechanistically. The limitation are the relative narrow focus on the D2 receptor (and not multiple GPCRs) that does not really speak to as or assess the physiological, pathophysiological or therapeutic role of the observations (except from referring the relation between FFAs and disease). Also, despite the putative role of Beta-arrestin recruitment in the process, the actual causation in the process is not clear. This shortcoming is underscored by the putative effect on the constitutive internalization described above.

      My specific expertise for assessing the paper is within general trafficking processes (including the trafficking methodology applied), trafficking of GPCRs and function of the dopamine system including the role of D2 receptors.*

      • *

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      • *

      The only conclusion that I was able to understand from the study was that enrichment of cell membranes with polyunsaturated fatty acids specifically inhibited agonist-induced internalization of D2 receptors. However, I think that the experiments used to conclude that PUFAs do not alter D2R clustering but reduce the recruitment of β-arrestin2 and D2R endocytosis need some clarification (i.e. data depicted in Fig. 2-5). This lack of clarity might be due to the fact I am not familiar enough with the employed technologies or to the unclear writing style of the paper. There was an overuse of acronyms, initialisms and abbreviations, which are difficult to understand for researchers outside of the specific lipid field. I think that the manuscript should be written in a way to be legible also for researchers not working in the immediate filed.

      The paper was not written in a manner that a general audience of cell biologists or those interested in GPCR biology could understand and judge. It is indeed interesting that polyunsaturated fatty acids specifically inhibit D2R internalization in HEK293 cells, and it could be significant. But, it is difficult to judge the significance of the observation without more in vivo data.

      I would suggest the following. Remove all acronyms and abbreviations. Significantly, expand the Materials and Methods section, either in the manuscript or in the Supplemental section. I suggest clearly explaining each construct used, and the function of each module in the construct, with diagrams. In addition, provide a comprehensive step by step description of each experimental protocol, providing the reader with the rationale for each step in the protocol with explanatory diagrams. The authors should also more clearly explain the rationale and logic that was utilized to make the conclusions that they did from the depicted observations. Only then can a broader audience determine if the authors' conclusions are justified.

      We thank the reviewer for his/her comments. Indeed, our main message was that two types of PUFAs (DHA and DPA) specifically alter D2R endocytosis by reducing the recruitment of β-arrestin2 without changing D2R clustering at the plasma membrane. We are sorry that our writing was not clear enough. We also found out that in the last steps of the submission to Review Commons, the first paragraph of the Discussion was inadvertently erased. This made our main conclusions, summarized in this first paragraph, less clear. We have now put back this important paragraph. Moreover, we have extensively rewritten the manuscript thriving to make it as clear as possible to a large audience. We have reduced the use of acronyms to keep only the most used ones [e.g. PUFA (used 99 times), DHA (37 times), GPCR (34 times), D2R (126 times), GRK (17 times)] and made them consistent throughout the manuscript. Following the reviewer's suggestion, we have also added a scheme of the steps following D2R activation by agonist leading to its internalization (Figure EV3).

      We understand that the reviewer implies by "in vivo data" results obtained in the brain of animals. As written in the Introduction and in the Discussion, the current work follows up on a recently published manuscripts by a subset of the authors, namely (i) Ducrocq et al. 2020 (doi 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.012) in which we show that deficits in motivation in animals deprived in ω3-PUFAs can be restored specifically by conditional expression of a fatty acid desaturase from c. elegans (FAT1) that allows restoring PUFA levels specifically in D2R-expressing striatal projection neurons (which mediate the so-called indirect pathway), and (ii) Jobin et al. 2023 (doi: 10.1038/s41380-022-01928-6) which combines in cellulo (HEK 293 cells) and in vivo data to show that PUFAs affects the ligand binding of the dopamine D2 receptor and its signaling in a lipid context that reflects patient lipid profiles regarding poly-unsaturation levels.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      • *

      In summary, I will reiterate that the reported experiments need to be much better explained to make the study understandable to a broader audience and for that audience to determine whether the conclusions are justified.

      • *

      • *

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      • *

      Summary:

      The authors investigate the role of lipid polyunsaturation in endocytic uptake of the dopamine D2 receptor (D2R). To modulate the degree of unsaturation in live cell plasma membranes, the authors incubate cell lines with pure fatty acid that is metabolized and incorporated into the cellular membranes. To quantify the internalization of D2R in these live cells, the authors utilized quantitative fluorescence assays such as DERET and endosome analysis to determine the degree and rate of D2R internalization in the presence of two model agonists - dopamine and quinpirole. The authors conclude that when the PUFA content of the plasma membrane is increased (i.e., via ω3 or ω6 fatty acids), both the quantity and rate of D2R internalization decrease substantially. The authors confirmed that these phenomena are specific to D2R as caveolar endocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were unaffected when these same experimental techniques were utilized for β2 adrenergic receptor and transferrin. Additionally, the authors conclude that the clustering ability of D2R is unaffected by lipid unsaturation but that the ability of D2R clusters to interact with β-arrestin2 is inhibited in the presence of excess PUFA. Based on these findings, the authors propose several hypothetical mechanisms for lipid-D2R interactions on the plasma membrane, which will likely be the scope of future work.

      Overall, this is a highly thorough and rigorous body of work that convincingly illustrates the connection between PUFA levels and D2R activity. However, I do not agree with the authors' conclusions pertaining to how their results should be interpreted in the context of fatty acid-related disorders. Additionally, this manuscript could benefit from some reorganization which would present the work more clearly. Please see the comments below.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive appreciation of our work, qualified as a "thorough and rigorous body of work that convincingly illustrates the connection between PUFA levels and D2R activity". We will address the specific points raised by the reviewer with our answers below.

      Comments:

        • A recurring motivation for this study that is brought up by the authors is that dietary deficiency of ω3 fatty acids is tied to D2R dysfunction. This would indicate that PUFA reduction in the plasma membrane results in D2R dysfunction. However, the experiments emphasized in this manuscript investigate the condition where PUFA content is INCREASED in the plasma membrane and D2R function is compromised. It seems inappropriate for the authors to cite dietary deficiency of ω3 as a motivation when they experimentally test a condition that is tied to ω3 surplus.* Regarding the general comment of the reviewer, we agree that direct conclusion cannot be drawn on the etiology of psychiatric disorders by looking at the effect of membrane fatty acid levels on D2R in HEK 293 cells. Nevertheless, we mention in the Introduction the intriguing occurrence of low PUFA levels in psychiatric disorders as starting point to look at D2R as an important target for psychoactive drugs prescribed for these disorders. In the Discussion, we propose that manipulating fatty acid levels might potentiate the efficacy of D2R ligands used as treatments. We felt raising these aspects was not putting too much emphasis on psychiatric disorders. However, in accordance with the reviewer's comment, we toned down these descriptions in the revised manuscript.

      The goal of increasing the levels of fatty acids at the membrane in HEK 293, the most widely used cellular system to study GPCR trafficking, was to try to emulate the levels of lipids in brain cells. Indeed, the levels of PUFAs in our culture conditions are much lower (~8 %, Figure 1B) than in brain extracts (~30 %). Therefore, the "control" condition in HEK 293 cells would correspond to PUFA deficiency while after our enrichment protocol these levels are closer to those found in brain cells. Our results could therefore be interpreted as endocytosis of D2R being augmented under membrane PUFA decrease. Importantly, increased receptor internalization often correlates with decreased signaling. Therefore, membrane PUFA enrichment in our conditions would rather potentiate D2R signaling.

      • Following up on the first comment, the authors' results seem to indicate that excess ω3's are detrimental to D2R function. This result would be at odds with the conventional view that ω3's are essential and that excessive ω3 may not be harmful. The authors should rationalize their findings in the context of what is known about excess dietary ω3.*

      The Reviewer is right that the conventional view is that excessive ω3 PUFA may not be harmful. However, this rather applies to dietary consumption, which might have limited effect to brain fatty acid contents since their accretion is highly regulated. Moreover, the majority of studies looking at ω3 supplementation have been performed in young adults and the effects on the developing brain - as it might be happening in pathological conditions in which D2R is involved - remain poorly understood. Furthermore, as mentioned above, blunted internalization of D2R under membrane PUFA enrichment is not an indication of "detrimental" to D2R function. Nor do we argue that membrane enrichment corresponds to excess PUFAs.

      • I would argue that the control experiments with saturated fatty acids (i.e., Behenic Acid in figure 1), represent a scenario mimicking ω3 deficiency as the enrichment of Behenic Acid causes an overall reduction in PUFAs (Figure EV1C - an increase in SFA must correspond to a decrease in PUFA). These Behenic acid results are the only experiments presented by the authors that mimic a scenario resembling ω3 deficiency and the results show that the D2R internalization is unaffected (Figure 1G-H). Therefore, I would further argue that if anything, the authors results suggest that ω3 deficiency is NOT correlated to D2R internalization. Again, the authors must rationalize these findings in the context of what is known about dietary intake of ω3's.*

      The Reviewer must refer to the fact that nutrients rich in SFAs are usually poor in PUFAs and vice-versa. Based on our lipidomic analysis, we now present in Figure 1B the effect of treatments (DHA, DPA, BA) on the levels of PUFAs (Figure 1B) and saturated fatty acids (Figure 1C). In cells treated with behenic acid (BA), PUFA levels are not significantly changed relative to control, untreated cells, while saturated fatty acid levels are increased. BA was used here to determine whether the effects observed with PUFAs was related to the enrichment in unsaturations or due to carbon chain length (C22). It is not the case because BA treatment, unlike DHA or DPA treatment, does not affect D2R endocytosis (Figure 2G,H).

      • It's not clear why the authors decided to include an ω6 fatty acid in this study. The authors built up a detailed rationale for investigating ω3's as they are dietarily essential and tied to disease when deficient. To my knowledge, ω6's are considered much less beneficial than ω3's in a dietary sense. The inclusion of an ω6 almost seems coerced as the ω6-related results don't provide any interesting additional insights. It would benefit the manuscript if the authors provided some additional discussion explaining why ω6's are being investigated in addition to ω3's. *

      We agree that we could have made the rationale clearer. The goal in comparing ω3-DHA and ω6-DPA was to assess whether the position of the first unsaturation (n-3 vs n-6), with the same carbon chain length (C22) might differentially impact D2R endocytosis.

      • In Figure EV1D, the AHA and DPA percentages each increase by ~6%. The corresponding Figure EV1B indicates that the overall PUFA% in the plasma membrane also increases by 6%. This makes sense as the total change in PUFA content is consistent with the amount of AHA or DPA being internalized to cells. However, this consistency was not observed with BA and SFAs. In Figure EV1E, the BA percentage increases only ~1% while the total SFA percentage in Figure EV1C increases by ~6%. How can something undergoing a 1% change (relative to total lipid content) result in a 6% overall change in SFA content?*

      The reviewer is correct: the level of SFAs is increased by 5.2% (34.5 % of total FAs in control cells to 39.7 % in BA treated cells), more than the increase in BA alone (1.18% from 0.35 % to 1.53 %). A close look at our lipidomics data showed that many of the 10 saturated fatty acids quantified are enhanced. In particular, the two most abundant ones, palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (18:0) are increased, from 21.37 % to 22.28 % and 8.47 % to 11.17%, respectively. The reasons for these apparent discrepancies may involve lipid metabolic pathways which convert the rare and long BA into more common and shorter SFAs to preserve lipid contents and thus membrane properties.

      • In Figure 4, the discussion of kinetics does not make sense. How exactly are kinetics being monitored in this figure? (Recruitment kinetics are discussed in panels D and G)*

      We wanted to convey the impression that the time to reach the peak βarr2-mCherry recruitment was shorter in PUFA-treated cells than in control cells. However, after analyzing the kinetics in individual cells, we did not find a statistically significant difference in the time to maximum fluorescence. Therefore, we removed this reference to the kinetics of recruitment.

      We now write: " However, treatment with DHA or DPA significantly decreased peak βarr2-mCherry fluorescence (Figure 5F-G).."

      • In Figure 5, What is the purpose of panel D? Would it be more helpful to include additional, overlaid "cumulative N" plots for scenarios in which PUFAs were enriched? This would work well in conjunction with panel F.*

      The purpose of this panel is to show the kinetics of increase in the frequency of endocytic vesicle formation upon agonist addition, and the decrease in frequency when the agonist is removed. We have now added examples of cells treated with DHA and DPA of similar surface for direct comparison with control (EtOH) cells.

      • For the readers who are new to this area or unfamiliar with the assays used, Figure 1 is not intuitive and initially difficult to interpret. It would greatly benefit the flow of the manuscript if Figures EV1A-C and EV2A were included in the main text and "Normalized R" was clearly defined in the main text, prior to discussion of Figure 1.*

      We have now transferred Figure EV1 as Figure 1. We have adapted the scheme of the DERET assay and its legend (now in Figure EV1A) to make it clearer. We did not put in Figure 2 because this figure is already very big. We have changed "Normalized R" to "Ratio 620/520) (% max)" to be clearer and more consistent with the scheme.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      • *

      General assessment: The work, for the most part, is rigorous and scientifically sound. The authors utilize impressive, quantitative assays to expand our understanding of protein-lipid interactions. However, the authors need to improve their discussion of the actual physiological conditions that correspond to their experimental results.

      • *

      Advance: This work may fill a gap in our understanding of disorders related to the dopamine D2 receptor. However, some of the results may be at odds with what is currently known/understood about dietary ω3 fatty acids.

      • *

      Audience: This work will be of broad interest to researchers in the biophysics field, with particular emphasis on researchers who study protein and membrane biophysics. This work will also be of interest to researchers who study membrane molecular biology.

      • *

      Reviewer Expertise: quantitative fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy; membrane biophysics; protein-lipid interactions

      • *
    4. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The manuscript, using different live and fixed cell trafficking assays, demonstrates that incorporation of poly-unsaturated, but not saturated, free fatty acids in the membrane phospholipids reduce agonist induced internalization of the D2 dopamine receptor but not the adrenergic beta2 receptors or the transferrin receptor. Pulsed pH (ppH) live microscopy further demonstrated that the reduced internalization by incorporation of free fatty acid was accompanied by a blunted recruitment of Beta-arrestin for the D2R.

      I believe said claims put forward in the manuscript are overall well supported by the data and as such I do not believe that further experiments are necessarily needed to uphold these key claims. Also, the methodology is satisfactorily reported, and statistics are robust, although two-way Anova like used in Fig 1 seems appropriate for Fig 2 and 3

      That said, I suggest that the fixed cell internalization experiments (Fig 2 and 3), which relate the effect on the D2R to B2AR and transferrin are revised. This is important since this is relevant to judge whether the effect is a general or a selective molecular mechanism since this is the one of the three assay which this comparison relies on. Alternatively, I suggest omitting this data and include the B2AR in the Live DERET assay and both B2AR and TfR in the ppH assay. Specifically, my concerns with the fixed cell internalization are:

      • The analysis is based on counting the number of endosomes, which is not necessarily equivalent to the number of receptors internalized
      • The analysis relies on fully effective stripping of the surface pool of receptors - i.e clustered surface receptors not stripped by the protocol will be assessed as internalized. It is often very difficult to obtain full efficiency of the Flag-tag stripping and this is somewhat expression dependent.
      • The protocol for the constitutive and agonist induced internalization is different and yet shown on the same absolute graph. Although I take it the microscope gain setting are unaltered between the constitutive and agonist induced internalization I don't believe the quantification can be directly related. This is confusing at the very least. More critically however, the membrane signal from the non-stripped condition of constitutive internalization will likely fully shield internalized receptors in the Rab4 membrane proximal recycling pathway leading to under-estimation of the in the constitutive endocytosis. I believe this methodological limitation underlies the massive relative difference in the constitutive endocytosis between panel 2A,B and 2C,D. For comparison, by a quantitative dual color FACS endocytosis assay, we have previously demonstrated the ligand endocytosis a ~4 fold increased over constitutive (in concert with Fig 2A,B here) (Schmidt et al 20XX). Importantly, high relative variability by this methodology could well shield an actual effect of incorporation of FFAs on the constitutive endocytosis.

      'Optional' Also, it would be informative to see the ppH Beta-arrestin experiments with the B2AR to assess, whether the putative discrepancy between D2R and B2AR is upstream or downstream of the blunted Beta-arrestin recruitment. To the same point, it would be very informative to assess how the incorporation of the free fatty acids affect receptor signalling, which would also help relate the effect of incorporation of the FFA's in the phospholipids to previous experiment using short term incubation with FFA's

      References overall seem appropriate although Schmidt et al would be relevant for reference of the constitutive vs agonist induced endocytosis of D2R and B2AR. Overall, the figures are well composed and convey the messages fairly well. Specific point that would strengthen the rigor include:

      • Chosing actual representative pictures of the qunatiative data in Fig 2 and 3 (e.g. har to see 25 endocytic events in Fig 2A constitutive endo, EtOH)
      • Showing actual p values for the statistical comparisions

      Moreover, for ease of reading the figures (without consulting the legend repeatedly) it would be very helpful to headline individual panel with what the experiments assesses. Figure 1a and 1b for example can't be distinguished at all before reading the figure legend. Also, y-axis could be more informative on what I measured rather than just giving the unit.

      Finally, the figure presentation and description of S1 is very hard to follow. I cannot really make out what is assessed in the different panels.

      Significance

      The strength of the manuscript is the use and validation of incorporation of FFA's in the plasma membrane, which more closely mimics the physiological situation than brief application of FFAs as often done. Is addition, the blunted recruitment of beta-arrestin as assessed by the ppH protocol is quite intriguing mechanistically. The limitation are the relative narrow focus on the D2 receptor (and not multiple GPCRs) that does not really speak to as or assess the physiological, pathophysiological or therapeutic role of the observations (except from referring the relation between FFAs and disease). Also, despite the putative role of Beta-arrestin recruitment in the process, the actual causation in the process is not clear. This shortcoming is underscored by the putative effect on the constitutive internalization described above.

      My specific expertise for assessing the paper is within general trafficking processes (including the trafficking methodology applied), trafficking of GPCRs and function of the dopamine system including the role of D2 receptors.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This paper reports the finding that less fat accumulates in C. elegans that are feeding on Comamonas aquatica DA1877 (DA) vs the standard lab diet of Escherichia coli OP50 (OP50). While these bacteria are likely to be different in many ways, the authors found that fat accumulation phenotype depends on the vitamin B12 content of the bacterial diet and the involvement of B12 in the methionine cycle, affecting SAMS-1 and phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis. They report that low PC levels activate SREBP-1 (SBP-1 in C. elegans) and that an important target of SBP-1 is the delta 9 desaturase FAT-7. Finally, they describe a role for ASM-3, an acid sphingomyelinase, in influencing PC synthesis and fat accumulation in the worm.

      Strengths:

      This is a comprehensive story about how a dietary change affects fat accumulation in C. elegans. Their experimental evidence is convincing. The most novel aspect of this paper is that the coelomecyte expression of asm-3 contributes to PC/TAG homeostasis in C. elegans, which most likely occurs through the production of phosphocholine by the enzymatic breakdown of sphingomyelin by ASM-3. The phosphocholine will provide precursors for phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis, contributing to the PC synthesis pathway.

      Weaknesses:

      In the way the story is presented, the authors tend to imply that they discovered the pathways of B12, PC, SBP-1, and FAT-7, ignoring some important studies describing the relationship between PC synthesis and TAG accumulation in both the mammalian lipid metabolism field (liver) as well as in C. elegans. Many previous studies with similar results are not cited appropriately. Thus, the pathways reported in the paper are not new, and in this sense, the work is mostly confirmatory.

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors presented data that linked vitamin B12, S-adenosyl methionine (SAM), and phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis to lipid homeostasis in C. elegans. They confirmed mechanisms previously shown by other labs, including the regulation of FAT-7 expression by SBP-1, and the targeting of SEIP-1 by PC levels. The authors also attempted to link the synthesis of phospho-choline by the ASM-3 sphingomyelinase to PC synthesis and lipid homeostasis. However, the relative contribution of phospho-choline by ASM-3 versus the canonical Kennedy pathway was not elucidated. Therefore, the significance of the ASM-3-dependent mechanism to PC synthesis requires further investigation.

      Strengths:

      The authors used a wide range of biochemical and cell biological methods to measure fatty acid composition, neutral lipid levels, and lipid droplet dynamics in C. elegans. The quality of the data is generally high.

      Weaknesses:

      Data interpretation and the construction of the working model did not seem to take into account the two well-established pathways for PC synthesis. The Kennedy pathway generates PC from phospho-choline and DAG via a cytidine-based intermediate. The second PC synthesis pathway entails the methylation of PE by PEMT, with the donor methyl groups provided by the vitamin B12-dependent 1-carbon cycle. The authors' model seemed to overlook part of the Kennedy pathway that involves choline kinase (and not ASM-3) as the canonical enzyme that generates phospho-choline. The authors also did not explicitly consider DAG as a precursor of triacylglycerol (TAG), which was directly or indirectly measured as a readout of organismal fat content in the paper. Therefore, alternative models should be entertained. For example, the proposed genetic and dietary effects on lipid homeostasis could stem from the competition for a limiting pool of precursors that were shared by PC and TAG synthesis. PC itself may not have a deterministic role, as depicted by the authors' model. Finally, the claim that "coelomocytes regulate diets-induced lipid homeostasis through asm-3" was not well supported. In the absence of quantitative analysis of phospho-choline in mutants, it was unclear how much ASM-3 contributed to the overall phospho-choline, and ultimately PC level. The proposed inter-tissue regulation of PC synthesis also requires coelomocytes-specific knock-down/depletion of asm-3 for verification.

    1. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The work by Kalita et al. reports regulation of RecB expression by Hfq protein in E.coli cell. RecBCD is an essential complex for DNA repair and chromosome maintenance. The expression level needs to be regulated at low level under regular growth conditions but upregulated upon DNA damage. Through quantitative imaging, the authors demonstrate that recB mRNAs and proteins are expressed at low level under regular conditions. While the mRNA copy number demonstrates high noise level due to stochastic gene expression, the protein level is maintained at a lower noise level compared to expected value. Upon DNA damage, the authors claim that the recB mRNA concentration is decreased, however RecB protein level is compensated by higher translation efficiency. Through analyzing CLASH data on Hfq, they identified two Hfq binding sites on RecB polycistronic mRNA, one of which is localized at the ribosome binding site (RBS). Through measuring RecB mRNA and protein level in the ∆hfq cell, the authors conclude that binding of Hfq to the RBS region of recB mRNA suppresses translation of recB mRNA. This conclusion is further supported by the same measurement in the presence of Hfq sequestrator, the sRNA ChiX, and the deletion of the Hfq binding region on the mRNA.

      Strengths:

      (1) The manuscript is well-written and easy to understand.<br /> (2) While there are reported cases of Hfq regulating translation of bound mRNAs, its effect on reducing translation noise is relatively new.<br /> (3) The imaging and analysis are carefully performed with necessary controls.

      Weaknesses:

      The major weaknesses include a lack of mechanistic depth, and part of the conclusions are not fully supported by the data.

      (1) Mechanistically, it is still unclear why upon DNA damage, translation level of recB mRNA increases, which makes the story less complete. The authors mention in the Discussion that a moderate (30%) decrease in Hfq protein was observed in previous study, which may explain the loss of translation repression on recB. However, given that this mRNA exists in very low copy number (a few per cell) and that Hfq copy number is on the order of a few hundred to a few thousand, it's unclear how 30% decrease in the protein level should resides a significant change in its regulation of recB mRNA.<br /> (2) Based on the experiment and the model, Hfq regulates translation of recB gene through binding to the RBS of the upstream ptrA gene through translation coupling. In this case, one would expect that the behavior of ptrA gene expression and its response to Hfq regulation would be quite similar to recB. Performing the same measurement on ptrA gene expression in the presence and absence of Hfq would strengthen the conclusion and model.<br /> (3) The authors agree that they cannot exclude the possibility of sRNA being involved in the translation regulation. However, this can be tested by performing the imaging experiments in the presence of Hfq proximal face mutations, which largely disrupt binding of sRNAs.<br /> (4) The data on construct with a long region of Hfq binding site on recB mRNA deleted is less convincing. There is no control to show that removing this sequence region itself has no effect on translation, and the effect is solely due to the lack of Hfq binding. A better experiment would be using a Hfq distal face mutant that is deficient in binding to the ARN motifs.<br /> (5) Ln 249-251: The authors claim that the stability of recB mRNA is not changed in ∆hfq simply based on the steady-state mRNA level. To claim so, the lifetime needs to be measured in the absence of Hfq.<br /> (6) What's the labeling efficiency of Halo-tag? If not 100% labeled, is it considered in the protein number quantification? Is the protein copy number quantification through imaging calibrated by an independent method? Does Halo tag affect the protein translation or degradation?<br /> (7) Upper panel of Fig S8a is redundant as in Fig 5B. Seems that Fig S8d is not described in the text.

    2. Author response:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this study the authors use an elegant set of single-molecule experiments to assess the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of RecB. The question stems from a previous observation from the same lab, that RecB protein levels are low and not induced under DNA damage. The authors first show that recB transcript levels are low and have a short half-life. They further show that RecB levels are likely regulated via translational control. They provide evidence for low noise in RecB protein levels across cells and show that the translation of the mRNA increases under double-strand break conditions. Authors identify Hfq binding sites in the recbcd [recBCD] operon and show that Hfq regulates the levels of RecB protein without changing the mRNA levels. They suggest that RecB translation is directly controlled by Hfq binding to mRNA, as mutating one of the binding sites has a direct effect on RecB protein levels.

      Strengths:

      The implication of Hfq in regulation of RecB translation is important and suggests mechanisms of cellular response to DNA damage that are beyond the canonically studied mechanisms (such as transcriptional regulation by LexA). Data are clearly presented and the writing is direct and easy to follow. Overall, the study is well-designed and provides novel insights into the regulation of RecB, that is part of the complex required to process break ends.

      Weaknesses:

      Some key findings need additional support/ clarifications to strengthen the conclusions. These are suggested to the authors.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors carry out a careful and rigorous quantitative analysis of RecB transcript and protein levels at baseline and in response to DNA damage. Using single-molecule FISH and Halo-tagging in order to achieve sensitive measurements, they provide evidence that enhanced RecB protein levels in response to DNA damage are achieved through a post-transcriptional mechanism mediated by the La-like RNA binding protein, Hhq1 [Sm-like RNA binding protein, Hfq]. In terms of biological relevance, the authors suggest that this mechanism provides a way to control the optimum level of RecB expression as both deletion and over-expression are deleterious. In addition, the proposed mechanism provides a new framework for understanding how transcriptional noise can be suppressed at the protein level.

      Strengths:

      Strengths of the manuscript include the rigorous approaches and orthogonal evidence to support the core conclusions, for example, the evidence that altering either Hhq1 [Hfq] or its recognition sequence on the RNA similarly enhance the protein to RNA ratio of RecB. The writing is clear and the experiments are well-controlled. The modeling approaches provide essential context to interpret the data, particularly given the small numbers of molecules per cell. The interpretations are careful and well supported.

      Weaknesses:

      The authors make a compelling case for the biological need to exquisitely control RecB levels, which they suggest is achieved by the pathway they have uncovered and described in this work. However, this conclusion is largely inferred as the authors only investigate the effect on cell survival in response to (high levels of) DNA damage and in response to two perturbations - genetic knock-out or over-expression, both of which are likely more dramatic than the range of expression levels observed in unstimulated and DNA damage conditions.

      In the discussion, we proposed that the post-transcriptional regulation of recB that we have uncovered could be involved in keeping RecB levels within an optimal range. We agree that testing the phenotypic impact of small changes in RecB levels would add additional strength to this suggestion. However, this is experimentally very challenging because of the low copy number of RecB molecules, which makes it difficult to slightly alter RecB levels in a controlled and homogeneous (across cells) manner. Developing the synthetic biology tools necessary for such an experiment is beyond the scope of this article. In the manuscript, we will clarify the limits of our interpretation of the role of the uncovered regulation.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The work by Kalita et al. reports regulation of RecB expression by Hfq protein in E.coli cell. RecBCD is an essential complex for DNA repair and chromosome maintenance. The expression level needs to be regulated at low level under regular growth conditions but upregulated upon DNA damage. Through quantitative imaging, the authors demonstrate that recB mRNAs and proteins are expressed at low level under regular conditions. While the mRNA copy number demonstrates high noise level due to stochastic gene expression, the protein level is maintained at a lower noise level compared to expected value. Upon DNA damage, the authors claim that the recB mRNA level is not significantly affected, but RecB protein level increases due to a higher translation efficiency. [Upon DNA damage, the authors claim that the recB mRNA concentration is decreased, however RecB protein level is compensated by higher translation efficiency]. Through analyzing CLASH data on Hfq, they identified two Hfq binding sites on RecB polycistronic mRNA, one of which is localized at the ribosome binding site (RBS). Through measuring RecB mRNA and protein level in the ∆hfq cell, the authors conclude that binding of Hfq to the RBS region of recB mRNA suppresses translation of recB mRNA. This conclusion is further supported by the same measurement in the presence of Hfq sequestrator, the sRNA ChiX, and the deletion of the Hfq binding region on the mRNA.

      Strengths:

      (1) The manuscript is well-written and easy to understand.

      (2) While there are reported cases of Hfq regulating translation of bound mRNAs, its effect on reducing translation noise is relatively new.

      (3) The imaging and analysis are carefully performed with necessary controls.

      Weaknesses:

      The major weaknesses include a lack of mechanistic depth, and part of the conclusions are not fully supported by the data.

      (1) Mechanistically, it is still unclear why upon DNA damage, translation level of recB mRNA increases, which makes the story less complete. The authors mention in the Discussion that a moderate (30%) decrease in Hfq protein was observed in previous study, which may explain the loss of translation repression on recB. However, given that this mRNA exists in very low copy number (a few per cell) and that Hfq copy number is on the order of a few hundred to a few thousand, it's unclear how 30% decrease in the protein level should resides a significant change in its regulation of recB mRNA.

      While Hfq is a highly abundant protein, it has many mRNA and sRNA targets, some of which are also present in large amounts (DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2003.03734.x). As recently shown, the competition among the targets over Hfq proteins results in unequal (across various targets) outcomes, where the targets with higher Hfq affinity have an advantage over the ones with less efficient binding (DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.016). In line with these findings, we reason that upon DNA damage, a moderate decrease in the Hfq protein abundance (30%) can lead to a similar competition among Hfq targets where high-affinity targets outcompete low- affinity ones as well as low-abundant ones (such as recB mRNAs). Therefore, we hypothesise that the regulation of low abundant targets of Hfq by moderate perturbations of Hfq protein level is a potential explanation for the change in RecB translation that we have observed. We will expand this part of the discussion to explain our reasoning in a more explicit and coherent way.

      (2) Based on the experiment and the model, Hfq regulates translation of recB gene through binding to the RBS of the upstream ptrA gene through translation coupling. In this case, one would expect that the behavior of ptrA gene expression and its response to Hfq regulation would be quite similar to recB. Performing the same measurement on ptrA gene expression in the presence and absence of Hfq would strengthen the conclusion and model

      Indeed, based on our model, we expect PtrA expression to be regulated by Hfq in a similar manner to RecB. However, the product encoded by the ptrA gene, Protease III, (i) has been poorly characterised; (ii) unlike RecB, is located in the periplasm (DOI: 10.1128/jb.149.3.1027-1033.1982); and (iii) is not involved in any DNA repair pathway. Therefore, analysing PtrA expression would take us away from the key questions of our study.

      (3) The authors agree that they cannot exclude the possibility of sRNA being involved in the translation regulation. However, this can be tested by performing the imaging experiments in the presence of Hfq proximal face mutations, which largely disrupt binding of sRNAs.

      (4) The data on construct with a long region of Hfq binding site on recB mRNA deleted is less convincing. There is no control to show that removing this sequence region itself has no effect on translation, and the effect is solely due to the lack of Hfq binding. A better experiment would be using a Hfq distal face mutant that is deficient in binding to the ARN motifs.

      We thank the referee for these suggestions. We have performed the requested experiments, and the quantification of RecB abundance in the presence of Hfq proteins mutated in the proximal and distal face will be added to the revised version of the manuscript.

      (5) Ln 249-251: The authors claim that the stability of recB mRNA is not changed in ∆hfq simply based on the steady-state mRNA level. To claim so, the lifetime needs to be measured in the absence of Hfq.

      We agree that this statement is not fully supported by our data and will address this issue in the revised version.

      (6) What's the labeling efficiency of Halo-tag? If not 100% labeled, is it considered in the protein number quantification? Is the protein copy number quantification through imaging calibrated by an independent method? Does Halo tag affect the protein translation or degradation?

      Our previous study (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44278-0) described a detailed characterisation of the HaloTag labelling technique for quantifying low-copy proteins in single E. coli cells.

      In that study, we used RecB-HaloTag as an example of a low-copy number protein. We showed a complete quantitative agreement of RecB detection between two fully independent methods: HaloTag-based labelling with cell fixation and RecB-sfGFP combined with a microfluidic device that lowers protein diffusion in the bacterial cytoplasm. This second method has previously been validated for protein quantification (DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11641) and provides detection of 80-90% of the labelled protein. Additionally, in our protocol, immediate chemical fixation of cells after the labelling and quick washing steps ensure that new, unlabelled RecB proteins are not produced. We, therefore, conclude that our approach to RecB detection is highly reliable and sufficient for comparing RecB production in different conditions and mutants.

      The RecB-HaloTag construct has been designed for minimal impact on RecB production and function. The HaloTag is translationally fused to RecB in a loop positioned after the serine present at position 47 where it is unlikely to interfere with (i) the formation of RecBCD complex (based on RecBCD structure, DOI: 10.1038/nature02988), (ii) the initiation of translation (as it is far away from the 5’UTR and the beginning of the open reading frame) and (iii) conventional C-terminal-associated mechanisms of protein degradation (DOI: 10.15252/msb.20199208). In our manuscript, we showed that the RecB-HaloTag degradation rate is similar to the dilution rate due to bacterial growth. This is in line with a recent study on unlabelled proteins, which shows that RecB’s lifetime is set by the cellular growth rate (https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.08.01.502339) and indicates that the HaloTag fusion is not affecting RecB stability.

      Furthermore, we have demonstrated (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44278-0) that (i) bacterial growth is not affected by replacing the native RecB with RecB-HaloTag, (ii) RecB-HaloTag is fully functional upon DNA damage, and (iii) no proteolytic processing of the RecB-HaloTag is detected by Western blot.

      These results suggest that RecB expression and functionality are unlikely to be affected by the translational HaloTag insertion at Ser-47 in RecB. In the revised version of the manuscript, we will add information about the construct and discuss the reliability of the quantification.

      (7) Upper panel of Fig S8a is redundant as in Fig 5B. Seems that Fig S8d is not described in the text.

      Indeed, the data in the upper panel in Fig S8a was repeated (from Fig 5B) for visual purposes to facilitate comparison with the panel below. We will modify the figure legend to indicate this repetition clearly.

      In Fig S8d, we confirmed the functionality of the Hfq protein expressed from the pQE-Hfq plasmid in our experimental conditions, which was not described in the text. We will include this clarification in the updated manuscript.

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    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In their manuscript, Yu et al. describe the chemotactic gradient formation for CCL5 bound to - i.e. released from - glycosaminoglycans. The authors provide evidence for phase separation as the driving mechanism behind chemotactic gradient formation. A conclusion towards a general principle behind the finding cannot be drawn since the work focuses on one chemokine only, which is particularly prone to glycan-induced oligomerisation.

      Strengths:

      The principle of phase separation as a driving force behind and thus as an analytical tool for investigating protein interactions with strongly charged biomolecules was originally introduced for protein-nucleic acid interactions. Yu et al. have applied this in their work for the first time for chemokine-heparan sulfate interactions. This opens a novel way to investigate chemokine-glycosaminoglycan interactions in general.

      Response: Thanks for the encouragement of the reviewer.

      Weaknesses:

      As mentioned above, one of the weaknesses of the current work is the exemplification of the phase separation principle by applying it only to CCL5-heparan sulfate interactions. CCL5 is known to form higher oligomers/aggregates in the presence of glycosaminoglycans, much more than other chemokines. It would therefore have been very interesting to see, if similar results in vitro, in situ, and in vivo could have been obtained by other chemokines of the same class (e.g. CCL2) or another class (like CXCL8).

      Response: We share the reviewer’s opinion that to investigate more molecules/cytokines that interact with heparan sulfate in the system should be of interesting. We expect that researchers in the field will adapt the concept to continue the studies on additional molecules. Nevertheless, our earlier study has demonstrated that bFGF was enriched to its receptor and triggered signaling transduction through phase separation with heparan sulfate (PMID: 35236856; doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28765-z), which supports the concept that phase separation with heparan sulfate on the cell surface may be a common mechanism for heparan sulfate binding proteins. The comment of the reviewer that phase separation is related to oligomerization is demonstrated in (Figure 1—figure supplement 2C and D), showing that the more easily aggregated mutant, A22K-CCL5, does not undergo phase separation.

      In addition, the authors have used variously labelled CCL5 (like with the organic dye Cy3 or with EGFP) for various reasons (detection and immobilisation). In the view of this reviewer, it would have been necessary to show that all the labelled chemokines yield identical/similar molecular characteristics as the unlabelled wildtype chemokine (such as heparan sulfate binding and chemotaxis). It is well known that labelling proteins either by chemical tags or by fusion to GFPs can lead to manifestly different molecular and functional characteristics.

      Response: We agree with the reviewer that labeling may lead to altered property of a protein, thus, we have compared chemotactic activity of CCL5 and CCL5-EGFP (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). To further verify this, we performed additional experiment to compare chemotactic activity between CCL5 and Cy3-CCL5 (see Author response image 1). For the convenience of readers, we have combined the original Figure 2—figure supplement 1 with the new data (Figure R1), which replaced original Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

      Author response image 1.

      Chemotactic function of CCL5-EGFP and CCL5-Cy3. Cy3-Labeled CCL5 has similar activity as CCL5, 50 nM CCL5 or CCL5-Cy3 were added to the lower chamber of the Transwell. THP-1 cells were added to upper chambers. Data are mean ± s.d. n=3. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t-tests. NS, Not Significant.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Although the study by Xiaolin Yu et al is largely limited to in vitro data, the results of this study convincingly improve our current understanding of leukocyte migration.

      (1) The conclusions of the paper are mostly supported by the data although some clarification is warranted concerning the exact CCL5 forms (without or with a fluorescent label or His-tag) and amounts/concentrations that were used in the individual experiments. This is important since it is known that modification of CCL5 at the N-terminus affects the interactions of CCL5 with the GPCRs CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 and random labeling using monosuccinimidyl esters (as done by the authors with Cy-3) is targeting lysines. Since lysines are important for the GAG-binding properties of CCL5, knowledge of the number and location of the Cy-3 labels on CCL5 is important information for the interpretation of the experimental results with the fluorescently labeled CCL5. Was the His-tag attached to the N- or C-terminus of CCL5? Indicate this for each individual experiment and consider/discuss also potential effects of the modifications on CCL5 in the results and discussion sections.

      Response: We agree with the reviewer that labeling may lead to altered property of a protein, thus, we have compared chemotactic activity of CCL5 and CCL5-EGFP (Figure 2—figure supplement 1). To further verify this, we performed additional experiment to compare chemotactic activity between CCL5 and Cy3-CCL5 (see Author response image 1). For the convenience of readers, we have combined the original Figure 2—figure supplement 1 with the new data (Author response image 1), which replaced original Figure 2—figure supplement 1.

      The His-tag is attached to the C-terminus of CCL5, in consideration of the potential impact on the N-terminus.

      (2) In general, the authors appear to use high concentrations of CCL5 in their experiments. The reason for this is not clear. Is it because of the effects of the labels on the activity of the protein? In most biological tests (e.g. chemotaxis assays), unmodified CCL5 is active already at low nM concentrations.

      Response: We agree with the reviewer that the CCL5 concentrations used in our experiments were higher than reported chemotaxis assays and also higher than physiological levels in normal human plasma. In fact, we have performed experiments with lower concentration of CCL5, where the effect of LLPS was not seen though the chemotactic activity of the cytokine was detected. Thus, LLPS-associated chemotactic activity may represent a scenario of acute inflammatory condition when the inflammatory cytokines can increase significantly.

      (3) For the statistical analyses of the results, the authors use t-tests. Was it confirmed that data follow a normal distribution prior to using the t-test? If not a non-parametric test should be used and it may affect the conclusions of some experiments.

      Response: We thank the reviewer for pointing out this issue. As shown in Author response table 1, The Shapiro-Wilk normality test showed that only two control groups (CCL5 and 44AANA47-CCL5+CHO K1) in Figure 3 did not conform to the normal distribution. The error was caused by using microculture to count and calculate when there were very few cells in the microculture. For these two groups, we re-counted 100 μL culture medium to calculate the number of cells. The results were consistent with the positive distribution and significantly different from the experimental group (Author response image 3). The original data for the number of cells chemoattractant by 500 nM CCL5 was revised from 0, 247, 247 to 247, 123, 370 and 500 nM 44AANA47 +CHO-K1 was revised from 1111, 1111, 98 to 740, 494, 617. The revised data does not affect the conclusion.

      Author response table 1.

      Table R1 Shapiro-Wilk test results of statistical data in the manuscript

      Author response image 3.

      Quantification of THP-1collected from the lower chamber. Data are mean ± s.d. n=3. P values were determined by unpaired two-tailed t-tests.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1:

      See the weaknesses section of the Public Review. In addition, the authors should discuss the X-ray structure of CCL5 in complex with a heparin disaccharide in comparison with their docked structure of CCL5 and a heparin tetrasaccharide.

      Response: Our study, in fact, is strongly influenced by the report (Shaw, Johnson et al., 2004) that heparin disaccharide interaction with CCL5, which is highlighted in the text (page5, line100-102).

      Reviewer #2:

      (1) Clearly indicate in the results section and figure legends (also for the supplementary figures) which form and concentration of CCL5 is used.

      Response: The relevant missing information is indicated across the manuscript.

      (2) Clearly indicate which GAG was used. Was it heparin or heparan sulfate and what was the length (e.g. average molecular mass if known) or source (company?)?

      Response: Relevant information is added in the section “Materials and Methods.

      (3) Line 181: What do you mean exactly with "tiny amounts"?

      Response: “tiny amounts” means 400 transfected cells. This is described in the section of Materials and Methods. It is now also indicated in the text and legend to the figure.

      (4) Lines 216-217: This is a very general statement without a link to the presented data. No combination of chemokines is used, in vivo testing is limited (and I agree very difficult). You may consider deleting this sentence (certainly as an opening sentence for the Discussion).

      Response: We appreciate very much for the thoughtful suggestion of the reviewer. This sentence is deleted in the revised manuscript.

      (5) Why was 5h used for the in vitro chemotaxis assay? This is extremely long for an assay with THP-1 cells.

      Response: We apologize for the unclear description. The 5 hr includes 1 hr pre- incubation of CCL5 with the cells enable to form phase separation. After transferring the cells into the upper chamber, the actual chemotactic assay was 4 hr. This is clarified in the Materials and Methods section and the legend to each figure.

      (6) Define "Sec" in Sec-CCL5-EGFP and "Dil" in the legend of Figure 4.

      Response: The Sec-CCL5-EGFP should be “CCL5-EGFP’’, which has now been corrected. Dil is a cell membrane red fluorescent probe, which is now defined.

      (7) Why are different cell concentrations used in the experiment described in Figure 5?

      Response: The samples were from three volunteers who exhibited substantially different concentrations of cells in the blood. The experiment was designed using same amount of blood, so we did not normalize the number of the cell used for the experiment. Regardless of the difference in cell numbers, all three samples showed the same trend.

      (8) Check the text for some typos: examples are on line 83 "ratio of CCL5"; line 142 "established cell lines"; line 196 "peripheral blood mononuclear cells"; line 224 "to mediate"; line 226 "bind"; line 247 "to form a gradient"; line 248 "of the glycocalyx"; line 343 and 346 "tetrasaccharide"; line 409-410 "wild-type"; line 543 "on the surface of CHO-K1 and CHO-677"; line 568 "white".

      Response: Thanks for the careful reading. The typo errors are corrected and Manuscript was carefully read by colleagues.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Although the study by Xiaolin Yu et al is largely limited to in vitro data, the results of this study convincingly improve our current understanding of leukocyte migration.

      (1) The conclusions of the paper are mostly supported by the data and in the revised manuscript clarification is provided concerning the exact CCL5 forms (without or with a fluorescent label or His-tag) and amounts/concentrations that were used in the individual experiments. This is important since it is known that modification of CCL5 at the N-terminus affects the interactions of CCL5 with the GPCRs CCR1, CCR3 and CCR5 and random labeling using monosuccinimidyl esters (as done by the authors with Cy-3) is targeting lysines. The revised manuscript more clearly indicates for each individual experiment which form is used. However, a discussion on the potential effects of the modifications on CCL5 in the results and discussion sections is still missing.<br /> (2) In general, authors used high concentrations of CCL5 in their experiments. In their reply to the comments they indicate that at lower CCL5 concentrations no LLPS is detected. This is important information since it may indicate the need for chemokine oligomerization for LLPS. This info should be added to the manuscript and comparison with for instance the obligate monomer CCL7 and another chemokine such as CXCL4 that easily forms oligomers may clarify whether LLPS is controlled by oligomerization.<br /> (3) Statistical analyses have been improved in the revised manuscript.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      We would like to thank the three reviewers for their time and effort, the constructive criticism, and suggestions to improve the quality of the manuscript. Below, we address the points raised by providing further clarifications or revising the manuscript as indicated.

      __Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)): __

      This study investigates mitochondrial and apicoplast division and distribution during the life cycle of Plasmodium falciparum. Utilizing the MitoRed reporter line for fluorescent mitochondrial marking and employing high-resolution 3D imaging techniques, including FIB-SEM, the research unveils the dynamics of these essential organelles across various stages of the parasite's development. The authors' work marks a significant step forward in understanding the cellular biology of Plasmodium falciparum, offering novel insights into the dynamics of mitochondrial and apicoplast division. By addressing the additional comments and incorporating recent findings and clarifications, the research not only underscores the complexity of these processes but also situates the study within the continuum of apicomplexan parasite research.

      Major comments: • Suitability of Reporter Line for Oocyst Development: The conclusion regarding the limitations of the MitoRed line for oocyst development stages prompts a discussion on alternative approaches, such as mito trackers, to validate observations in these stages. In the current state, it is difficult to conclude whether the data presented are only true for this specific transgenic line.

      We agree with the reviewer that the lack of MitoRed salivary gland sporozoites indeed hints to a developmental issue and therefore interpretation of mitochondrial morphology in oocyst stages should be done carefully. Although we would like to verify these observations with a wild-type line, there are several complications with using a MitoTracker staining. Firstly, a general staining procedure will also highlight the much larger and more abundant host mitochondria thus complicating both the actual imaging and interpretation of the data. Secondly, our own data presented in this manuscript demonstrated that MitoTracker stainings of blood-stage parasites should be considered with great care and it remains to be tested whether mosquito-stage parasite viability and mitochondrial morphology remain unaffected. Thirdly, mosquito experiments are time intensive and costly and we lack the time and funding to expand on this part of the work. We therefore decided to move the oocyst data to the supplement and added additional qualifiers for interpretation to the text.

      Line 578: “Although these mitochondrial observations should be interpreted with care since oocysts did not form salivary gland populating sporozoites and might therefore not be representing healthy oocysts, in P. berghei liver-stage schizonts, a very similar mitochondrial organization was observed in sub-compartments created by large membrane invaginations.”

      To conclude, we think it is important to be open about the limitations of the MitoRed line and discuss this in the paper to provide a balanced view for others that might want to use this line in the future. At the same time, we think that the observation of the mitochondrial organization centers and the great similarity with mitochondrial organization in liver- and blood-stage schizonts offers tentative support for a biologically relevant phenotype and gives new insights that we would like to share in this manuscript, provided that they are interpreted with care.

      • Analysis of Mitochondrion and Apicoplast Association with CPs: Could the author elaborate on how their statistical power and image data support assertions of random association between organelles and CPs (line 438-439) and the dynamic nature of Mito-CP interactions (line 504)? In addition, could the authors comment/discuss their findings regarding the distance between Mito-Api compared to the one reported in Figure S2 of Sun et al. preprint: bioRxiv 2022.09.14.508031; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.09.14.508031

      We would like to clarify the point that the reviewer raises. Although we indeed observed that the distances between the CP-mito are significantly smaller compared to CP-apicoplast in schizont 1 in Figure 7, we do not think that there is interaction between the mitochondrion and CPs. In schizont 3-6, the apicoplast shows close apposition with CPs over the complete length of the apicoplast/with all apicoplast fragments and the distances between CPs and apicoplast range from 0-150 nm, therefore we think there is CP-apicoplast interaction. The distance between CPs and mitochondrion is much larger in all schizonts with an average of 500-600 nm, except for schizont 6 where the CP-mito distances become smaller due to the alignment of the mitochondrion with the apicoplast. Still the CP-mito distance is significantly bigger in schizont 6 compared to CP-apicoplast. Therefore, we do not think there are mito-CP interactions in any of the schizont stages. To clarify this in the text, we added the following sentences:

      Line 483: “Although the distances between the mitochondrion and CPs (average 616 nm, SD 235 nm) in this early schizont are significantly smaller than the apicoplast-CPs distances (average 1350 nm, SD 260 nm), there is no direct interaction between the mitochondrion and CPs since the smallest CP-mitochondrion distance measured is 332 nm. The significant difference can be explained by the fact that the apicoplast is located in the center of the parasite, while the mitochondrion is larger and stretched throughout the whole cell leading to coincidental closer proximity to the peripheral CPs.”

      We have also added extra comparisons of CP-apicoplast and CP-mitochondrion distances to the text to support this (Line 483-503).

      We thank the reviewer for their suggestion of comparison with the data from Sun et al. The EM tomography data in that paper are indeed of much higher resolution and hint at physical interaction between the membranes of the mitochondrion and apicoplast. We have added the following sentences to the discussion:

      Line 612: “EM tomography data from Sun et al. show there are hints of connecting structures between the mitochondrion and apicoplast in areas where the distance between the organelles is very small and similar to the distance between the inner and outer membranes of the organelles themselves in merozoites, suggesting physical link between the organelles.”

      • Incorporation of Recent Findings into Schematic Models: I recommend the authors modify their current model in Figure 8 to reflect on recent findings on CP outer domain contact with the parasite plasma membrane (PPM) post-mitosis as demonstrated by Liffner et al. PMID: 38108809.

      We agree with the reviewer that the data from Liffner et al. suggest contact of the outer CP with the PPM, however, we think ExM data should be interpreted with some care. Contact sites are strictly defined as an area where membranes of two organelles are in close proximity to each other, while there is no membrane fusion, there are tethering forces (protein-lipid or protein-protein interaction), and fulfill a specific function (PMID:30894536). The ExM data do not have the resolution to define the CP-PPM appositions as contact sites. Although we indeed see closeness of the CPs and the PPM in our FIB-SEM data, we do not see evidence of a physical contact between the two. Therefore, for this proposed model, we would keep the focus on the division and segregation of the two endosymbiotic organelles.

      Minor comments: • Reference to WHO Report: The manuscript cites malaria incidence and mortality data from an older WHO report. Given the availability of the 2022 WHO reports, authors should update the text and citation (line 36).

      Changed accordingly.

      • Clarification of Host: The term "its mitochondrion" (line 42) should be specified as "human mitochondrion" to clearly distinguish between the two different hosts.

      We changed “The malaria parasite harbors a unique mitochondrion that differs greatly from its host mitochondrion” to “The malaria parasite harbors a unique mitochondrion that differs greatly from the human mitochondrion”.

      • Terminology of Parasite Development Stages: The usage of "schizogony" to describe division processes in liver and mosquito stages could be misleading due to the distinct process of endopolygeny nuclear-like division observed during sporogony (line 56; PMID: 31805442). I would recommend the authors use a more general language, such as cell division.

      Changed accordingly.

      • Prior Research on CP and Apicoplast Association: The observation of centriolar plaques (CPs) associating with the apicoplast (line 91) has precedents in the study of other apicomplexan parasites, such as Sarcosystis (PMID: 16079283). Acknowledging and discussing these findings would contextualize the current study within the broader range of the most commonly studied apicomplexan parasites.

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion and added the following sentence and citation to the discussion:

      Line 646: ”In other apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii and Sarcocystis neurona, centrosomes have also been indicated to be involved in apicoplast organization and distribution during cell division.

      • Depth of Imaging Data: Could the authors indicate the width of their z-stack, for instance, in Figure 1? I would also suggest the authors use hours of post-infection (h.p.i) for clarity (lines 234-254) to aid comprehension by a broader audience as they do later in the manuscript.

      As suggested we added the depth and interval ranges of the Z-stacks are added to the legends of Figures 1, 2, 3, and 5.

      It is common practice to describe the oocyst stages by days instead of hours post infection (of the mosquito; also referred to as days after feeding) as the development takes ~2 weeks. Later in the manuscript, we refer to the development of asexual blood stages, a ~48h cycle, which is commonly referred to by hours post invasion (of the red blood cell). Sticking to common practices in the field, we have decided leave the time indications used unaltered.

      • Visualization of Mitochondrial Structures: Suggestions to include or reference images of bulbous mitochondrial structures (line 445) directly in the main text or within key figures (e.g., Figure 6) would help the reader understand what and where are these bulbous structures.

      Arrows are added to Figure 6 to indicate bulins.

      • Organelle Communication and Division Mechanisms: The discussion of bulbous invagination structures (buildings) (line 469) and their role in organelle division is interesting; could it be also for organelle communication or storage? Can the authors expand the discussion about it?

      We have indeed wondered and discussed possible functions of these bulins extensively. While roles in organelle communication or storage are other interesting theories that also crossed our minds, the timing of appearance, the precise location of the bulins at the entrance of developing merozoites at the stage where bulins are most abundant, and their morphological features together to us strongly suggest a link to (mitochondrial) fission, via membrane remodeling and/or the distribution of certain components, such as mitochondrial DNA, proteins, or protein complexes. We would like to keep the focus of the paper at mitochondrial and apicoplast fission and as such we discuss various observations within this context. Discussing all our observations within the wider context of Plasmodium biology would be lead to overly long and unfocused paper and hence we would like to leave these discussions for other manuscripts with a different focus.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      The study is a significant contribution to the field of parasitology, particularly in understanding the cellular biology of Plasmodium falciparum. The development of the MitoRed reporter line is a notable advancement, allowing for the real-time visualization of mitochondrial dynamics. This tool could be invaluable for future studies exploring parasite biology's intricacies and identifying new antimalarial drug targets. Furthermore, while the study provides detailed insights into the division and distribution of mitochondria and apicoplasts, the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes remain to be fully elucidated. Specifically, the role of specific proteins in mediating these divisions and the potential interplay between mitochondrial and apicoplast dynamics during parasite development warrant further investigation.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      During its development and growth, the human malaria parasite P. falciparum needs to guarantee that cellular organelles, including the mitochondrion and the apicoplast, will be divided and segregated correctly into the daughter parasites. However, the details and mechanisms of these processes are not clear. Here, authors provide a description of mitochondrial replication and segregation in P. falciparum schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts. They generated a reporter cell line by attaching mScarlet red fluorescent protein to the mitochondrial heat shock protein 70-3 and used high-resolution 3D-imaging and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy to study mitochondrion dynamics in the asexual, gametocytes and mosquito stages. The authors found that in schizonts, the mitochondrion forms a cartwheel structure at the end of early segmentation stage with full division occurring only at a late stage of schizogony. Apicoplast division happens after nuclear division but is complete before nuclear division is completed. Authors also found apicoplast but not mitochondrion is associated with centriolar plaque (analogue of centrosome in P. falciparum) during the schizogony. At the end, authors proposed their model of nuclei, mitochondrial and apicoplast division in the asexual stage schizogony. This well-written manuscript provides insights on mitochondrion and apicoplast fission in P. falciparum blood stage schizogony and mitochondrion dynamic in the blood, gametocytes and mosquito stages. Questions and suggestions are below:

      Major comments The marker line forms mature oocysts but does not produce salivary gland sporozoites. This phenotype needs to be explained more clearly. Are sporozoites produced in the midgut, are they released into the hemocoel?

      For clarity, we have expanded our explanation of this phenotype and indicated the limitations of the tool in lines 250-259:

      While several free sporozoites were observed in dissected midguts and salivary glands on day 16 (data not shown), we never observed an oocyst containing fully mature sporozoites with a divided mitochondrion or an infected salivary gland on day 16 and 21 after infection. This indicates that sporozoites are produced and released into the hemocoel, however, they have a health defect that prevents them from infecting the salivary glands. Possibly the mitochondrial marker or the integration in the SIL7 locus causes issues for sporozoite development. We conclude that the MitoRed line is a great tool for mitochondrial visualization in asexual blood stages, gametocytes stages, and mosquito stages up until late oocysts (Supplemental Information S1) but that for studies later in the life cycle other tools need to be developed and tested.”

      Does introduction of an exogenous copy of HSP70 influence total HSP70 expression in the parasite, and can this cause the observed defect in sporozoite production? Did authors try to tag the endogenous HSP70 to see if it's a suitable reporter?

      For clarity, as we describe in the paper (e.g. lines 113-117) we did not express an additional copy of HSP70-3 but merely fused its promoter region and mitochondrial targeting sequence without any further functional domains to mScarlet. This is a strategy that has been employed with great success to study mitochondrial biology in all life-cycle stages of P. berghei (PMID:29669282). While we cannot formally exclude that the use of a second copy of the HSP70-3 promoter could somehow influence the expression of the endogenous copy, it seems rather unlikely. A plethora of promoters of a wide variety of genes have been used for transgenic expression of e.g. drug cassettes and other fluorescent markers in a multitude of studies and to the best of our knowledge there are no reports of this ever interfering with endogenous expression levels. Although we think it would be interesting to know what exactly causes the defective sporozoite production, this information will not add to our understanding of mitochondrial dynamics in mosquito stages and hence beyond the scope of this study (see also our responses to the previous comment and the first comment of reviewer 1).

      Did authors compare the growth of the reporter parasite line to wild-type in gametocytes and oocysts?

      Typically, conversion rates of gametocyte inductions are highly variable even within the same experiment. MitoRed gametocytes have been induced in at least five independent experiments. Although we have not performed a direct quantification of gametocyte conversion or growth rates between MitoRed and NF54 WT parasites, stage V male and female MitoRed gametocytes developed normally demonstrating no morphological aberrations in each of these experiments within the expected 12-day time frame, similarly as WT parasites, assessed by light microscopy. As we found no indications for a developmental phenotype deviating from what is commonly observed for wild-type parasites as is shown in supplemental figure S3. We have added comparison of exflagellation events in MitoRed vs WT parasites to figure S4, showing no significant difference and indicating formation of healthy male gametes. Normal healthy of MitoRed gametocytes is further supported by the fact that these parasites infect mosquitos.

      A direct comparison of the growth of MitoRed with WT in oocyst stages is challenging, since infections can show high variance. In addition, these experiments are very costly and time intensive. As we focused our work on blood-stage development and because there are limitations in the use of MitoRed when studying subsequent mosquito- and liver-stage development as discussed above and in the manuscript, we decided not to invest our limited resources for a direct comparison with WT, reserving such a comparison for future transgenic lines that present no obvious developmental defects.

      In figure 1A and Methods, are all MitoTracker stains incubated at 100 nM for 30 minutes? Did authors try to optimize the conditions to improve quality Mitotracker staining can be improved?

      Indeed, all MitoTracker stains were performed at 100 nM, except for the Rhodamin123 used for life imaging. In the past, we have performed several pilot experiments to optimize staining conditions of which 100nM for 30 min most consistently resulted in sufficiently bright yet specific signals. Notably, this is the MitoTracker concentration that is described most frequently in other papers. The use of a lower concentration might indeed improve the mitochondrial morphology in MitoTracker stained parasites, however, for the scope of this paper we wanted to compare our new mitochondrial marker with the most commonly used MitoTracker staining conditions. Combined with the fact that MitoTrackers are toxic at low concentrations, we preferred to step away from MitoTracker when looking at mitochondrial division, to ensure we are looking at biologically relevant mitochondria.

      In figure 1B, can authors replace the figures for the first ring? The parasite does not seem healthy and the scale bar is shorter than the others. Can authors define DIC in the legend?

      Change accordingly.

      In figure 8, it looks like some apicoplasts are not associated with the CP, contrary to what is stated in the text, for eg the one at the 7 o'clock position in stage 3.

      It is indeed difficult to find an angle of visualization that shows clearly that all CPs associate with the apicoplast, a common challenge when trying to visualize 3D data in a 2D space. However, in the 3D animated movies that are provided with the manuscript, the reader can observe this association more clearly, as the organelles rotate slowly so that all angles can be observed. We therefore think that these movies are indispensable to demonstrate and clarify things that are difficult to extract from still, non-rotating image.

      The Discussion should mention the failure in generating sporozoites from this reporter line Can authors discuss the SIL7 locus as the site of integration, in the context of potential effect of its disruption on sporozoite production.

      In the discussion, we briefly mention the limitation of the use of MitoRed. We have now also added a reference to the more extensive discussion of this phenotype in the supplemental information and included an additional sentence in the results section to indicate the limitations. As indicated in response to previous comments, we think it is important to discuss these limitations as well as present the observations we made during oocyst development but to compartmentalize these to an extended, supplementary section. This allows us to keep the focus on fission during blood-stage schizogony and not make the discussion overly lengthy.

      Authors should explain criteria for identifying organelles in FIB-SEM images eg mitochondria, apicoplast etc.

      We added to following sentence to clarify how we identified the mitochondrion and apicoplast in the FIB-SEM images (lines 387-389):

      "The mitochondrion and apicoplast can be recognized by their tubular shape in addition to the double membrane of the mitochondrion and the thicker appearance of the four membranes of the apicoplast.”

      FIB-SEM images show other prominent organelles in these images (dense granules? hemozoin crystals?). It would be helpful for reader orientation and greater appreciation of the work if these organelles were marked as well.

      We agree with the reviewer it would be an interesting addition to visualize other organelles, such as e.g. dense granules, rhoptries, and IMC, to learn more about general organellar biology of the parasite. However, segmentation of these organelles requires the training of a new deep learning model and/or the manual segmentation of +400 image slices per parasite. This is unfortunately not feasible for us. However, the dataset is going to be available online and we encourage researchers to revisit and reuse the dataset for their own research questions.

      Minor comments The format of blood, mosquito and liver stage is not consistent. Eg. in line 17, 22, 56 and 65. Some has a dash line while some doesn't.

      We use hyphens (dashes are longer and used between clauses/sentences) as appropriate. That is, when we use “blood-stage” as a compound adjective as in “the blood-stage parasites are” but not when using “stages” as the noun as “the blood stages are”. We have double-checked the entire manuscript once more to ensure correct hyphenation throughout.

      In line 36, numbers of cases and death by malaria are by estimation.

      Changed accordingly

      Can authors define Plasmodium falciparum as P. falciparum in line 37?

      It is common practice to write the full name of a species at first mention in the main body of a manuscript (not including the abstract).

      The sentence in line 57-59 is confusing. At the end of schizogony, the daughter merozoite/sporozoite has one mitochondrion but it's multiple in the parasite.

      We adapted the sentence so it will be clearer to the reader that the parasite has a single mitochondrion that divides into multiple fragments during cell division:

      During P. falciparum cell division, the single parasite mitochondrion needs to be properly divided and distributed among the daughter cells.

      Can authors specify which mitochondrial dyes are toxic in line 76?

      We have included the following sentence to clarify:

      However, eight of these dyes were tested in a drug screen all showing IC50 values below 1mM with three, Mito Red, DiOC6, and Rhodamine B being highly active against P. falciparum with IC50 values below 30 nM14,15.

      In line 115, can authors indicate the Gene ID for PfNF54? Can authors define the reported parasite line as MitoRed here instead of line 125?

      Although we indeed used NF54 as the parental strain for the MitoRed line, we think the 3D7 gene ID is more useful in this context. The 3D7 genome is used as the reference genome by the entire field and it is much better annotated than the NF54 genome. Furthermore, the genomes are not all too different to start with, as 3D7 is a subclone of the NF54 line.

      In line 134 and 540, use punctate instead of 'punctuated'?

      Changed accordingly.

      In line 161 to 163, can authors also cite ref 19?

      Reference 19 (now 20) is cited in line 163 precluding the need for an additional citation in the next sentence.

      In line 174, pH change can also trigger gametocytes activation.

      Changed accordingly.

      In Figure S4, please indicate the percentage of parasites having close apposition of mitochondrion to axonemes.

      When we revisited our images to check what percentage of parasites have close appositions of the mitochondrion and the axonemes, we found that in all exflagellating parasites that were analyzed there is close apposition or overlap between the mitochondrial and the tubulin signal. We changed the text to reflect this:

      Line 189: “We found close apposition of the dispersed mitochondria to the axonemal tubulin in all 19 exflagellating males that were analyzed (Figure S4B, S4C).”

      Line 237 to 239, please clarify why authors think there is one fragment in mitochondrial.

      We have added the following sentence to clarify:

      Line 239: “Segmentation of the fluorescent signal based on manual thresholding indicated that the mitochondrion consisted of one continuous structure.”

      In line 259, the ookinete stage is II to IV.

      Stage indications have been corrected.

      In line 281, please define RBC.

      Changed accordingly.

      In figure 5A, please provide a scale bar for the original and reconstructed image. Should the unit of fragment volume be um3 but not um?

      We have added scale bars to the original fluorescent images and the unit has been changed to mm3. Unfortunately, it is not really appropriate to provide a 2D scale bar with a 3D image, since this will not take the depth of your image into account, unless an orthographic projection is used. Objects that are more to the front are visualized slightly bigger than things in the back and therefore a scale bar would not help for interpreting the size of the depicted objects.

      Can author do a statistical analysis in Fig 5B and 5C to show the stage at which the majority of nuclei and mitochondria divide?

      Changed accordingly.

      In figure 5D, the labels on Y axis are not the same size.

      The two different sizes were used intentionally to show clearly it is a logarithmic instead of a linear scale.

      In figure 6, what's the green black color organelle in the first column (like the organelle showing up as 4 in the first one, at 1/2/6/8 o'clock)? Can authors provide annotations of organelles using arrows at least in the supplementary?

      We have added annotations of the RBC, food vacuole, rhoptries, parasite membrane and parasitophorous vacuole membrane to the micrograph images in Figure 6 and the Table S3.

      In line 717, the font of ul is not consistent with others like line 691.

      Changed accordingly

      In line 731, 37 {degree sign}C.

      Changed accordingly

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      The mitochondria of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum differs from the host's and is an intriguing drug target. During the asexual blood stage replication, parasite mitochondrial elongates to form a branched network and undergoes rapid fissions to be distributed properly imto daughter merozoites. However, the details of these processes are unknown. In this study, authors use confocal microscopy and FIB-SEM to describe the dynamics of mitochondrial division in the asexual schizont stage, gametocytes and oocysts.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary The authors developed a new reporter parasite line that can facilitates the study of mitochondria cell biology in sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. This strategy gets around the need for antibodies or MitoTracker, that could be toxic in some parasite stages. The authors further provided new insights into how mitochondria divide and interacts with both apicoplast and centriolar plaques (CPs) using informative and cutting-edge imaging. The study showed that mitochondria get segregated during cellular division in a cartwheel model and aligns with the apicoplast. Finally, they highlight a potential unique association between CPs and apicoplast in the later stages of schizogony that might contributes to apicoplast segregation.

      Major comments: 1. The authors should provide a positive control in the form of another mitochondrial marker to validate that the signal provided by the fluorescent parasite is specific to mitochondria. They could try to tag a well-known mitochondria protein in the reported cell line and compare the signal using antibody stain.

      Although we agree with the reviewer that a co-localization of the mitochondrial marker with a tagged mitochondrial protein would verify the mitochondrial localization of the marker, we do think that the co-localization with MitoTracker (Figure 1 and Figure S2) is a good validation method. MitoTracker is a widely used and accepted mitochondrial dye to stain mitochondria in Plasmodium species and other eukaryotes. We believe that the co-localization of our mitochondrial marker with several MitoTracker dyes is enough to prove mitochondrial localization.

      There should be more rigour in the observations: the authors should provide quantification of how many parasites/fields were analysed and the percentage of observations described in Figure 2. Was this data consistent in different parasites/experiments? How many times were the experiment repeated?

      To provide more rigor we have included a more detailed description of the number of experiments, the number of parasites imaged, and the percentage of parasites with the described observation:

      Line 159: “For each stage, between 11-19 parasites were imaged over two independent experiments and described observations were consistent over all analyzed parasites.

      Line 181: “While this particular activation experiment was performed on a gametocyte culture that did not exflagellate for unclear reasons, it was repeated twice, and very similar results were found in exflagellating males (n=19) (Figure 2C).

      Line 189: “We found close apposition of the dispersed mitochondria to the axonemal tubulin in all 19 exflagellating males that were analyzed (Figure S4).”

      More rigour is required also in the analysis of oocyst: what was the criteria to define 'large oocysts' (lines 241-242)? How many oocysts were analysed?

      We have added estimated diameters of the oocyst to provide more defined criteria:

      Line 238: “At day 7, small oocysts (~10 mm diameter) were observed with a branched mitochondrial network stretched out throughout the cell (Figure 3C).

      Line 241: “Day 10 oocysts were much larger (~35 mm diameter) and the mitochondrial mesh-like network appeared more organized, also localizing to areas directly below the oocyst wall (Figure 3D).”

      Line 243: “Some large oocysts (~70 mm diameter) showed a highly organized mitochondrial network, where mitochondrial branches were organized in a radial fashion around a central organizational point (Figure 3E, S5A).

      Line 247: “Some smaller oocysts (~35 mm diameter) at day 13 showed structures that looked like beginning MOCs (Figure S5B).”

      Finally figure 5 also lacks rigour: How were the fragments quantified? How many times were the experiment repeated? Is there any statistical difference in different parasite stages? To clarify how mitochondrial fragments were quantified, we added the following sentences to the materials and methods section:

      Line 765: “3D visualization and quantifications were done in Arivis 4D Vision software. For mitochondrial measurements, threshold-based segmentation was used. For nuclei, blob-finder function was used for segmentation. Number of segmented objects and volume of objects was determined by Arivis software.”

      The experiment was repeated twice, and the second independent experiment, which shows the same mitochondrial division stages, is added to the supplement (Figure S7). We added the following sentence to the text for clarification (Line 310):

      These mitochondrial division stages were confirmed in a second, independent 3D imaging experiment (Figure S7).”

      Statistical analysis between different parasite stages was performed and added to Figure 5.

      Minor comments: 1. Error bars in Fig S1. should be in a different colour from the line graph (eg. black or white).

      Changing the color of the error bars made the figure less clear to interpret, due to their small size. We therefore decided to leave the image unaltered.

      Scale bar in Fig 2D is missing.

      As indicated in response to reviewer 2, unfortunately, it is not really appropriate to provide a 2D scale bar with a 3D image, since this will not take the depth of your image into account. That is, things that are more to the front are visualized slightly bigger than things in the back and therefore a scale bar would not help for interpreting the size of the depicted objects.

      In Fig 4. a square dotted line should be placed to represent the GAP45 crop area.

      Changed accordingly.

      In Table S3 the authors should provide a colour legend and highlight mitochondria in the micrographs.

      Color legend and annotations of RBC, food vacuole, rhoptries, parasite membrane and parasitophorous vacuole membrane have been added to the table.

      Lines 282-286. The authors should try to hypothesize why MitoRed does not work for live imaging during schizogony

      Despite several attempts to improve imaging conditions to prevent this, including, reduced laser power, increase time interval, better temperature control, and gassing of the imaging chamber with low oxygen mixed gas, parasites remained unhealthy. In the discussion, we hypothesize that the mitochondrial marker might cause parasites to be unhealthy due to phototoxicity.

      In Fig. 6B parasite is misspelled

      Changed accordingly.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Significance

      The current paper provides a significant advance in the study of mitochondria cell biology in P. falciparum. The authors used a new strategy for mitochondria visualization that works well in most of parasite stages, enabling them to described in detail mitochondria and apicoplast division that can be used as guideline for future work. The limitation of this study, is a lack of mechanisms that might explain the reported observations, which leaves the discussion somewhat speculative.

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary

      The authors developed a new reporter parasite line that can facilitates the study of mitochondria cell biology in sexual and asexual stages of Plasmodium falciparum. This strategy gets around the need for antibodies or MitoTracker, that could be toxic in some parasite stages. The authors further provided new insights into how mitochondria divide and interacts with both apicoplast and centriolar plaques (CPs) using informative and cutting-edge imaging. The study showed that mitochondria get segregated during cellular division in a cartwheel model and aligns with the apicoplast. Finally, they highlight a potential unique association between CPs and apicoplast in the later stages of schizogony that might contributes to apicoplast segregation.

      Major comments:

      1. The authors should provide a positive control in the form of another mitochondrial marker to validate that the signal provided by the fluorescent parasite is specific to mitochondria. They could try to tag a well-known mitochondria protein in the reported cell line and compare the signal using antibody stain.
      2. There should be more rigour in the observations: the authors should provide quantification of how many parasites/fields were analysed and the percentage of observations described in Figure 2. Was this data consistent in different parasites/experiments? How many times were the experiment repeated?
      3. More rigour is required also in the analysis of oocyst: what was the criteria to define 'large oocysts' (lines 241-242)? How many oocysts were analysed?
      4. Finally figure 5 also lacks rigour: How were the fragments quantified? How many times were the experiment repeated? Is there any statistical difference in different parasite stages?

      Minor comments:

      1. Error bars in Fig S1. should be in a different colour from the line graph (eg. black or white).
      2. Scale bar in Fig 2D is missing.
      3. In Fig 4. a square dotted line should be placed to represent the GAP45 crop area.
      4. In Table S3 the authors should provide a colour legend and highlight mitochondria in the micrographs.
      5. Lines 282-286. The authors should try to hypothesize why MitoRed does not work for live imaging during schizogony
      6. In Fig. 6B parasite is misspelled

      Significance

      The current paper provides a significant advance in the study of mitochondria cell biology in P. falciparum. The authors used a new strategy for mitochondria visualization that works well in most of parasite stages, enabling them to described in detail mitochondria and apicoplast division that can be used as guideline for future work.

      The limitation of this study, is a lack of mechanisms that might explain the reported observations, which leaves the discussion somewhat speculative.

    3. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      During its development and growth, the human malaria parasite P. falciparum needs to guarantee that cellular organelles, including the mitochondrion and the apicoplast, will be divided and segregated correctly into the daughter parasites. However, the details and mechanisms of these processes are not clear. Here, authors provide a description of mitochondrial replication and segregation in P. falciparum schizonts, gametocytes and oocysts. They generated a reporter cell line by attaching mScarlet red fluorescent protein to the mitochondrial heat shock protein 70-3 and used high-resolution 3D-imaging and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy to study mitochondrion dynamics in the asexual, gametocytes and mosquito stages. The authors found that in schizonts, the mitochondrion forms a cartwheel structure at the end of early segmentation stage with full division occurring only at a late stage of schizogony. Apicoplast division happens after nuclear division but is complete before nuclear division is completed. Authors also found apicoplast but not mitochondrion is associated with centriolar plaque (analogue of centrosome in P. falciparum) during the schizogony. At the end, authors proposed their model of nuclei, mitochondrial and apicoplast division in the asexual stage schizogony. This well-written manuscript provides insights on mitochondrion and apicoplast fission in P. falciparum blood stage schizogony and mitochondrion dynamic in the blood, gametocytes and mosquito stages. Questions and suggestions are below:

      Major comments

      The marker line forms mature oocysts but does not produce salivary gland sporozoites. This phenotype needs to be explained more clearly. Are sporozoites produced in the midgut, are they released into the hemocoel?

      Does introduction of an exogenous copy of HSP70 influence total HSP70 expression in the parasite, and can this cause the observed defect in sporozoite production? Did authors try to tag the endogenous HSP70 to see if it's a suitable reporter?

      Did authors compare the growth of the reporter parasite line to wild-type in gametocytes and oocysts? In figure 1A and Methods, are all MitoTracker stains incubated at 100 nM for 30 minutes? Did authors try to optimize the conditions to improve quality Mitotracker staining can be improved? In figure 1B, can authors replace the figures for the first ring? The parasite does not seem healthy and the scale bar is shorter than the others. Can authors define DIC in the legend? In figure 8, it looks like some apicoplasts are not associated with the CP, contrary to what is stated in the text, for eg the one at the 7 o'clock position in stage 3. The Discussion should mention the failure in generating sporozoites from this reporter line Can authors discuss the SIL7 locus as the site of integration, in the context of potential effect of its disruption on sporozoite production. Authors should explain criteria for identifying organelles in FIB-SEM images eg mitochondria, apicoplast etc. FIB-SEM images show other prominent organelles in these images (dense granules? hemozoin crystals?). It would be helpful for reader orientation and greater appreciation of the work if these organelles were marked as well.

      Minor comments

      The format of blood, mosquito and liver stage is not consistent. Eg. in line 17, 22, 56 and 65. Some has a dash line while some doesn't. In line 36, numbers of cases and death by malaria are by estimation. Can authors define Plasmodium falciparum as P. falciparum in line 37? The sentence in line 57-59 is confusing. At the end of schizogony, the daughter merozoite/sporozoite has one mitochondrion but it's multiple in the parasite. Can authors specify which mitochondrial dyes are toxic in line 76? In line 115, can authors indicate the Gene ID for PfNF54? Can authors define the reported parasite line as MitoRed here instead of line 125? In line 134 and 540, use punctate instead of 'punctuated'? In line 161 to 163, can authors also cite ref 19? In line 174, pH change can also trigger gametocytes activation. In Figure S4, please indicate the percentage of parasites having close apposition of mitochondrion to axonemes. Line 237 to 239, please clarify why authors think there is one fragment in mitochondrial. In line 259, the ookinete stage is II to IV. In line 281, please define RBC. In figure 5A, please provide a scale bar for the original and reconstructed image. Should the unit of fragment volume be um3 but not um? Can author do a statistical analysis in Fig 5B and 5C to show the stage at which the majority of nuclei and mitochondria divide? In figure 5D, the labels on Y axis are not the same size. In figure 6, what's the green black color organelle in the first column (like the organelle showing up as 4 in the first one, at 1/2/6/8 o'clock)? Can authors provide annotations of organelles using arrows at least in the supplementary? In line 717, the font of ul is not consistent with others like line 691. In line 731, 37 {degree sign}C.

      Significance

      The mitochondria of human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum differs from the host's and is an intriguing drug target. During the asexual blood stage replication, parasite mitochondrial elongates to form a branched network and undergoes rapid fissions to be distributed properly imto daughter merozoites. However, the details of these processes are unknown. In this study, authors use confocal microscopy and FIB-SEM to describe the dynamics of mitochondrial division in the asexual schizont stage, gametocytes and oocysts.

    1. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript describes some biochemical experiments on the crucial virulence factor EsxA (ESAT-6) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. EsxA is secreted via the ESX-1 secretion system. Although this system is recognized to be crucial for virulence the actual mechanisms employed by the ESX-1 substrates are still mostly unknown. The EsxA substrate is attracting most attention as the central player in virulence, especially phagosomal membrane disruption. EsxA is secreted as a dimer together with EsxB. The authors show that EsxA is also able to form homodimers and even tetramers, albeit at very low pH (below 5). Furthermore addition of a nanobody that specifically binds EsxA is blocking intracellular survival, also if the nanobody is produced in the cytosol of the infected macrophages.

      Strengths:

      Decent biochemical characterization of EsxA and identification of a new and interesting tool to study the function of EsxA (nanobody). Well written.

      Weaknesses:

      The findings are not critically evaluated using extra experiments or controls.<br /> For instance, tetrameric EsxA in itself is interesting and could reveal how EsxA works. But one would say that this is a starting point to make small point mutations that specifically affect tetramer formation and then evaluate what the effect is on phagosomal membrane lysis. Also one would like to see experiments to indicate whether these structures can be produced under in vitro conditions, especially because it seems that this mainly happens when the pH is lower than 5, which is not normally happening in phagosomes that are loaded with M. tuberculosis.<br /> Also the fact that the addition of the nanobody, either directly to the bacteria or produced in the cytosol of macrophages is interesting, but again the starting point for further experimentation. As a control one would like to se the effect on an Esx-1 secretion mutant. Furthermore, does cytososlic production or direct addition of the nanobody affect phagosomal escape? What happens if an EsxA mutant is produced that does not bind the nanobody?<br /> Finally, it is a bit strange that the authors use a non-native version of esxA that has not only an additional His-tag but also an additional 12 amino acids, which makes the protein in total almost 20% bigger. Of course these additions do not have to alter the characteristics, but they might. On the other hand they easily discard the natural acetylation of EsxA by mycobacteria itself (proven for M. marinum) as not relevant for the function because it might not happen in (the close homologue) M. tuberculosis.

    1. where do I start?

      reply to u/rocklover7 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1cnljgm/where_do_i_start/

      The best thing you could do is to take a moment at the library or bookshop and pick up a copy of Polt, Richard. The Typewriter Revolution: A Typist’s Companion for the 21st Century. 1st ed. Woodstock, VT: Countryman Press, 2015.

      He looks at typewriters from a writers' writer perspective which I'm sure you'll appreciate. He's got experience with a wide variety of machines as well as a large collection himself. He goes over all of the common/popular (and solid machines) in a variety of sizes and formats to help you figure out which one you might like to start out with. He also covers some of the common problems and repairs that regularly pop up. The book is really a "best of" list of typewriter material from the past 15+ years of this reddit forum and material from the "typosphere" of which he's been not only an active member, but literal ring-leader. The vast majority of the questions which appear on a weekly basis here are discussed and addressed in his book, along with some emphasis on writerly concerns and practice which most beginners here wouldn't be asking. Even reading 3 or 4 of the 8 chapters which are rife with images will give you a solid crash course for exactly the sorts of typewriter (and writing) advice you're searching for.

      Definitely DO NOT pick up a new machine off of Amazon. They're even worse than some of the late 70s/early 80s machines. Instead, for beginners (and for the value) I'd recommend looking at Remingtons (Quiet-Riter), Royals (Quiet De Luxe), or Smith-Coronas (Clipper, Silent, Super) from roughly 1948-1958 which is generally the peak of U.S. typewriter manufacturing as well as for features. These were all built like tanks and are usually still in very good condition, even when they're in bad condition. I've provided links to some of these models in the typewriter database, so you have an idea visually of what to look out for.

      If desperate, and you live in an area where machines are priced starting over $50 or you're more price sensitive (making eBay, Facebook Marketplace or Craigslist less appealing), you can find some of these every day listed at shopgoodwill.com starting at $10. Even with heaving bidding on auctions, these usually don't go over $35 (except for some of the Smith-Coronas). I've even seen them (sadly) not move at all for $10. This would give you an incredibly solid and inexpensive machine to tinker on, and will most likely work for you out of the box (as long as it's got a ribbon.) You'll end up with a solid machine to start off on while you search for your dream machine. It'll also give you some experience cleaning up and maintaining one. Of the seven machines I've gotten this way and paid an average of about $30-35 each (all in with shipping, tax, etc.) All but one were all immediately usable and only needed moderate cleaning that one could do at home with a cloth, dish soap, a toothbrush and maybe some canned air. Two of the seven were in near mint condition and didn't need any work at all. Tag/garage sales are also inexpensive options that usually allow you test out a machine, but it requires some shoe leather and lots of patience. If you've got a favorite author you love and trust, you might try searching out their machines: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/typers.html

      If there are any type-ins in your local area, try to go so you can not only meet others, but it might give you a chance to see and try out the machines of others to see what might suit you best.

      Happiness and best wishes on your search!

    1. THE TRIFECTA The Path to Great Skin is Simple

      We need to incorporate the brand value prop into this tag and message

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      Reply to reviewer comments

      • *

      We extend our gratitude to the reviewers for their time and valuable feedback on our manuscript. We especially appreciate the insightful suggestions that have significantly contributed to refining our work and elucidating our findings. With the revisions made to the text and the inclusion of new experimental data, we believe our manuscript now effectively addresses all reviewer comments. We eagerly await your evaluation of our revised submission.

      Small ARF-like GTPases play fundamental roles in dynamic signaling processes linked with vesicular trafficking in eukaryotes. Despite of their evolutionary conservation, there is little known about the ARF-like GTPase functions in plants. Our manuscript reports the biochemical and cell biological characterization of the small ARF-like GTPase TTN5 from the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana*. Fundamental investigations like ours are mostly lacking for ARF and ARL GTPases in Arabidopsis. *

      We employed fluorescence-based enzymatic assays suited to uncover different types of the very rapid GTPase activities for TTN5. The experimental findings are now illustrated in a more comprehensive modified Figure 2 and in the form of a summary of the GTPase activities for TTN5 and its mutant variants in the NEW Figure 7A in the Discussion part. Taken together, we found that TTN5 is a non-classical GTPase based on its enzymatic kinetics. The reviewers appreciated these findings and highlighted them as being „impressive in vitro biochemical characterization" and "major conceptual advance". Since such experiments are "uncommon" for being conducted with plant GTPases, reviewers regarded this analysis as "useful addition to the plant community in general". The significance of these findings is given by the circumstance that „the ARF-like proteins are poorly addressed in Arabidopsis while they could reveal completely different function than the canonical known ARF proteins". Reviewers saw here clearly a "strength" of the manuscript.

      With regard to the cell biological investigation and initial assessment of cell physiological roles of TTN5, we now provide requested additional evidence. First of all, we provide NEW data on the localization of TTN5 by immunolocalization using a complementing HA3-TTN5 construct, supporting our initial suggestions that TTN5 may be associated with vesicles and processes of the endomembrane system. The previous preprint version had left the reviewers „less convinced" of cell biological data due to the lack of complementation of our YFP-TTN5 construct, lack of Western blot data and the low resolution of microscopic images. We fully agree that these points were of concern and needed to be addressed. We have therefore intensively worked on these „weaknesses" and present now a more detailed whole-mount immunostaining series with the complementing HA3-TTN5 transgenic line (NEW Figure 4, NEW Figure 3P), Western blot data (NEW Supplementary Figures S7C and D), and we will provide all original images upon publication of our manuscript at BioImage Archives which will provide the high quality for re-analysis. BioImage Archives is an online storage for biological image data associated with a peer-reviewed publication. This way, readers will be able to inspect each image in detail. The immunolocalization data are of particular importance as they indicate that HA3-TTN5 can be associated with punctate vesicle structures and BFA bodies as seen with YFP studies of YFP-TTN5 seedlings. We have re-phrased very carefully and emphasized those localization patterns which are backed up by immunostaining and YFP fluorescence detection of YFP-TTN5 signals. To improve the comprehension, the findings are summarized in a schematic overview in NEW Figure 7B of the Discussion. We have also addressed all other comments related to the cell biological experiments to "provide the substantial improvement" that had been requested. We emphasize that we found two cell physiological phenotypes for the TTN5T30N mutant. YFP-TTN5T30N confers phenotypes, which are differing mobility of the fluorescent vesicles in the epidermis of hypocotyls (see Video material and NEW Supplementary Video Material S1M-O), and a root growth phenotype of transgenic HA3-TTN5T30N seedlings (NEW Figure 3O). We explain the cell physiological phenotypes in relation to enzymatic GTPase data. These findings convince us of the validity of the YFP-TTN5 analysis indicative of TTN5 localization.

      *We are deeply thankful to the reviewers for judging our manuscript as "generally well written", "important" and "of interest to a wide range of plant scientists" and "for scientists working in the trafficking field" as it "holds significance" and will form the basis for future functional studies of TTN5. *

      We prepared very carefully our revised manuscript in which we address all reviewer comments one by one. Please find our revision and our detailed rebuttal to all reviewer comments below. Changes in the revised version are highlighted by yellow and green color. In the "revised version with highlighted changes".

      With these adjustments, we hope that our peer-reviewed study will receive a positive response.

      We are looking forward to your evaluation of our revised manuscript and thank you in advance,

      Sincerely

      Petra Bauer and Inga Mohr on behalf of all authors

      *

      • *

      __Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)): __

      The manuscript from Mohr and collaborators reports the characterization of an ARF-like GTPase of Arabidopsis. Small GTPases of the ARF family play crucial role in intracellular trafficking and plant physiology. The ARF-like proteins are poorly addressed in Arabidopsis while they could reveal completely different function than the canonical known ARF proteins. Thus, the aim of the study is important and could be of interest to a wide range of plant scientists. I am impressed by the biochemical characterization of the TTN5 protein and its mutated versions, this is clearly a very nice point of the paper and allows for proper interpretations of the other results. However, I was much less convinced on the cell biology part of this manuscript and aside from the subcellular localization of the TTN5 I think the paper would benefit from a more functional angle. Below are my comments to improve the manuscript:

      1- In the different pictures and movies, TTN5 is quite clearly appearing as a typical ER-like pattern. The pattern of localization further extends to dotty-like structures and structures labeled only at the periphery of the structure, with a depletion of fluorescence inside the structure. These observations raise several points. First, the ER pattern is never mentioned in the manuscript while I think it can be clearly observed. Given that the YFP-TTN5 construct is not functional (the mutant phenotype is not rescued) the ER-localization could be due to the retention at the ER due to quality control. The HA-TTN5 construct is functional but to me its localization shows a quite different pattern from the YFP version, I do not see the ER for example or the periphery-labeled structures. In this case, it will be a crucial point to perform co-localization experiments between HA-TTN5 and organelles markers to confirm that the functional TTN5 construct is labeling the Golgi and MVBs, as does the non-functional one. I am also quite sure that a co-localization between YFP-TTN5 and HA-TTN5 will not completely match... The ER is contacting so many organelles that the localization of YFP-TTN5 might not reflects the real location of the protein.

      __Our response: __

      At first, we like to state that specific detection of intracellular localization of plant proteins in plant cells is generally technically very difficult, when the protein abundance is not overly high. In this revised version, we extended immunostaining analysis to different membrane compartments, including now immunostaining of complementing HA3-TTN5 in the absence and presence of BFA, along with immunodetection of ARF1 and FM4-64 labeling in roots (NEW Figure 3P, NEW Figure 4A, B). In the revised version, we focus the analysis and conclusions on the fluorescence patterns that overlap between YFP-TTN5 detection and HA3-TTN5 immunodetection. With this, we can be most confident about subcellular TTN5 localization. Please find this NEW text in the Result section (starting Line 323):

      „For a more detailed investigation of HA3-TTN5 subcellular localization, we then performed co-immunofluorescence staining with an Alexa 488-labeled antibody recognizing the Golgi and TGN marker ARF1, while detecting HA3-TTN5 with an Alexa 555-labeled antibody (Robinson et al. 2011, Singh et al. 2018) (Figure 4A). ARF1-Alexa 488 staining was clearly visible in punctate structures representing presumably Golgi stacks (Figure 4A, Alexa 488), as previously reported (Singh et al. 2018). Similar structures were obtained for HA3-TTN5-Alexa 555 staining (Figure 4A, Alexa 555). But surprisingly, colocalization analysis demonstrated that the HA3-TTN5-labeled structures were mostly not colocalizing and thus distinct from the ARF1-labeled ones (Figure 4A). Yet the HA3-TTN5- and ARF1-labeled structures were in close proximity to each other (Figure 4A). We hypothesized that the HA3-TTN5 structures can be connected to intracellular trafficking steps. To test this, we performed brefeldin A (BFA) treatment, a commonly used tool in cell biology for preventing dynamic membrane trafficking events and vesicle transport involving the Golgi. BFA is a fungal macrocyclic lactone that leads to a loss of cis-cisternae and accumulation of Golgi stacks, known as BFA-induced compartments, up to the fusion of the Golgi with the ER (Ritzenthaler et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2016). For a better identification of BFA bodies, we additionally used the dye FM4-64, which can emit fluorescence in a lipophilic membrane environment. FM4-64 marks the plasma membrane in the first minutes following application to the cell, then may be endocytosed and in the presence of BFA become accumulated in BFA bodies (Bolte et al. 2004). We observed BFA bodies positive for both, HA3-TTN5-Alexa 488 and FM4-64 signals (Figure 4B). Similar patterns were observed for YFP-TTN5-derived signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing roots (Figure 4C). Hence, HA3-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5 can be present in similar subcellular membrane compartments."

      We did not find evidence that HA3-TTN5 can localize at the ER using whole-mount immunostaining (NEW Figure 3P; NEW Figure 4A, B). Hence, we are careful with describing that fluorescence at the ER, as seen in the YFP-TTN5 line (Figure 3M, N) reflects TTN5 localization. We therefore do not focus the text on the ER pattern in the Result section (starting Line 295):

      „Additionally, YFP signals were also detected in a net-like pattern typical for ER localization (Figure 3M, N). (...) We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      *And we discuss in the Discussion section (starting Line 552): *

      „We based the TTN5 localization data on tagging approaches with two different detection methods to enhance reliability of specific protein detection. Even though YFP-TTN5 did not complement the embryo-lethality of a ttn5 loss of function mutant, we made several observations that suggest YFP-TTN5 signals to be meaningful at various membrane sites. We do not know why YFP-TTN5 does not complement. There could be differences in TTN5 levels and interactions in some cell types, which were hindering specifically YFP-TTN5 but not HA3-TTN5. (...) Though constitutively driven, the YFP-TTN5 expression may be delayed or insufficient at the early embryonic stages resulting in the lack of embryo-lethal complementation. On the other hand, the very fast nucleotide exchange activity may be hindered by the presence of a large YFP-tag in comparison with the small HA3-tag which is able to rescue the embryo-lethality. The lack of complementation represents a challenge for the localization of small GTPases with rapid nucleotide exchange in plants. Despite of these limitations, we made relevant observations in our data that made us believe that YFP signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells at membrane sites can be meaningful."

      2- What are the structures with TTN5 fluorescence depleted at the center that appear in control conditions? They look different from the Golgi labeled by Man1 but similar to MVBs upon wortmannin treatment, except that in control conditions MVBs never appear like this. Are they related to any kind of vacuolar structures that would be involved in quality control-induced degradation of non-functional proteins?

      Our response:

      The reviewer certainly refers to fluorescence images from N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells where different circularly shaped structures are visible. In these respective structures, the fluorescent circles are depleted from fluorescence in the center, e.g. in Figure 5C, YFP- fluorescent signals in TTN5T30N transformed leaf discs. We suspect that these structures can be of vacuolar origin as described for similar fluorescent rings in Tichá et al., 2020 for ANNI-GFP (reference in manuscript). The reviewer certainly does not refer to swollen MVBs that are seen following wortmannin treatment, as in Figure 5N-P, which look similar in their shape but are larger in size. Please note that we always included the control conditions, namely the images recorded before the wortmannin treatment, so that we were able to investigate the changes induced by wortmannin. Hence, we can clearly say that the structures with depleted fluorescence in the center as in Figure 5C are not wortmannin-induced swollen MVBs.To make these points clear to the reader, we added an explanation into the text (Line 385-388):

      „We also observed YFP fluorescence signals in the form of circularly shaped ring structures with a fluorescence-depleted center. These structures can be of vacuolar origin as described for similar fluorescent rings in Tichá et al. (2020) for ANNI-GFP."

      3- The fluorescence at nucleus could be due to a proportion of YFP-TTN5 that is degraded and released free-GFP, a western-blot of the membrane fraction vs the cytosolic fraction could help solving this issue.

      Our response:

      In an α-GFP Western blot using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings, we detected besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, three additional weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (NEW Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins expressed from aberrant transcripts. α-HA Western blot controls performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size (Supplementary Figure S7D). We must therefore be cautious about nuclear TTN5 localization and we rephrased the text carefully (starting Line 300):

      „We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      4- It is not so easy to conclude from the co-localization experiments. The confocal pictures are not always of high quality, some of them appear blurry. The Golgi localization looks convincing, but the BFA experiments are not that clear. The MVB localization is pretty convincing but the images are blurry. An issue is the quantification of the co-localizations. Several methods were employed but they do not provide consistent results. As for the object-based co-localization method, the authors employ in the text co-localization result either base on the % of YFP-labeled structures or the % of mCherry/mRFP-labeled structures, but the results are not going always in the same direction. For example, the proportion of YFP-TTN5 that co-localize with MVBs is not so different between WT and mutated version but the proportion of MVBs that co-localize with TTN5 is largely increased in the Q70L mutant. Thus it is quite difficult to interpret homogenously and in an unbiased way these results. Moreover, the results coming from the centroid-based method were presented in a table rather than a graph, I think here the authors wanted to hide the huge standard deviation of these results, what is the statistical meaning of these results?

      Our response:

      First of all, we like to point out that, as explained above, the BFA experiments are now more clear. We performed additional BFA treatment coupled with immunostaining using HA3-TTN5-expressing Arabidopsis seedlings and coupled with fluorescence analysis using YFP-TTN5-expressing Arabidopsis plants. In both experiments, we observed the typical BFA bodies very clearly (NEW Figure 4B, C).

      Second, we like to insist that we performed colocalization very carefully and quantified the data in three different manners. We like to state that there is no general standardized procedure that best suits the idea of a colocalization pattern. Results of colocalization are represented in stem diagrams and table format, including statistical analysis. Colocalization was carried out with the ImageJ plugin JACoP for Pearson's and Overlap coefficients and based on the centroid method. The plotted Pearson's and Overlap coefficients are presented in bar diagrams in Supplementary Figure S8A and C, including statistics. The obtained values by the centroid method are represented in table format in Supplementary Figure S8B and D, which *can be considered a standard method (see Ivanov et al., 2014). *

      Colocalization of two different fluorescence signals was performed for the two channels in a specific chosen region of interest (indicating in % the overlapping signal versus the sum of signal for each channel). The differences between the YFP/mRFP and mRFP/YFP ratios indicate that a higher percentage of ARA7-RFP signal is colocalizing with YFP-TTN5Q70L signal than with the TTN5WT or the TTN5T30N mutant form signals, while the YFP signals have a similar overlap with ARA7-positive structures. This is not a contradiction. Presumably this answers well the questions on colocalization.

      Please note that upon acceptance for publication, we will upload all original colocalization data to BioImage Archive. Hence, the high-quality data can be reanalyzed by readers.

      5- The use of FM4-64 to address the vacuolar trafficking is a hazardous, FM4-64 allows the tracking of endocytosis but does not say anything on vacuolar degradation targeting and even less on the potential function of TTN5 in endosomal vacuolar targeting. Similarly, TTN5, even if localized at the Golgi, is not necessarily function in Golgi-trafficking. __Our response: __

      *Perhaps our previous description was misleading. Thank you for pointing this out. We reformulated the text and modified the schematic representation of FM4-64 in NEW Figure 6A: *

      "(A), Schematic representation of progressive stages of FM4-64 localization and internalization in a cell. FM4-64 is a lipophilic substance. After infiltration, it first localizes in the plasma membrane, at later stages it localizes to intracellular vesicles and membrane compartments. This localization pattern reflects the endocytosis process (Bolte et al. 2004)."

      6- The manuscript lacks in its present shape of functional evidences for a role of TTN5 in any trafficking steps. I understand that the KO mutant is lethal but what are the phenotypes of the Q70L and T30N mutant plants? What is the seedling phenotype, how are the Golgi and MVBs looking like in these mutants? Do the Q70L or T30N mutants perturbed the trafficking of any cargos?

      __Our response: __

      *We agree fully that functional evidences are interesting to assign roles for TTN5 in trafficking steps. A phenotype associated with TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L is clearly meaningful. *

      First of all, we like to emphasize that it is incorrect that the manuscript lacks functional evidences for a role of TTN5 and the two mutants. In fact, the manuscript even highlights several functional activities that are meaningful in a cellular context. These include different types of kinetic GTPase enzyme activities, subcellular localization in planta and association with different endomembrane compartments and subcellular processes such as endocytosis. We surely agree that future research can focus even more on cell physiological aspects and the physiological functions in plants to examine the proposed roles of TTN5 in intracellular trafficking steps. For such studies, our findings are the fundamental basis.

      Concerning the aspect of colocalization of the mutants with the markers we show in Figure 5C, D and G, H that YFP-TTN5T30N- and YFP-TTN5Q70L-related signals colocalize with the Golgi marker GmMan1-mCherry. Figure 5K, L and O, P show that YFP-TTN5T30N and YFP-TTN5Q70L-related signals can colocalize with the MVB marker, and this may affect relevant vesicle trafficking processes and plasma membrane protein regulation involved in root cell elongation.

      *At present, we have not yet investigated perturbed cargo trafficking. These aspects are certainly interesting but require extensive work and testing of appropriate physiological conditions and appropriate cargo targets. We discuss future perspectives in the Discussion. We agree that such functional information is of great importance, but needs to be clarified in future studies. *

      __Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)): __

      In conclusion, I think this manuscript is a good biochemical description of an ARF-like protein but it would need to be strengthen on the cell biology and functional sides. Nonetheless, provided these limitations fixed, this manuscript would advance our knowledge of small GTPases in plants. The major conceptual advance of that study is to provide a non-canonical behavior of the active/inactive cycle dynamics for a small-GTPase. Of course this dynamic probably has an impact on TTN5 function and involvement in trafficking, although this remains to be fully demonstrated. Provided a substantial amount of additional experiments to support the claims of that study, this study could be of general interest for scientist working in the trafficking field.

      __Our response: __

      We thank reviewer 1 for the very fruitful comments. We hope that with the additional experiments, NEW Figures and NEW Supplementary Figures as well as our changes in the text, all comments by the reviewer have been addressed.

      __Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)): __

      The manuscript by Mohr and colleagues characterizes the Arabidopsis predicted small GTPase TITAN5 in both biochemical and cell biology contexts using in vitro and in planta techniques. In the first half of the manuscript, the authors use in vitro nucleotide exchange assays to characterise the GTPase activity and nucleotide binding properties of TITAN5 and two mutant variants of it. The in vitro data they produce indicates that TITAN5 does indeed have general GTPase and nucleotide binding capability that would be expected for a protein predicted to be a small GTPase. Interestingly, the authors show that TITAN5 favors a GTP-bound form, which is different to many other characterized GTPases that favor GDP-binding. The authors follow their biochemical characterisation of TITAN with in planta experiments characterizing TITAN5 and its mutant variants association with the plant endomembrane system, both by stable expression in Arabidopsis and transient expression in N.benthamiana.

      The strength of this manuscript is in its in vitro biochemical characterisation of TITAN5 and variants. I am not an expert on in vitro GTPase characterisation and so cannot comment specifically on the assays they have used, but generally speaking this appears to have been well done, and the authors are to be commended for it. In vitro characterisation of plant small GTPases is uncommon, and much of our knowledge is inferred for work on animal or yeast GTPases, so this will be a useful addition to the plant community in general, especially as TITAN5 is an essential gene. The in planta data that follows is sadly not as compelling as the biochemical data, and suffers from several weaknesses. I would encourage the authors to consider trying to improve the quality of the in planta data in general. If improved and then combined with the biochemical aspects of the paper, this has the potential to make a nice addition to plant small GTPase and endomembrane literature.

      The manuscript is generally well written and includes the relevant literature.

      Major issues:

      1. The authors make use of a p35s: YFP-TTN5 construct (and its mutant variants) both stably in Arabidopsis and transiently in N.benthamiana. I know from personal experience that expressing small GTPases from non-endogenous promoters and in transient expression systems can give very different results to when working from endogenous promoters/using immunolocalization in stable expression systems. Strong over-expression could for example explain why the authors see high 'cytosolic' levels of YFP-TTN5. It is therefore questionable how much of the in planta localisation data presented using p35S and expression in tobacco is of true relevance to the biological function of TITAN5. The authors do present some immunolocalization data of HA3-TTN5 in Arabidopsis, but this is fairly limited and it is very difficult in its current form to use this to identify whether the data from YFP-TTN5 in Arabidopsis and tobacco can be corroborated. I would encourage the authors to consider expanding the immunolocalization data they present to validate their findings in tobacco. __Our response: __

      We are aware that endogenous promoters may be preferred over 35S promoter. However, the two types of lines we generated with endogenous promoter did both not show fluorescent signals so that we could unfortunately not use them (not shown). Besides 35S promoter-mediated expression we were also investigating inducible expression vectors for fluorescence imaging in N. benthamiana (not shown). Both inducible and constitutive expression showed very similar expression patterns so that we chose characterizing in detail the 35S::YFP-TTN5 fluorescence in both N. bethamiana*and Arabidopsis. *

      We have expanded immunolocalization using the HA3-TTN5 line and compare it now along with YFP fluorescence signal in YFP-TTN5 seedlings (NEW Figure 3P; NEW Figure 4).

      „For a more detailed investigation of HA3-TTN5 subcellular localization, we then performed co-immunofluorescence staining with an Alexa 488-labeled antibody recognizing the Golgi and TGN marker ARF1, while detecting HA3-TTN5 with an Alexa 555-labeled antibody (Robinson et al. 2011, Singh et al. 2018) (Figure 4A). ARF1-Alexa 488 staining was clearly visible in punctate structures representing presumably Golgi stacks (Figure 4A, Alexa 488), as previously reported (Singh et al. 2018). Similar structures were obtained for HA3-TTN5-Alexa 555 staining (Figure 4A, Alexa 555). But surprisingly, colocalization analysis demonstrated that the HA3-TTN5-labeled structures were mostly not colocalizing and thus distinct from the ARF1-labeled ones (Figure 4A). Yet the HA3-TTN5- and ARF1-labeled structures were in close proximity to each other (Figure 4A). We hypothesized that the HA3-TTN5 structures can be connected to intracellular trafficking steps. To test this, we performed brefeldin A (BFA) treatment, a commonly used tool in cell biology for preventing dynamic membrane trafficking events and vesicle transport involving the Golgi. BFA is a fungal macrocyclic lactone that leads to a loss of cis-cisternae and accumulation of Golgi stacks, known as BFA-induced compartments, up to the fusion of the Golgi with the ER (Ritzenthaler et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2016). For a better identification of BFA bodies, we additionally used the dye FM4-64, which can emit fluorescence in a lipophilic membrane environment. FM4-64 marks the plasma membrane in the first minutes following application to the cell, then may be endocytosed and in the presence of BFA become accumulated in BFA bodies (Bolte et al. 2004). We observed BFA bodies positive for both, HA3-TTN5-Alexa 488 and FM4-64 signals (Figure 4B). Similar patterns were observed for YFP-TTN5-derived signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing roots (Figure 4C). Hence, HA3-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5 can be present in similar subcellular membrane compartments."

      • *

      Many of the confocal images presented are of poor quality, particularly those from N.benthamiana.

      Our response:

      All confocal images are of high quality in their original format. To make them accessible, we will upload all raw data to BioImage Archive upon acceptance of the manuscript.

      The authors in some places see YFP-TTN5 in cell nuclei. This could be a result of YFP-cleavage rather than genuine nuclear localisation of YFP-TTN5, but the authors do not present western blots to check for this.

      __Our response: __

      As described in our response to reviewer 1, comment 3, Fluorescence signals were detected within the nuclei of root cells of YFP-TTN5 plants, while immunostaining signals of HA3-TTN5 were not detected in the nucleus. In an α-GFP Western blot using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings, we detected besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, three additional weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (NEW Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins expressed from aberrant transcripts. α-HA Western blot controls performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size (Supplementary Figure S7D). We must therefore be cautious about nuclear TTN5 localization and we rephrased the text carefully (starting Line 300):

      • *

      „We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      That YFP-TTN5 fails to rescue the ttn5 mutant indicates that YFP-tagged TTN5 may not be functional. If the authors cannot corroborate the YFP-TTN5 localisation pattern with that of HA3-TTN5 via immunolocalization, then the fact that YFP-TTN5 may not be functional calls into question the biological relevance of YFP-TTN5's localisation pattern.

      __Our response: __

      This refers to your comment 1, please check this comment for a detailed response. Please also see our answer to reviewer 1, comment 1.

      At first, we like to state that specific detection of intracellular localization of plant proteins in plant cells is generally technically very difficult, when the protein abundance is not overly high. In this revised version, we extended immunostaining analysis to different membrane compartments, including now immunostaining of complementing HA3-TTN5 in the absence and presence of BFA, along with immunodetection of ARF1 and FM4-64 labeling in roots (NEW Figure 3P, NEW Figure 4A, B). In the revised version, we focus the analysis and conclusions on the fluorescence patterns that overlap between YFP-TTN5 detection and HA3-TTN5 immunodetection. With this, we can be most confident about subcellular TTN5 localization. Please find this NEW text in the Result section (starting Line 323):

      „For a more detailed investigation of HA3-TTN5 subcellular localization, we then performed co-immunofluorescence staining with an Alexa 488-labeled antibody recognizing the Golgi and TGN marker ARF1, while detecting HA3-TTN5 with an Alexa 555-labeled antibody (Robinson et al. 2011, Singh et al. 2018) (Figure 4A). ARF1-Alexa 488 staining was clearly visible in punctate structures representing presumably Golgi stacks (Figure 4A, Alexa 488), as previously reported (Singh et al. 2018). Similar structures were obtained for HA3-TTN5-Alexa 555 staining (Figure 4A, Alexa 555). But surprisingly, colocalization analysis demonstrated that the HA3-TTN5-labeled structures were mostly not colocalizing and thus distinct from the ARF1-labeled ones (Figure 4A). Yet the HA3-TTN5- and ARF1-labeled structures were in close proximity to each other (Figure 4A). We hypothesized that the HA3-TTN5 structures can be connected to intracellular trafficking steps. To test this, we performed brefeldin A (BFA) treatment, a commonly used tool in cell biology for preventing dynamic membrane trafficking events and vesicle transport involving the Golgi. BFA is a fungal macrocyclic lactone that leads to a loss of cis-cisternae and accumulation of Golgi stacks, known as BFA-induced compartments, up to the fusion of the Golgi with the ER (Ritzenthaler et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2016). For a better identification of BFA bodies, we additionally used the dye FM4-64, which can emit fluorescence in a lipophilic membrane environment. FM4-64 marks the plasma membrane in the first minutes following application to the cell, then may be endocytosed and in the presence of BFA become accumulated in BFA bodies (Bolte et al. 2004). We observed BFA bodies positive for both, HA3-TTN5-Alexa 488 and FM4-64 signals (Figure 4B). Similar patterns were observed for YFP-TTN5-derived signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing roots (Figure 4C). Hence, HA3-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5 can be present in similar subcellular membrane compartments."

      We did not find evidence that HA3-TTN5 can localize at the ER using whole-mount immunostaining (NEW Figure 3P; NEW Figure 4A, B). Hence, we are careful with describing that fluorescence at the ER, as seen in the YFP-TTN5 line (Figure 3M, N) reflects TTN5 localization. We therefore do not focus the text on the ER pattern in the Result section (starting Line 295):

      „Additionally, YFP signals were also detected in a net-like pattern typical for ER localization (Figure 3M, N). (...) We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      *And we discuss in the Discussion section (starting Line 552): *

      „We based the TTN5 localization data on tagging approaches with two different detection methods to enhance reliability of specific protein detection. Even though YFP-TTN5 did not complement the embryo-lethality of a ttn5 loss of function mutant, we made several observations that suggest YFP-TTN5 signals to be meaningful at various membrane sites. We do not know why YFP-TTN5 does not complement. There could be differences in TTN5 levels and interactions in some cell types, which were hindering specifically YFP-TTN5 but not HA3-TTN5. (...) Though constitutively driven, the YFP-TTN5 expression may be delayed or insufficient at the early embryonic stages resulting in the lack of embryo-lethal complementation. On the other hand, the very fast nucleotide exchange activity may be hindered by the presence of a large YFP-tag in comparison with the small HA3-tag which is able to rescue the embryo-lethality. The lack of complementation represents a challenge for the localization of small GTPases with rapid nucleotide exchange in plants. Despite of these limitations, we made relevant observations in our data that made us believe that YFP signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells at membrane sites can be meaningful."

      • *

      Without a cell wall label/dye, the plasmolysis data presented in Figure 5 is hard to visualize.

      __Our response: __

      Figure 6E-G (previously Fig. 5) show the results of plasmolysis experiments with YFP-TTN5 and the two mutant variant constructs. It is clearly possible to observe plasmolysis when focusing on the Hechtian strands. Hechtian strands are formed due to the retraction of the protoplast as a result of the osmotic pressure by the added mannitol solution. Hechtian strands consist of PM which remained in contact with the cell wall, visible as thin filamental structures. We stained the PM and the Hechtian strands by the PM dye FM4-64. This is similary done in Yoneda et al., 2020. We could detect in the YFP-TTN5-transformed cells, colocalization with the YFP channels and the PM dye in filamental structures between two neighbouring FM4-64-labelled PMs. Although an additional labeling of the cell wall may further indicate plasmolysis, it is not needed here.

      Please consider that we will upload all original image data to BioImage Archive so that a detailed re-investigation of the images can be done.

      • *

      __Minor issues: __

      In some of the presented N.benthamiana images, it looks like YFP-TTN5 may be partially ER-localised. However, co-localisation with an ER marker is not presented.

      Our response:

      *Referring to our response to comments 1 and 3 of reviewer 2 and to comment 1 of reviewer 1: *

      We did not find evidence that HA3-TTN5 can localize at the ER using whole-mount immunostaining (NEW Figure 3P; NEW Figure 4A, B). Hence, we are careful with describing that fluorescence at the ER, as seen in the YFP-TTN5 line (Figure 3M, N) reflects TTN5 localization. We therefore do not focus the text on the ER pattern in the Result section (starting Line 295):

      „Additionally, YFP signals were also detected in a net-like pattern typical for ER localization (Figure 3M, N). (...) We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      *And we discuss in the Discussion section (starting Line 552): *

      „We based the TTN5 localization data on tagging approaches with two different detection methods to enhance reliability of specific protein detection. Even though YFP-TTN5 did not complement the embryo-lethality of a ttn5 loss of function mutant, we made several observations that suggest YFP-TTN5 signals to be meaningful at various membrane sites. We do not know why YFP-TTN5 does not complement. There could be differences in TTN5 levels and interactions in some cell types, which were hindering specifically YFP-TTN5 but not HA3-TTN5. (...) Though constitutively driven, the YFP-TTN5 expression may be delayed or insufficient at the early embryonic stages resulting in the lack of embryo-lethal complementation. On the other hand, the very fast nucleotide exchange activity may be hindered by the presence of a large YFP-tag in comparison with the small HA3-tag which is able to rescue the embryo-lethality. The lack of complementation represents a challenge for the localization of small GTPases with rapid nucleotide exchange in plants. Despite of these limitations, we made relevant observations in our data that made us believe that YFP signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells at membrane sites can be meaningful."

      • *

      There is some inconsistency within the N.benthamiana images. For example, compare Figure 4C of YFP-TTN5T30N to Figure 4O of YFP-TTN5T30N. Figure 4O is presented as being significant because wortmannin-induced swollen ARA7 compartments are labelled by YFP-TTN5T30N. However, structures very similar to these can already been seen in Figure 4C, which is apparently an unrelated experiment. This, to my mind, is likely a result of the very different expression levels between different cells that can be produced by transient expression in N.benthamiana.

      __Our response: __

      Former Figure 4 is now Figure 5. As detailed in our response to comment 2 of reviewer 1:

      The reviewer certainly refers to fluorescence images from N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells where different circularly shaped structures are visible. In these respective structures, the fluorescent circles are depleted from fluorescence in the center, e.g. in Figure 5C, YFP- fluorescent signals in TTN5T30N transformed leaf discs. We suspect that these structures can be of vacuolar origin as described for similar fluorescent rings in Tichá et al., 2020 for ANNI-GFP (reference in manuscript). The reviewer certainly does not refer to swollen MVBs that are seen following wortmannin treatment, as in Figure 5N-P, which look similar in their shape but are larger in size. Please note that we always included the control conditions, namely the images recorded before the wortmannin treatment, so that we were able to investigate the changes induced by wortmannin. Hence, we can clearly say that the structures with depleted fluorescence in the center as in Figure 5C are not wortmannin-induced swollen MVBs.To make these points clear to the reader, we added an explanation into the text (Line 385-388):

      „We also observed YFP fluorescence signals in the form of circularly shaped ring structures with a fluorescence-depleted center. These structures can be of vacuolar origin as described for similar fluorescent rings in Tichá et al. (2020) for ANNI-GFP."

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      It sems that all of the reviewers have converged on the conclusion that the in planta characterisation of TTN5 is insufficient to be of substantial interest to the field, highlighting the fact that major improvements are required to strengthen this part of the manuscript and increase its relevance.

      __Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)): __

      General assessment: the strengths of this work are in its in vitro characterisation of TITAN5, however, the in planta characterisation lacks depth.

      Significance: the in vitro characterisation of TITAN5 is commendable as such work is lacking for plant GTPases. However, the significance of the work would be boosted substantially by better in planta characterisation, which is where most the most broad interest will lie.

      My expertise: my expertise is in in planta characterisation of small GTPases and their interactors.

      __Our response: __

      We thank the reviewer for the kind evaluation of our manuscript. We are confident that the changes in the text and NEW Figures and NEW Supplementary Figures will be convincing to consider our work.

      __Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)): __

      Summary: Cellular traffic is an important and well-studied biological process in animal and plant systems. While components involved in transport are known the mechanism by which these components control activity or destination remains to be studied. A critical step in regulating traffic is proper budding and tethering of vesicles. A critical component in determining this step is a family proteins with GTPase activity, which act as switches facilitating vesicle interaction between proteins, or cytoskeleton. The current manuscript by Mohr and colleagues have characterized a small GTPase TITAN5 (TTN5) and identified two residues Gln70 and Thr30 in the protein which they propose to have functional roles. The authors catalogue the localization, GTP hydrolytic activity, and discuss putative functions of TTN5 and the mutants.

      __Major comments: __

      The core of the manuscript, which is descriptive characterization of TTN5, lies in reliably demonstrating putative roles. While the GTP hydrolysis rates are well-quantified (though the claims need to be toned down), the microscopy data especially the association of TTN5 with different endomembrane compartments is not convincing due to the quality (low resolution) of the figures submitted. The manuscript text is difficult to navigate due to repetition and inconsistency in the order that the mutants are referred. I am requesting additional experiments which should be feasible considering the authors have all the materials required to perform the experiments and obtain high-quality images which support their claims.

      In general the figure quality needs to be improved for all microscopy images. I would suggest that the authors highlight 1-2 individual cells to make their point and use the current images as supplementary to establish a broader spread. __Our response: __

      *We have worked substantially on the text and figures to make the content well comprehensive. The mutants are referred to in a consistent manner in the text and figures. We have addressed requested experiments. *

      As we pointed out in the cover letter and our responses to reviewers 1 and 2, we will upload all raw image data to BioImage Archive upon acceptance of the manuscript so that they can be re-examined without any reduction of resolution. Furthermore, we have conducted new experiments on immunolocalization of HA3-TTN5 (NEW Figure 3P, NEW Figure 4A, B). The text has been improved in several places (see highlighted changes in the manuscript and as detailed in the responses to reviewer 1. We think, this addresses well the reviewers' concerns.

      Fig. S1 lacks clarity. __Our response: __

      Supplementary Figure S1 shows TTN5 gene expression in different organs and growing stages as revealed by transcriptomic data, made available through the AtGenExpress eFB tool of the Bio-Analytic Resource for Plant Biology (BAR). The figure visualizes that TTN5 is ubiquitously expressed in different plant organs and tissues, e.g. the epidermis layers that we investigated here, and throughout development including embryo development. In accordance with the embryo-lethal phenotype, this highlights well that TTN5* is needed throughout for plant growth and it emphasizes that our investigation of TTN5 localization in epidermis cells is valid. *

      We have added a better description to the figure legend. We now also mention the respective publications from which the transcriptome data-sets are derived. The modified figure legend is:

      "Supplementary Figure S1. Visualization of TTN5 gene expression levels during plant development based on transcriptome data. Expression levels in (A), different types of aerial organs at different developmental stages; from left to right and bottom to top are represented different seed and plant growth stages, flower development stages, different leaves, vegetative to inflorescence shoot apex, embryo and silique development stages; (B), seedling root tissues based on single cell analysis represented in form of a uniform manifold approximation and projection plot; (C), successive stages of embryo development. As shown in (A) to (C), TTN5 is ubiquitously expressed in these different plant organs and tissues. In particular, it should be noted that TTN5 transcripts were detectable in the epidermis cell layer of roots that we used for localization of tagged TTN5 protein in this study. In accordance with the embryo-lethal phenotype, the ubiquitous expression of TTN5 highlights its importance for plant growth. Original data were derived from (Nakabayashi et al. 2005, Schmid et al. 2005) (A); (Ryu et al. 2019) (B); (Waese et al. 2017) (C). Gene expression levels are indicated by local maximum color code, ranging from the minimum (no expression) in yellow to the maximum (highest expression) in red."

      For the supplementary videos, it is difficult to determine if punctate structures are moving or is it cytoplasmic streaming? Could this be done with a co-localized marker? Considering that such markers have been used later in Fig. 4? __Our response: __

      We had detected movement of YFP fluorescent structures in all analyzed YFP-TTN5 plant parts except the root tip. Movement of fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5T30N seedlings was slowed in hypocotyl epidermis cells. To answer the reviewer comment, we added three NEW supplemental videos (NEW Supplementary Video Material S1M-O) generated with all the three YFP-TTN5 constructs imaged over time in N. benthamiana leaf epidermal cells upon colocalization with the cis-Golgi marker GmMan1-mCherry as requested by the reviewer. In these NEW videos, some of *the YFP fluorescent spots seem to move together with the Golgi stacks. GmMan1 is described with a stop-and-go directed movement mediated by the actino-myosin system (Nebenführ 1999) and similarly it might be the case for YFP-TTN5 signals based on the colocalization. *

      • *

      It would be good if the speed of movement is quantified, if the authors want to retain the current claims in results and the discussion. __Our response: __

      *We describe a difference in the movement of YFP fluorescent signal for the YFP-TTN5T30N variant in the hypocotyl compared to YFP-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5Q70L. In hypocotyl cells, we could observe a slowed down or arrested movement specifically of YFP-TTN5T30N fluorescent structures, and we describe this in the Results section (Line 278-291). *

      "Interestingly, the mobility of these punctate structures differed within the cells when the mutant YFP-TTN5T30N was observed in hypocotyl epidermis cells, but not in the leaf epidermis cells (Supplementary Video Material S1E, compare with S1B) nor was it the case for the YFP-TTN5Q70L mutant (Supplementary Video Material S1F, compare with S1E)."

      *The slowed movement in the YFP-TTN5T30N mutant is well visible even without quantification. We checked that the manuscript text does not contain overstatements in this regard. *

      • *

      Fig.2 I am not sure what the unit / scale is in Fig. 2D/E if each parameter (Kon, Koff, and Kd) are individually plotted? Could the authors please clarify/simplify this panel?

      __Our response: __

      We presented kinetics for nucleotide association (kon) and dissociation (koff) and the dissociation constant (Kd) in a bar diagram for each nucleotide, mdGDP (Figure 2D) and mGppNHp (Figure 2E). We modified and relabeled the bar diagram representation. It should be now very clear which are the parameters and units. Please see also the other modified figures (NEW modified Figure 2A-H). We also modified the legend of Figure 2D and E:

      "(D-E), Kinetics of association and dissociation of fluorescent nucleotides mdGDP (D) or mGppNHp (E) with TTN5 proteins (WT, TTN5T30N, TTN5Q70L) are illustrated as bar charts. The association of mdGDP (0.1 µM) or mGppNHp (0.1 µM) with increasing concentration of TTN5WT, TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L was measured using a stopped-flow device (see A, B; data see Supplementary Figure S3A-F, S4A-E). Association rate constants (kon in µM-1s-1) were determined from the plot of increasing observed rate constants (kobs in s-1) against the corresponding concentrations of the TTN5 proteins. Intrinsic dissociation rates (koff in s-1) were determined by rapidly mixing 0.1 µM mdGDP-bound or mGppNHp-bound TTN5 proteins with the excess amount of unlabeled GDP (see A, C, data see Supplementary Figure S3G-I, S4F-H). The nucleotide affinity (dissociation constant or Kd in µM) of the corresponding TTN5 proteins was calculated by dividing koff by kon. When mixing mGppNHp with nucleotide-free TTN5T30N, no binding was observed (n.b.o.) under these experimental conditions."

      • *

      Are panels D and E representing values for mdGDP and GppNHP? This is not very clear from the figure legend.

      __Our response: __

      Yes, Figure 2D and E represent the kon, koff and Kd values for mdGDP (Figure 2D) and mGppNHP (Figure 2E). As detailed in our previous response to comment 2a, we modified figure and figure legend to make the representation more clear.

      • *

      Fig. 3 Same comments as in para above - improve resolution fo images, concentrate on a few selected cells, if required use an inset figure to zoom-in to specific compartments. Our response:

      As detailed in our responses to reviewers 1 and 2, we will upload all original image data to BioImage Archive upon acceptance of the manuscript, so that a detailed investigation of all our images is possible without any reduction of resolution.

      Please provide the non-fluorescent channel images to understand cell topography __Our response: __

      *We presented our microscopic images with the respective fluorescent channel and for colocalization with an additional merge. We did not present brightfield images as the cell topography was already well visible by fluorescent signal close to the PM. Therefore, brightfield images would not provide any benefit. Since we will upload all original data to BioImage Archive for a detailed investigation of all our images, the data can be obtained if needed. *

      Is the nuclear localization seen in transient expression (panel L-N) an artefact? If so, this needs to be mentioned in the text. Our response:

      As explained in our responses to reviewers 1 and 2, fluorescence signals were detected within the nuclei of root cells of YFP-TTN5 plants, while immunostaining signals of HA3-TTN5 were not detected in the nucleus.

      In an α-GFP Western blot using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings, we detected besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, three additional weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (NEW Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins expressed from aberrant transcripts. α-HA Western blot controls performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size (Supplementary Figure S7D). We must therefore be cautious about nuclear TTN5 localization and we rephrased the text carefully (starting Line 300):

      „We also found multiple YFP bands in α-GFP Western blot analysis using YFP-TTN5 Arabidopsis seedlings. Besides the expected and strong 48 kDa YFP-TTN5 band, we observed three weak bands ranging between 26 to 35 kDa (Supplementary Figure S7C). We cannot explain the presence of these small protein bands. They might correspond to free YFP, to proteolytic products or potentially to proteins produced from aberrant transcripts with perhaps alternative translation start or stop sites. On the other side, a triple hemagglutinin-tagged HA3-TTN5 driven by the 35S promoter did complement the embryo-lethal phenotype of ttn5-1 (Supplementary Figure S7D, E). α-HA Western blot control performed with plant material from HA3-TTN5 seedlings showed a single band at the correct size, but no band that was 13 to 18 kDa smaller (Supplementary Figure S7D). (...) We did not observe any staining in nuclei or ER when performing HA3-TTN5 immunostaining (Figure 3P; Figure 4A, B), as was the case for fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells. Presumably, this can indicate that either the nuclear and ER signals seen with YFP-TTN5 correspond to the smaller proteins detected, as described above, or that immunostaining was not suited to detect them. Hence, we focused interpretation on patterns of localization overlapping between the fluorescence staining with YFP-labeled TTN5 and with HA3-TTN5 immunostaining, such as the particular signal patterns in the specific punctate membrane structures."

      Fig. 4 - In addition to the points made for Fig. 3 The authors should consider reducing gain/exposure to improve image clarity. Especially for the punctate structures, which are difficult to observe in TTN5, likely because of the cytoplasmic localization as well.

      __Our response: __

      Thank you for this comment. We record image z-stacks and represent in single z-planes. Reducing the gain to decrease the cytoplasmic signal does not increase the clarity of the punctate structures as the signal strength will become weak.. As mentioned above, we will upload all original image data to BioImage Archive for a detailed investigation of all our images without any reduction of resolution.

      • *

      Reducing Agrobacterial load could be considered. OD of 0.4 is a bit much, 0.1 or even 0.05 could be tried. If available try expression in N. tabaccum, which is more amenable to microscopy. However, this is OPTIONAL, benthamiana should suffice. __Our response: __

      Thank you for the suggestion. We are routinely using N. benthamiana leaf infiltration. When setting up this method at first, we did not observe different localization results by using different ODs of bacterial cultures. Hence, an OD600 of 0.4 is routinely used in our institute. This value is comparable with the literature although some literature reports even higher OD values for infiltration (Norkunas et al., 2018; Drapal et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020, Davis et al., 2020; Stephenson et al., 2018).

      A standard norm now is to establish the level of colocalization is by quantifying a pearson's or Mander's correlation. Which I believe has been done in the text, I didn't find a plot representing the same? Could the data (which the authors already have) be plotted alongwith "n" as a table or graph? __Our response: __

      *Please check our response to reviewer 1, comment 4. *

      We like to insist that we performed colocalization very carefully and quantified the data in three different manners. We like to state that there is no general standardized procedure that best suits the idea of a colocalization pattern. Results of colocalization are represented in stem diagrams and table format, including statistical analysis. Colocalization was carried out with the ImageJ plugin JACoP for Pearson's and Overlap coefficients and based on the centroid method. The plotted Pearson's and Overlap coefficients are presented in bar diagrams in Supplementary Figure S8A and C, including statistics. The obtained values by the centroid method are represented in table format in Supplementary Figure S8B and D, which *can be considered a standard method (see Ivanov et al., 2014). *

      Colocalization of two different fluorescence signals was performed for the two channels in a specific chosen region of interest (indicating in % the overlapping signal versus the sum of signal for each channel). The differences between the YFP/mRFP and mRFP/YFP ratios indicate that a higher percentage of ARA7-RFP signal is colocalizing with YFP-TTN5Q70L signal than with the TTN5WT or the TTN5T30N mutant form signals, while the YFP signals have a similar overlap with ARA7-positive structures. This is not a contradiction. Presumably this answers well the questions on colocalization.

      Please note that upon acceptance for publication, we will upload all original colocalization data to BioImage Archive. Hence, the high-quality data can be reanalyzed by readers.

      The cartoons for the action of chemicals are useful, but need a bit more clarity. Our response:

      The schematic explanations of pharmacological treatments and expected outcomes are useful to readers. For a better understanding, we added additional explaining sentences to the figure legends (Figure 5E, M; Figure 6A). We also modified Figure 6A and the corresponding legend.

      "(E), Schematic representation of GmMan1 localization at the ER upon brefeldin A (BFA) treatment. BFA blocks ARF-GEF proteins which leads to a loss of Golgi cis-cisternae and the formation of BFA-induced compartments due to an accumulation of Golgi stacks up to a redistribution of the Golgi to the ER by fusion of the Golgi with the ER (Renna and Brandizzi 2020)."

      "(M), Schematic representation of ARA7 localization in swollen MVBs upon wortmannin treatment. Wortmannin inhibits phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) function leading to the fusion of TGN/EE to swollen MVBs (Renna and Brandizzi 2020)."

      "(A), Schematic representation of progressive stages of FM4-64 localization and internalization in a cell. FM4-64 is a lipophilic substance. After infiltration, it first localizes in the plasma membrane, at later stages it localizes to intracellular vesicles and membrane compartments. This localization pattern reflects the endocytosis process (Bolte et al. 2004)."

      • *

      Fig. 5 does the Q70L mutant show reduced endocytosis ?

      __Our response: __

      We have not investigated this question. As detailed in our response to reviewer 1, *we like to emphasize that we agree fully that functional evidences are interesting to assign role for TTN5 in trafficking steps. A phenotype associated with TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L would be clearly meaningful. *

      Concerning the aspect of colocalization of the mutants with the markers we show in Figure 5C, D and G, H that YFP-TTN5T30N- and YFP-TTN5Q70L-related signals colocalize with the Golgi marker GmMan1-mCherry. Figure 5K, L and O, P show that YFP-TTN5T30N and YFP-TTN5Q70L-related signals can colocalize with the MVB marker, and this may affect relevant vesicle trafficking processes and plasma membrane protein regulation involved in root cell elongation.

      *At present, we have not yet investigated perturbed cargo trafficking. These aspects are certainly interesting but require extensive work and testing of appropriate physiological conditions and appropriate cargo targets. We discuss future perspectives in the Discussion. We agree that such functional information is of great importance, but needs to be clarified in future studies. *

      • *

      The main text needs to be organized in a way that a reader can separate what is the hypothesis/assumption from actual results and conclusions (see lines #143-149).

      Our response:

      *Thank you for this comment. We reformulated text throughout the manuscript. *

      The text is repeated in multiple places, while I understand that this is not plagiarism, the repetitiveness makes it difficult to read and understand the text. I highlight a couple of examples here, but please check the whole text thoroughly and edit/delete as necessary. a. Lines #124-125 with Lines #149-151 Lines #140-143

      __Our response: __

      *We checked the text and removed unnecessary repetitions. *

      • *

      • Could the authors elaborate on whether there are plan homologs of TTN5? Also, have other ARF/ARLs been compared to TTN5 beyond HsARF1? *

      Our response:

      Phylogenetic trees of the ARF family in Arabidopsis in comparison to human ARF family were already published by Vernoud et al. (2003). In this phylogenetic tree ARF, ARL and SAR proteins of Arabidopsis are compared with the members in humans and S. cervisiae. It is difficult to deduce whether the proteins are homologs or orthologs. In this setting, an ortholog of TTN5 may be HsARL2 followed by HsARL3. In Figure 1A we represented some human GTPases as closely related in sequence to TTN5, these are HsARL2, HsARF1 and AtARF1 since they are the best studied ARF GTPases. HRAS is a well-known member of the RAS superfamily which we used for kinetic comparison in Figure 2. We additionally compared published kinetics of RAC1, HsARF3, *CDC42, RHOA, ARF6, RAD, GEM, and RAS GTPases. *

      • *

      On a related note, a major problem I have with these kinetic values is the assumption of significance or not. For eg. Line#180 the values represent and 2 and 6-fold increase, if these numbers do not matter can a significance threshold be applied so as to understand how much fold-change is appreciable?

      Our response:

      The kinetics of TTN5 and its two mutant variants can be compared with those of other studied GTPases. To provide a basis for the statements about differences in GTPase activities, we modified the text and added respective references in the text for comparisons of fold changes.

      The new text is now as follows Line 175-231):

      „ We next measured the dissociation (koff) of mdGDP and mGppNHp from the TTN5 proteins in the presence of excess amounts of GDP and GppNHp, respectively (Figure 2C) and found interesting differences (Figure 2D, E; Supplementary Figures S3G-I, S4F-H). First, TTN5WT showed a koff value (0.012 s-1 for mGDP) (Figure 2D; Supplementary Figure S3G), which was 100-fold faster than those obtained for classical small GTPases, including RAC1 (Haeusler et al. 2006)and HRAS (Gremer et al. 2011), but very similar to the koff value of HsARF3 (Fasano et al. 2022). Second, the koffvalues for mGDP and mGppNHp, respectively, were in a similar range between TTN5WT (0.012 s-1 mGDP and 0.001 s-1mGppNHp) and TTN5Q70L (0.025 s-1 mGDP and 0.006 s-1 mGppNHp), respectively, but the koff values differed 10-fold between the two nucleotides mGDP and mGppNHp in TTN5WT (koff = 0.012 s-1 versus koff = 0.001 s-1; Figure 2D, E; Supplementary Figure S3G, I, S4F, H). Thus, mGDP dissociated from proteins 10-fold faster than mGppNHp. Third, the mGDP dissociation from TTN5T30N (koff = 0.149 s-1) was 12.5-fold faster than that of TTN5WT and 37-fold faster than the mGppNHp dissociation of TTN5T30N (koff = 0.004 s-1) (Figure 2D, E; Supplementary Figure S3H, S4G). Mutants of CDC42, RAC1, RHOA, ARF6, RAD, GEM and RAS GTPases, equivalent to TTN5T30N, display decreased nucleotide binding affinity and therefore tend to remain in a nucleotide-free state in a complex with their cognate GEFs (Erickson et al. 1997, Ghosh et al. 1999, Radhakrishna et al. 1999, Jung and Rösner 2002, Kuemmerle and Zhou 2002, Wittmann et al. 2003, Nassar et al. 2010, Huang et al. 2013, Chang and Colecraft 2015, Fisher et al. 2020, Shirazi et al. 2020). Since TTN5T30N exhibits fast guanine nucleotide dissociation, these results suggest that TTN5T30N may also act in either a dominant-negative or fast-cycling manner as reported for other GTPase mutants (Fiegen et al. 2004, Wang et al. 2005, Fidyk et al. 2006, Klein et al. 2006, Soh and Low 2008, Sugawara et al. 2019, Aspenström 2020).

      The dissociation constant (Kd) is calculated from the ratio koff/kon, which inversely indicates the affinity of the interaction between proteins and nucleotides (the higher Kd, the lower affinity). Interestingly, TTN5WT binds mGppNHp (Kd = 0.029 µM) 10-fold tighter than mGDP (Kd = 0.267 µM), a difference, which was not observed for TTN5Q70L (Kd for mGppNHp = 0.026 µM, Kd for mGDP = 0.061 µM) (Figure 2D, E). The lower affinity of TTN5WT for mdGDP compared to mGppNHp brings us one step closer to the hypothesis that classifies TTN5 as a non-classical GTPase with a tendency to accumulate in the active (GTP-bound) state (Jaiswal et al. 2013). The Kd value for the mGDP interaction with TTN5T30N was 11.5-fold higher (3.091 µM) than for TTN5WT, suggesting that this mutant exhibited faster nucleotide exchange and lower affinity for nucleotides than TTN5WT. Similar as other GTPases with a T30N exchange, TTN5T30Nmay behave in a dominant-negative manner in signal transduction (Vanoni et al. 1999).

      To get hints on the functionalities of TTN5 during the complete GTPase cycle, it was crucial to determine its ability to hydrolyze GTP. Accordingly, the catalytic rate of the intrinsic GTP hydrolysis reaction, defined as kcat, was determined by incubating 100 µM GTP-bound TTN5 proteins at 25{degree sign}C and analyzing the samples at various time points using a reversed-phase HPLC column (Figure 2F; Supplementary Figure S5). The determined kcat values were quite remarkable in two respects (Figure 2G). First, all three TTN5 proteins, TTN5WT, TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L, showed quite similar kcatvalues (0.0015 s-1, 0.0012 s-1, 0.0007 s-1; Figure 2G; Supplementary Figure S5). The GTP hydrolysis activity of TTN5Q70L was quite high (0.0007 s-1). This was unexpected because, as with most other GTPases, the glutamine mutations at the corresponding position drastic impair hydrolysis, resulting in a constitutively active GTPase in cells (Hodge et al. 2020, Matsumoto et al. 2021). Second, the kcat value of TTN5WT (0.0015 s-1) although quite low as compared to other GTPases (Jian et al. 2012, Esposito et al. 2019), was 8-fold lower than the determined koff value for mGDP dissociation (0.012 s-1) (Figure 2E). This means that a fast intrinsic GDP/GTP exchange versus a slow GTP hydrolysis can have drastic effects on TTN5 activity in resting cells, since TTN5 can accumulate in its GTP-bound form, unlike the classical GTPase (Jaiswal et al. 2013). To investigate this scenario, we pulled down GST-TTN5 protein from bacterial lysates in the presence of an excess amount of GppNHp in the buffer using glutathione beads and measured the nucleotide-bound form of GST-TTN5 using HPLC. As shown in Figure 2H, isolated GST-TTN5 increasingly bonds GppNHp, indicating that the bound nucleotide is rapidly exchanged for free nucleotide (in this case GppNHp). This is not the case for classical GTPases, which remain in their inactive GDP-bound forms under the same experimental conditions (Walsh et al. 2019, Hodge et al. 2020)."

      Another issue with the kinetic measurements is the significance levels. Line #198-201. The three proteins are claimed to have similar values and in the nnext line, the Q70L mutant is claimed to be high.

      Our response:

      Please see our response and changes in the text according in our response to the previous comment 9. We have provided extra explanations and references to clarify why the kinetic behavior of TTN5 is unusual in several respects (Line 215-220).

      „First, all three TTN5 proteins, TTN5WT, TTN5T30N and TTN5Q70L, showed quite similar kcat values (0.0015 s-1, 0.0012 s-1, 0.0007 s-1; Figure 2G; Supplementary Figure S5). The GTP hydrolysis activity of TTN5Q70L was quite high (0.0007 s-1). This was unexpected because, as with most other GTPases, the glutamine mutations at the corresponding position drastic impair hydrolysis, resulting in a constitutively active GTPase in cells (Hodge et al. 2020, Matsumoto et al. 2021)."

      Provide data for conclusion in line#214-215

      Our response:

      We agree that a reference should be added after this sentence to make this sentence clearer (Line 228-231).

      "As shown in Figure 2H, isolated GST-TTN5 increasingly bonds GppNHp, indicating that the bound nucleotide is rapidly exchanged for free nucleotide (in this case GppNHp). This is not the case for classical GTPases, which remain in their inactive GDP-bound forms under the same experimental conditions (Walsh et al. 2019, Hodge et al. 2020)."

      • *

      How were the mutants studied here identified? random mutation or was it directed based on qualified assumptions?

      __Our response: __

      We used the T30N and the Q70L point mutations as such types of mutants had been reported to confer specific phenotypes in these well-conserved amino acid positions in multiple other small GTPases (Erickson et al. 1997, Ghosh et al. 1999, Radhakrishna et al. 1999, Jung and Rösner 2002, Kuemmerle and Zhou 2002, Wittmann et al. 2003, Nassar et al. 2010, Huang et al. 2013, Chang and Colecraft 2015, Fisher et al. 2020, Shirazi et al. 2020). In particular, these positions affect the interaction between small GTPases and their respective guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF; T30N) or on GTP hydrolysis (Q70L). We introduced the mutants and described their potential effect on the GTPase cycle in the introduction and cited exemplary literature. Please see also our response to comment 6 and the proposed text changes (Line 142-151).

      Could more simplification be provided for deifitinition of Kon/Koff values. And can these values be compared between mutants directly?

      __Our response: __

      *We introduce kon and koff in the modified Figure 2D, E, and they are described in the figure legends. Moreover, we present the data for calculations in Supplementary Figures S3, 4, where again we define the values in the respective figure legends. *

      • *

      Data provided are not convincing to claim that both the mutant forms have lower association with the Golgi.

      __Our response: __

      *Our conclusion is that both YFP-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5Q70L fluorescence signals tend to colocalize more with the Golgi-marker signals compared to YFP-TTN5T30N signals as deduced from the centroid-based colocalization method (Line 404-405). *

      "Hence, the GTPase-active TTN5 forms are likely more present at cis-Golgi stacks compared to TTN5T30N."

      The Pearson coefficients of all three YFP-TTN5 constructs were nearly identical, but we could identify differences in overlapping centers between the YFP and mCherry channel. 48 % of the GmMan1-mCherry fluorescent cis-Golgi stacks were overlapping with signal of YFP-TTN5Q70L, while for YFP-TTN5T30N an overlap of only 31 % was detected. This means that less cis*-Golgi stacks colocalized with signals in the YFP-TTN5T30N mutant than in YFP-TTN5Q70L, which is the statement in our manuscript. *

      • *

      IN general the Authors should strongly consider the claims made in the manuscript. For eg. "This study lays the foundation for studying the functional relationships of this small GTPase" (line 125) is unqualified as this is true for every protein ever studied and published. Considering that TTN was not isolated/identified in this study for the first time this claim doesn't stand.

      __Our response: __

      *We reformulated the sentence (Line 123-124). *

      "This study paves the way towards future investigation of the cellular and physiological contexts in which this small GTPase is functional."

      • *

      Line #185 - "characterestics of a dominant-negative...." What is this based on? From the text it is not clear what are the paremeters. Considering that no complementation phenotypes have been presented, this is a far-fetched claim Our response:

      Small GTPases in general are a well studied protein family and the here used mutations T30N and Q70L are conserved amino acids and commonly used for the characterization of the Ras superfamily members. We added explaining sentences with references to the text. The characteristics referred to in the above paragraph is based on the kinetic study.

      We modified the text as follows (Line 186-197 ):

      „Third, the mGDP dissociation from TTN5T30N (koff = 0.149 s-1) was 12.5-fold faster than that of TTN5WT and 37-fold faster than the mGppNHp dissociation of TTN5T30N (koff = 0.004 s-1) (Figure 2D, E; Supplementary Figure S3H, S4G). Mutants of CDC42, RAC1, RHOA, ARF6, RAD, GEM and RAS GTPases, equivalent to TTN5T30N, display decreased nucleotide binding affinity and therefore tend to remain in a nucleotide-free state in a complex with their cognate GEFs (Erickson et al. 1997, Ghosh et al. 1999, Radhakrishna et al. 1999, Jung and Rösner 2002, Kuemmerle and Zhou 2002, Wittmann et al. 2003, Nassar et al. 2010, Huang et al. 2013, Chang and Colecraft 2015, Fisher et al. 2020, Shirazi et al. 2020). Since TTN5T30N exhibits fast guanine nucleotide dissociation, these results suggest that TTN5T30N may also act in either a dominant-negative or fast-cycling manner as reported for other GTPase mutants (Fiegen et al. 2004, Wang et al. 2005, Fidyk et al. 2006, Klein et al. 2006, Soh and Low 2008, Sugawara et al. 2019, Aspenström 2020)."

      The claims in Line #224-227 are exaggerated. Please tone down or delete __Our response: __

      *We rephrased the sentence (Line 240-243). *

      "Therefore, we propose that TTN5 exhibits the typical functions of a small GTPase based on in vitro biochemical activity studies, including guanine nucleotide association and dissociation, but emphasizes its divergence among the ARF GTPases by its kinetics."

      Line#488-489 - This conclusion is not really supported. At best Authors can claim that TTN5 is associated with trafficking components, but the functional relevance of this association is not determined. Our response:

      *We toned down our statement (Line 604-608). *

      „The colocalization of FM4-64-labeled endocytosed vesicles with fluorescence in YFP-TTN5-expressing cells may indicate that TTN5 is involved in endocytosis and the possible degradation pathway into the vacuole. Our data on colocalization with the different markers support the hypothesis that TTN5 may have functions in vesicle trafficking."

      __Minor comments: __

      Line #95 - " This rolein vesicle....." - please clarify which role? Our response:

      We rephrased the sentence (Line 96-99).

      „These roles of ARF1 and SAR1 in COPI and II vesicle formation within the endomembrane system are well conserved in eukaryotes which raises the question of whether other plant ARF members are also involved in functioning of the endomembrane system."

      Line #168 - "we did not observed" please change to "not able to measure/quantify" __Our response: __

      *We changed the text accordingly (Line 169-171). *

      „A remarkable observation was that we were not able to monitor the kinetics of mGppNHp association with TTN5T30N but observed its dissociation (koff = 0.026 s-1; Figure 2E)."

      Line#179 - ARF# is human for Arabidopsis?

      Our response:

      *The study of Fasano et al., 2022 is based on human ARF3 and we added the information to the text (Line 180-181) *

      "(...) very similar to the koff value of HsARF3 (Fasano et al. 2022)."

      • *

      Line #181 - compared to what is the 10-fold difference?

      __Our response: __

      The 10-fold difference is between the nucleotides mGDP and mGppNHp, for both TTN5WT and TTN5Q70L. We added the information on specific nucleotides to this sentence for a better understanding (Line 181-185).

      „Second, the koff values for mGDP and mGppNHp, respectively, were in a similar range between TTN5WT (0.012 s-1mGDP and 0.001 s-1 mGppNHp) and TTN5Q70L (0.025 s-1 mGDP and 0.006 s-1 mGppNHp), respectively, but the koffvalues differed 10-fold between the two nucleotides mGDP and mGppNHp in TTN5WT (koff = 0.012 s-1 versus koff = 0.001 s-1; Figure 2D, E; Supplementary Figure S3G, I, S4F, H)."

      Lines #314-323 - are diffciult to understand, consider reframing. Same goes for the conclusion following these lines.

      __Our response: __

      We added an explanation to these sentences for a better understanding (Line 392-405).

      „We performed an additional object-based analysis to compare overlapping YFP fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5-expressing leaves with GmMan1-mCherry signals (YFP/mCherry ratio) and vice versa (mCherry/YFP ratio). We detected 24 % overlapping YFP- fluorescence signals for TTN5 with Golgi stacks, while in YFP-TTN5T30N and YFP-TTN5Q70L-expressing leaves, signals only shared 16 and 15 % overlap with GmMan1-mCherry-positive Golgi stacks (Supplementary Figure S8B). Some YFP-signals did not colocalize with the GmMan1 marker. This effect appeared more prominent in leaves expressing YFP-TTN5T30N and less for YFP-TTN5Q70L, compared to YFP-TTN5 (Figure 5B-D). Indeed, we identified 48 % GmMan1-mCherry signal overlapping with YFP-positive structures in YFP-TTN5Q70L leaves, whereas 43 and only 31 % were present with YFP fluorescence signals in YFP-TTN5 and YFP-TTN5T30N-expressing leaves, respectively (Supplementary Figure S8B), indicating a smaller amount of GmMan1-positive Golgi stacks colocalizing with YFP signals for YFP-TTN5T30N. Hence, the GTPase-active TTN5 forms are likely more present at cis-Golgi stacks compared to TTN5T30N."

      Authors might consider a longer BFA treatment (3-4h) to see more clearer ER-Golgi fusion (BFA bodies)

      __Our response: __

      We perforned addtional BFA treatments for HA3-TTN5-expressing Arabidopsis seedlings followed by whole-mount immunostaining and for YFP-TTN5-expressing Arabidopsis lines. In both experiments we could obtain the typical BFA bodies. We included the NEW data in NEW Figure 4B, C

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      I agree with both my co-reviewers that the manuscript needs substantial improvement in its cell biology based experiments and conclusions thereof. I think the concensus of all reviewers points to weakness in the in-planta experiments which needs to be addressed to understand and characterize TTN5, which is the main goal of the manuscript.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Significance: The manuscript has general significance in understanding the role of small GTPases which are understudied. Although the manuscript does not advance the field of either intracellular trafficking or organization it holds significance in attempting to characterize proteins involved, which is a prerequisite for further functional studies.

      __Our response: __

      Thank you for your detailed analysis of our manuscript and positive assessment. Our study is an advance in the plant vesicle trafficking field.

    1. live in the present moment and find the compassion that exists all around and within us.

    2. The Five Reiki Gokai or Principles

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: In this paper, Dresselhaus et al (2023) investigate the possibility that known cargoes of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction have cell-autonomous functions rather than functions specifically conferred as a condition of their release in EVs, in vivo. To do so, authors focus their studies on use of Tsg101-KD, a mutant of the ESCRT-I machinery, of the ESCRT EV biogenesis pathway, and are able to show that for some endogenously-expressed, fluorescently-tagged cargoes, fluorescence intensity in the pre-synaptic compartment is significantly elevated (Syt4 and Evi) and the postsynaptic intensity in the muscle is significantly decreased (Syt4, Evi, APP, and Nrg).

      We note that throughout our study, we detected endogenous Nrg with a well-characterized monoclonal antibody, not a fluorescent tag. We and others previously demonstrated that endogenous Nrg detected by this antibody is trafficked from neurons into EVs, using the same pathways as other EV cargoes such as Syt4, APP and Evi (Blanchette et al., 2022; Enneking et al., 2013; Walsh et al., 2021). Thus, the EV trafficking phenotypes in our study are consistent across fluorescently tagged cargo (endogenous knockin for Syt4 and GAL4/UAS-driven for APP and Evi), as well as for untagged, endogenous Nrg, thus controlling for effects of either overexpression or tagging.

      These findings suggest that these cargoes become trapped in the endosomal system (colocalizing with early, late, and recycling endosomal compartments), rather than undergoing secretion in EVs targeting post-synaptic muscle and glia as usual. This phenotype is recapitulated for select cargoes using mutants of both early and late components of ESCRT pathway machinery. They further characterize the Tsg101 mutant, demonstrating co-occurrence of an autophagic flux defect, but as the cargo phenotype is present without induction of the autophagic flux defect for their Hrs mutants, authors suggest the overlapping role of Tsg101 in autophagy is independent of its role in the ESCRT pathway/ EV secretion. Subsequently, they use previously defined functional phenotypes of the Evi (number of active zones, number of boutons, number of developmentally-arrested ghost boutons) and Syt-4 (number of transient ghost boutons and mEJPs) cargoes to show a minimal dependence on cargo delivery via ESCRT-derived EVs for these cargoes to carry out their synaptic growth and plasticity functions in vivo. However, it should be notes that for Evi/ Wg cargo, there is a slight increase in developmentally-arrested ghost boutons suggesting the cargo may not be entirely independent of EV-mediated cargo delivery. Finally, authors express an anti-GFP proteasome-directed nanobody using motor neuron or muscle-specific drivers and find that Syt4-GFP cargo doesn't enter muscle cytoplasm as fluorescence is maintained and cargo is not degraded by the muscle proteasome. While authors suggest this as evidence of EV-mediated transfer for cargo proteostasis, it is not explicitly shown that Syt4 cargo is, in fact, trafficked and degraded by the lysosome or hypothesized how Syt4 function or post-synaptic localization may be carried out independently of EVs.

      We have added new data showing that Syt4 is taken up by glial and muscle phagocytosis (Fig. 7), and included in the discussion several possible interpretations for how Syt4 activity is carried out independently of its traffic into EVs. Indeed we believe it is more likely to function in the presynaptic neuron rather than the postsynaptic muscle.

      Major comments:

      R1.1 It is difficult to evaluate the findings of this study without knowing the extent of ESCRT pathway impairment. Please provide data quantifying the degree of knockdown/ mutant expression for each ESCRT component (i.e., western blot)

      To address the reviewer’s request to specifically measure the degree of knockdown in the RNAi lines, we tested all available reagents. Unfortunately no Drosophila Tsg101 antibody exists and we did not receive a reply to our requests for a Shrub antibody. An Hrs antibody exists, but we found that none of three available Hrs RNAi lines depleted Hrs signal, or caused a phenotype similar to the HrsD28 point mutant, suggesting that they are not effective at knocking down the protein. Therefore, we were unable to specifically measure the level of depletion in motor neurons for RNAi of Tsg101, Shrub, or Hrs.

      However, we can make a strong argument that our knockdowns were sufficiently effective to answer the questions in our study. We used RNAi as only one of several complementary tools to manipulate ESCRT function (i.e. we also used loss-of-function mutants (HrsD28/Deficiency) and dominant negative mutants (Vps4DN)). These mutants caused a comparable and severe loss of EVs to RNAi (Fig 2): therefore the extent of depletion in the RNAi experiments was sufficient to cause a similarly severe phenotype as genomic or DN mutations, meeting the definition of a bona fide loss-of-function. We also know, since we used these complementary strategies, that the phenotypes we observe are very unlikely to be due to off-target effects of the RNAi.

      More importantly, what is directly relevant for our subsequent functional experiments is to know the extent of EV depletion, which we have explicitly measured throughout the paper. It is unclear what additional insights would be gained by knowing whether the strong Tsg101 and Shrub RNAi phenotypes are due to incomplete versus complete knockdown, given that we do measure the extent of EV depletion under these conditions. Further, we note that tsg101 null mutants die as first instar larvae (Moberg et al., 2005), raising the possibility that a more complete knockdown in neurons would be lethal early in development and make our study impossible. Indeed HrsD28 is an early stop that preserves the VHS and FYVE domains but truncates the C-terminal ⅔ of the protein. Its (occasional) survival to third instar indicates that it may be a severe hypomorph rather than a null.

      We have added a sentence in the text (p12 line 21-25) to clarify that we do not know the exact extent of knockdown for our RNAi experiments, but that by genetic definitions, they meet the criteria of a loss-of-function manipulation.

      R1.2 Loss of ESCRT machinery likely disrupts the release of small EVs to a significant extent; however, the authors do not show that EV release is entirely lost, only that 1) cargoes are backed up in the endosomal system due to endosomal dysfunction and 2) fluorescence of cargoes in the postsynaptic compartment is diminished. To claim that ESCRT-derived EVs with the relevant cargoes are lost, the authors should perform immunogold labelling with TEM. This would provide direct evidence that the cargoes examined here are packaged in ILVs, and that the ILVs are of a size (~50-150nm) consistent with exosomes (which should really be referred to as small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) per the minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV 2018 [https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750]) Additionally, EM would show the loss of cargo packaging and provide information about where these cargoes localize in the presence of ESCRT mutants/loss-of-function.

      EM (including some limited immunoEM) studies requested by Reviewer 1 have previously been performed in this system by us and by the Budnik and Verstreken labs (Koles et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2009; Korkut et al., 2013; Lauwers et al., 2018; Walsh et al., 2021). MVBs at the NMJ contain ~50-100 nm ILVs, and can often be seen proximal to or fusing with the plasma membrane. Mutants such as Hsp90 that block this fusion also block EV release, arguing that these MVBs are the source of EV (Lauwers et al., 2018). By immunoEM, the EV cargo Evi localizes to MVBs (Koles et al., 2012). ~50-200 nm structures containing immunogold against Evi were also observed in the subsynaptic reticulum between the neuron and the muscle, as well as in membrane compartments in the muscle cytoplasm (Koles et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2009). Thus, the criteria requested by the reviewer have previously been established in this system.

      In response to the reviewer’s request to show that these structures are altered in ESCRT mutants, we attempted immunoEM experiments in the Tsg101KD condition. However, similar to the previously published results (Koles et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2009), immunoEM in thick tissue such as Drosophila larval fillets is quite challenging, and we found it very difficult to retain immunogenicity together with excellent fixation and preservation of membrane structures, such that we could rigorously measure compartment morphology and size. Even if we did achieve good structural preservation, exosomes are ambiguous in complex membrane-rich tissues, since cross-sections through the extensively infolded muscle membrane (e.g. see Fig 3B) are very similar in size to EVs.

      As an alternative and more robust approach, we used STED microscopy, with a resolution of ~50nm, where we could conduct a rigorous and properly powered study of directly labeled EV cargoes (New data in Fig. S1). We show that postsynaptic Nrg and APP-GFP are found in structures with a mean diameter of ~125 nm, consistent with small EVs or exosomes, and these are strongly depleted in the Tsg101KD animals (to similar levels as antibody background far from the site of EV accumulation), as expected. Note that we are able to detect particles significantly smaller than 125 nm in the distribution, suggesting that the resolution of our system is sufficient to measure EV width.

      We also note that several of these cargoes are detected via an intracellular tag (Syt4, APP, Evi) or antibody against an intracellular domain (Nrg), so by topology they must be membrane-bound in the EVs rather than cleaved from the cell surface. We and others have previously shown that this postsynaptic signal is entirely derived from the presynaptic neuron, by using neuronal UAS-expression of a tagged protein, by neuronal RNAi of the endogenous gene, or by the tissue-specific tagging approach in the current manuscript (Fig. S4). We have also previously shown that these puncta contain the tetraspanin Sunglasses (CG12143/Tsp42Ej), which is an EV marker (Walsh et al., 2021). We have added new data to our manuscript (Fig. S1A) to show that neuronally-derived tetraspanin EVs are depleted in upon Tsg101KD. Therefore, the reviewer’s point “2) fluorescence of cargoes in the postsynaptic compartment is diminished.” is the most direct and sensitive test of trans-synaptic cargo transfer, and is the precise parameter that we are trying to manipulate to test the functions of this transfer.

      We believe that light microscopy showing loss of presynaptically-derived cargoes in the postsynaptic region is the best and most direct argument for loss of EV secretion, compared to the ambiguity of EM. It is also exactly the method that led to the proposal for the signaling function of EVs in previous work, which our current manuscript is revisiting. We are now using improved tests of that original hypothesis by examining it in light of additional membrane trafficking mutants (and finding that it no longer holds up). Overall, given the preponderance of evidence from the preceding literature and our studies indicating that (1) these cargoes are indeed in EVs and (2) we see a strong enough depletion of transsynaptic transfer to challenge the hypothesis that EVs serve signaling functions (see R1.3 response below), we are reluctant to spend more time attempting immunoEM which is not likely to resolve membrane structures.

      To address the point of EV terminology used in our manuscript, we think it is very unlikely that the postsynaptic structures are not exosomes. The criteria defined by MISEV for exosomes is that they are endosomally-derived from MVBs, ideally with the EV “caught in the act of release” upon fusion with the plasma membrane. As noted above, cargoes such as Syt4 and Evi are observed by immunoEM in MVBs, and these can be found in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane (i.e. caught in the act of release) (Koles et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2009; Korkut et al., 2013; Lauwers et al., 2018). Mutants that block MVB fusion also block EV release at the NMJ (Lauwers et al., 2018). These EVs require ESCRT for their formation and are trapped in endosomes rather than the plasma membrane upon ESCRT depletion (this study). They depend on multiple components of the endosomal system (Rab GTPases, retromer) for their formation (Koles et al., 2012; Walsh et al., 2021). Taken together, it seems to us that there is sufficient data to argue that these are exosomes. However, as the reviewers requested, we have called them EVs in the revised paper (and only suggest they are exosomes in the discussion).

      R1.3 Other biogenesis pathways utilize multivesicular bodies to generate EVs, most prominently the nSMase2/ceramide synthesis pathway (which operates in an ESCRT-independent manner). It is possible that this pathway compensates when there are defects in the canonical ESCRT pathway. Thus, it is imperative for the authors to show that the cargo secretion no longer occurs in the presence of ESCRT mutations/loss-of-function. The authors should also use nSMase2 pathway mutants to see if the phenotypes in cargo trafficking (i.e., pre/ post-synaptic protein levels) are recapitulated.

      The reviewer asked us to show that cargo secretion does not occur in the ESCRT mutants. We reiterate that at the limits of detection of our assay, we see a very strong depletion of secretion__, and that EV cargo levels are not distinguishable from background (__Figure S1). Perhaps Reviewer 1’s concern is that since it would never be possible to show that we have depleted EVs completely (i.e. below the level of detection of our assays), that it is not possible to challenge the hypothesis that EV traffic is required for the proposed signaling functions of EVs. Indeed, they mention in their overall assessment “as it is unknown if minor sources of cargo+ EVs are sufficient in maintaining functional phenotype”. We do have some information on this, as described in the manuscript (p3 lines 41-43; p7 lines 25-31; p11 lines 27-30) and as follows: The critical argument against this concern is that other trafficking mutants with residual levels of EVs (rab11 or nwk) do show loss of signaling function (Blanchette et al., 2022; Korkut et al., 2013). Therefore residual EVs, even at the lower level of detection of our assay, are not enough to support signaling. The main difference is that in nwk and rab11 mutants the levels of the cargo in the donor presynaptic neuron are also strongly depleted, unlike in the ESCRT mutants. This strongly suggests that the cargoes are signaling from the presynaptic compartment, rather than in EVs. We have added the nwk mutant to show this baseline in Figure 2A,D. Similarly, our new results showing that hrs mutants retain Wg signaling while Tsg101 mutants do not, despite a similar degree of EV depletion (new data with more cargoes in Figure 2A-F), argues that residual EVs do not account for the lack of disruption of signaling. Finally, we have been transparent in our discussion that trace amounts of EVs could still exist, including by alternative pathways, but are unlikely to provide function (p11 lines 25-33).

      We agree that it might be an interesting future mechanistic direction to ask if the SMase pathway works with or in parallel to the ESCRT pathway (both have been suggested in the literature). However, we do not believe that this is essential for the current work: The SMase pathway is unlikely to be “compensating”, since EVs are already very strongly depleted with ESCRT disruption alone. We also note that SMase depletion may also affect other trafficking pathways (Back et al., 2018; Choezom and Gross, 2022; Niekamp et al., 2022), and therefore might not provide any clarifying information if it did disrupt signaling. In summary, we believe the depletion we see in single ESCRT mutants is sufficient to (1) establish the role of ESCRT in EV traffic in this system, and (2) test the role of transsynaptic transfer in signaling functions of cargoes.

      R1.4 The authors' findings support that cargo trafficking is affected by widespread endosomal dysfunction but doesn't cleanly prove that 1) synaptic sEV release is lost and 2) that cargo-specific sEVs are lost. As previously mentioned, loss of cargo+ ILVs in MVEs by TEM could demonstrate this, but another useful approach would be to include in vitro Drosophila primary neuronal culture/ EV isolation and mass spec/proteomic characterization studies as proof of concept. According to widely agreed upon guidelines in the EV field, the authors should directly characterize their EV population to show 1) the appropriate size distribution associated with exosomes/sEVs, 2) the presence of traditional EV markers (i.e., tetraspanins), 3) changes in overall EV count by ESCRT mutants, and 4) decreased levels of cargo(es) of interest in the presence of ESCRT mutants/loss-of-function. In vitro experiments would be particularly helpful for quantifying the degree of loss of cargo-specific EVs with each ESCRT mutant. These experiments could also investigate the possibility that cargoes are secreted in nSMase2/ Ceramide-derived EVs, by showing that EV cargo levels are unaffected in nSMase mutants.

      Our data already show loss of cargo-specific EVs, defined by puncta of several independent specific cargoes in the extraneuronal space and postsynaptic muscle. To further substantiate this, we have directly characterized our EV population and shown a distribution of ~125 nm extraneuronal structures containing the transmembrane cargoes Nrg and APP (by STED) as well as Evi, Syt4 and the EV marker tetraspanin (by confocal microscopy). This addresses the (1) size distribution, (2) EV marker and (3) count criteria. All these markers (cargoes and tetraspanins) are severely depleted from the postsynaptic area in the ESCRT mutants, satisfying the (4) decreased levels criteria. As noted above, we and others have repeatedly demonstrated that these postsynaptic puncta are derived from neurons, and since we are detecting the intracellular domain in all cases, must be membrane-bound. Others have previously shown by EM that several of these markers are surrounded by membrane and derived from neuronal MVBs (see R1.2). Note that we do not believe that ESCRT mutants must necessarily cleanly show enlarged endosomes without ILVs or a class E vps compartment - instead stalled endosomes appear to be targeted for autophagy in heterogeneous intermediates (Fig 3).

      We do not believe that turning to a heterologous system (e.g. cultured primary Drosophila neurons, which do not even form functional synapses) is usefully translatable to results in neurons in vivo. Data from our lab and many other systems has shown that EV biogenesis and release pathways are highly cell-type specific (p9 lines 8-12), and also differ in different regions of neurons (eg synapses vs soma) (Blanchette and Rodal, 2020). Further, keeping the experimental setup of the original for EV signaling hypothesis is a prerequisite for our improved tests of this hypothesis. We do note that APP, Evi and Syt4 have been demonstrated by us and others to be released from Drosophila S2 cells in EVs defined by differential centrifugation, sucrose gradient buoyancy, electron microscopy and mass spectrometry (Koles et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2009; Korkut et al., 2013; Walsh et al., 2021). However even if we did measure the precise change in EV number and cargoes upon ESCRT manipulation in these heterologous cells, it would not allow us to conclude that the same quantitative change was happening in the motor neurons of interest in vivo, which is the information we need to conduct our tests of cargo signaling function. All we would learn is whether ESCRT was required in that cell type, which would not be informative for our study.

      We appreciate that EV researchers working in cell culture systems often use a set of approaches including bulk isolation, EM, and mass spectrometry. Our system does not allow for these approaches, but provides complementary strengths of single EV characterization, in vivo relevance with functional assays, and a wealth of genetic tools. MISEV itself states that it does not provide a set of agreed-upon rules that can be applied generically to any experiment. We agree with the MISEV statement that we should use the best available assays for the system under investigation.

      R1.5 During functional tests of Evi+ motor neurons lacking generation of Evi+ EVs, there is a slight defect observed, namely the increased formation of developmentally arrested ghost boutons when Evi secretion in sEVs is lost. As mentioned, Evi is a transporter of Wg and it is possible for Wg to be transmitted between cells via normal diffusion. Thus, some basal levels of Wg may be reaching the muscle when its transfer via sEVs is abolished, and these basal levels may be sufficient to phenocopy the WT in the number of active zones and boutons. Is it possible that this element of Evi/ Wg function is dose-dependent and thus reliant on the extra Evi/ Wg transferred via sEVs? If possible, the authors should use a Wnt-signaling pathway reporter (i.e., fluorescently tagged Beta-Catenin) to measure the levels of Wnt signaling activity in the muscle when Evi/Wg+ EVs are present vs. abolished. If the degree of Wnt signaling (readout would be intensity of fluorescent reporter) is decreased without Evi+ sEVs, there may be a dose-dependent response. Otherwise, please more clearly disclose the partial loss of Evi function without Evi+ sEVs or state the intact function of Evi without sEVs as speculative.

      We agree that Wg is likely to be reaching the muscle in the absence of Evi exosomes via conventional secretory mechanisms, and have conducted new experiments to test this hypothesis (Fig. 5). In Drosophila muscles, Wg does not signal via a conventional b-catenin pathway. Instead, neuronally-derived Wg activates cleavage of its receptor Fz2, resulting in translocation of a Fz2 C-terminal fragment into the nucleus (Mathew et al., 2005; Mosca and Schwarz, 2010). We did attempt to directly measure Wg (using antibodies or knockins) and though we were able to detect a specific presynaptic signal, the background noise throughout the postsynaptic muscle was too high for a sensible quantification. In response to the reviewer’s question and also R2.6), we collaborated with the laboratory of Timothy Mosca to test Fz2 nuclear import in Tsg101 and Hrs mutants (new Figure 5F-G). Strikingly, we found that Hrs mutants, despite being extremely sickly, have normal nuclear import of Frizzled. We also confirmed that Hrs mutants have dramatically depleted levels of all EV cargoes examined, including Evi (Figure 2A-F). On the other hand we found that Tsg101 knockdowns have dramatically reduced Wg signaling (and a concomitant defect in postsynaptic development). We do not rule out (but think it is unlikely) that very small amounts of EVs could be present in hrs but not tsg101 mutants. A more parsimonious interpretation is that additional membrane trafficking defects in the Tsg101 mutants (which are beyond the scope of this study to explore in detail) block an alternative mode of Wg release, perhaps conventional secretion. The fact that Hrs mutants, despite showing similar depletion of Evi EVs, do not have a signaling defect strongly argues that EV release per se is not required for Wg signaling.

      R1.6 To support the authors' hypothesis that Syt4 transmission via EVs is a proteostatic mechanism, the authors should determine whether Syt4 cargo localizes to lysosomal compartments in muscle, glia, or both. Otherwise, the proteostatic degradation of Syt4 via EVs is speculative.

      Our data suggest that EVs serve as one of several parallel proteostatic mechanisms for presynaptic cargoes. We have added new data to the manuscript to emphasize the advance our work makes in our understanding of these mechanisms, and have emphasized this in the discussion on p 11-12, lines 46-5).


      1. Degradation of neuronally derived EVs in glia and muscles. Previous work has shown that EV cargoes such as Evi can be found in compartments in the muscle cytoplasm, and that a-HRP-positive puncta are taken up and degraded by glial and muscle phagocytosis (Fuentes-Medel et al., 2009). These a-HRP-positive structures, despite colocalizing with EV cargoes Syt4, Nrg and APP (Walsh et al., 2021), were not previously connected to EVs. We have added new data showing that muscle or glial-specific RNAi of the phagocytic receptor Draper leads to the accumulation of EVs containing Syt4 (new Figure 7G-H)). Together with our finding (Figure 7A-F) that Syt4 is not significantly detected in the muscle cytoplasm, these results indicate that the main destination for transynaptic transfer is phagocytosis by the recipient cell. We have not been able to convincingly detect EV cargoes in the endolysosomal system of muscles, even in mutants disrupting lysosomal traffic, likely because the small number of EVs released by neurons (even over days of development) are drastically diluted in the much larger muscle cell.
      2. Compensatory endosomophagy in the neuron. __When EV release is blocked in Hrs or Tsg101 mutants, we observe an induction of autophagy in the neuron (__Figure 3B, E-G). However, in the absence of ESCRT manipulation, autophagy mutants do not accumulate EVs (Figure 3C,D. S2H-I). This suggests that autophagy is a compensatory mechanism that is induced in the absence of EV release.
      3. Retrograde transport to cell bodies: We previously found that disruption of neuronal dynactin leads to accumulation EV cargoes in presynaptic terminals (Blanchette et al., 2022), suggesting that retrograde transport is a mechanism for removal of these cargoes from synapses. Interestingly, EV release is not increased in these conditions, indicating that the retrogradely transported compartment represents a late endosome without ILVs, or an MVB that cannot fuse with the plasma membrane.

        R1.7 Please discuss alternate modes of cargo transfer from the presynaptic compartment to the postsynaptic compartment that may be utilized when EV-mediated transfer is abolished (i.e., cytonemes or tunneling nanotubules).

      We have added these possibilities to the discussion (p11 line 31), though we note that we do not observe any such structures, or indeed any Syt4 in the muscle cytoplasm, and there is no current evidence for such transsynaptic structures in this system. Conventional secretion of Wg into the extracellular space and signaling through its transmembrane receptor Frizzled2 can account for Wg signaling in the absence of exosomes.

      R1.8 OPTIONAL: Investigate the mechanism of Syt4+ sEV fusion with the postsynaptic compartment (direct fusion with the plasma membrane, receptor-mediated fusion, endocytosis and unpacking, or endocytosis and degradation).

      We note that the Budnik lab has already shown that HRP-positive EVs released by NMJs are taken up by glia and muscles (Fuentes-Medel et al., 2009), and we have added data showing that this also applies for Syt4 (Fig. 7). Our data are not consistent with Syt4 fusing with recipient cell membranes or entering the muscle cytoplasm. Further investigation of this mechanism is beyond the scope of this project.

      Given that several fundamental questions have yet to be answered regarding the biogenesis pathways and machinery utilized for EV-mediated cargo secretion, and the necessity for further TEM studies and/or work with primary cultures to characterize ILVs and EVs, >6 months is estimated to perform the necessary experiments that may require learning/ optimizing new systems.

      Minor comments:

      R1.9 Please clarify the choice of using Tsg101 KD in place of mutants of other ESCRT machinery (i.e., Hrs). Especially as when the Tsg101 mutant was characterized, you found major defects in autophagic flux that were not present for HrsD28/Df.

      Tsg101 RNAi was selected since it provides a neuron-autonomous knockdown, eliminating the complications of mutant effects in other tissues. These animals are also relatively healthy as third instar larvae compared to genomic mutants tsg1012 (L1 lethal) and HrsD28 or motor-neuron driven Vps4DN (where L3 larvae are rare). This made it easier to recover enough larvae to properly power experiments, and alleviated concerns that general sickness is contributing to the phenotype (though note that neuronal Tsg101KD does result in pupal lethality). Finally, we were unable to effectively knock down Hrs by RNAi (see R1.1). To extend our studies beyond Tsg101, we have included additional experiments in the revised manuscript showing that HrsD28 animals, despite being quite unhealthy, still retain Syt4-dependent functional plasticity (See R2.5 and R3.4) and Wg signaling.

      R1.10 Please clarify why the specific method in experiment in Fig. 4E-J was chosen. As Syt4 is a transmembrane protein, is likely undergoes degradation via the lysosome, like other membrane-bound proteins. Is it known whether the proteasome-directed nanobody is sufficient to pull Syt4 from membrane-bound compartments to undergo degradation in the proteasome? Would it make more sense to use a lysosome-directed nanobody?

      The GFP tag on Syt4 is cytosolic rather than lumenal. Our data show that when we express the proteosome-directed nanobody presynaptically, it efficiently degrades membrane-associated Syt4-GFP (Fig. 7B). Therefore we expect that this tool should be similarly effective on membrane-associated Syt4-GFP if it were exposed to the muscle cytoplasm. We have confirmed that it is effective in the muscle against DLG-GFP (Fig. S5A)

      R1.11 Please provide further methodological information regarding the sample preparation for live imaging of axons to generate kymographs found in Fig. S3.

      Additional details have been provided on p14 lines 10-24 and p15 lines 31-37.

      R1.12 In Figure 1I and 1J, include representative image and quantification of Syt4-GFP pre- and post-synaptic intensity for HrsD28/Df for consistency with ShrubKD and Vps4DN in Figure 1K-P.

      We generated and tested HrsD28; Syt4-GFP (Fig 2A,D), and HrsD28; Evi-GFP strains (Fig 2B-E). All EV cargoes exhibited a dramatic post-synaptic depletion in Hrs mutants, similar to the other ESCRT manipulations.

      R1.13 In Figure 2H, please provide a cell type marker or HRP mask with a merged image for image clarity.

      This image shows neuronal cell bodies in the ventral ganglion, which are densely packed relative to each other. The cell type specificity is provided by the motor neuron driver. We did not use a cell type marker or individually mask cells for analysis, but instead quantified intensity over the whole field of view. We can manually trace cell bodies in this image if requested, but it would not represent our ROI for analysis.

      R1.14 In Figure 4B, please provide quantification for the differences between 1) WT Mock and Tsg101 MOCK and 2) WT Stim and Tsg101KD Stim to show that upon stimulation, WT and Tsg101 undergo the same increase in the number of ghost boutons/ NMJ in Muscle 4.

      We have added these statistical comparisons to the graph (Fig. 6B)

      R1.15 In Figure 3 G and H, use consistent scale bars to compare between temperatures.

      We have removed the Shrub data at 20º as it did not provide additional insight to the manuscript.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      General assessment (Strengths):

      -Use of Drosophila NMJ model system consistent with others in the field and exceptional harnessing of genetic tools for mutations across the ESCRT pathway (-0, -I, -III, etc.) -Identification of ESCRT pathway mutants that do not deplete pre-synaptic cargo levels but generate endosomal dysfunction, indicative of a possible decrease in secretion of cargoes via EVs -Implementing functional characterization of Evi/ Wg and Syt4 cargoes, consistent with previous work in the field; highly reproducible

      -Sufficiently thorough investigation of the cross-regulation of autophagy and EV biogenesis by Tsg101

      General assessment (Weaknesses):

      -Lack of investigation of known ESCRT-independent pathways/ genes involved in the generation of sEVs (i.e., nSMase2/ Ceramide) especially as it is unknown if minor sources of cargo+ EVs are sufficient in maintaining functional phenotype

      See R1.3 for comments on this point

      -Lack of sEV characterization and validation of EVs derived from mutant

      We have added STED data to measure EV size, and described the challenges in EV membrane measurements by EM in the in vivo system.

      -Does not show the loss of cargoes of interest on EVs from mutants other than through back-up of cargoes in the presynaptic endocytic pathway (Rab7, Rab5, Rab11)

      We strongly disagree with this comment. We have explicitly measured the loss of numerous cargoes in postsynaptic structures that have been rigorously established to be EVs in this and previous publications. Our findings are not limited to back-up of presynaptic structures.

      -Lack of rigorous investigation of the claim that Evi and Syt4 are released via EVs for proteostatic means is missing. Authors should demonstrate the degradation of EV cargoes by recipient cells (either muscle OR glia)

      We have added new data and discussion on multiple and compensatory proteostatic pathways.

      -If EV-mediated cargo transfer is not required, authors should investigate alternate modes of cargo transfer more rigorously (i.e., diffusion of Wg, suggest/ test hypotheses for mechanism of Syt4 function or transfer).

      We have included discussion of alternate modes of transfer for Wg (i.e. conventional secretion). By contrast, for Syt4 we believe it is acting in the donor cell without transfer, and have included alternate interpretations of the previous literature that had suggested its function in muscles.

      Advance: -Compared with other recent in vivo studies of EVs where donor EVs are loaded with a cargo, such as Cre, which uniquely identifies recipient cells through Cre recombination-mediated expression of a fluorescent reporter (Zomer et al 2015, Cell), this study relies on the readout of fluorescently tagged cargo in the recipient cells to represent transfer via EVs. While numerous studies in the Drosophila field focus on the same small set of known EV cargoes at the NMJ (Koles et al., 2012; Gross et al., 2012; Korkut et al., 2013; Korkut et al., 2009; Walsh et al., 2021), there is a noticeable lack of EV characterization based on MISEV (i.e. TEM of EVs, size distribution, enrichment of well-known EV markers [https://doi.org/10.1080/20013078.2018.1535750]) that would significantly strengthen the work and make it more widely accepted in the EV field.

      As mentioned above, many of these criteria (including EV size and enrichment of known EV markers) are already established in the previous literature for this system. As requested, we have also added similar data to our revised manuscript.

      -In this study, the use of ESCRT machinery mutants is proven as a new technical method in delineating the role of EV cargoes in cell-autonomous versus EV-dependent functions. This is the first study, to my knowledge, that has leveraged mutants from both early and late ESCRT complexes for the study of EVs in Drosophila. Additionally, the finding that some cargoes may be able to carry out their signaling functions, independent of transfer via EVs, provides key mechanistic insight into one possible role of EVs as proteostatic shuttles for cargo. This work also begins to address a fundamental question in the field, which is to delineate roles that EVs actually carry out in physiological conditions, compared to the many roles that have been shown possible in vitro.

      We appreciate the reviewer’s insight into the impact of our work.

      Audience: -Basic research (endosomal biology, ESCRT pathway, cell signaling, neurodevelopment)

      -Specialized (Drosophila, Neurobiology; Extracellular Vesicles)

      -This article will be of interest to basic scientists in the field of endosomal trafficking and extracellular vesicle biology as well as though studying the nervous system in Drosophila melanogaster. As the field of extracellular vesicle biology has broad implications in the spread of pathogenic cargoes in cancer and neurodegenerative disease, the basic biology associated with EVs has some translational relevance.

      Expertise (Keywords):

      -ESCRT and nSMase2 EV biogenesis pathways

      -EV characterization in vitro/ live imaging studies

      -EV release and uptake

      -Neuronal and glial cell biology

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      This manuscript addresses the role of exosome secretion in neuromuscular junction development in Drosophila, a system that has been proposed to depend on exosomes. In particular, delivery of Wingless via exosomes has been proposed to promote structural organization of the synapse. Previously, however, the studies that proposed this model targeted the cargoes themselves, rather than targeting exosome biogenesis or secretion. In this new study, exosome biogenesis is targeted via knockdown of the ESCRT components Hrs, TSG101, and Chmp4. The authors find that some previously ascribed functions are not inhibited by these knockdowns. In particular, formation of active zones, as defined by BRP-positive puncta (total and per micrometer), and total bouton numbers. It does look like there is a partial defect in BRP-positive puncta per micrometer, but it is not significant. For ghost bouton formation, there is a similar increase in evi-mutant and ESCRT-KD NMJs (with some subtle differences depending on abdominal segment and temperature). They also examine the role of Syt4, which has been proposed to be transferred from nerve to muscle cells at the junction and to regulate mEJP frequency after stimulation. They found no difference in mEJP frequency after stimulation between WT and TSG101-KD animals, although they did not have a positive control with inhibition of Syt4. They did do an elegant experiment to demonstrate that most of extracellularly transferred Syt4 does not reach the muscle cytoplasm. Overall, it is an interesting paper, mostly well controlled and rigorous, and well-written. It is an important contribution to the EV and NMJ fields. The data should provoke reconsideration of some of the functions that were previously ascribed to exosome transfer at the NMJ. However, I do think that there are some overly strong statements and the functions of the exosomes at the synapse were quite narrowly examined. For example, the title of the paper is pretty strong and the abstract does not say which functions were or were not affected by TSG101 KD. There are also a couple of experiments that would enhance the manuscript. Some specific suggestions are below:

      R2.1 Title: "ESCRT disruption provides evidence against signaling functions for synaptic exosomes" seems a bit broad -- only evi/Wg and Syt4 functions were examined at NMJ synapses, not all signaling functions of all exosomes at all synapses. Something like, "ESCRT disruption provides evidence against signaling functions for exosome-carried evi/Wg and Syt4 at the neuromuscular junction" seems a bit more reasonable.

      We are open to changing the title to: “ESCRT disruption provides evidence against transsynaptic signaling functions for some extracellular vesicle cargoes” though we prefer to leave it as is since “provides evidence against” is already fairly understated.

      __ __R2.2 Abstract: the description of the actual data is very little, just one sentence saying that "many" of the signaling functions are retained with ESCRT depletion. I think a bit more focus on the actual data is warranted.

      We have edited the abstract to include more detail on the signaling phenotypes.

      __

      __R2.3 Results section:

      Fig 3: What does A2 and A3 mean for the graphs in c,d,e, g, h? Please specify in figure legend.

      We have described in the figure legends that A2 and A3 refer to specific abdominal segments in the larvae.

      R2.4 The sentence "Further, active zones in Tsg101KD appeared morphologically normal by TEM (Fig.2B)." is confusing to me. What do you mean by that? Are you referring to the following two sentences about feathery DLG and SSR? But the feathery DLG I presume is in Fig 3, where that staining is. And I also don't know what feathery DLG means -- it should be pointed out in the appropriate image.

      Presynaptic active zones are defined by an electron-dense T-shaped pedestal at sites of synaptic vesicle release, and can be seen in the TEM in what is now Figure 3B, marked as AZ. We have also labeled AZ by immunofluorescence (Fig. 5A) and they appear normal.

      By contrast, Dlg primarily labels the postsynaptic apparatus associated with the infoldings of the muscle membrane. In control animals, Dlg immunostaining is relatively tightly and smoothly clustered within ~1µm of the presynaptic neuron. By contrast, in Evi mutants, there are wisps of Dlg-positive structures extending from the bouton periphery. We have added arrows in what is now Fig. 5C to indicate the feathery structures.

      R2.5 Fig 4 addresses Syt4 function. However, there is no positive control inhibiting Syt4 to see if there is a change. Just comparison of WT and TSG101. It seems like this positive control is in order.

      We have added the positive control (Fig. 6E-F) reproducing the previously reported result that Syt4 mutants lack the high-frequency stimulation-induced increase in mEPSP frequency (HFMR). We have also added new data on HrsD28 genomic mutants. Despite the fact that few of these larvae survive and they are quite unhealthy, they still exhibit robust HFMR, similar to the Tsg101KD larvae, strongly supporting our hypothesis.

      R2.6 Discussion: I think some discussion of what ghost boutons are and what the possible significance is of the evi and ESCRT mutant phenotype of enhanced ghost bouton formation

      We have added more discussion on the ghost bouton phenotype (p11 lines 5-14), especially in light of our new findings that Hrs and Tsg101 mutants may distinguish alternative modes of Wg secretion (see R1.5)

      R2.7 Also, in the Discussion, it is mentioned that Wg probably gets secreted in the ESCRT mutants -- presumably this accounts for the discrepancy between evi mutants and the ESCRT mutants. An experiment to actually test this would greatly enhance the manuscript.

      We have added this experiment as addressed in R1.5

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      Overall, it is an interesting paper, mostly well controlled and rigorous, and well-written. It is an important contribution to the EV and NMJ fields. The data should provoke reconsideration of some of the functions that were previously ascribed to exosome transfer at the NMJ. However, I do think that there are some overly strong statements and the functions of the exosomes at the synapse were quite narrowly examined. For example, the title of the paper is pretty strong and the abstract does not say which functions were or were not affected by TSG101 KD.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Dresselhaus et al. investigates signaling functions for synaptic exosomes at the Drosophila NMJ. Exosomes are widely seen in vivo and in vitro. They are clearly sufficient to induce signaling responses in vitro, but whether they normally fulfill signaling functions in vivo has not been rigorously addressed. The authors make use of several mutants that block exosome release to test whether exosome release is important for two distinct signaling pathways: the Evi/Wg pathway and the Syt4 signaling pathway. Both pathways have been implicated in neuron to muscle signaling. Surprisingly, the authors find scant evidence that exosome release is required for either pathway. They convincingly show that knockdown of Tsg101 (an ESCRT-I component) does not phenocopy many synaptic phenotypes of either wg or syt4. Instead, they propose that in vivo, exosomes may serve as a proteostatic mechanism, as a mechanism for the neuron to dispose of unwanted/damaged proteins.

      Specific comments are below:

      R3.1 Loss of Tsg101 has been linked to upregulated MAPK stress signaling pathways and autophagy. Thus, it's possible that activating such compensatory mechanisms in Tsg101 knockdown animals could mask phenotypes associated with specific loss of EV cargoes such as Wg or Syt4. Indeed, the authors demonstrate that loss of Tsg101 and Hrs have very different effects on synaptic autophagy. To provide additional evidence that Wg or Syt4 signaling is independent of EV release, it would be good to check for wg/syt4 phenocopy in additional ESCRT complex mutants. I understand they did a bit with Shrub knockdown at low temperature in Figure 3, but the temperature-dependence of the ghost bouton phenotype clouds the interpretation. Could the authors try a motorneuron driver with a more restricted phenotype to overcome the lethality issues, or alternatively use one of their other ESCRT component mutants? This is obviously the central claim of the manuscript, and it would be strengthened by carrying out phenotypic analysis in mutants other than the Tsg101 RNAi line.

      As noted for R2.5, we have added HFMR experiments for the HrsD28 genomic mutant, and found that despite being very unhealthy, they exhibit robust HFMR similar to Tsg101KD. We also confirmed dramatic depletion of Syt4 EVs in the HrsD28 mutant. Thus, the preserved Syt4 signaling function in ESCRT mutants with depleted EV Syt4 is not restricted to Tsg101, and does not depend on the co-occurring autophagy phenotype.

      R3.2 In Figure 1, the authors show that neuronal Tsg101 RNAi dramatically reduces "postsynaptic" levels of exosome cargoes at the L3 stage to argue that exosome release is blocked in this mutant. While this seems very likely at the L3 stage, it is unclear when Tsg101 levels are reduced and thus when exosome release is impaired in this background. This is important because we don't know when these signaling pathways act. For example, it is possible that the critical period for Wg and Syt4 signaling is during the L1 stage, and that Tsg101 knockdown is incomplete at that stage. It is important to assay exosome release at earlier larval stage, particularly when RNAi is the method used to reduce gene function.

      We have conducted this experiment. We noted accumulation of cargoes in Tsg101KD L1 larvae, indicating that the RNAi is effective early in development. However, we do not find many EVs in either wild-type or Tsg101KD first instar larvae (red is a-HRP, green is Syt4-GFP). This argues that it is unlikely that EV-mediated signaling has a critical period earlier in development. It is likely that the accumulation of EVs that we observe trapped in the muscle membrane reticulum in third instar larvae were laid down over days or hours of development. We do not propose to include these data in the manuscript unless the editors and reviewers prefer that we do so.

      R3.3 If the Syt4 and Evi exosomes do not serve major signaling roles and are in fact neuronal waste, it seems likely they are phagocytosed by glia. Are levels of non-neuronal Syt4/Evi levels increased when glial phagocytosis in blocked (eg in draper mutants)?

      As mentioned above, the Budnik lab previously showed that uptake and degradation of postsynaptic a-HRP-positive structures depends on glial and muscle phagocytosis.a-HRP recognizes a number of neuronally-derived glycoproteins (Snow et al., 1987). Though the Budnik lab had not previously linked these structures to EVs, we do know that they very strongly colocalize with known EV cargoes and depend on the exact same membrane traffic machinery for release, arguing that some a-HRP antigen proteins are also EV cargoes (Blanchette et al., 2022). To close this loop. we have added data showing that Syt4-positive EVs also depend on Draper for their clearance (Fig 7).

      R3.4 For the HFMR experiment, it would be good to see the syt4-dependent phenotype as a positive control.__ __

      As mentioned for R2.5, we have added the Syt4 positive control (Figure 6E,F), which fails to show HFMR as expected.

      .__ __R3.5 In the abstract, the authors state that, "the cargoes are likely to function cell autonomously in the motorneuron". Isn't it alternatively possible that these proteins (wg in particular) could signal to the muscle in a non-exosome dependent pathway?

      Yes, we believe that Wg is likely released by another mechanism (perhaps conventional secretion). As noted for R1.5 and R2.6, we have added new data in Fig. 5 showing that Frizzled nuclear import IS NOT disrupted in Hrs mutants, despite dramatic loss of Evi EVs. Interestingly Frizzled nuclear import (and postsynaptic development) IS altered in neuronal Tsg101KD larvae, which disrupt additional membrane trafficking pathways beyond EV release (see Fig. 3). This is particularly interesting in light of the normal Syt4 signaling in Tsg101KD larvae, and supports the hypothesis that Syt4 can function without leaving the neuron, while Wg must be released, albeit not via Hrs-dependent EV formation. Another (less parsimonious) interpretation is that very small amounts of Wg release in the Hrs mutant are sufficient to promote Frizzled nuclear import.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      This is an important paper that is well-organized and logically presented. It makes a clear and largely compelling case against major signaling roles for exosomes at this synapse. The authors should be commended for publishing this work, which demands a re-evaluation of proposed key roles for exosomes at the fly NMJ. Given the intense interest in exosomes in neurobiology, this paper will be of great interest to neuronal cell biologists working across systems.

      We thank the reviewer for their appreciation of the impact of our work on the field.

      Back, M.J., H.C. Ha, Z. Fu, J.M. Choi, Y. Piao, J.H. Won, J.M. Jang, I.C. Shin, and D.K. Kim. 2018. Activation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 by starvation induces cell-protective autophagy via an increase in Golgi-localized ceramide. Cell Death Dis. 9:670.

      Blanchette, C.R., and A.A. Rodal. 2020. Mechanisms for biogenesis and release of neuronal extracellular vesicles. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 63:104-110.

      Blanchette, C.R., A.L. Scalera, K.P. Harris, Z. Zhao, E.C. Dresselhaus, K. Koles, A. Yeh, J.K. Apiki, B.A. Stewart, and A.A. Rodal. 2022. Local regulation of extracellular vesicle traffic by the synaptic endocytic machinery. J. Cell Biol. 10.1083/jcb.202112094.

      Choezom, D., and J.C. Gross. 2022. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 controls exosome secretion by counteracting V-ATPase-mediated endosome acidification. J Cell Sci. 135.

      Enneking, E.M., S.R. Kudumala, E. Moreno, R. Stephan, J. Boerner, T.A. Godenschwege, and J. Pielage. 2013. Transsynaptic coordination of synaptic growth, function, and stability by the L1-type CAM Neuroglian. PLoS Biol. 11:e1001537.

      Fuentes-Medel, Y., M.A. Logan, J. Ashley, B. Ataman, V. Budnik, and M.R. Freeman. 2009. Glia and muscle sculpt neuromuscular arbors by engulfing destabilized synaptic boutons and shed presynaptic debris. PLoS Biol. 7:e1000184.

      Koles, K., J. Nunnari, C. Korkut, R. Barria, C. Brewer, Y. Li, J. Leszyk, B. Zhang, and V. Budnik. 2012. Mechanism of evenness interrupted (Evi)-exosome release at synaptic boutons. J Biol Chem. 287:16820-16834.

      Korkut, C., B. Ataman, P. Ramachandran, J. Ashley, R. Barria, N. Gherbesi, and V. Budnik. 2009. Trans-synaptic transmission of vesicular Wnt signals through Evi/Wntless. Cell. 139:393-404.

      Korkut, C., Y. Li, K. Koles, C. Brewer, J. Ashley, M. Yoshihara, and V. Budnik. 2013. Regulation of postsynaptic retrograde signaling by presynaptic exosome release. Neuron. 77:1039-1046.

      Lauwers, E., Y.C. Wang, R. Gallardo, R. Van der Kant, E. Michiels, J. Swerts, P. Baatsen, S.S. Zaiter, S.R. McAlpine, N.V. Gounko, F. Rousseau, J. Schymkowitz, and P. Verstreken. 2018. Hsp90 Mediates Membrane Deformation and Exosome Release. Mol Cell. 71:689-702 e689.

      Mathew, D., B. Ataman, J. Chen, Y. Zhang, S. Cumberledge, and V. Budnik. 2005. Wingless signaling at synapses is through cleavage and nuclear import of receptor DFrizzled2. Science. 310:1344-1347.

      Moberg, K.H., S. Schelble, S.K. Burdick, and I.K. Hariharan. 2005. Mutations in erupted, the Drosophila ortholog of mammalian tumor susceptibility gene 101, elicit non-cell-autonomous overgrowth. Dev Cell. 9:699-710.

      Mosca, T.J., and T.L. Schwarz. 2010. The nuclear import of Frizzled2-C by Importins-beta11 and alpha2 promotes postsynaptic development. Nat Neurosci. 13:935-943.

      Niekamp, P., F. Scharte, T. Sokoya, L. Vittadello, Y. Kim, Y. Deng, E. Sudhoff, A. Hilderink, M. Imlau, C.J. Clarke, M. Hensel, C.G. Burd, and J.C.M. Holthuis. 2022. Ca(2+)-activated sphingomyelin scrambling and turnover mediate ESCRT-independent lysosomal repair. Nat Commun. 13:1875.

      Snow, P.M., N.H. Patel, A.L. Harrelson, and C.S. Goodman. 1987. Neural-specific carbohydrate moiety shared by many surface glycoproteins in Drosophila and grasshopper embryos. J Neurosci. 7:4137-4144.

      Trajkovic, K., C. Hsu, S. Chiantia, L. Rajendran, D. Wenzel, F. Wieland, P. Schwille, B. Brugger, and M. Simons. 2008. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science. 319:1244-1247.

      Walsh, R.B., E.C. Dresselhaus, A.N. Becalska, M.J. Zunitch, C.R. Blanchette, A.L. Scalera, T. Lemos, S.M. Lee, J. Apiki, S. Wang, B. Isaac, A. Yeh, K. Koles, and A.A. Rodal. 2021. Opposing functions for retromer and Rab11 in extracellular vesicle traffic at presynaptic terminals. J Cell Biol. 220:e202012034.

    1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240503124032/https://karl-voit.at/2022/01/29/How-to-Use-Tags/

      Long post on 'how to' tag with a set of rules. Not a word on why to tag as a personal practice. Retrieval is key, and not just retrieval but retrieval in contexts. Not merely descriptive but mostly associative. That there is e.g. a #longtail of tags only used once is also a piece of information itself. E.g. when finding the starting point for a new branch of exploration. I find that [[Tags are valuable as pivots 20070815104800]]. The mostly used tags (unavoidable if you use a limited set as suggested in rule 2) become useless because they no longer demarcate a manageble chunck of material.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The manuscript by Jang et al. describes the application of new methods to measure the localization of GTP-binding signaling proteins (G proteins) on different membrane structures in a model mammalian cell line (HEK293). G proteins mediate signaling by receptors found at the cell surface (GPCRs), with evidence from the last 15 years suggesting that GPCRs can induce G-protein mediated signaling from different membrane structures within the cell, with variation in signal localization leading to different cellular outcomes. While it has been clearly shown that different GPCRs efficiently traffic to various intracellular compartments, it is less clear whether G proteins traffic in the same manner, and whether GPCR trafficking facilitates "passenger" G protein trafficking. This question was a blind spot in the burgeoning field of GPCR localized signaling in need of careful study, and the results obtained will serve as an important guidepost for further work in this field. The extent to which G proteins localize to different membranes within the cell is the main experimental question tested in this manuscript. This question is pursued through two distinct methods, both relying on genetic modification of the G-beta subunit with a tag. In one method, G-beta is modified with a small fragment of the fluorescent protein mNG, which combines with the larger mNG fragment to form a fully functional fluorescent protein to facilitate protein trafficking by fluorescent microscopy. This approach was combined with the expression of fluorescent proteins directed to various intracellular compartments (different types of endosomes, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondria) to look for colocalization of G-beta with these markers. These experiments showed compelling evidence that G-beta co-localizes with markers at the plasma membrane and the lysosome, with weak or absent co-localization for other markers. A second method for measuring localization relied on fusing G-beta with a small fragment from a miniature luciferase (HiBit) that combines with a larger luciferase fragment (LgBit) to form an active luciferase enzyme. Localization of G-beta (and luciferase signal) was measured using a method known as bystander BRET, which relies on the expression of a fluorescent protein BRET acceptor in different cellular compartments. Results using bystander BRET supported findings from fluorescence microscopy experiments. These methods for tracking G protein localization were also used to probe other questions. The activation of GPCRs from different classes had virtually no impact on the localization of G-beta, suggesting that GPCR activation does not result in the shuttling of G proteins through the endosomal pathway with activated receptors.

      Strengths:

      The question probed in this study is quite important and, in my opinion, understudied by the pharmacology community. The results presented here are an important call to be cognizant of the localization of GPCR coupling partners in different cellular compartments. Abundant reports of endosomal GPCR signaling need to consider how the impact of lower G protein abundance on endosomal membranes will affect the signaling responses under study.

      The work presented is carefully executed, with seemingly high levels of technical rigor. These studies benefit from probing the experimental questions at hand using two different methods of measurement (fluorescent microscopy and bystander BRET). The observation that both methods arrive at the same (or a very similar) answer inspires confidence about the validity of these findings.

      Weaknesses:

      The rationale for fusing G-beta with either mNG2(11) or SmBit could benefit from some expansion. I understand the speculation that using the smallest tag possible may have the smallest impact on protein performance and localization, but plenty of researchers have fused proteins with whole fluorescent proteins to provide conclusions that have been confirmed by other methods. Many studies even use G proteins fused with fluorescent proteins or luciferases. Is there an important advantage to tagging G-beta with small tags? Is there evidence that G proteins with full-size protein tags behave aberrantly? If the studies presented here would not have been possible without these CRISPR-based tagging approaches, it would be helpful to provide more context to make this clearer. Perhaps one factor would be interference from newly synthesized G proteins-fluorescent protein fusions en route to the plasma membrane (in the ER and Golgi).

      As noted by the authors, they do not demonstrate that the tagged G-beta is predominantly found within heterotrimeric G protein complexes. If there is substantial free G-beta, then many of the conclusions need to be reconsidered. Perhaps a comparison of immunoprecipitated tagged G beta vs immunoprecipitated supernatant, with blotting for other G protein subunits would be informative.

      Additional context and questions:

      (1) There exists some evidence that certain GPCRs can form enduring complexes with G-beta-gamma (Pubmed: 23297229, 27499021). That would seem to offer a mechanism that would enable receptor-mediated transport of G protein subunits. It would be helpful for the authors to place the findings of this manuscript in the context of these previous findings since they seem somewhat contradictory.

      (2) There is some evidence that GaS undergoes measurable dissociation from the plasma membrane upon activation (see the mechanism of the assay in Pubmed: 35302493). It seems possible that G-alpha (and in particular GaS) might behave differently than the G-beta subunit studied here. This is not entirely clear from the discussion as it now stands.

      (3) The authors say "The presence of mNG-b1 on late endosomes suggested that some G proteins may be degraded by lysosomes". The mechanism of lysosomal degradation by proteins on the outside of the lysosome is not clear. It would be helpful for the authors to clarify.

      (4) Although the authors do a good job of assessing G protein dilution in endosomal membranes, it is unclear how this behavior compares to the measurement of other lipid-anchored proteins using the same approach. Is the dilution of G proteins what we would expect for any lipid-anchored protein at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane?

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This article addresses an important and interesting question concerning intracellular localization and dynamics of endogenous G proteins. The fate and trafficking of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been extensively studied but so far little is known about the trafficking routes of their partner G proteins that are known to dissociate from their respective receptors upon activation of the signaling pathway. The authors utilize modern cell biology tools including genome editing and bystander bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) to probe intracellular localization of G proteins in various membrane compartments in steady state and also upon receptor activation. Data presented in this manuscript shows that while G proteins are mostly present on the plasma membrane, they can be also detected in endosomal compartments, especially in late endosomes and lysosomes. This distribution, according to data presented in this study, seems not to be affected by receptor activation. These findings will have implications in further studies addressing GPCR signaling mechanisms from intracellular compartments.

      Strengths:

      The methods used in this study are adequate for the question asked. Especially, the use of genome-edited cells (for the addition of the tag on one of the G proteins) is a great choice to prevent the effects of overexpression. Moreover, the use of bystander BRET allowed authors to probe the intracellular localization of G proteins in a very high-throughput fashion. By combining imaging and BRET authors convincingly show that G proteins are very low abundant on early endosomes (also ER, mitochondria, and medial Golgi), however seem to accumulate on membranes of late endosomal compartments.

      Weaknesses:

      While the authors provide a novel dataset, many questions regarding G protein trafficking remain open. For example, it is not entirely clear which pathway is utilized to traffic G proteins from the plasma membrane to intracellular compartments. Additionally, future studies should also address the dynamics of G protein trafficking, for example by tracking them over multiple time points.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Watanabe, Takashi, et al. investigated the use of the Golden Gate dual-expression vector system to enhance the modern standard for rapid screening of recombinant monoclonal antibodies. The presented data builds upon modern techniques that currently use multiple expression vectors to express heavy and light chain pairs. In a single vector, they express the linked heavy and light chain variable genes with a membrane-bound Ig which allows for rapid and more affordable cell-based screening. The final validation of H1 and H2 strain influenza screening resulted in 81 "H1+", 48 "H2+", and 9 "cross" reactive clones. The kinetics of some of the soluble antibodies were tested via SPR and validated with a competitive inhibition with classical well-characterized neutralizing clones.

      Strengths:

      In this study, Watanabe, Takashi, et al. further develop and refine the methodologies for the discovery of monoclonal antibodies. They elegantly merge newer technologies to speed up turnaround time and reduce the cost of antibody discovery. Their data supports the feasibility of their technique.

      This study will have an impact on pandemic preparedness and antibody-based therapies.

      Weaknesses:

      A His tagged antigen was used for immunization and H1-his was used in all assays. Either the removal of His specific clones needs to be done before selection, or a different tag needs to be used in the subsequent assays.

      This assay doesn't directly test the neutralization of influenza but rather equates viral clearance to competitive inhibition. The results would be strengthened with the demonstration of a functional antibody in vivo with viral clearance.

      Limitations of this new technique are as follows: there is a significant loss of cells during FACs, transfection and cloning efficiency are critical to success, and well-based systems limit the number of possible clones (as the author discussed in the conclusions). Early enrichment of the B cells could improve efficiency, such as selection for memory B cells.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      It has been proposed in the literature, that the ATP release channel Panx1 can be activated in various ways, including by tyrosine phosphorylation of the Panx1 protein. The present study reexamines the commercial antibodies used previously in support of the phosphorylation hypothesis and the presented data indicate that the antibodies may recognize proteins unrelated to Panx1. Consequently, the authors caution about the use and interpretation of results obtained with these antibodies.

      Strengths:

      The manuscript by Ruan et al. addresses an important issue in Panx1 research, i.e. the activation of the channel formed by Panx1 via protein phosphorylation. If the authors' conclusions are correct, the previous claims for Panx1 phosphorylation on the basis of the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies would be in question.

      This is a very detailed and comprehensive analysis making use of state-of-the-art techniques, including mass spectrometry and phos-tag gel electrophoresis.

      In general, the study is well-controlled as relating to negative controls.

      The value of this manuscript is, that it could spawn new, more function-oriented studies on the activation of Panx1 channels.

      Weaknesses:

      Although the manuscript addresses an important issue, the activation of the ATP-release channel Panx1 by protein phosphorylation, the data provided do not support the firm conclusion that such activation does not exist. The failure to reproduce published data obtained with commercial anti-phospho Panx1 antibodies can only be of limited interest for a subfield.

      (1) The title claiming that "Panx1 is NOT phosphorylated..." is not justified by the failure to reproduce previously published data obtained with these antibodies. If, as claimed, the antibodies do not recognize Panx1, their failure cannot be used to exclude tyrosine phosphorylation of the Panx1 protein. There is no positive control for the antibodies.

      The full title of our manuscript is “Human Pannexin 1 Channel is NOT Phosphorylated by Src Tyrosine Kinase at Tyr199 and Tyr309”. The major conclusion of our manuscript shall not be extended to the claim that “Panx1 is NOT phosphorylated”. This is by no means our conclusion. In fact, the LC-MS/MS data from both ours and others have shown that PANX1 is phosphorylated at both serine and tyrosine sites1. However, we provided solid evidence that Tyr199 and Tyr309 of human PANX1 are not effective substrate of the Src kinase.

      We did provide several positive controls for the antibodies in our study. We showed that the anti-PANX1 and anti-Src antibodies unambiguously recognized PANX1 and Src, respectively (Figure 3A), and that a pan-specific phosphotyrosine antibody (P-Tyr-100) unambiguously recognized phosphorylated Src (Figure 3A)—as expected—but did not recognize PANX1. In addition, we demonstrated that the two antibodies in question (anti-PANX1-pY198 and anti-PANX1-pY308) did produce signals in our western blot analysis, but we provided compelling evidence that the bands produced by these antibodies do not correspond to PANX1 (Figure 2B).

      (2) The authors claim that exogenous SRC expression does not phosphorylate Y198. DeLalio et al. 2019 show that Panx1 is constitutively phosphorylated at Y198, so an effect of exogenous SRC expression is not necessarily expected.

      We have unambiguously identified peptide fragments containing non-phosphorylated Y198 in our LC-MS/MS experiment, none corresponds to a phosphorylated Y198. Therefore, our LC-MS/MS data doesn’t support the notion that Panx1 is constitutively phosphorylated at Y198.

      (3) The authors argue that the GFP tag of Panx1at the COOH terminus does not interfere with folding since the COOH modified (thrombin cleavage site) Panx1 folds properly, forming an amorphous glob in the cryo-EM structure. However, they do not show that the COOH-modified Panx1 folds properly. It may not, because functional data strongly suggest that the terminal cysteine dives deep into the pore. For example, the terminal cysteine, C426, can form a disulfide bond with an engineered cysteine at position F54 (Sandilos et al. 2012).

      Our manuscript included results of using a non-GFP tagged PANX1 construct (Figure 2-figure supplement 1). We didn’t notice any difference for PANX1 phosphorylation between GFP-tagged and non-GFP-tagged PANX1. Therefore, the folding of the C-terminal tail of PANX1 doesn’t affect the conclusion of our study.

      (4) The authors dismiss the additional arguments for tyrosine phosphorylation of Panx1 given by the various previous studies on Panx1 phosphorylation. These studies did not, as implied, solely rely on the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies, but also presented a wealth of independent supporting data. Contrary to the authors' assertion, in the previous papers the pY198 and pY308 antibodies recognized two protein bands in the size range of glycosylated and partial glycosylated Panx1.

      We didn’t dismiss additional arguments for the Src-dependent PANX1 regulation. In fact, in the discussion of our manuscript, we acknowledged the fact that Src may still be involved in PANX1 regulation, but probably through indirect mechanisms. In the two previous studies2,3, it’s unclear if the multimeric bands detected by pY198/pY308 antibodies correspond to glycosylated PANX1 or not, as the authors did not overlay the protein markers with their blots. In particular, the migration pattern of PANX1 changes across different western blot images from DeLalio et al2. It’s also worth noting that none of these “independent supporting data” in the two previous studies provided direct evidence that Src can phosphorylate pY198/pY308.

      (5) A phosphorylation step triggering channel activity of Panx1 would be expected to occur exclusively on proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. The membrane-bound fraction is small in relation to the total protein, which is particularly true for exogenously expressed proteins. Thus, any phosphorylated protein may escape detection when total protein is analyzed. Furthermore, to be of functional consequence, only a small fraction of the channels present in the plasma membrane need to be in the open state. Consequently, only a fraction of the Panx1 protein in the plasma membrane may need to be phosphorylated. Even the high resolution of mass spectroscopy may not be sufficient to detect phosphorylated Panx1 in the absence of enrichment processes.

      We agree with the reviewer that only plasma membrane-residing Panx1 phosphorylation is functionally relevant. Interestingly, however, previous studies actually analyzed total protein from cell lysate and concluded that PANX1 is phosphorylated at Y198 and Y3082,3. This has motivated our analysis, in which we found that the phosphorylation events cannot be detected when using whole cell lysate. Therefore, we have also conducted an electrophysiology experiment by comparing conditions with/without active Src kinase (Figure 7). Our result indicates that PANX1 current is not affected by the presence of Src. This result suggests that even if there might be minor Src kinase phosphorylation beyond detection limit of western blot or mass spectrometry, they may not be functionally significant as well.

      (6) In the electrophysiology experiments described in Figure 7, there is no evidence that the GFP-tagged Panx1 is in the plasma membrane. Instead, the image in Figure 7a shows prominent fluorescence in the cytoplasm. In addition, there is no evidence that the CBX-sensitive currents in 7b are mediated by Panx1-GFP and are not endogenous Panx1. Previous literature suggests that the hPanx1 protein needs to be cleaved (Chiu et al. 2014) or mutated at the amino terminus (Michalski et al 2018) to see voltage-activated currents, so it is not clear that the currents represent hPANX1 voltage-activated currents.

      Our previous analysis has already shown that endogenous current of non-transfected cells is not sensitive to CBX4. Therefore, the CBX-sensitive current in cells overexpressed PANX1 is from PANX1-GFP. It should be noted that when protein is overexpressed, it tends to accumulate at different intracellular membranes during protein synthesis/maturation. However, this doesn’t affect a portion of the protein to be trafficked to the plasma membrane. In the paper from Michalski et al 2018, it was shown that WT human/mouse PANX1 displayed voltage-dependent activation5. Although the current is relatively small, it is clearly distinguishable from non-transfected HEK and CHO cells. This voltage-dependent activation is also sensitive to CBX, consistent with our measurement (Figure 7)4. When GS is introduced at the N-terminus, the voltage-dependent activation of human/mouse PANX1 is significantly boosted, likely due to the altered NTH conformation resulting from the N-terminal extension.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Literature quotes are still problematic. Why are secondary papers quoted instead of the original work? At least quote reviews by authors who published the original findings.

      We appreciate the reviewer pointing this out. We have carefully checked our references and made sure that the original literature is cited.

      Why does wtPanx1 run close to the 37 kD marker (Figure 2 supplement 1) instead of close to 50 kD as shown in the previous papers using the pY198 and pY308 antibodies?

      It is a common observation that membrane proteins migration in SDS-PAGE gel doesn’t correlate with their formula molecular weight, also known as “gel shifting”6–8. The molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains complex. Therefore, simply relying on protein molecular standard could not unambiguously identify PANX1 protein band. This is an issue for identifying PANX1 band, especially in light of the fact that some antibodies may not be very specific (see Figure 6B). In our experiment, we have correlated the in-gel fluorescence and western blot signal which allowed us to determine the protein band corresponding to PANX1. It is worth noting that in Figure S3 of DeLalio 2019, the PANX1 is detected at 37 kDa2. However, in many other panels of the paper, PANX1 is detected at close to 50 kDa (for example, Figure S2B).

      Figure 6, supplement 1: why are there oligomers observed in the absence of crosslinking? Why is there no shift in the size of the "oligomers" in response to glycosidase F?

      It is common to observe multimeric membrane proteins, including PANX1, forming oligomeric bands in SDS-PAGE gels, likely because they are not fully denatured or disassembled. PANX1 also contains several free cysteines, which may non-specifically crosslink subunits. There is actually a small shift for the 75 kDa band (dimer) in Figure 6, supplement 1. For higher molecular weight bands, this small shift may not be apparent due to the limited resolution of the gel.

      A positive control for the antibodies used is missing. The authors argue that such controls are not available, since these commercial antibodies are "proprietary".

      We did provide several positive controls for the antibodies in our study. We showed that the anti-PANX1 and anti-Src antibodies unambiguously recognized PANX1 and Src, respectively (Figure 3A), and that a pan-specific phosphotyrosine antibody (P-Tyr-100) unambiguously recognized phosphorylated Src (Figure 3A)—as expected—but did not recognize PANX1. In addition, we demonstrated that the two antibodies in question (anti-PANX1-pY198 and anti-PANX1-pY308) did produce signals in our western blot analysis, but we provided compelling evidence that the bands produced by these antibodies do not correspond to PANX1 (Figure 2B).

      Unfortunately, the epitopes that Millipore Sigma used to generate anti-PANX1-pY198 and anti-PANX1-pY308 are not available. The description of the immunogen from Millipore Sigma website states that “A linear peptide corresponding to 12 amino acids surrounding phospho-Tyr198 of murine Pannexin-1” and “A linear peptide corresponding to 13 amino acids surrounding phosphotyrosine 308 of rat pannexin-1”. However, these immunogen peptides are not available for us to purchase.

      References

      (1) Nouri-Nejad, D. et al. Pannexin 1 mutation found in melanoma tumor reduces phosphorylation, glycosylation, and trafficking of the channel-forming protein. Mol Biol Cell 32, (2021).

      (2) DeLalio, L. J. et al. Constitutive SRC-mediated phosphorylation of pannexin 1 at tyrosine 198 occurs at the plasma membrane. Journal of Biological Chemistry 294, (2019).

      (3) Weilinger, N. L. et al. Metabotropic NMDA receptor signaling couples Src family kinases to pannexin-1 during excitotoxicity. Nat Neurosci 19, (2016).

      (4) Ruan, Z., Orozco, I. J., Du, J. & Lü, W. Structures of human pannexin 1 reveal ion pathways and mechanism of gating. Nature 584, (2020).

      (5) Michalski, K., Henze, E., Nguyen, P., Lynch, P. & Kawate, T. The weak voltage dependence of pannexin 1 channels can be tuned by N-terminal modifications. Journal of General Physiology 150, (2018).

      (6) Rath, A., Cunningham, F. & Deber, C. M. Acrylamide concentration determines the direction and magnitude of helical membrane protein gel shifts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110, (2013).

      (7) Rath, A. & Deber, C. M. Correction factors for membrane protein molecular weight readouts on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Anal Biochem 434, (2013).

      (8) Rath, A., Glibowicka, M., Nadeau, V. G., Chen, G. & Deber, C. M. Detergent binding explains anomalous SDS-PAGE migration of membrane proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106, (2009).

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      The manuscript by Ruan et al. addresses an important issue in Panx1 research, i.e. the activation of the channel formed by Panx1 via protein phosphorylation. If the authors' conclusions are correct, the previous claims for Panx1 phosphorylation on the basis of the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies would be in question.

      This is a very detailed and comprehensive analysis making use of state-of-the-art techniques, including mass spectrometry and phos-tag gel electrophoresis.

      In general, the study is well-controlled as relating to negative controls.

      The value of this manuscript is, that it could spawn new, more function-oriented studies on the activation of Panx1 channels.

      The weaknesses identified previously are reproduced below:

      Weaknesses:

      Although the manuscript addresses an important issue, the activation of the ATP-release channel Panx1 by protein phosphorylation, the data provided do not support the firm conclusion that such activation does not exist. The failure to reproduce published data obtained with commercial anti-phospho Panx1 antibodies can only be of limited interest for a subfield.

      (1) The title claiming that "Panx1 is NOT phosphorylated..." is not justified by the failure to reproduce previously published data obtained with these antibodies. If, as claimed, the antibodies do not recognize Panx1, their failure cannot be used to exclude tyrosine phosphorylation of the Panx1 protein. There is no positive control for the antibodies.

      (2) The authors claim that exogenous SRC expression does not phosphorylate Y198. DeLalio et al. 2019 show that Panx1 is constitutively phosphorylated at Y198, so an effect of exogenous SRC expression is not necessarily expected.

      (3) The authors argue that the GFP tag of Panx1at the COOH terminus does not interfere with folding since the COOH modified (thrombin cleavage site) Panx1 folds properly, forming an amorphous glob in the cryo-EM structure. However, they do not show that the COOH-modified Panx1 folds properly. It may not, because functional data strongly suggest that the terminal cysteine dives deep into the pore. For example, the terminal cysteine, C426, can form a disulfide bond with an engineered cysteine at position F54 (Sandilos et al. 2012).

      (4) The authors dismiss the additional arguments for tyrosine phosphorylation of Panx1 given by the various previous studies on Panx1 phosphorylation. These studies did not, as implied, solely rely on the commercial anti-phospho-Panx1 antibodies, but also presented a wealth of independent supporting data. Contrary to the authors' assertion, in the previous papers the pY198 and pY308 antibodies recognized two protein bands in the size range of glycosylated and partial glycosylated Panx1.

      (5) A phosphorylation step triggering channel activity of Panx1 would be expected to occur exclusively on proteins embedded in the plasma membrane. The membrane-bound fraction is small in relation to the total protein, which is particularly true for exogenously expressed proteins. Thus, any phosphorylated protein may escape detection when total protein is analyzed. Furthermore, to be of functional consequence, only a small fraction of the channels present in the plasma membrane need to be in the open state. Consequently, only a fraction of the Panx1 protein in the plasma membrane may need to be phosphorylated. Even the high resolution of mass spectroscopy may not be sufficient to detect phosphorylated Panx1 in the absence of enrichment processes.

      (6) In the electrophysiology experiments described in Figure 7, there is no evidence that the GFP-tagged Panx1 is in the plasma membrane. Instead, the image in Figure 7a shows prominent fluorescence in the cytoplasm. In addition, there is no evidence that the CBX-sensitive currents in 7b are mediated by Panx1-GFP and are not endogenous Panx1. Previous literature suggests that the hPanx1 protein needs to be cleaved (Chiu et al. 2014) or mutated at the amino terminus (Michalski et al 2018) to see voltage-activated currents, so it is not clear that the currents represent hPANX1 voltage-activated currents.

      Note from the editors: The authors provided a rebuttal to the latest review, but no additional data, so we encourage readers to read the concerns and the author responses.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript combines live yeast cell imaging and other genomic approaches to study how transcription factor (TF) condensates might help organize and enhance the transcription of the target genes in the methionine starvation response pathway. The authors show that the TFs in this response can form phase-separated condensates through their intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), and mediate the spatial clustering of the related endogenous genes as well as reporter inserted near the endogenous target loci.

      Strengths:

      This work uses rigorous experimental approaches, such as imaging of endogenously labeled TFs, determining expression and clustering of endogenous target genes, and reporter integration near the endogenous target loci. The importance of TFs is shown by rapid degradation. Single-cell data are combined with genomic sequencing-based assays. Control loci engineered in the same way are usually included. Some of these controls are very helpful in showing the pathway-specific effect of the TF condensates in enhancing transcription.

      Weaknesses:

      Perhaps the biggest weakness of this work is that the role of IDR and phase separation in mediating the target gene clustering is unclear. This is an important question. TF IDRs may have many functions including mediating phase separation and binding to other transcriptional molecules (not limited to proteins and may even include RNAs). The effect of IDR deletion on reduced Fano number in cells could come from reduced binding with other molecules. This should be tested on phase separation of the purified protein after IDR deletion. Also, the authors have not shown IDR deletion affects the clustering of the target genes, so IDR deletion may affect the binding of other molecules (not the general transcription machinery) that are specifically important for target gene transcription. If the self-association of the IDR is the main driving force of the clustering and target gene transcription enhancement, can one replace this IDR with totally unrelated IDRs that have been shown to mediate phase separation in non-transcription systems and still see the gene clustering and transcription enhancement effects? This work has all the setup to test this hypothesis.

      The Met4 protein was tagged with MBP but Met 32 was not. MBP tag is well known to enhance protein solubility and prevent phase separation. This made the comparison of their in vitro phase behavior very different and led the authors to think that maybe Met32 is the scaffold in the co-condensates. If MBP was necessary to increase yield and solubility during expression and purification, it should be cleaved (a protease cleavage site should be engineered) to allow phase separation in vitro.

      Are ATG36 and LDS2 also supposed to be induced by -met? This should be explained clearly. The signals are high at -met.

      Figure 6B, the Met4-GFP seems to form condensates at all three loci without a very obvious difference, though 6C shows a difference. 6C is from only one picture each. The authors should probably quantify the signals from a large number of randomly selected pictures (cells) and do statistics.

  5. Apr 2024
    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      During the last decades, extensive studies (mostly neglected by the authors), using in vitro and in vivo models, have elucidated the five-step mechanism of intoxication of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs). The binding domain (H chain) of all serotypes of BoNTs binds polysialogangliosides and the luminal domain of a synaptic vesicle protein (which varies among serotypes). When bound to the synaptic membrane of neurons, BoNTs are rapidly internalized by synaptic vesicles (SVs) via endocytosis. Subsequently, the catalytic domain (L chain) translocates, a process triggered by the acidification of these organelles. Following translocation, the disulfide bridge connecting the H chain with the L chain is reduced by the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system, and it is refolded by the chaperone Hsp90 on SV's surface. Once released into the cytosol, the L chains of different serotypes cleave distinct peptide bonds of specific SNARE proteins, thereby disrupting neurotransmission. In this study, Yeo et al. extensively revise the neuronal intoxication model, suggesting that BoNT/A follows a more complex intracellular route than previously thought. The authors propose that upon internalization, BoNT/A-containing endosomes are retro-axonally trafficked to the soma. At the level of the neuronal soma, this serotype then traffics to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the Golgi apparatus. The ER SEC61 translocon complex facilitates the translocation of BoNT/A's LC from the ER lumen into the cytosol, where the thioredoxin reductase/thioredoxin system and HSP complexes release and refold the catalytic L chain. Subsequently, the L chain diffuses and cleaves SNAP25 first in the soma before reaching neurites and synapses. Strengths:

      I appreciate the authors' efforts to confirm that the newly established methods somehow recapitulate aspects of the BoNTs mechanism of action, such as toxin binding and uptake occurring at the level of active synapses. Furthermore, even though I consider the SNAPR approach inadequate, the genome-wide RNAi screen has been well executed and thoroughly analyzed. It includes well-established positive and negative controls, making it a comprehensive resource not only for scientists working in the field of botulinum neurotoxins but also for cell biologists studying endocytosis more broadly. Weaknesses:

      I have several concerns about the authors' main conclusions, primarily due to the lack of essential controls and validation for the newly developed methods used to assess toxin cleavage and trafficking into neurons. Furthermore, there is a significant discrepancy between the proposed intoxication model and existing studies conducted in more physiological settings. In my opinion, the authors have omitted over 20 years of work done in several labs worldwide (Montecucco, Montal, Schiavo, Rummel, Binz, etc.). I want to emphasize that I support changes in biological dogma only when these changes are supported by compelling experimental evidence, which I could not find in the present manuscript.

      We thank the reviewer for his reading and comments and for pointing out the discrepancy between our proposed model and the existing model. However, we respectfully disagree with the phrase of “extensive studies have elucidated the five-steps mechanism of intoxication…”. This sentence and the following imply that the model is well-established and demonstrated. It also highlights how the reviewer is convinced about this previous model.

      We contest this model for theoretical reasons and contest the strength of evidences that support it. We previously included references to previous work showing that the model is also being challenged by others. In light of the reviewer’s comments, we incluced more references in the introduction and we also explicit our main theoretical concern in the introduction:

      “Arguably, the main problem of the model is its failure to propose a thermodynamically consistent explanation for the directional translocation of a polypeptidic chain across a biologial membrane. Other known instances of polypeptide membrane translocation such as the co-translational translocation into the ER indicate that it is an unfavorable process, which consumes significant energy (Alder and Theg 2003). ”

      We also added the following text in the Discussion to address with the reviewer’s concerns: “Our study contradicts the long-established model of BoNT intoxication, which is described in several reviews specifically dedicated to the subject 1–4. In short, these reviews support the notion that BoNT are molecular machines able to mediate their own translocation across membranes; this notion has convinced some cell biologists interested in toxins and retrograde traffic, who describe BoNT mode of translocation in their reviews 5,6.

      But is this notion well supported by data? A careful examination of the primary literature reveals that early studies indeed report that BonTs form ion channels at low pH values 7,8. These studies have been extended by the use of patch-clamp 9,10. These works and others lead to various suppositions on how the toxin forms a channel and translocate the LC 1,11 .

      However, only a single study claims to reconstitute in vitro the translocation of BonT LC across membranes 12. In this paper, the authors report using a system of artificial membranes separating two aqueous compartments. They load the toxin in the cis compartment and measure the protease activity in the trans compartment after incubation. However, when the experimental conditions described are actually converted in terms of molarity, it appears that the cis compartment was loaded at 10e-8M BonT and that the reported translocated protease activity is equivalent to 10e-17 M (Figure 3D, 12). Thus, in this experiment, about 1 LC molecule in 100 millions has crossed the membrane. Such extremely low transfert rate does not tally with the extreme efficiency of intoxication in vivo, even while taking into account the difference between artificial and biological membranes.

      In sum, a careful analysis of the primary literature indicate that while there is ample evidence that BoNTs have the ability to affect membranes and possibly create ion channels, there is actually no credible evidence that these channels mediate translocation of the LC. As mentioned earlier, it is not clear how such a self-translocation mechanism would function thermodynamically. By contrast, our model proposes a mechanism without a thermodynamic problem, is consistent with current knowledge about other protein toxins, such as PE, Shiga and Ricin, and can help explain previously puzzling features of BonT effects. It is worth noting that a similar self-translocation model was proposed for other protein toxins such as Pseudomonas exotoxin, which have similar molecular organisation as BonT (68). However, it has since been demonstrated that the PE toxins require cellular machinery, in particular in the ER, for intoxication (21,69,70).”

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The study by Yeo and co-authors addresses a long-lasting issue about botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) intoxication. The current view is that the toxin binds to its receptors at the axon terminus by its HCc domain and is internalized in recycled neuromediator vesicles just after the release of the neuromediators. Then, the HCn domain assists the translocation of the catalytic light chain (LC) of the toxin through the membrane of these endocytic vesicles into the cytosol of the axon terminus. There, the LC cleaves its SNARE substrate and blocks neurosecretion. However, other views involving kinetic aspects of intoxication suggest that the toxin follows the retrograde axonal transport up to the nerve cell body and then back to the nerve terminus before cleaving its substrate.

      In the current study, the authors claim that the BoNT/A (isotype A of BoNT) not only progresses to the cell body but once there, follows the retrograde transport trafficking pathway in a retromer-dependent fashion, through the Golgi apparatus, until reaching the endoplasmic reticulum. Next, the LC dissociates from the HC (a process not studied here) and uses the translocon Sec61 machinery to retro-translocate into the cytosol. Only then, does the LC traffic back to the nerve terminus following the anterograde axonal transport. Once there, LC cleaves its SNARE substrate (SNAP25 in the case of BoTN/A) and blocks neurosecretion.

      To reach their conclusion, Yeo and co-authors use a combination of engineered tools: a cell line able to differentiate into neurons (ReNcell VN), a reporter dual fluorescent protein derived from SNAP25, the substrate of BoNT/A (called SNAPR), the use of either native BoNT/A or a toxin to which three fragment 11 of the reporter fluorescent protein Neon Green (mNG) are fused to the N-terminus of the LC (BoNT/A-mNG11x3), and finally ReNcell VN transfected with mNG1-10 (a protein consisting of the first 10 beta strands of the mNG).

      SNAPR is stably expressed all over in the ReNcell VN. SNAPR is yellow (red and green) when intact and becomes red only when cleaved by BoNT/A LC, the green tip being degraded by the cell. When the LC of BoNT/A-mNG11x3 reaches the cytosol in ReNcell VN transfected by mNG1-10, the complete mNG is reconstituted and emits a green fluorescence.

      In the first experiment, the authors show that the catalytic activity of the LC appears first in the cell body of neurons where SNAPR is cleaved first. This phenomenon starts 24 hours after intoxication and progresses along the axon towards the nerve terminus during an additional 24 hours. In a second experiment, the authors intoxicate the ReNcell VN transfected by mNG1-10 using the BoNT/A-mNG11x3. The fluorescence appears also first in the soma of neurons, then diffuses in the neurites in 48 hours. The conclusion of these two experiments is that translocation occurs first in the cell body and that the LC diffuses in the cytosol of the axon in an anterograde fashion.

      In the second part of the study, the authors perform a siRNA screen to identify regulators of BoNT/A intoxication. Their aim is to identify genes involved in intracellular trafficking of the toxin and translocation of the LC. Interestingly, they found positive and negative regulators of intoxication. Regulators could be regrouped according to the sequential events of intoxication.

      Genes affecting binding to the cell-surface receptor (SV2) and internalization. Genes involved in intracellular trafficking. Genes involved in translocation such as reduction of the disulfide bond linking the LC to the HC and refolding in the cytosol. Genes involved in signaling such as tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. All these groups of genes may be consistent with the current view of BoNT intoxication within the nerve terminus. However, two sets of genes were particularly significant to reach the main conclusion of the work and definitely constitute an original finding important to the field. One set of genes consists of those of the retromer, and the other relates to the Sec61 translocon. This should indicate that once endocytosed, the BoNT traffics from the endosomes to the Golgi apparatus, and then to the ER. Ultimately, the LC should translocate from the ER lumen to the cytosol using the Sec61 translocon. The authors further control that the SV2 receptor for the BoNT/A traffics along the axon in a retromer-dependent fashion and that BoNT/A-mNG11x3 traverses the Golgi apparatus by fusing the mNG1-10 to a Golgi resident protein.

      Strengths:

      The findings in this work are convincing. The experiments are carefully done and are properly controlled. In the first part of the study, both the activity of the LC is monitored together with the physical presence of the toxin. In the second part of the work, the most relevant genes that came out of the siRNA screen are checked individually in the ReNcell VN / BoNT/A reporter system to confirm their role in BoNT/A trafficking and retro-translocation.

      These findings are important to the fields of toxinology and medical treatment of neuromuscular diseases by BoNTs. They may explain some aspects of intoxication such as slow symptom onset, aggravation, and appearance of central effects.

      Weaknesses:

      The findings antagonize the current view of the intoxication pathway that is sustained by a vast amount of observations. The findings are certainly valid, but their generalization as the sole mechanism of BoNT intoxication should be tempered. These observations are restricted to one particular neuronal model and engineered protein tools. Other models such as isolated nerve/muscle preparations display nerve terminus paralysis within minutes rather than days. Also, the tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), whose mechanism of action involving axonal transport to the posterior ganglia in the spinal cord is well described, takes between 5 and 15 days. It is thus possible that different intoxication mechanisms co-exist for BoNTs or even vary depending on the type of neurons.

      Although the siRNA experiments are convincing, it would be nice to reach the same observations with drugs affecting the endocytic to Golgi to ER transport (such as Retro-2, golgicide or brefeldin A) and the Sec61 retrotranslocation (such as mycolactone). Then, it would be nice to check other neuronal systems for the same observations.

      We thank the reviewer for the careful reading and comments of our manuscript. The reference to “a vast amount of observation” is a similar argument to the Reviewer 1 and used to suggest that our study may not be applicable as a general mechanism.

      We respectfully disagree as described above and posit on the contrary that the model we propose is much more likely to be general than the model presented in current reviews for the several reasons cited (see added text in Introduction and Discussion). While we agree that more work is needed to confirm the proposed mechanisms of BonT translocation in other models, these experiments fall outside the perimeter of our study.

      The fact that nerve/muscle preparations of BonT activity have relatively fast kinetics does not pose a contradiction to our model. Our model reveals primarily the requirement for trafficking to the ER membranes. This ER targeting requires trafficking through the Golgi complex, in turn explaining the requirement for trafficking to the soma of neurons in the experimental system we used. However, in neuronal cells in vivo, Golgi bodies can be found along the lenght of the axon, thus BonT may not always require trafficking to the soma of the affected cells. The time required for intoxication could thus vary greatly depending on the neuronal structural organisation.

      TenT is proposed to transfer from excitatory neurons into inhibitory neurons before exerting its action. While the detailed mechanism of this fascinating mechanism remain to be explored, it clearly falls beyond the purview of this manuscript.

      Regarding the use of drugs, we agree that it would be a nice addition; unfortunately we are unable to perform such experiments at this stage. Setting up a large scale siRNA screen for BonT mechanism of action is challenging as it requires a special facility with controlled access and police authorisation (in Singapore) given the high toxicity of this molecule. Unfortunately, the authorisations have now lapsed.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review): Summary:

      The manuscript by Yao et al. investigates the intracellular trafficking of Botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT/A), a potent toxin used in clinical and cosmetic applications. Contrary to the prevailing understanding of BoNT/A translocation into the cytosol, the study suggests a retrograde migration from the synapse to the soma-localized Golgi in neurons. Using a genome-wide siRNA screen in genetically engineered neurons, the researchers identified over three hundred genes involved in this process. The study employs organelle-specific split-mNG complementation, revealing that BoNT/A traffics through the Golgi in a retromer-dependent manner before moving to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The Sec61 complex is implicated in the retro-translocation of BoNT/A from the ER to the cytosol. Overall, the research challenges the conventional model of BoNT/A translocation, uncovering a complex route from synapse to cytosol for efficient intoxication. The findings are based on a comprehensive approach, including the introduction of a fluorescent reporter for BoNT/A catalytic activity and genetic manipulations in neuronal cell lines. The conclusions highlight the importance of retrograde trafficking and the involvement of specific genes and cellular processes in BoNT/A intoxication.

      Strengths:

      The major part of the experiments are convincing. They are well-controlled and the interpretation of their results is balanced and sensitive.

      Weaknesses:

      To my opinion, the main weakness of the paper is in the interpretation of the data equating loss of tGFP signal (when using the Red SNAPR assay) with proteolytic cleavage by the toxin. Indeed, the first step for loss of tGFP signal by degradation of the cleaved part is the actual cleavage. However, this needs to be degraded (by the proteasome, I presume), a process that could in principle be affected (in speed or extent) by the toxin.

      We thank the reviewer for his comments and careful reading of our manuscript.

      Regarding the read-out of the assay, we agree that the assay could be sensitive to alteration in the protein degradation pathway. We have added the following sentence in the Discussion to take it into account:

      “As noted by one reviewer, the assay may be sensitive to perturbation in the general rate of protein degradation, a consideration to keep in mind when evaluating the results of large scale screens.”

      While this may be valid for some hits in the general list, it is important to note that the main hits have been shown to affect toxin trafficking by an independent, orthogonal assay based on the split GFP reconstitution.

      Recommendations to authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) To assess the activity of BoNT/A in neurons, Yeo et al. have generated a neuronal stem line referred to as SNAPR. This cell line stably expresses a chimeric reporter protein that consists of SNAP25 flanked at its N-terminus with a tagRFPT and at its C-terminus with a tagGFP. After exposure to BoNT/A, SNAP25 is cleaved and, the C-terminal tGFP-containing moiety is rapidly degraded. I have many doubts about the validity of the described method. Indeed, BoNT/A activity is analysed in an indirect way by quantifying the degradation of the GFP moiety generated after toxin cleavage (Fig. 2). In this regard, the authors should consider that their approach is dependent, not only on the toxin's metalloprotease activity but also on the functionality of the proteasome in neurons. Therefore, considering the current dataset, it is impossible to rule out the possibility that the progression of GFP signal loss from the soma to the neurite terminals may be attributed to the different proteasome activity in these compartments. Is it conceivable that the GFP fragment generated upon toxin cleavage degrades more rapidly in the soma in comparison to axonal terminals? This alternative explanation could challenge the conclusion drawn in Fig. 2.

      The reviewer’s alternative explanation disregards the experiments performed with the split-GFP complementation approach, which indicate translocation in the soma first. The split GFP reporter is not dependent on the proteasome activity. It also disregard the genetic data implicating many genes involved in membrane retrograde traffic, which are also not consistent with the hypothesis of the reviewer. These genes depletions not only affect SNAPR degradation but also BoNT/A-mNG11 trafficking: thus, their effect cannot be attributed to an completely hypothetical spatial heterogeneous distribution of the proteasome.

      For this reason, I strongly suggest using a more physiological approach that does not depend on proteasomal degradation or on the expression of the sensor in neurons. The authors should consider performing a time course experiment following intoxication and staining BoNT/A-cleaved SNAP25 by using specific antibodies (see Antonucci F. et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2008 or Rheaume C. et al., Toxins 2015).

      For the above reason, we do not agree with the pressing importance of confirming by a third method using specific antibodies; especially considering that BonT is very difficult to detect in cells when incubated at physiological levels. By the way, the cited paper, by Antonucci F; et al. documents long distance retrograde traffic of BonT/A, which is in line with our data.

      An alternative approach could involve the use of microfluidic devices that physically separate axons from cell bodies. Such a separation will allow us to test the authors' primary conclusion that SNAP25 is initially cleaved in the soma. The suggested experiments will also rule out potential overexpression artifacts that could influence the authors' conclusions when using the newly developed SNAPR approach. Without these additional experiments, the authors' main conclusion that SNAP25 is cleaved first in the neuronal soma rather than at the nerve terminal is inadequate.

      As discussed above we disagree about the doubts raised by the reviewer: we present three types of evidences (SNAPR, split GFP and genetic hits) and they all point in the same direction. Thus, we respectfully doubt that a fourth approach would convince this reviewer. To note, we have attempted to use microfluidics devices as suggested by the reviewer, however, the Ren-VM neurons were not able to extend axons long enough across the device.

      (2) To detect BoNT/A translocation into the cytosol, the authors have used a complementation assay by intoxicating ReNcell VM cell expressing a cytosolic HA-tagged split monomeric NeonGreen (Cyt-mNG1-10) with an engineered BoNT/A, where the catalytic domain (LC) was fused to mNG1-11. When drawing conclusions regarding the detection of cytosolic LC in the neuronal soma, the authors should highlight the limitations of this assay and explicitly describe them to the readers. Firstly, the authors need to investigate whether the addition of mNG1-11 to the LC affects the translocation process itself (by comparing with a WT, not tagged, LC).

      Additionally, from the data shown in Fig. 2C, it is evident that the Cyt-mNG1-10 is predominantly expressed in the cytosol and less detected in neurites. This raises the question of whether there might be a bias for the cell soma in this assay. To address this important concern, I suggest quantifying MFI per cell (Fig. 2D) taking into consideration the amount of HA-tagged Cyt-mNG1-10. Furthermore, I strongly suggest targeting mNG1-10 to synapses and performing a similar time course experiment to observe when LC translocation occurs at nerve terminals. Alternative experiments, to prove that BoNT/A requires retrograde trafficking before it can translocate, may be done to repeat the experiments shown in Fig. 2D in the presence of inhibitors (or by KD some of the hits identified as microtubule stabilizers) that should interfere with BoNT/A trafficking to the neuronal somata. Without these additional experiments, the authors' main conclusion that the BoNT/A catalytic domain is first detected in the neuronal soma rather than at the nerve terminal is very preliminary.

      Similarly as for the SNAPR assay, the reviewer is raising the level of doubt to very high levels. We respect his thoroughness and eagerness to question the new model. However, we note that a similar level of scrutiny does not apply to the prevalent competitive model. Indeed, the data supporting the self-translocation model is based on a single in vitro experiment published in one panel as we have explain din the discussion (see above).

      (3) In the genome-wide RNAi screening, rather than solely assessing SV2 surface levels, it would have been beneficial to directly investigate BoNT/A binding to the neuronal membrane. For instance, this could have been achieved by using a GFP-tagged HC domain of BoNT/A. At present, the authors cannot exclude the possibility that among the 135 hits that did not affect SV2 levels, some might still inhibit BoNT/A binding to the neuronal surface. These concerns, already exemplified by B4CALT4 (which is known to be involved in the synthesis of GT1b), should be explicitly addressed in the main text.

      We agree with the reviewer that perturbation of binding of BonT is possible. We added the following text:

      “Network analysis reveals regulators of signaling, membrane trafficking and thioreductase redox state involved in BoNT/A intoxication

      Among the positive regulators of the screen, 135 hits did not influence significantly surface SV2 levels and are thus likely to function in post-endocytic processes (Supplementary Table 2). However, we cannot formerly exclude that they could affect binding of BonT to the cell surface independently of SV2.”

      (4) The authors should clearly state which reagents they have tried to use in order to explain the challenges they faced when directly testing the trafficking of BoNT/A. The accumulation of Dendra-SV2 bulbous structures at the neurite tips in VPS35-depleted cells could be interpreted as a sign of neuronal stress/death. Have the authors investigated other proteins that do not undergo retro-axonal trafficking in a retromer-dependent manner? This control is essential. In this regard, the use of a GFP-tagged HC domain of BoNT/A could prove to be quite helpful.

      We tried multiple commercially available antibodies against BonT but we could not get a very good signal. The postdoc in charge of this project has now gone to greener pastures and we are not in the capacity to provide the details corresponding to these antibodies. We di dnot observe significant cell death after VPS-35 knockdown at the time of the experiment, however longe rterm treatment might result in toxicity indeed.

      (5) Considering my concerns related to the SNAPR system and the complementation assay to study SNAP25 cleavage and BoNT/A trafficking, I suggest validating some of their major hits (ex. VPS34 and Sec61) by performing WB or IF analysis to examine the cleavage of endogenous SNAP25. Furthermore, the authors should test VPS35 depletion in the context of the experiments performed in Fig. 6G-H, by validating that this protein is essential for BoNT/A retrograde trafficking.

      The reviewer concerns are well noted but as discussed above, the two systems we used are completely orthogonal. Thus, for the reviewer’s concerns to be valid, it would have to be two completely independent artefacts giving rise to the same result. The alternative explanation is that BonT/A translocates in the soma. The Ockham razor principle dictates that the simplest explanation is the likeliest.

      (6) The introduction and the discussion section of this paper completely disregard more than 20 years of research conducted by several labs worldwide (Montecucco, Montal, Schiavo, Rummel, Binz, etc). The authors should make an effort to contextualize their data within the framework of these studies and address the significant discrepancies between their proposed intoxication model and existing research that clearly demonstrates BoNTs translocating upon the endocytic retrieval of SVs at presynaptic sites. Nevertheless, even assuming that the model proposed by the authors is accurate, numerous questions emerge. One such question is: How can the authors explain the exceptional toxicity of botulinum neurotoxin in an ex vivo neuromuscular junction preparation devoid of neuronal cell bodies (see Cesare Montecucco and Andreas Rummel's seminal studies)?

      Please see above in the answer to public reviews.

      (7) Scale bars should be added to all representative pictures.

      This has been done. Thank you for the thorough reading of our manuscript.

      Reviewer #2(Recommendations For The Authors):*

      (1) The title overstates the results. It may be indicated "in differenciated ReNcell VM".

      Title changed to: “Botulinum toxin intoxication requires retrograde transport and membrane translocation at the ER in RenVM neurons”

      (2) In the provided manuscript there are two Figure 2 and no Figure 3. This made the reading and understanding extremely difficult and should be corrected. As a result, the Figure legends do not fit the numbering. There are also discrepancies between some Figure panels (A, B, C, etc), the text, and the Legends. All this needs to be carefully checked.

      We apologize for the confusion as the manuscript as followed multiple rounds of revisions. We have carefully verified labels and legends.

      (3) The BoNT/A-mNG11x3 may introduce some bias that could be discussed. Would these additional peptides block LC translocation from synaptic vesicles in the nerve termini? In addition, the mNG peptides that are unfolded before complementation may direct LC towards Sec61. These aspects should be discussed.

      The comment would be valid if BoNT/A-mNG11x3 was the only approach used in the paper, however the SNAPR reporter is used with native BonT and shows data consistent with the split GFP approach.

      (4) In the Figure about SV2 (Fig 3 or 4): The authors did not locate SV2. The cells seem not to have the same differentiated phenotype as in Figure 1 and Figure 2/3A.

      We apologized above for the mislabeling. It is not clear what is the question here.

      (5) The authors should check whether BoNT/A wt cleaves the endogeneous SNAP25 by western blot for instance in the original ReNcell VN before SNAPR engineering. This should be compared with wt SNAP25 cleavage by the BoNT/A-LC-mNG.

      It is likely that BoNT/A-LC-mNG11 should have similar activity as it is only adding a small peptide at the end of the LC. At any rate, it is not clear why this is so important since both molecules translocate in the cytosol, with the same kinetics and in the same subcellular locale.

      (6) Perhaps I did not understand. How can the authors exclude that what is observed is the kinetic overproduction of the reporter substrate SNAPR?

      The authors could use SLO toxin (PNAS 98, 3185-3190, 2001) to permeabilize the cells all along their body and axon to introduce BoNT/A or LC (wt) and observe synchronized SNAPR cleavage throughout the cells.

      The concept mentioned here is not very clear to us. The reviewer is proposing that the SNAPR is produced much more efficiently at the tips of the neurites and thus its cleavage takes longer to be detected and is apparent first in the soma?? With all due respect, this is a strange hypothesis, at odds with what we know of protein dynamics in the neurons (i.e. most proteins are largely made in the soma and transported or diffuse into the neurites).

      Again, the two orthogonal approaches: split GFP and SNAPR reporter use different constructs and methods, yet converge on similar results. Perhaps, the incredulity of the reviewer might be more productively directed at the current data “demonstrating” the translocation of LC in the synaptic button?

      (7) The authors could also use an essay on neurotransmitter release monitoring by electrophysiology measurements to check the functional consequences of the kinetic diffusion of LC activity along the axon. Can the authors exclude that some toxin molecules translocate from the endocytic vesicles and block neurotransmission within minutes or a few hours?

      It is well established that inhibition of neurotransmission does not occur within minutes in vivo and in vitro, but rather within hours or even days. This kinetic delay is experienced by many patients and is one of the key argument against the current model of self-translocation at the synaptic vesicle level.

      Minor remarks

      Thank you for pointing out all these.

      (1) Please check typos. There are many. Check space before the parenthesis, between numbers and h (hours), reference style etc.

      Thank you. We have reviewed the text and try to eliminate all these instances.

      (2) Line 90: The C of HC should be capitalized.

      Fixed

      (3) Line 107: add space between "neurons(Donato".

      Fixed

      (4) Line 109: space "72 h".

      Fixed

      (5) Line 115: a word is missing ? ...to show retro-axonal... ? Please clarify this sentence.

      Fixed

      (6) Figure 1E: does nm refer to nM (nanomolar)? Please correct. No mention of panel F.

      Fixed

      (7) Line 161: do you mean ~16 µm/h? Please correct.

      Fixed

      (8) Line 168, words are missing.

      Fixed, thank you

      We verified that Cyt-mNG1-10 was expressed using the HA tag, the expression was homogeneously distributed in differentiated neurons and we observed no GFP signal (Figure2C).

      (9) Line 171: Isn't mNG 11 the eleventh beta strand of the neon green fluorescent protein, not alpha helix? Otherwise, can the authors confirm it acquires the shape of an alpha helix? Same at line 326.

      We have corrected the mistake; thanks for pointing it out.

      (10) Figure 2 is doubled. The legend of Fig 2 refers to Figure 3. There is no legend for Figure 2. Then, some figures are shifted in their numbering.

      Fixed

      (11) The fluorescence in the cell body must appear before the fluorescence in the axon due to higher volume. Please discuss.

      The fluorescence progresses in the neurites extensions in a centripetal fashion. The volume of the neurite near the cell body is not significantly different from the end of the neurite. Thus the fluorescence data is consistent with translocation in soma and not with an effect due to higher volume in the soma.

      (12) Figure 2D, right: the term intoxication is improper for this experiment. Rather, it is the presence of the BoNT/A-mNG11 that is detected. I believe the authors should be particularly careful about the use of terms: intoxication means blockade of neurosecretion, SNAPR cleavage means activity etc.

      While the reviewer is correct that it is the presence of BoNT/A-mNG11 that is detected, it remains that it is an active toxin, so the neurons are effectively intoxicated; as they are when we use the wild type toxin. We do not imply that we are measuring intoxication, but simply that the neurons are put into contact with a toxin.

      (13) Line 196: Should we read TXNRD1 is required for BoNT/A LC translocation? TXNRD1 in the current model of translocation is located in the cytoplasm and is supposed to play a role in the cleavage of the disulfide bond linking LC to HC. In the model proposed by this study, LC is translocated through the Sec61 translocon. In this case, I would assume that the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) in the endoplasmic reticulum would reduce the LC-HC disulfide bond. In that case, TXNRD1 would not be required anymore. Please discuss.

      Why should we assume that a PDI is involved in the reduction of the LC-HC disulfide bond? In our previous studies on A-B toxins (PE and Ricin), different reduction systems seemed to be at play. There is no conceptual imperative to assume reduction in the ER because the Sec61 translocon is implicated. Reduction might occur on the cytosolic side by TXNRD1 or the effect of this reductase could be indirect.

      (14) The legend of Figure 4 (in principle Figure 5?) is not matching with the panels and panel entries are missing (Figure 4F in particular).

      Fixed

      (15) Figure 6 panels E and H, please match colors with legend (grey and another color).

      Not clear

      (16) Please indicate BoNT/A construct concentrations in all Figure legends.

      Done

      (17) Line 416: isn't SV2 also involved in epilepsy?

      Yes it is.

      (18) Line 433: as above, shouldn't the disulfide bond linking LC to HC be cleaved by PDI in the ER in this model (as for other translocating bacterial toxins) rather than by thioredoxin reductases in the cytoplasm? Please discuss.

      See above

      (19) Identification of vATPase in the screen could be consistent with the endocytic vesicle acidification model of translocation.

      Yes

      (20) Did the authors add KCl in screening controls without toxins? This should be detailed in the Materials and Methods. Could there be a KCl effect on the cells? KCl exposure for 48 hours may be highly stressful for cells. The KCl exposure should last only several minutes for toxin entry.

      We did not observe significant cell detah with the cell culture conditions used. Cell viability was controlled at multiple stages using nuclei number for instance

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Main comments: (1) In Figure 1B: could you devise a means to prevent proteosomal degradation of the tGFP cleaved part to assess whether this is formed?

      We have also used a FRET assay after tintoxication and obtained similar results

      (2) Line 152: Where it reads "was not surprising", maybe I missed something, but to me, this is indeed surprising. If the toxin is rapidly internalized and translocated (therefore, it is able to cleave SNAP25), the fact that tGFP requires 48 hours to be degraded seems surprising to me. Or does it mean that the toxin also slows down the degradation of the tGFP fragment? So, how can you differentiate between the effect being on cleavage of the fragment or in tGFP degradation?

      The reviewer is correct, the “not” was a typo due to re-writting; the long delay between adding the toxin and observing cleavage was suprising indeed. Our interpretation is that it is trafficking that takes time, indeed, the split-GFP data kinetics indicates that the toxin takes about 48h to fill up the entire cytosol (Fig. 2D).

      (3) Regarding the effect of Sec61G knockdown, is it possible that the observed effects are indirect and not due to the translocon being directly responsible for translocating the protein?

      As discussed in the last part of the results,Sec61 knock-down results in block of intoxication, but does not prevent BonT from reaching the lumen of the ER (Figure 6G,H). Thus, Sec61 is “is instrumental to the translocation of BoNT/A LC into the neuronal cytosol at the soma.”

      Minor comments:

      (1) Fig. 3E: in the legend I think one of the NT3+ should be NT3-.

      Yes, thanks for spotting it

      (2) Would you consider adding Figure S4 as a main figure?

      Thanks for the suggestion

      (3) Please, check that all microscopy image panels have scale bars.

      Done

      (4) Figure 6B (bottom panes): why does it seem that there is a lot of mNeonGreen positive signal in regions that are not positive for HA? Shouldn't complementation keep HA in the complemented protein.

      Our assumption i sthat there is an excess of receptor protein (HA tag) over reconstituted protein (GFP protein) given the relatively low concentration of toxin being internalized and translocated Refs: (1) Pirazzini M, Azarnia Tehran D, Leka O, Zanetti G, Rossetto O, Montecucco C. On the translocation of botulinum and tetanus neurotoxins across the membrane of acidic intracellular compartments. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016 Mar;1858(3):467–474. PMID: 26307528

      (2) Pirazzini M, Rossetto O, Eleopra R, Montecucco C. Botulinum Neurotoxins: Biology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Pharmacol Rev. 2017 Apr;69(2):200–235. PMCID: PMC5394922

      (3) Dong M, Masuyer G, Stenmark P. Botulinum and Tetanus Neurotoxins. Annu Rev Biochem. Annual Reviews; 2019 Jun 20;88(1):811–837.

      (4) Rossetto O, Pirazzini M, Fabris F, Montecucco C. Botulinum Neurotoxins: Mechanism of Action. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2021;263:35–47. PMCID: 6671090

      (5) Williams JM, Tsai B. Intracellular trafficking of bacterial toxins. Curr Opin Cell Biol. 2016 Aug;41:51–56. PMCID: PMC4983527

      (6) Mesquita FS, van der Goot FG, Sergeeva OA. Mammalian membrane trafficking as seen through the lens of bacterial toxins. Cell Microbiol. 2020 Apr;22(4):e13167. PMCID: PMC7154709

      (7) Hoch DH, Romero-Mira M, Ehrlich BE, Finkelstein A, DasGupta BR, Simpson LL. Channels formed by botulinum, tetanus, and diphtheria toxins in planar lipid bilayers: relevance to translocation of proteins across membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1985 Mar;82(6):1692–1696. PMCID: PMC397338

      (8) Donovan JJ, Middlebrook JL. Ion-conducting channels produced by botulinum toxin in planar lipid membranes. Biochemistry. 1986 May 20;25(10):2872–2876. PMID: 2424493

      (9) Fischer A, Montal M. Single molecule detection of intermediates during botulinum neurotoxin translocation across membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 Jun 19;104(25):10447–10452. PMCID: PMC1965533

      (10) Fischer A, Nakai Y, Eubanks LM, Clancy CM, Tepp WH, Pellett S, Dickerson TJ, Johnson EA, Janda KD, Montal M. Bimodal modulation of the botulinum neurotoxin protein-conducting channel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 Feb 3;106(5):1330–1335. PMCID: PMC2635780

      (11) Fischer A, Montal M. Crucial role of the disulfide bridge between botulinum neurotoxin light and heavy chains in protease translocation across membranes. J Biol Chem. 2007Oct 5;282(40):29604–29611. PMID: 17666397

      (12) Koriazova LK, Montal M. Translocation of botulinum neurotoxin light chain protease through the heavy chain channel. Nature structural biology. 2003. p. 13–18. PMID: 12459720

      (13) Moreau D, Kumar P, Wang SC, Chaumet A, Chew SY, Chevalley H, Bard F.Genome-wide RNAi screens identify genes required for Ricin and PE intoxications. Dev Cell. 2011 Aug 16;21(2):231–244. PMID: 21782526

      (14) Bassik MC, Kampmann M, Lebbink RJ, Wang S, Hein MY, Poser I, Weibezahn J, Horlbeck MA, Chen S, Mann M, Hyman AA, Leproust EM, McManus MT, Weissman JS. A systematic mammalian genetic interaction map reveals pathways underlying ricin susceptibility. Cell. 2013 Feb 14;152(4):909–922. PMCID: PMC3652613

      (15) Tian S, Muneeruddin K, Choi MY, Tao L, Bhuiyan RH, Ohmi Y, Furukawa K, Furukawa K, Boland S, Shaffer SA, Adam RM, Dong M. Genome-wide CRISPR screens for Shiga toxins and ricin reveal Golgi proteins critical for glycosylation. PLoS Biol. 2018 Nov;16(11):e2006951. PMCID: PMC6258472

    1. BBC highly critical of Humane AI Pin, just like [[Humane AI Pin review not even close]] I noted earlier. Explicitly ties this to the expectations of [[rabbit — home]] too, which is a similar device. Issue here is I think similar to other devices like voice devices in your home. Not smart enough at the edge, too generic to be of use as [[small band AI personal assistant]] leading to using it for at most 2 or 3 very basic things (weather forecast, time, start playlist usually, and at home perhaps switching on a light), that don't justify the price tag .

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1:

      I will summarize my comments and suggestions below.

      (1) Abstract:

      "Non-catalytic (pseudo)kinase signaling mechanisms have been described in metazoans, but information is scarce for plants." To the best of my understanding EFR is an active protein kinase in vitro and in vivo and cannot be considered a pseudokinase. Consider rephrasing.

      We rephrased to: “Non-catalytic signaling mechanisms of protein kinase domains have been described in metazoans, but information is scarce for plants.”

      (2) Page 4: It should be noted, that while membrane associated Rap-RiD systems have been used in planta to activate receptor kinase intracellular domains by promoting interaction with a co-receptor kinase domain, this system does not resemble the actual activation mechanism in the plasma membrane. This would be worth discussing when introducing the system. For example, the first substrates of the RK signaling complex may also be membrane associated and not freely diffuse in solution, which may be important for enzyme-substrate interaction.

      We inserted on page 4: “The RiD system was previously applied in planta, maintaining membrane-association by N-terminal myristoylation (Kim et al., 2021). For the in vitro experiments, the myristoylation sites were excluded to facilitate the production of recombinant protein.”

      (3) Page 4 and Fig 1: The catalytic Asp in BRI1 is D1027 and not D1009 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21289069/). Please check and prepare the correct mutant protein if needed.

      We clarified this in the text by stating that we mutated the HRD-aspartate to asparagine in all our catalytic-dead mutants: “Kinase-dead variants with the catalytic residue (HRD-aspartate) replaced by asparagine (EFRD849N and BRI1D1009N), had distinct effects […]”. D1027 in BRI1 is the DFG-Asp, which was not mutated in our study.

      (4) Page 4 and Fig 1: Is BIK1 a known component of the BR signaling pathway and a direct BRI1 substrate? Or in other words how specific is the trans-phosphorylation assay? In my opinion, a more suitable substrate for BRI1/BAK1 would be BSK1 or BSK3 (for example https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30615605/).

      Kinase-dead BIK1 is a reported substrate of BRI1. We clarified this in the results section by inserting: “BIK1 was chosen as it is reported substrate of both, EFR/BAK1 and BRI1/BAK1 complexes (Lin et al., 2013).”

      (5) Fig. 1B Why is BIK1 D202N partially phosphorylated in the absence of Rap? I would suggest to add control lanes showing BRI1, EFR, FLS2, BAK1 and BIK1 in isolation. Given that a nice in vitro activation system with purified components is available, why not compare the different enzyme kinetics rather than band intensities at only 1 enzyme : substrate ratio?

      BIK1 D202N is partially phosphorylated due to the presence of active BAK1 that is capable of transphosphorylating BIK1 D202N as it has been reported in a previous study: (DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0471-x).

      (6) Page 4 and Fig 1: Is the kinase dead variant of EFR indeed kinase dead? I could still see a decent autorad signal for this mutant when expressed in E. coli (Fig 1 A in Bender et al., 2021; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34531323/)? If this mutant is not completely inactive, could this change the interpretation of the experiments performed with the mutant protein in vitro and in planta in the current manuscript? In my opinion, it could be possible that a partially active EFR mutant can be further activated by BAK1, and in turn can phosphorylate BIK1 D202N. The differences in autorad signal for BRI1D1009?N and EFRD849N is very small, and the entire mechanism hinges on this difference.

      We would like to emphasize that the mechanism hinges on the difference between non-dimerized and dimerized kinase domains in the in vitro kinase assay. BRI1 D1009N fails to enhance BIK1 D202N trans-phosphorylation compared to the non-dimerized sample, while EFR D849N is still capable of enhancing BIK1 transphosphorylation upon dimerization as indicated by quantification of autorads (Figure 1B/C). We have also addressed this point in a section on the limitations of our study.

      (7) Fig 1B. "Our findings therefore support the hypothesis that EFR increases BIK1 phosphorylation by allosterically activating the BAK1 kinase domain." To the best of my understanding presence of wild-type EFR in the EFR-BAK1 signaling complex leads to much better phosphorylation of BIK1D202N when compared to the EFRD849N mutant. How does that support the allosteric mechanism? By assuming that the D849N mutant is in an inactive conformation and fully catalytically inactive (see above)? Again, I think the data could also be interpreted in such a way that the small difference in autorad signal for BIK1 between BRI1 inactive (but see above) and ERF inactive are due to EFR not being completely kinase dead (see above), rather than EFR being an allosteric regulator. To clarify this point I would suggest to a) perform quantitative auto- and trans-(generic substrate) phosphorylation assays with wt and D849N EFR to derive enzyme kinetic parameters, to (2) include the EFRD849 mutant in the HDX analysis and (3) to generate transgenic lines for EFRD489N/F761H/Y836F // EFRD489N/F761H/SSAA and compare them to the existing lines in Fig. 3.

      Mutations of proteins, especially those that require conformational plasticity for their function can have pleiotropic effects as the mutation may affect the conformational plasticity and consequently catalytic and non-catalytic functions that depend on the conformational plasticity. In such cases, it is difficult to fully untangle catalytic and non-catalytic functions. Coming back to EFR D849N, the D849N mutation may also impact the non-catalytic function by altering the conformational plasticity, explaining the difference observed in EFR vs EFR D849N. As you rightly suggested, HDX would be a way to address this but would still not clarify whether catalytic activity contributes to activation. We instead attempted to produce analog sensitive EFR variants for in vivo characterization of EFR-targeted catalytic inhibition. Unfortunately, we failed in producing an analog-sensitive variant for which we could show ATP-analog binding. To address your concern, we inserted a section on limitations of the study.

      (8) Fig. 2B,C, supplement 3 C,D. Has it been assessed if the different EFR versions were expressed to similar protein levels and still localized to the PM?

      Localization of the mutant receptors has not been explicitly evaluated by confocal microscopy. However, the selected mutation EFRF761H is shown to accumulate in stable Arabidopsis lines (Figure 3 – Supplement 1C) and BAK1 could be coIPed by all EFR variants upon elf18-treatment (Figure 3 B), indicating plasma membrane localization.

      (9) How the active-like conformation of EFR is in turn activating BAK1 is poorly characterized, but appears to be the main step in the activation of the receptor complex. Extending the HDX analyses to resting and Rap-activated receptor complexes could be a first step to address this question. I tried to come up with an experimental plan to test if indeed the kinase activity of BAK1 and not of EFR is essential for signal propagation, but this is a complex issue. You would need to be able to mimic an activated form of EFR (which you can), to make sure its inactive (possibly, see above) and likewise to engineer a catalytically inactive form of BAK1 in an active-like state (difficult). As such a decisive experiment is difficult to implement, I would suggest to discuss different possible interpretations of the existing data and alternative scenarios in the discussion section of the manuscript.

      We addressed your concern whether BAK1 kinase activity is essential for signaling propagation by pairing EFRF761H and BAK1D416N (Figure 4 Supplement 2 C) which fails to induce signaling. In this case, EFRF761H is in its activated conformation but cannot activate downstream signaling. We also attempted to address your concern by an in vitro kinase assay by pairing EFR and BAK1D416N and using a range of concentrations of the substrate BIK1D202N. We observed that catalytic activity of BAK1 but not EFR was essential for BIK1 phosphorylation. However, this experiment does not address whether activated EFR can efficiently propagate signaling in the absence of BAK1 catalytic activity. In the limitations of the study section, we now discuss the catalytic importance of EFR for signaling activation.

      Author response image 1.

      BIK1 trans-phosphorylation depends on BAK1 catalytic activity. Increasing concentrations of BIK1 D202N were used as substrate for Rap-induced dimers of EFR-BAK1, EFR D849N-BAK1, and EFR-BAK1 D416N respectively. BIK1 trans-phosphorylation depended on the catalytic activity of BAK1. Proteins were purified from E. coli λPP cells. Three experiments yielded similar results of which a representative is shown here.

      Reviewer #2:

      All of my suggestions are minor.

      Figure 1B, I think it would be more useful to readers to explain the amino acid in the D-N change, rather than just call it D-to-N? Also, please label the bands on the stained gel; the shift on FKBP-BRI1 and FKBP-EFR are noticeable on the Coomassie stain.

      We implemented your suggestions.

      Figure 1-Supplement 1. There is still a signal in pS612 BAK1 (it states 'also failed to induce BAK1 S612 phosphorylation' in the text, which is not quite correct). Also, could mention the gel shift seen in BAK1, which appears absent in Y836F.

      We corrected the text which now states: “To test whether the requirement for Y836 phosphorylation is similar, we immunoprecipitated EFR-GFP and EFRY836F-GFP from mock- or elf18-treated seedlings and probed co-immunoprecipitated BAK1 for S612 phosphorylation. EFRY836F also obstructed the induction of BAK1 S612 phosphorylation (Figure 1 – Supplement 1), indicating that EFRY836F and EFRSSAA impair receptor complex activation.” The gel shift of BAK1 you pointed out was not observed in replications and thus we prefer not to comment on it.

      Figure 2 and 3 are full of a, b, c,d's, which I don't understand. Sorry

      We used uppercase letters to indicate subpanels and lowercase letters to indicate the results of the statistical testing. In the figure caption, we have clarified that the lowercase letters refer to statistical comparisons.

      Figure 2 A. If each point on the x-axis is one amino acid, I think it would again be useful to name the amino acids that the gold or purple or blue colored lines extend through.

      Each point stands for a peptide which are sorted by position of their starting amino acid from N-terminus to C-terminus. We now added plots of HDX for individual peptides that correspond to the highlighted region in subpanel A.

      Figure Supplement 1 is very small for what it is trying to show, even on the printed page. If this residue were to be phosphorylated, what would happen to the H-bond?

      We suppose that VIa-Tyr phosphorylation would break the H-bond and causes displacement of the aC-b4 loop. Recent studies, published after our submission, highlight the importance of this loop for substrate coordination and ATP binding. Thus, phosphorylation of VIa-Tyr and displacing this loop may render the kinase rather unproductive. We have expanded the discussion to include this point.

      Figure 2B: Tyr 836 is not present in any of the alignments in Figure 2A. This should be rectified, because the text talks about the similarity to Tyr 156 in PKA.

      We have adjusted the alignments such that they now contain the VIa-Tyr residues of EFR and PKA.

      Figure 4D. Is there any particular reason that these Blots are so hard to compare or FKBP and BAK1?

      We assume it is referred to Figure 4 – Supplement 2 D. FKBP-EFR and FRB-BAK1 both are approximately the size of RubisCo, the most abundant protein in plant protein samples and which overlay the FKBP- and FRB-tagged kinase. Thus, it is difficult to detect these proteins.

      Reviewer #3:

      (1) The paper reporting the allosteric activation mechanism of EGFR should be cited.

      Will be included.

      (2)The authors showed that "Rap addition increased BIK1 D202N phosphorylation when the BRI1 or EFR kinase domains were dimerized with BAK1, but no such effect was observed with FLS2". Please explain why FLS2 failed to enhance BIK1 transphosphorylation by Rap treatment?

      Even though BIK1 is a reported downstream signaling component of FLS2/BAK1, it might be not the most relevant downstream signaling component and rather related RLCKs, like PBL1, might be better substrates for dimerized FLS2/BAK1. We haven’t tested this, however. Alternatively, the purified FLS2 kinase domain might be labile and quickly unfolds even though it was kept on ice until the start of the assay, or the N-terminal FKBP-tag may disrupt function. As the reason for our observation is not clear, we have removed FLS2 in vitro dimerization experiments from the manuscript.

      (3) Based solely on the data presented in Figure 1, it can be concluded that EFR's kinase activity is not required to facilitate BIK1 transphosphorylation. Therefore, the title of Figure 1, "EFR Allosterically Activates BAK1," may be inappropriate.

      We have changed the figure title to: “EFR facilitates BIK1 trans-phosphorylation by BAK1 non-catalytically.”

      (4) In Figure 1- Supplement 1, I could not find any bands in anti-GFP and anti-BAK1 pS612 of input. Please redo it.

      Indeed, we could not detect protein in the input samples of this experiment. BAK1 S612 phosphorylation is an activation mark and not necessarily expected to be abundant enough for detection in input samples. EFR-GFP, however, is usually detected in input samples and is reported in Macho et al. 2014 from which manuscript these lines come. Why EFR-GFP is not detected in this set of experiments is unclear but, in our opinion, does not detract from the conclusions drawn since similar amounts of EFR-GFP are pulled-down across all samples.

      (5) For Figure 2A, please mark the structure represented by each color directly in the figure.

      We have made the suggested change.

      (6) Please modify "EFRF761/Y836F and EFRF761H/SSAA restore BIK1 trans-phosphorylation" to "EFRF761H/Y836F and EFRF761H/SSAA restore BIK1 trans-phosphorylation".

      Thank you for spotting this. We changed it.

      (7) The HDX-MS analysis demonstrated that the EFR (Y836F) mutation inhibits the formation of the active-like conformation. Conversely, the EFR (F761H) mutation serves as a potent intragenic suppressor, significantly stabilizing the active-like conformation. Confirming through HDX-MS conformational testing that the EFR (Y836F F761H) double mutation does not hinder the formation of the active-like EFR kinase conformation would greatly strengthen the conclusions of the article.

      Response: We agree that this is beneficial, and we attempted to do it but failed to produce enough protein for HDX-MS analysis. We stated this now in an extra section of the paper (“Limitations of the study”).

    1. How do you think attribution should work when copying and reusing content on social media (like if you post a meme or gif on social media)? When is it ok to not cite sources for content? When should sources be cited, and how should they be cited?

      I believe attribution is a must for any usage of any content that is created by other people because without crediting those creators, it will demotivate those people when the person using their work gains more views or money. When the sources need to be cited, it should be as simple as tagging (putting the creator tag) on the post.

    1. Der Bericht des Copernikus Climate Change Service über 2023 ist lact Direktor Carlo Buontempo "ein dramatisches Zeugnis dafür, wie weit weil wir uns von dem Klima entfernt haben, in dem sich die menschliche Zivilisation entwickelt hat". Viele Kimaforschende waren davon überrascht, wie deutlich die Temperaturrekorde des Jahres 2023 über denen der vorangegangenen Jahre lagen.Auch Zahl und Ausmaß von Extremwetterereignissen übertrafen die Erwartungen. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/jan/09/2023-record-world-hottest-climate-fossil-fuel

      Mehr zu den Copernicus-Daten für 2023: https://hypothes.is/search?q=tag%3A%22Global%20Climate%20Highlights%202023%22

    1. Das Europäische Klima-Bebachtungsprogramm Copernicus hat die wichtigsten Daten zum Jahr 2023 zusammengefasst. Im heissesten Jahr seit Beginn der Aufzeichnungen war es im Durchschnitt 1,48° wärmer als in der vorindustriellen Zeit. Jeder einzelne Tag war mindestens 1° wärmer. Eine Vielzahl von Extremwetterereignissen sind auf die Rekordtemperaturen zurückzuführen. https://www.derstandard.at/story/3000000202321/2023-war-es-waermer-als-in-den-vergangenen-100000-jahren

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Specific comments to improve the quality of the work:

      (1) The choice of subunits to tag are really not ideal. In the available structures of the human proteasome, The C-terminus of Rpn3/PSMD3 points directly toward the ATPase pore and is likely to disrupt the structure and/or dynamics of the proteasome during proteolysis (see comments regarding controls for functionality below). Similarly, the C-terminal tail of Rpt1/PSMC2 has a key role in the opening of the 20S core particle gate for substrate translocation and processing (see 2018 Nature Communications, 9:1360 and 2018 Cell Reports 24:1301-1315), and Alpha3/PSMA4 can be substituted by a second copy of Alpha4/PSMA7 in some conditions (although tagging Alpha3/PSMA4 would admittedly provide a picture of the canonical proteasome interactome while actively excluding the interactome of the non-canonical proteasomes that form via replacement of Alpha3/PSMA4). Comparison of these cell lines with lines harboring tags on subunits that are commonly used for tagging in the field because of a lack of impacts, such as the N-terminus of Rpn1/PSMD2, the C-terminus of Rpn11/PSMD14, and the C-terminus of Beta4/PSMB2 would help instill confidence that the interactome reported largely arises from mature, functional proteasomes rather than subcomplexes, defective proteasomes, or other species that may occur due to tagging at these positions.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. The original purpose of our strategy was to establish proximity labeling of proteasomes to enable applications both in cell culture and in vivo. The choice of PSMA4 and PSMC2 was dictated by previous successful tagging with GFP in mammalian cells (Salomons et al., Exp Cell Res 2010)(Bingol and Schuman, Nature 2006). However, the choice of C-terminal PSMC2 might have been not optimal. HEK293 cells overexpressing PSMC2-BirA show slower growth and the BioID data retrieve higher enrichment of assembly factors suggesting slower assembly of this fusion protein in proteasome. Although we did not observe a negative impact on overall proteasome activity and PSMC2-BirA was (at least in part) incorporated into fully assembled proteasomes as indicated by enrichment of 20S proteins.We apologize for not making it clear that we labeled the N-terminus of PSMD3/Rpn3 and not the C-terminus (Figure 1a and S1a). Therefore, we included in Figure S1a of the revised manuscript structures of the proteasome where the tagged subunit termini are highlighted: C-terminus for PSMA4 and PSMC2 and N-terminus for PSMD3. Additionally, we would like to point out that, differently from PSMC2-BirA, cells expressing BirA-PSMD3 did not show slower growth, and BioID data showed a more homogenous enrichment of both 19S and 20S proteins, as compared to PSMC2-BirA (Figure 1D and 1E). However, the overall level of enrichment of proteasome subunits was not comparable to PSMA4-BirA and, therefore, we opted for focusing the rest of the manuscript on this construct.

      In support of this point, the data provided in Figure 1E in which the change in the abundances of each proteasome subunit in the tagged line vs. the BirA control line demonstrates substantial enrichment of the subcomplexes of the proteasome that are tagged in each case; this effect may represent the known feedback-mediated upregulation of new proteasome subunit synthesis that occurs when proteasomal proteolysis is impaired, or alternatively, the accumulation of subcomplexes containing the tagged subunit that cannot readily incorporate into mature proteasomes. Acknowledging this limitation in the text would be valuable to readers who are less familiar with the proteasome.

      We would like to clarify that the data shown in Figure 1E do not represent whole proteome data, but rather log2 fold changes vs. BirA* control calculated on streptavidin enrichment samples. The differences in the enrichment of the various subcomplexes between cell lines derives from the fact that the effect size of the enrichment depends on both protein abundance in the isolated complexes, but also on the efficiency of biotinylation. The latter will be higher for proteins located in closer proximity to the bait. A similar observation was pointed out in a recent publication (PMID:36410438) that compared BioID and Co-IP for the same bait. When a component of the nuclear pore complex (Nup158) was analyzed by BioID only the more proximal proteins were enriched as compared to the whole complex in Co-IP data (Author response image 1):

      Author response image 1.

      Proteins identified in the NUP158 BioID or pulldown experiments are filled in red or light red for significance intervals A or B, respectively. The bait protein NUP158 is filled in yellow. Proteins enriched in the pulldown falling outside the SigA/B cutoff are filled in gray. NPC, nuclear pore complex. SigA, significant class A; SigB, significant class B. Reproduced from Figure 6 of PMID: 36410438.

      However, we would like to point out that despite quantitative differences between different proteasome subunits, both 19S and 20S proteins were found to be strongly enriched (typically >2 fold) in all the constructs compared to BirA* control line (Figure 1E). This indicates that at least a fraction of all the tagged subunits are incorporated into fully assembled proteasomes.

      Regarding the upregulation of proteasome subunits as a consequence of proteasome dysfunction, we did not find evidence of this, at least in the case of PSMA4. The immunoblot shown in Figure 2A and its quantification in S3A indicate no increased abundance of endogenous PSMA4 upon tetracycline induction of PSMA4-BirA*.

      (2) The use of myc as a substrate of the proteasome for demonstration that proteolysis is unaffected is perhaps not ideal. Myc is known to be degraded via both ubiquitin-dependent and ubiquitin-independent mechanisms, such that disruption of one means of degradation (e.g., ubiquitin-dependent degradation) via a given tag could potentially be compensated by another. A good example of this is that the C-terminal tagging of PSMC2/Rpt1 is likely to disrupt interaction between the core particle and the regulatory particle (as suggested in Fig. 1D); this may free up the core particle for ubiquitin-independent degradation of myc.

      Aside from using specific reporters for ubiquitin-dependent vs. independent degradation or a larger panel of known substrates, analysis of the abundance of K48-ubiquitinated proteins in the control vs. tag lines would provide additional evidence as to whether or not proteolysis is generally perturbed in the tag lines.

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have included an immunoblot analysis showing that the levels of K48 ubiquitylation (Figure S3d) are not affected by the expression of tagged PSMA4.

      (3) On pg. 8 near the bottom, the authors accidentally refer to ARMC6 as ARMC1 in one instance.

      We have corrected the mistake.

      (4) On pg. 10, the authors explain that they analyzed the interactome for all major mouse organs except the brain; although they explain in the discussion section why the brain was excluded, including this explanation on pg. 10 here instead of in the discussion might be a better place to discuss this.

      We moved the explanation from the discussion to the results part.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) Perhaps the authors can quantify the fraction of unassembled PSMA4-BirA* from the SEC experiment (Fig. 2b) to give the readers a feeling for how large a problem this could be.

      The percentages based on Area Under the Curve calculations have been added to Figure S3b.

      (2) Do the authors observe any difference in the enrichment scores between proteins that are known to interact with the proteasome vs proteins that the authors can justify as "interactors of interactors" vs the completely new potential interactors? This could be an interesting way to show that the potential new interactors are not simply because of poor false positive rate calibration, but that they behave in the same way as the other populations.

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We analyzed the enrichment scores for 20S proteasome subunits, known PIPs, first neighbors and the remaining enriched proteins. The remaining proteins (potential new interactors) have very similar scores as the first neighbors of known interactors. This plot has been added to Figure S3g.

      (3) Did the authors try to train a logistic model for the miniTurbo experiments, like it was done for the BirA* experiments? Perhaps combining the results of both experiments would yield higher confidence on the proteasome interactors.

      Following the reviewers suggestion, we applied the classifier on the dataset of the comparison between miniTurbo and PSMA-miniTurbo. We found a clear separation between the FPR and the TPR with 136 protein groups enriched in PSMA-miniTurbo. We have added the classifier and corresponding ROC curve to Figure S4f and S4g.

      75 protein groups were found to be enriched for both PSMA4-BirA* and PSMA4-miniTurbo (Author response image 2), including the proteasome core particles, regulatory particles, known interactors and potential new interactors. As we focused more on the identification of substrates with PSMA4-miniTurbo, we did not pursue these overlapping protein groups further, but rather used the comparison to the mouse model to identify potential new interactors.

      Author response image 2.

      Overlap between ProteasomeID enriched proteins (fpr<0.05) between PSMA4-BirA* and PSMA4-miniTurbo.

      (4) Perhaps this is already known, but did the authors check if MG132 affect proteasome assembly? The authors could for example repeat their SEC experiments in the presence of MG132.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion, however to our knowledge there are no reports that MG132 has an effect on the assembly of the proteasome. MG132 is one of the most used proteasome inhibitors in basic research and as such has been extensively characterized in the last 3 decades. The small peptide aldehyde acts as a substrate analogue and binds directly to the active site of the protease PSMB5/β5. We therefore think it is unlikely that MG132 is interfering with the assembly of the proteasome.

      (5) Minor comment: at the bottom of page 8, the authors probably mean ARMC6 and not ARMC1.

      We have corrected the mistake.

      (6) It would be interesting to expand the analysis of the already acquired in vivo data to try to identify tissue-specific proteasome interactors. Can the authors draw a four-way Venn diagram with the interactors of each tissue?

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have generated an UpSet plot showing the overlap of ProteasomeID enriched proteins in the four tissues that gave us meaningful results (Author response image 3). In order to investigate whether the observed differences in ProteasomeID enriched proteins could be meaningful in terms of proteasome biology, we have highlighted proteins belonging to the UPS that show tissue specific enrichments. We found proteasome activators such as PSME1/PA28alpha and PSME2/PA28beta to enrich preferentially in kidney and liver, respectively, as well as multiple deubiquitinases to enrich preferentially in the heart. These differences might be related to the specific cellular composition of the different tissues, e.g., number of immune cells present, or the tissue-specific interaction of proteasomes with enzymes involved in the ubiquitin cycle. Given the rather preliminary nature of these findings, we have opted for not including this figure in the main manuscript, but rather include it only in this rebuttal letter.

      Author response image 3.

      Upset plot showing overlap between ProteasomeID enriched proteins in different mouse organs.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) In the first paragraph of the Introduction, the authors link cellular senescence caused by partial proteasome inhibition with the efficacy of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy. Although this is an interesting hypothesis, I am not aware of any direct evidence for this; rather, I believe the efficacy of bortezomib/carfilzomib in haematological malignancies is most commonly attributed to these cells having adapted to high levels of proteotoxic stress (e.g., chronic unfolded protein response activation). I would suggest rephrasing this sentence.

      We thank the reviewer for the comment and have amended the introduction.

      (2) For the initial validation experiments (e.g., Fig. 1B), have the authors checked what level of Streptavidin signal is obtained with "+ bio, - tet" ? Although I accept that the induction of PSMA4-BirA* upon doxycycline addition is clear from the anti-Flag blots, it would still be informative to ascertain what level of background labelling is obtained without induction (but in the presence of exogenous biotin).

      We tested four different conditions +/- tet and +/- biotin (24h) in PSMA4-BirA* cell lines (Author response image 4). As expected, biotinylation was most pronounced when tet and biotin were added. When biotin was omitted, streptavidin signal was the lowest regardless of the addition of tet. Compared to the -biotin conditions, a slight increase of streptavidin signal could be observed when biotin was added but tet was not added. This could be either due to the promoter leaking (PMID: 12869186) or traces of tetracycline in the FBS we used, as we did not specifically use tet-free FBS for our experiments.

      Author response image 4.

      Streptavidin-HRP immunoblot following induction of BirA fusion proteins with tetracycline (+tet) and supplementation of biotin (+bio). For the sample used as expression control tetracycline was omitted (-tet). To test background biotinylation, biotin supplementation was omitted (-bio). Immunoblot against BirA and PSMA was used to verify induction of fusion proteins, while GAPDH was used as loading control.

      (3) For the proteasome structure models in Fig. 1D, a scale bar would be useful to inform the reader of the expected 10 nm labelling radius (as the authors have done later, in Fig. 2D).

      We have added 10 nm scale bars to Figure 1d.

      (4) In the "Identification of proteasome substrates by ProteasomeID" Results subsection, I believe there is a typo where the authors refer to ARMC1 instead of ARMC6.

      We have corrected the mistake.

      (5) I think Fig. S5 was one of the most compelling in the manuscript. Given the interest in confirming on-target efficacy of targeted degradation modalities, as well as identifying potential off-target effects early-on in development, I would consider promoting this out of the supplement.

      We thank the reviewer for the comment and share the excitement about using ProteasomeID for targeted degradation screening. We have moved the data on PROTACs (Figure S5) into a new main Figure 5.

      In addition, in relation to the comment of this reviewer regarding the detection of endogenous substrates, we have now included validation for one more hit emerging from our analysis (TIGD5) and included the results in Figure 4f, 4g and S4j.

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Bartolome et al. present ProteasomeID, a novel method to identify components, interactors, and (potentially) substrates of the proteasome in cell lines and mouse models. As a major protein degradation machine that is highly conserved across eukaryotes, the proteasome has historically been assumed to be relatively homogeneous across biological scales (with few notable exceptions, e.g., immunoproteasomes and thymoproteasomes). However, a growing body of evidence suggests that there is some degree of heterogeneity in the composition of proteasomes across cell tissues, and can be highly dynamic in response to physiologic and pathologic stimuli. This work provides a methodological framework for investigating such sources of variation. The authors start by adapting the increasingly popular biotin ligation strategy for labelling proteins coming into close proximity with one of three different subunits of the proteasome, before proceeding with PSMA4 for further development and analysis based on their preliminary labelling data. In a series of well-constructed and convincing validation experiments, the authors go on to show that the tagged PSMA4 construct can be incorporated into functional proteasomes, and is able to label a broad set of known proteasome components and interacting proteins in HEK293T cells. They also attempt to identify novel proteasomal degradation substrates with ProteasomeID; while this was convincing for known substrates with particularly short half-lives, the results for substrates with longer half-lives were less clear. One of the most compelling results was from a similar experiment to confirm proteasomal degradation induced by a BRD-targeting PROTAC, which I think is likely to be of keen interest to the targeted degradation community. Finally, the authors establish a ProteasomeID mouse model, and demonstrate its utility across several tissues.

      Strengths:

      (1) ProteasomeID itself is an important step forward for researchers with an interest in protein turnover across biological scales (e.g., in sub-cellular compartments, in cells, in tissues, and whole organisms). I especially see interest from two communities: those studying fundamental proteostasis in physiological and pathologic processes (e.g., ageing; tissue-specific protein aggregation diseases), and those developing targeted protein degradation modalities (e.g., PROTACs; molecular glues). All the datasets generated and deposited here are likely to provide a rich resource to both. The HEK293T cell line data are a valuable proof-of-concept to allow expansion into more biologically-relevant cell culture settings; however, I envision the greatest innovation here to be the mouse model. For example, in the targeted protein degradation space, two major hurdles in early-stage pre-clinical development are (i) evaluation of degradation efficacy across disease-relevant tissues, and (ii) toxicity and safety implications caused by off-target degradation, e.g., of newly-identified molecular glues and/or in particularly-sensitive tissues. The ProteasomeID mouse allows early in vivo assessment of both these questions. The results of the BRD PROTAC experiment in 293T cells provides an excellent in vitro proof-of-concept for this approach.

      (2) The mass-spectrometry-based proteomics workflows used and presented throughout the manuscript are robust, rigorous, and convincing. For example, the algorithm the authors use for defining enrichment score cut-offs are logical and based on rational models, rather than on arbitrary cut-offs that are common for similar proteomics studies. The construction (and subsequent validation) of both BirA*- and miniTurbo- tagged PSMA4 variants also increases the utility of the method, allowing researchers to choose the variant with the labelling time-scale required for their particular research question.

      (3) The optimised BioID and TurboID protocol the authors develop (summarised in Fig. S2A) and validate (Fig. S2B-D) is likely to be of broad interest to cell and molecular biologists beyond the protein degradation field, given that proximity labelling is a current gold-standard in global protein:protein interaction profiling.

      Limitations:

      I think the authors do an excellent job in highlighting the limitations of ProteasomeID throughout the Results and Discussion. I do have some specific comments that might provide additional context for the reader.

      (1) The authors do a good job in showing that a substantial proportion of PSMA4-BirA* is incorporated into functional proteasome particles; however, it is not immediately clear to me how much background (false-positive IDs) might be contributed by the ~40 % of PSMA4-BirA* that is not incorporated into the mature core particle (based on the BirA* SEC-MS traces in Fig. 2b and S3b, i.e., the large peak ~ fraction 20). Are there any bands lower down in the native gel shown in Fig. 2c, i.e., corresponding to lower molecular weight complexes or monomeric PSMA4-BirA*? The enrichment of proteasome assembly factors in all the ProteasomeID experiments might suggest the presence of assembly intermediates, which might themselves become substrates for proteasomal degradation (as has been shown for other incompletely-assembled protein complexes, e.g., the ribosome, TRiC/CCT).

      (2) Although the authors attempt to show that BirA* tagging of PSMA4 does not interfere with proteasome activity (Fig. 2e-f), I think the experimental evidence for this is incomplete. They show that the overall chymotrypsin-like activity (attributable to PSMB5) in cells expressing PSMA4-BirA* is not markedly reduced compared with control BirA*-expressing cells. However, they do not show that the activity of the specific proteasome sub-population that contains PSMA4-BirA* is unaffected (e.g., by purifying this sub-population via the Flag tag). The proteasome activity of the sub-population of wild-type proteasome complexes that do not contain the PSMA4-BirA* (~50%, based on the earlier immunoblots) could account for the entire chymotrypsin-like activity-especially in the context of HEK293T cells, where steady-state proteasome levels are unlikely to be limiting. It would also be useful to assess any changes in tryspin- and caspase- like activities, especially as tagging of PSMA4 could conceivably interfere with the activity of some PSMB subunits, but not others.

      (3) I was left slightly unsure as to the general utility of ProteasomeID for identifying novel proteasomal substrates in homeostatic conditions--especially for proteins with longer half-lives. The cycloheximide chases in Fig. 4g/S4j are clear for MYC and TIGD5 (which have short half-lives), but are not so clear for ARMC6 and BRAT1: the reduction in the bands are modest, and might have been clearer with longer "chase" time-points. Furthermore, classifying candidates based on enrichment following proteasome inhibition with MG-132 have the potential to lead to a high number of false positives. ProteasomeID's utility in identifying potential substrates in more targeted settings (e.g., molecular glues, off-target PROTAC substrates) is far more apparent.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      In this study, the authors examined the role of IBTK, a substrate-binding adaptor of the CRL3 ubiquitin ligase complex, in modulating the activity of the eiF4F translation initiation complex. They find that IBTK mediates the non-degradative ubiquitination of eiF4A1, promotes cap-dependent translational initiation, nascent protein synthesis, oncogene expression, and tumor cell growth. Correspondingly, phosphorylation of IBTK by mTORC1/ S6K1 increases eIF4A1 ubiquitination and sustains oncogenic translation.

      Strengths:

      This study utilizes multiple biochemical, proteomic, functional, and cell biology assays to substantiate their results. Importantly, the work nominates IBTK as a unique substrate of mTORC1, and further validates eiF4A1 (a crucial subunit of the ei44F complex) as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Since IBTK interacts broadly with multiple members of the translational initial complex - it will be interesting to examine its role in eiF2alpha-mediated ER stress as well as eiF3-mediated translation. Additionally, since IBTK exerts pro-survival effects in multiple cell types, it will be of relevance to characterize the role of IBTK in mediating increased mTORC1 mediated translation in other tumor types, thus potentially impacting their treatment with eiF4F inhibitors.

      Limitations/Weaknesses:

      The findings are mostly well supported by data, but some areas need clarification and could potentially be enhanced with further experiments:

      (1) Since eiF4A1 appears to function downstream of IBTK1, can the effects of IBTK1 KO/KD in reducing puromycin incorporation (in Fig 3A), cap-dependent luciferase reporter activity (Fig 3G), reduced oncogene expression (Fig 4A) or 2D growth/ invasion assays (Fig 4) be overcome or bypassed by overexpressing eiF4A1? These could potentially be tested in future studies.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. As per the reviewer's suggestion, we conducted experiments where we overexpressed Myc-eIF4A1 in IBTK-KO SiHa cells. Our findings indicate that increasing levels of eIF4A1 through ectopic overexpression is unable to reverse the decrease in puromycin incorporation (Fig. S3C) and protein expression of eIF4A1 targets caused by IBTK ablation (Fig. S4E). These results clearly demonstrate that IBTK ablation-induced eIF4A1 dysfunctions cannot be rescued by simply elevating eIF4A1 protein levels. Given the above results are negative, the impacts of eIF4A1 overexpression on the 2D growth/invasion capacities of IBTK-KO cells were not further examined. We sincerely appreciate the reviewer's understanding regarding this matter.

      (2) The decrease in nascent protein synthesis in puromycin incorporation assays in Figure 3A suggest that the effects of IBTK KO are comparable to and additive with silvesterol. It would be of interest to examine whether silvesterol decreases nascent protein synthesis or increases stress granules in the IBTK KO cells stably expressing IBTK as well.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We have showed that silvestrol treatment still decreased nascent protein synthesis in IBTK-KO cells overexpressing FLAG-IBTK as well (Fig. S3B).

      (3) The data presented in Figure 5 regarding the role of mTORC1 in IBTK- mediated eiF4A1 ubiquitination needs further clarification on several points:

      • It is not clear if the experiments in Figure 5F with Phos-tag gels are using the FLAG-IBTK deletion mutant or the peptide containing the mTOR sites as it is mentioned on line 517, page 19 "To do so, we generated an IBTK deletion mutant (900-1150 aa) spanning the potential mTORC1-regulated phosphorylation sites" This needs further clarification.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. The IBTK deletion mutant used in Fig. 5F is FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. We have annotated it with smaller font size in the panel (red box) in Author response image 1.

      Author response image 1.

      • It may be of benefit to repeat the Phos tag experiments with full-length FLAG- IBTK and/or endogenous IBTK with molecular weight markers indicating the size of migrated bands.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We attempted to perform Phos-tag assays to detect the overexpressed full-length FLAG-IBTK or endogenous IBTK. However, we encountered difficulties in successfully transferring the full-length FLAG-IBTK or endogenous IBTK onto the nitrocellulose membrane during Phos-tag WB analysis. This is likely due to the limitations of this technique. Based on our experience, phos-tag gel is less efficient in detecting protein motility shifts with large molecular weights. As the molecular weight of IBTK protein is approximately 160 kDa, it falls within this category. Considering these technical constraints, we did not include Phos-tag assay results for full-length IBTK in our study. We sincerely appreciate the reviewer's understanding regarding this matter.

      The binding of Phos-tag to phosphorylated proteins induces a mobility shift during gel electrophoresis or protein separation techniques. This shift allows for the visualization and quantification of phosphorylated proteins separately from non-phosphorylated proteins. It's important to note that these mobility shifts indicate phosphorylation status, rather than actual molecular weights. pre- stained protein markers are typically used as a reference to assess the efficiency of protein transfer onto the membrane [Ref: 1]. Considering the aforementioned reasons, we did not add molecular weights to the WB images.

      Reference [1]. FUJIFILM Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, https://www.wako- chemicals.de/media/pdf/c7/5e/20/FUJIFILM-Wako_Phos-tag-R.pdf

      • Additionally, torin or Lambda phosphatase treatment may be used to confirm the specificity of the band in separate experiments.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. Torin1 is a synthetic mTOR inhibitor by preventing the binding of ATP to mTOR, leading to the inactivation of both mTORC1 and mTORC2, whereas rapamycin primarily targets mTORC1 activity and may inhibit mTORC2 in certain cell types after a prolonged treatment. We have identified that the predominant mediator of IBTK phosphorylation is the mTORC1/S6K1 complex. Therefore, in this context, we think that rapamycin is sufficient to inactivate the mTORC1/S6K1 pathway. As shown in Fig. 5F, the phosphorylated IBTK900-1150aa was markedly decreased while the non-phosphorylated form was simultaneously increased in rapamycin- treated cells. As per the reviewer's suggestion, we treated FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa overexpressed cells with lambda phosphatase. As shown in Fig. 5G, lambda phosphatase treatment completely abolished the mobility shifts of phosphorylated FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. Additionally, the lowest band displayed an abundant accumulation of the non-phosphorylated form of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. These findings confirm that the mobility shifts observed in WB analysis correspond to the phosphorylated forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa.

      • Phos-tag gels with the IBTK CRISPR KO line would also help confirm that the non-phosphorylated band is indeed IBTK.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. As we state above, we performed Phos-tag assays to detect the mobility shifts of phosphorylated FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. Anti-FLAG antibody, but not the anti-IBTK antibody was used for WB detection. This antibody does not exhibit cross-reactivity with endogenous IBTK.

      • It is unclear why the lower, phosphorylated bands seem to be increasing (rather than decreasing) with AA starvation/ Rapa in Fig 5H.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We think the panel the reviewer mentioned is Fig. 5F. According to the principle of Phos-tag assays, proteins with higher phosphorylation levels have slower migration rates on SDS-PAGE, while proteins with lower phosphorylation levels have faster migration rates.

      As shown in Author response image 2, the green box indicates the most phosphorylated forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa, the red box indicates the moderately phosphorylated forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa, and the yellow box indicates the non-phosphorylated forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. AA starvation or Rapamycin treatment reduced the hyperphosphorylated forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa (green box), while simultaneously increasing the hypophosphorylated (red box) and non- phosphorylated (yellow box) forms of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa. Thus, we conclude that AA starvation or Rapamycin treatment leads to a marked decrease in the phosphorylation levels of FLAG-IBTK900-1150aa.

      Author response image 2.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This study by Sun et al. identifies a novel role for IBTK in promoting cancer protein translation, through regulation of the translational helicase eIF4A1. Using a multifaceted approach, the authors demonstrate that IBTK interacts with and ubiquitinates eIF4A1 in a non-degradative manner, enhancing its activation downstream of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling. This represents a significant advance in elucidating the complex layers of dysregulated translational control in cancer.

      Strengths:

      A major strength of this work is the convincing biochemical evidence for a direct regulatory relationship between IBTK and eIF4A1. The authors utilize affinity purification and proximity labeling methods to comprehensively map the IBTK interactome, identifying eIF4A1 as a top hit. Importantly, they validate this interaction and the specificity for eIF4A1 over other eIF4 isoforms by co- immunoprecipitation in multiple cell lines. Building on this, they demonstrate that IBTK catalyzes non-degradative ubiquitination of eIF4A1 both in cells and in vitro through the E3 ligase activity of the CRL3-IBTK complex. Mapping IBTK phosphorylation sites and showing mTORC1/S6K1-dependent regulation provides mechanistic insight. The reduction in global translation and eIF4A1- dependent oncoproteins upon IBTK loss, along with clinical data linking IBTK to poor prognosis, support the functional importance.

      Weaknesses:

      While these data compellingly establish IBTK as a binding partner and modifier of eIF4A1, a remaining weakness is the lack of direct measurements showing IBTK regulates eIF4A1 helicase activity and translation of target mRNAs. While the effects of IBTK knockout/overexpression on bulk protein synthesis are shown, the expression of multiple eIF4A1 target oncogenes remains unchanged.

      Summary:

      Overall, this study significantly advances our understanding of how aberrant mTORC1/S6K1 signaling promotes cancer pathogenic translation via IBTK and eIF4A1. The proteomic, biochemical, and phosphorylation mapping approaches established here provide a blueprint for interrogating IBTK function. These data should galvanize future efforts to target the mTORC1/S6K1-IBTK-eIF4A1 axis as an avenue for cancer therapy, particularly in combination with eIF4A inhibitors.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) Certain references should be provided for clarity. For e.g.,: Page 15, line 418 " The C-terminal glycine glycine (GG) amino acid residues are essential for Ub conjugation to targeted proteins".

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We have taken two fundamental review papers (PMID: 22524316, 9759494) on the ubiquitin system as references in this sentence.

      (2) Please describe the properties of the ΔBTB mutant on page 15 when first describing it. What motifs does it lack and has it been described before in functional studies?

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We added a sentence to describe the properties of the ΔBTB mutant. This mutant lacks the BTB1 and BTB2 domains (deletion of aa 554–871), which have been previously demonstrated to be essential for binding to CUL3. The original reference has been added to the revised manuscript.

      (3) In Figure 2G how do the authors explain the fact that co-expression of the Ub K-ALLR mutant, which is unable to form polyubiquitin chains, formed only a moderate reduction in IBTK-mediated eIF4A1 ubiquitination?

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. The Ub K-ALLR mutant can indeed conjugate to substrate proteins, but it cannot form chains due to its absence of lysine residues, resulting in mono-ubiquitination. Multi- mono-ubiquitination refers to the attachment of single ubiquitin molecules to multiple lysine residues on a substrate protein. It's worth noting that a poly- ubiquitinated protein and a multi-mono-ubiquitinated protein appear strikingly similar in Western blot. Our findings demonstrated that the co-expression of the Ub K-ALL-R mutant resulted in only a modest reduction in IBTK-mediated eIF4A1 ubiquitination (Fig. 2G), and that eIF4A1 was ubiquitinated at twelve lysine residues when co-expressed with IBTK (Fig. S2F). As such, we conclude that the CRL3IBTK complex primarily catalyzes multi-mono-ubiquitination on eIF4A1. .

      (4) In Figure 5, The identity of the seven sites in the IBTK 7ST A mutants should be specified.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We have specified the seven mutation sites in the IBTK-7ST A mutant (Fig. 6A).

      (5) In Figure 5, the rationale for generating antibodies only to S990/992/993, as opposed to the other mTORC1/S6K motifs should be specified.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. Upon demonstrating that IBTK can be phosphorylated—with evidence from positive Phos-tag and in vitro phosphorylation assays—we sought to directly detect changes in the phosphorylation levels using an antibody specific to IBTK phosphorylation. However, the expense of generating seven phosphorylation- specific antibodies for each site is significant. Recognizing that S990/992/993 are three adjacent sites, we deemed it appropriate to generate a single antibody to recognize the phospho-S990/992/993 epitope. Moreover, out of the seven phosphorylation sites, S992 perfectly matches the consensus motif for S6K1 phosphorylation (RXRXXS). Utilizing this antibody allowed us to observe a substantial decrease in the phosphorylation levels of these three adjacent Ser residues in IBTK following either AA deprivation or Rapamycin treatment (Fig. 5L). We have specified these points in the manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The following suggestions would strengthen the study:

      (1) Directly examine the effects of IBTK modulation (knockdown/knockout/ overexpression) on eIF4A1 helicase activity.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We agree with the reviewer's suggestion that evaluating IBTK's influence on eIF4A1 helicase activity directly would enhance the strength of our conclusion. However, the current eIF4A1 helicase assays, as described in previous publications [Ref: 1, 2], can only be conducted using in vitro purified recombinant proteins. For instance, it is feasible to assess the varying levels of helicase activity exhibited by recombinant wild-type or mutant EIF4A1 proteins [Ref: 2]. Importantly, there is currently no reported methodology for evaluating the helicase activity of EIF4A1 in vivo, as mentioned by the reviewer in gene knockdown, knockout, or overexpression cellular contexts. Therefore, we have not performed these assays and we sincerely appreciate the reviewer's understanding in this regard. We sincerely appreciate the reviewer's understanding regarding this matter.

      Reference:

      [1] Chu J, Galicia-Vázquez G, Cencic R, Mills JR, Katigbak A, Porco JA, Pelletier J. CRISPR-mediated drug-target validation reveals selective pharmacological inhibition of the RNA helicase, eIF4A. Cell reports. 2016 Jun 14;15(11):2340-7.

      [2] Chu J, Galicia-Vázquez G, Cencic R, Mills JR, Katigbak A, Porco JA, Pelletier J. CRISPR-mediated drug-target validation reveals selective pharmacological inhibition of the RNA helicase, eIF4A. Cell reports. 2016 Jun 14;15(11):2340-7.

      (2) Justify why the expression of some but not all eIF4A1 target oncogenes is affected in IBTK-depleted/overexpressing cells. This is important if IBTK should be considered as a therapeutic target. The authors should consider which of the eIF4A1 targets are most impacted by IBTK KO. This would provide a more focused therapeutic approach in the future.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. As the reviewer has pointed out, we assessed the protein levels of ten reported eIF4A1 target genes across three cancer cell lines (Fig.4, Fig. S4A, C). We observed that IBTK depletion led to a substantial reduction in the protein levels of most eIF4A1- regulated oncogenes upon IBTK depletion, although there were some exceptions. For instance, IBTK KO in H1299 cells exerted minimal influence on the protein levels of ROCK1 (Fig. S4A). Several possible explanations might account for this observation: firstly, given that our list of eIF4A1 target genes collected from previous studies conducted using distinct cell lines, it is not unexpected for different lines to exhibit subtle differences in regulation of eIF4A1 target genes. Secondly, as a CRL3 adaptor, IBTK potentially performs other biological functions via ubiquitination of specific substrates; dysregulation of these could buffer the impact of IBTK KO on the protein expression of some eIF4A1 target genes. We added these comments to the Discussion section of the revised manuscript.

      (3) Expand mTOR manipulation experiments (inhibition, Raptor knockout, activation) and evaluate impacts on IBTK phosphorylation, eIF4A1 ubiquitination, and translation.

      The mTORC1 signaling pathway is constitutively active under normal culture conditions. In order to inhibit mTORC1 activation, we employed several approaches including AA starvation, Rapamycin treatment, or Raptor knockout. Our results have demonstrated that both AA starvation and rapamycin treatment led to a reduction in eIF4A1 ubiquitination (Fig. 5M). Moreover, we have included new findings in the revised manuscript, which highlight that Raptor knockout specifically decreases eIF4A1 ubiquitination (Fig. 5N). It is worth mentioning that the impacts of mTOR inhibition or activation on protein translation have been extensively investigated and documented in numerous studies. Therefore, in our study, we did not feel it necessary to examine these treatments further.

      (4) Although not absolutely necessary, it would be nice to see if some of these findings are true in other cancer cell types.

      We appreciate the reviewer for bringing up this crucial point. We concur with the reviewer's suggestion that including data from other cancer cell types would enhance the strength of our conclusion. While the majority of our data is derived from two cervical cancer cell lines, we have corroborated certain key findings— such as the impact of IBTK on eIF4A1 and its target gene expression—in H1299 cells (human lung cancer) (Fig. 2C, Fig. S4A, B) and in CT26 cells (murine colon adenocarcinoma) (Fig. S4C, D). Additionally, we demonstrated that IBTK promotes IFN-γ-induced PD-L1 expression and tumor immune escape in both the H1299 and CT26 cells (Fig. S6A-K).

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      In this study, the authors examined the role of IBTK, a substrate-binding adaptor of the CRL3 ubiquitin ligase complex, in modulating the activity of the eiF4F translation initiation complex. They find that IBTK mediates the non-degradative ubiquitination of eiF4A1, promotes cap-dependent translational initiation, nascent protein synthesis, oncogene expression, and tumor cell growth. Correspondingly, phosphorylation of  IBTK by mTORC1/ S6K1 increases eIF4A1 ubiquitination and sustains oncogenic translation.

      Strengths:

      This study utilizes multiple biochemical, proteomic, functional and cell biology assays to substantiate their results.  Importantly, the work nominates IBTK as a unique substrate of mTORC1, and further validates eiF4A1 ( a crucial subunit of the ei44F complex) as a promising therapeutic target in cancer. Since IBTK interacts broadly with multiple members of the translational initial complex- it will be interesting to examine its role in eiF2alpha-mediated ER stress as well as eiF3-mediated translation. Additionally, since IBTK exerts pro-survival effects in multiple cell types, it will be of relevance to characterize the role of IBTK in mediating increased mTORC1 mediated translation in other tumor types, thus potentially impacting their treatment with eiF4F inhibitors.

      Limitations/Weaknesses:

      The findings are mostly well supported by data, but some areas need clarification and could potentially be enhanced with further experiments:

      (1) Since eiF4A1 appears to function downstream of IBTK1, can the effects of IBTK1 KO/KD in reducing puromycin incorporation ( in Fig 3A),  cap-dependent luciferase reporter activity (Fig 3G), reduced oncogene expression ( Fig 4A) or 2D growth/ invasion assays (Fig 4) be overcome or bypassed by overexpressing eiF4A1? These could potentially be tested in future studies. <br /> (2) The decrease in nascent protein synthesis in puromycin incorporation assays in Figure 3A suggests that the effects of IBTK KO are comparable to and additive with silvesterol. It would be of interest to examine whether silvesterol decreases nascent protein synthesis or increases stress granules in the IBTK KO cells stably expressing IBTK as well. <br /> (3) The data presented in Figure 5 regarding the role of mTORC1 in IBTK-mediated eiF4A1 ubiquitination needs further clarification on several points:<br /> - It is not clear if the experiments in Figure 5F with Phos-tag gels are using the FLAG-IBTK deletion mutant or the peptide containing the mTOR sites as it is mentioned on line 517, page 19 "To do so, we generated an IBTK deletion mutant (900-1150 aa) spanning the potential mTORC1-regulated phosphorylation sites" This needs further clarification.<br /> -It may be of benefit to repeat the Phos tag experiments with full length FLAG-IBTK and/or endogenous IBTK with molecular weight markers indicating size of migrated bands.<br /> -Additionally, torin or Lambda phosphatase treatment may be used to confirm the specificity of the band in separate experiments.<br /> -Phos-tag gels with the IBTK CRISPR KO line would also help confirm that the non-phosphorylated band is indeed IBTK. <br /> -It is unclear why the lower, phosphorylated bands seem to be increasing ( rather than decreasing) with AA starvation/ Rapa in Fig 5H.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, Wang and co-workets employ single molecule light microscopy (SMLM) to detect Nipah virus Fusion protein (NiV-F) in the surface of cells. They corroborate that these glycoproteins form microclusters (previously seen and characterized together with the NiV-G and Nipah Matrix protein by Liu and co-workers (2018) also with super-resolution light microscopy). Also seen by Liu and coworkers the authors show that the level of expression of NiV-F does not alter the identity of these microclusters nor endosomal cleavage. Moreover, mutations and the transmembrane domain or the hexamer-of-trimer interface seem to have a mild effect on the size of the clusters that the authors quantified. Importantly, it has also been shown that these particles tend to cluster in Nipah VLPs.

      Strengths:

      The authors have tried to perform SMLM in single VLPs and have shown partially the importance of NiV-F clustering.

      Weaknesses:

      The labelling strategy for the NiV-F is not sufficiently explained. The use of a FLAG tag in the extracellular domain should be validated and compared with the unlabelled WT NiV-F when expressed in functional pseudoviruses (for example HIV-1 based particles decorated with NiV-F). This experiment should also be carried out for both infection and fusion (including BlaM-Vpr as a readout for fusion). I would also suggest to run a time-of-addition BlaM experiment to understand how this particular labelling strategy affects single virion fusion as compared to the the WT. It would also be very important to compare the FLAG labelling approach with recent advances in the field (for instance incorporating noncanonical amino acids (ncAAs) into NiV-F by amber stop-codon suppression, followed by click chemistry).

      The correlation between the existence of microclusters of a particular size and their functionality is missing. Only cell-cell fusion assays are shown in supplementary figures and clearly, single virus entry and fusion cannot be compared with the biophysics of cell-cell fusion. Not only the environment is completely different, membrane curvature and the number of NiV-F drastically varies also. Therefore, specific fusion assays (either single virus tracking and/or time-of-addition BlaM kinetics with functional pseudoviruses) are needed to substantiate this claim.

      The authors also claim they could not characterize the number of NiV-F particles per cluster. Another technique such as number and brightness (Digman et al., 2008) could support current SMLM data and identify the number of single molecules per cluster. Also, this technology does not require complex microscopy apparatus. I suggest they perform either confocal fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy or TIRF-based nandb to validate the clusters and identify how many molecule are present in these clusters. Also, it is not clear how many cells the authors employ for their statistics (at least 30-50 cells should be employed and not consider the number of events blinking events). I hope the authors are not considering only a single cell to run their stats... The differences between the mutants and the NiV-F is minor even if their statistical analyses give a difference (they should average the number and size of the clusters per cell for a total of 30-50 cells with experiments performed at least in three different cells following the same protocol). They should also compare the level of expression (with the number of molecules per cell provided by number and brightness) with the total number of clusters. Overall, it seems that the authors have only evaluated a very low number of cells.

      The same applies to the VLP assay. I assume the authors have only taken VLPs expressing both NiV-M and NiV-F (and NiV-G). But even if this is not clearly stated I would urge the authors to show how many viruses were compared per condition (normally I would expect 300 particles per condition coming from three independent experiments). As a negative control to evaluate the cluster effect I would mix the different conditions. Clearly you have clusters with all conditions and the differences in clustering depending on each condition are minimal. Therefore you need to increase the n for all experiments.

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the current reviews.

      We sincerely appreciate the reviewer’s dedication to evaluating our manuscript and raising essential considerations regarding the classification of the migration behavior we described. While the reviewer suggests that this behavior aligns with the concept of itinerancy, we contend that it represents a distinct phenomenon, albeit with similarities, as both involve the non-breeding movements of birds. We acknowledge that our manuscript did not adequately address this distinction and have considered the reviewer’s feedback. In our response, we clarify the difference between the described phenomenon and itinerancy. Our revised manuscript will include a new section in the Discussion to address this issue comprehensively.

      In the first part of the review, the reviewer emphasizes that the pattern we are describing is consistent with itinerancy. Regardless of the terminology used, we want to highlight the existence of two different types of migratory behavior, both of which involve movement in non-breeding areas.

      The first type, called itinerancy, was first described by Moreau in 1972 in “The Palaearctic-African Bird Migration Systems.” As noted by the reviewer, this behavior involves an alternation of stopovers and movements between different short-term non-breeding residency areas. They usually occur in response to food scarcity in one part of the non-breeding range, causing birds to move to another part of the same range. These movements typically cover distances of 10 to 100 kilometers but are neither continuous nor directional. Moreau (1972) defined itinerancy as prolonged stopovers, normally lasting several months, primarily in tropical regions. He noted observations of certain species disappearing from his study areas in sub-Saharan Africa in December and others appearing, suggesting they may have multiple home ranges during the non-breeding season. Subsequent research, as mentioned by the reviewer, has confirmed itinerancy in many species, particularly among Palaearctic-African migrants in sub-Saharan Africa. In particular, the Montagu’s Harrier has been extensively studied in this regard. The reviewer rightly points out that our study does not include recent findings on this species. In our revised version, we will include references to recent studies, such as those by Trierweiler et al. (2013, Journal of Animal Ecology, 82:107-120) and Schlaich et al. (2023, Ardea, 111:321-342), which show that Montagu’s Harrier has an average of 3-4 home ranges separated by approximately 200 kilometers. These studies suggest that the species spends approximately 1.5 months at each site, with the most extended period typically observed at the last site before migrating to the breeding grounds.

      In the second type, birds undertake a post-breeding migration, arrive in their non-breeding range, and then gradually move in a particular direction throughout the season. This continuous directional movement covers considerable distances and continues throughout the non-breeding period. In our study, this movement covered about 1000 km, comparable to the total migration distance of Rough-legged Buzzards of about 1500 km. As observed in our research, these movements are influenced by external factors such as snow cover. In such cases, the progression of snow cover in a south-westerly direction during winter can prevent birds from finding food, forcing them to continue migrating in the same direction. In essence, this movement represents a prolonged phase of the migration process but at a slower pace. Similar behavior has been documented in buzzards, as reported by Strandberg et al. (2009, Ibis 151:200-206). Although several transmitters in their study stopped working in mid-winter, the authors observed a phenomenon they termed ‘prolonged autumn migration.’

      In the second part of the review, the reviewer questions the need to distinguish between the two behaviors we have discussed. However, we believe these behaviors differ in their structure (with the first being intermittent and often non-directional, whereas the second is continuous and directional) and in their causes (with the first being driven by seasonal food resource cycles and the second by advancing snow cover). We therefore argue that it is worth distinguishing between them. To differentiate these forms of non-breeding movement, we propose to use ‘itinerancy’ for the first type, as described initially by Moreau in 1972, and introduce a separate term for the second behavior. Although ‘slow directional itinerancy’ could be considered, we find it too cumbersome.

      Moreover, ‘itinerancy’ in the literature refers not only to non-breeding movements but also to the use of different nesting sites, e.g., Lislevand et al. (2020, Journal of Avian Biology: e02595), reinforcing its association with movements between multiple sites within habitats. We, therefore, propose that the second behavior be given a distinct name. We acknowledge the reviewer’s point that we did not adequately address this distinction in the Discussion and plan to include a separate section in our paper’s revised version. In the third part of his review, the reviewer suggests an alternative title. Another reviewer, Dr Theunis Piersma, suggested the current title during the first round of reviewing, and we have chosen his version.

      In the fourth part of the review, the reviewer questions whether it is appropriate to discuss the conservation aspect of this study. This type of non-breeding movement raises concerns about accurately determining non-breeding ranges and population dynamics for species that exhibit this behavior. We believe that accurate determination of range and population dynamics is critical to conservation efforts. While this may be less important for species breeding in Europe and migrating to Africa, for which monitoring breeding territories is more feasible, it’s essential for Arctic and sub-Arctic breeding species. Large-scale surveys in these regions have historically been challenging and have become even more so with the end of Arctic cooperation following Russia’s war with Ukraine (Koivurova, Shibata, 2023). For North America and Europe, non-breeding abundance is typically estimated once per season in mid-winter. In North America, these are the so-called Christmas counts (which take place once at the end of December), and in Europe, they are the IWC counts mentioned by the reviewer (as follows from their official website - “The IWC requires a single count at each site, which should be repeated each year. The exact dates vary slightly from region to region, but take place in January or February”). Because of such a single count in mid-winter, non-breeding habitats occupied in autumn and spring will be listed as ‘uncommon’ at best, while south-western habitats where birds are only present in mid-winter will be listed as ‘common.’ However, the situation will be reversed if we consider the time birds spend in these habitats.

      The reviewer also highlights the introduction’s unconventional structure and information redundancy at the beginning. We have chosen this structure and provided basic explanations to improve readability for a wider audience, given eLife’s readership. At the same time, we will certainly take the reviewers’ feedback into account in the revised version. We plan to include the references to modern itinerancy research mentioned above and to add a section on itinerancy to the Discussion.

      We appreciate the reviewer’s input and sincerely thank them for their time and effort in reviewing our paper. While we may not fully agree on the classification of the behavior we describe, we value the opportunity to engage in discussion and believe that presenting arguments and counterarguments to the reader is beneficial to scientific progress.


      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      I much enjoyed reading this manuscript, that is, once I understood what it is about. Titles like "Conserving bird populations in the Anthropocene: the significance of non-breeding movements" are a claim to so-called relevance, they have NOTHING to do with the content of the paper, so once I understood that this paper was about the "Quick quick slow: the foxtrot migration of rough-legged buzzards is a response to habitat and snow" (an alternative title), it was becoming very interesting. So the start of the abstract as well as the introduction is very tedious, as clearly much trouble is taken here to establish reputability. In my eyes this is unnecessary: eLife should be interested in publishing such a wonderful description of such a wonderful migrant in a study that comes to grips with limiting factors on a continental scale!

      We sincerely appreciate your time and effort in reviewing our manuscript. Thank you for your appreciation of our study.

      We agree that the focus of the article should be changed from conservation to migration patterns. We have rewritten the Introduction and Discussion as suggested. We have added the application of this pattern including conservation at the end of the Discussion by completely changing Figure 5. We have also changed the title to the suggested one.

      Not sure that the first paragraph statements that seek to downplay what we know about wintering vs breeding areas are valid (although I see what purpose they serve). Migratory shorebirds have extensively been studied in the nonbreeding areas, for example, including movement aspects (see, as just one example, Verhoeven, M.A., Loonstra, A.H.J., McBride, A.D., Both, C., Senner, N.R. & Piersma, T. (2020) Migration route, stopping sites, and non breeding destinations of adult Black tailed Godwits breeding in southwest Fryslân, The Netherlands. Journal of Ornithology 162, 61-76) and there are very impressive studies on the winter biology of migrants across large scale (for example in Zwarts' Living on the Edge book on the Sahel wetlands). Think also about geese and swans and about seabirds!

      We have rewritten the first paragraph and it now talks about patterns of migratory behavior. We have also rewritten the second paragraph, now it is devoted to studies of movements in the non-breeding period. We explain how our pattern differs from those already studied and give references to the papers you mentioned.

      Directional movements in nonbreeding areas as a function of food (in this case locusts) have really beautifully been described by Almut Schlaich et al in JAnimEcol for Montagu's harriers.

      We have added Montagu's harrier example in the second paragraph of the Introduction and the Discussion. We have added a reference to Schlaich and to Garcia and Arroyo, who suggested that Montagu's harriers have long directional migrations during the non-breeding period.

      Once the paper starts talking buzzards, and the analyses of the wonderful data, all is fine. It is a very competent analysis with a description of a cool pattern.

      Thank you for your appreciation of our study. We hope the revised version is better and clearer.

      However, i would say that it is all a question of spatial scale. The buzzards here respond to changes in food availability, but there is not an animal that doesn't. The question is how far they have to move for an adequate response: in some birds movements of 100s of meters may be enough, and then anything to the scale of rough-legged buzzards.

      In the new version of the manuscript, we emphasize that this is a large distance (about 1000 km), comparable to the distance of the fall and spring migrations (about 1400 km) in lines 70-72 of the Introduction and 379-383 of the Discussion.

      And actually, several of the shorebirds I know best also do a foxtrot, such as red knots and bar-tailed godwits moulting in the Wadden Sea, then spending a few months in the UK estuaries, before returning to the Wadden Sea before the long migrations to Arctic breeding grounds. The publication of the rough-legged buzzard story may help researchers to summarize patterns such as this too. Mu problem with this paper is the framing. A story on the how and why of these continental movements in response to snow and other habitat features would be a grand contribution. Drop Anthropocene, and rethink whether foxtrot should be introduced as a hypothesis or a summary of cool descriptions. I prefer the latter, and recommend eLife to go with that too, rather than encourage "disconnected frames that seek 'respectability'" Good luck, theunis piersma

      We thank the reviewer again for his valuable comments and suggestions. We have changed the framing to the suggested one and removed the Anthropocene from the article.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      We sincerely appreciate the time and effort you have taken to review our manuscript. We have carefully considered all of your comments, including both public and author comments, and provided detailed responses to each of them below. In addition, we would like to address the most important public comments.

      We agree with the suggestion to shift the focus of the article from conservation to migration patterns. Accordingly, we have rewritten both the Introduction and Discussion sections to focus on migration behavior rather than conservation.

      However, we respectfully disagree with the suggestion that the migration patterns we describe are synonymous with itinerancy. We acknowledge that our original presentation may have been unclear and may have hindered full understanding. In the revised version, we provide a detailed analysis of migratory behavior in the Introduction that describes how our pattern differs from itinerancy. We also revisit this distinction in the Discussion section. We have also carefully revised Figure 1 to improve clarity and avoid potential misunderstandings.

      Regarding the applicability of the described migration pattern, we acknowledge that the Rough-legged Buzzard is not listed as an endangered species. However, we believe that our findings have practical implications. We have moved our discussion of this issue to the end of the Discussion section and have completely revised Figure 5. While the overall population of Rough-legged Buzzards is not declining, certain regions within its range are experiencing declines. We show that this decline does not warrant listing the species as endangered. Instead, it may represent a redistribution within the non-breeding range - a shift in range dynamics. We use the example of the Rough-legged Buzzard to illustrate this concept and emphasize the importance of considering such dynamics when assessing the conservation status of species in the future.

      We also acknowledge that the hypothesis of this form of behavior has been proposed previously for Montagu's Harrier, and we have included this information in the revised manuscript. In addition, we agree that the focus on the Anthropocene is unnecessary in this context and have therefore removed it.

      We believe that these revisions significantly improve the clarity and robustness of the manuscript, and we are grateful for your insightful comments and suggestions.

      As a general comment, please note that including line numbers (as it is the standard in any manuscript submission) would facilitate reviewers providing more detailed comments on the text.

      We apologize for this oversight and have added line numbers to our revised manuscript.

      Dataset: unclear what is the frequency of GPS transmissions. Furthermore, information on relative tag mass for the tracked individuals should be reported.

      We have included this information in our manuscript (L 157-163). We also refer to the study in which this dataset was first used and described in detail (L 164).

      Data pre-processing: more details are needed here. What data have been removed if the bird died? The entire track of the individual? Only the data classified in the last section of the track? The section also reports on an 'iterative procedure' for annotating tracks, which is only vaguely described. A piecewise regression is mentioned, but no details are provided, not even on what is the dependent variable (I assume it should be latitude?).

      Regarding the deaths. We only removed the data when the bird was already dead. We have corrected the text to make this clear (L 170).

      Regarding the iterative procedure. We have added a detailed description on lines 175-188.

      Data analysis: several potential issues here:

      (1) Unclear why sex was not included in all mixed models. I think it should be included.

      Our dataset contains 35 females and eight males. This ratio does not allow us to include sex in all models and adequately assess the influence of this factor. At the same time, because adult females disperse farther than males in some raptor species, we conducted a separate analysis of the dependence of migration distance on sex (Table S8) and found no evidence for this in our species. We have written a separate paragraph about this. This paragraph can be found on lines 356-360 of the new manuscript.

      (2) Unclear what is the rationale of describing habitat use during migration; is it only to show that it is a largely unsuitable habitat for the species? But is a formal analysis required then? Wouldn't be enough to simply describe this?

      Habitat use and snow cover determine the two main phases (quick and slow) of the pattern we describe. We believe that habitat analysis is appropriate in this case and that a simple description would be uninformative and would not support our conclusions.

      (3) Analysis of snow cover: such a 'what if' analysis is fine but it seems to be a rather indirect assessment of the effect of snow cover on movement patterns. Can a more direct test be envisaged relating e.g. daily movement patterns to concomitant snow cover? This should be rather straightforward. The effectiveness of this method rests on among-year differences in snow cover and timing of snowfall. A further possibility would be to demonstrate habitat selection within the entire non-breeding home range of an individual in relation snow cover. Such an analysis would imply associating presence-absence of snow to every location within the non-breeding range and testing whether the proportion of locations with snow is lower than the proportion of snow of random locations within the entire non-breeding home range (95% KDE) for every individual (e.g. by setting a 1/10 ratio presence to random locations).

      The proposed analysis will provide an opportunity to assess whether the Rough-legged Buzzard selects areas with the lowest snow cover, but will not provide an opportunity to follow the dynamics and will therefore give a misleading overall picture. This is especially true in the spring months. In March-April, Rough-legged Buzzards move northeast and are in an area that is not the most open to snow. At this time, areas to the southwest are more open to snow (this can be seen in Figure 4b). If we perform the proposed analysis, the control points for this period would be both to the north (where there is more snow) and to the south (where there is less snow) from the real locations, and the result would be that there is no difference in snow cover.

      A step-selection analysis could be used, as we did in our previous work (Curk et al 2020 Sci Rep) with the same Rough-legged Buzzard (but during migration, not winter). But this would only give us a qualitative idea, not a quantitative one - that Rough-legged Buzzards move from snow (in the fall) and follow snowmelt progression (in the spring).

      At the same time, our analysis gives a complete picture of snow cover dynamics in different parts of the non-breeding range. This allows us to see that if Rough-legged Buzzards remained at their fall migration endpoint without moving southwest, they would encounter 14.4% more snow cover (99.5% vs. 85.1%). Although this difference may seem small (14.4%), it holds significance for rodent-hunting birds, distinguishing between complete and patchy snow cover. Simultaneously, if Rough-legged Buzzards immediately flew to the southwest and stayed there throughout winter, they would experience 25.7% less snow cover (57.3% vs. 31.6%). Despite a greater difference than in the first case, it doesn't compel them to adopt this strategy, as it represents the difference between various degrees of landscape openness from snow cover.

      We write about this in the new manuscript on lines 385-394.

      Results: it is unclear whether the reported dispersion measures are SDs or SEs. Please provide details.

      For the date and coordinates of the start and end of the different phases of migration, we specified the mean, sd, and sample size. We wrote this in line 277. For the values of the parameters of the different phases of the migration (duration, distance, speed, and direction), we used the mean, the standard error of the mean, and the confidence interval (obtained using the ‘emmeans’ package). We have indicated this in lines 302-303 and the caption of Table 1 (L 315) and Figure 2 (L 293-294). For the values of habitat and snow cover experienced by the Rough-legged Buzzards, we used the mean and the error of the mean. We reported this on lines 322 and 337 and in Figures 3 (L 332-333) and 4 (L 355-356).

      Discussion: in general, it should be reshaped taking into account the comments. It is overlong, speculative and quite naive in several passages. Entire sections can be safely removed (I think it can be reduced by half without any loss of information). I provide some examples of the issues I have spotted below. For instance, the entire paragraph starting with 'Understanding....' is not clear to me. What do you mean by 'prohibited management' options? Without examples, this seems a rather general text, based on unclear premises when related to the specific of this study. Some statements are vague, derive from unsubstantiated claims, and unclear. E.g. "Despite their scarcity in these habitats, forests appear to hold significant importance for Rough-legged buzzards for nocturnal safety". I could not find any day-night analysis showing that they actually roost in forests during nighttime. Being a tundra species, it may well be possible that rough-legged buzzards perceive forests as very dangerous habitats and that they prefer instead to roost in open habitats. Analysing habitat use during day and night during the non-breeding period may be of help to clarify this. Furthermore, considering the fast migration periods, what is the flight speed during day and night above forests? Do these birds also migrate at night or do they roost during the night? Perhaps a figure visualizing day and night track segments could be of help (or an analysis of day vs. night flight speed) (there are several R packages to annotate tracks in relation to day and night). This is an example of another problematic statement: "The progression of snow cover in the wintering range of Rough-legged buzzards plays a significant role in their winter migration pattern." The manuscript does not contain any clear demonstration of this, as I wrote in my previous comments. Without such evidence, you must considerably tone down such assertions. But since providing a direct link is certainly possible, I think that additional analyses would clearly strengthen your take-home message.

      The paragraph starting with "The quantification of environmental changes that could prove fatal to bird species presents yet another challenge for conservation efforts in an era of rapid global change." is quite odd. Take the following statement "For instance, the presence of small patches of woodland in the winter range might appear crucial to the survival of the Rough-legged buzzard. Elimination of these seemingly minor elements of vegetation cover through management actions could have dire consequences for the species.". It is based on the assumption that minor vegetation elements play a key role in the ecology of the species, without any evidence supporting this. Does it have any sense? I could safely say exactly the opposite and I would believe it might even be more substantiated.

      We agree with these comments.

      We have completely rewritten this section. As suggested, we have shortened it by removing statements that were not supported by the research. We have completely removed the statements about "prohibited management". We have also removed the statement that "forests appear to be of significant importance to Rough-legged buzzards for nocturnal safety" and everything associated with that statement, e.g. the statement about "small elements of vegetation cover", etc. We do believe that this statement is true in substance, but we also agree that it is not supported by the results and requires separate analysis. At the same time, we believe that this is a topic for a separate study and would be redundant here. Therefore, we leave it for a separate publication.

      Conclusion paragraph: I believe this severely overstates the conservation importance of this study. That the results have "crucial implications for conservation efforts in the Anthropocene, where rapidly changing environmental factors can severely impact bird migration" seems completely untenable to me. What is the evidence for such crucial implications? For instance, these results may suggest that climate change, because global warming is predicted to reduce snow cover in the non-breeding areas, might well be beneficial for populations of this species, by reducing non-breeding energy expenditure and improving non-breeding survival. I think statements like these are simply not necessary, and that the study should be more focused on the actual results and evidence provided.

      We have completely rewritten this section. We removed the reference to the Anthropocene and focused on migratory behavior and migration patterns.

    1. -->

      整体翻译: - 句子:(An meinem freien Tag, komm schon mit, sie machen mir einen knackigen frischen Fruchtsalat!) - 翻译:(在我休息日,快跟我一起来,他们给我准备了一份清脆新鲜的水果沙拉!)

      单词分解与翻译: - An: (在),介词,表示某个时间点或位置。 - meinem: (我的),代词,第一格的属格形式,中性单数。 - freien: (休息的),形容词,表示没有工作或任务的。 - Tag: (日子),名词,指一天的时间段。 - komm: (来),动词 "kommen" (来) 的第二人称单数现在时态。 - schon: (已经),副词,用于表示事情早已发生或已经存在。 - mit: (一起),介词,表示与某人或某物一同。 - sie: (他们),代词,第三人称代词,复数形式。 - machen: (准备),动词,表示进行某种制作或准备。 - mir: (给我),代词,第一格的与格形式,表示动作的接受者是说话人自己。 - einen: (一份),不定冠词,宾格形式,表示单数形式。 - knackigen: (清脆的),形容词,表示脆弱或有咬劲的。 - frischen: (新鲜的),形容词,表示新鲜或未经过长时间保存的。 - Fruchtsalat: (水果沙拉),名词,指由水果切片或拌合而成的沙拉。

      所以整句的意思是:(在我休息日,快跟我一起来,他们给我准备了一份清脆新鲜的水果沙拉!) 这句话表示说话人在休息日邀请对方一同前往,他们为说话人准备了一份清脆新鲜的水果沙拉。使用"An meinem freien Tag"强调了休息日的重要性和愉快的氛围。

    2. -->

      整体翻译: - 句子:(Oh, heute ist mein einziger freier Tag der Woche!) - 翻译:(哦,今天是我一周中唯一的休息日!)

      单词分解与翻译: - Oh: (哦),感叹词,表示惊讶、兴奋或失望等情绪。 - heute: (今天),副词,表示时间上的 "今天"。 - ist: (是),助动词 "sein" (是) 的第三人称单数现在时态。 - mein: (我的),代词,第一人称所有格,表示某物属于说话者。 - einziger: (唯一的),形容词,表示仅有一个或独一无二的。 - freier: (休息的),形容词,表示没有工作或任务的。 - Tag: (日,天),名词,表示一天或时间段。 - der: (的),冠词,用于表示性别或格的名称。 - Woche: (周,星期),名词,表示一周或时间段。

      所以整个句子的意思是:(哦,今天是我一周中唯一的休息日!) 这句话表达了说话者对今天是周中唯一的休息日的感叹和惊喜。使用"Oh"表示情绪的表达,"heute"表示时间上的 "今天","ist"表示 "是","mein einziger freier Tag"表示唯一的休息日,"der Woche"表示在一周中。

    3. -->

      整体翻译: - 句子:(Heute ist Sonntag, der einzige Tag, an dem ich ausschlafen darf, doch nicht kann, weil es viel zu heiß ist!) - 翻译:(今天是星期日,是我唯一可以睡懒觉的日子,但我不能,因为天气太热了!)

      单词分解与翻译: - Heute: (今天),副词,表示指示或强调目前的时间点。 - ist: (是),动词 "sein" (是) 的第三人称单数现在时态。 - Sonntag: (星期日),名词,表示一周中的第七天,通常被视为休息日。 - der: (这个),定冠词,阳性形式,单数。 - einzige: (唯一的),形容词,表示只有一个或没有其他的。 - Tag: (日子,天),名词,表示时间的单位,通常指一天。 - an dem: (在这一天),介词 "an" (在...上) 和代词 "dem" (这个) 的组合,用于表示具体的日期或时间点。 - ich: (我),代词,第一人称主格。 - ausschlafen: (睡懒觉),动词,表示延长睡眠或在早晨继续睡觉以恢复精力。 - darf: (可以),助动词 "dürfen" (可以) 的第一人称单数现在时态,表示允许或有权做某事。 - doch: (但是),连词,用于引出相反或对比的情况。 - nicht: (不),副词,表示否定。 - kann: (能,可以),动词 "können" (能,可以) 的第一人称单数现在时态。 - weil: (因为),从属连词,表示原因或解释。 - es: (它),代词,用于指代前文中的某个事物或情况。 - viel zu: (太...了),表示程度过高或超过正常范围。 - heiß: (热),形容词,表示温度高或气温高。 - ist: (是),动词 "sein" (是) 的第三人称单数现在时态。

      所以整句的意思是:(今天是星期日,是我唯一可以睡懒觉的日子,但我不能,因为天气太热了!) 这句话描述了今天是星期日,通常是休息和放松的日子,但由于天气过热,说话人无法享受到睡懒觉的乐趣。使用"doch"和"nicht"表达了对比和失望的情绪。

    1. Author response:

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This study presents useful findings regarding the role of formin-like 2 in mouse oocyte meiosis. The submitted data are supported by incomplete analyses, and in some cases, the conclusions are overstated. If these concerns are addressed, this paper would be of interest to reproductive biologists.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The presented study focuses on the role of formin-like 2 (FMNL2) in oocyte meiosis. The authors assessed FMNL2 expression and localization in different meiotic stages and subsequently, by using siRNA, investigated the role of FMNL2 in spindle migration, polar body extrusion, and distribution of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in mouse oocytes.

      Strengths:

      Novelty in assessing the role of formin-like 2 in oocyte meiosis.

      Weaknesses:

      Methods are not properly described.

      Overstating presented data.

      It is not clear what statistical tests were used.

      My main concern is that there are missing important details of how particular experiments and analyses were done. The material and methods section are not written in the way that presented experiments could be repeated - it is missing basic information (e.g., used mouse strain, timepoints of oocytes harvest for particular experiments, used culture media, image acquisition parameters, etc.). Some of the presented data are overstated and incorrectly interpreted. It is not clear to me how the analysis of ER and mitochondria distribution was done, which is an important part of the presented data interpretation. I'm also missing important information about the timing of particular stages of assessed oocytes because the localization of both ER and mitochondria differs at different stages of oocyte meiosis. The data interpretation needs to be justified by proper analysis based on valid parameters, as there is considerable variability in the ER and mitochondria structure and localization across oocytes based on their overall quality and stage.

      Thank you for your comment. We regret the oversight of omitting critical information in the manuscript. In the revised manuscript, we have included essential details such as mouse strains, culture media, stages of oocyte and statistical methods in the materials and methods section. Please find our details responses in the “Recommendations for the authors” part.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This research involves conducting experiments to determine the role of Fmnl2 during oocyte meiosis I.

      Strengths:

      Identifying the role of Fmnl2 during oocyte meiosis I is significant.

      Weaknesses:

      The quantitative analysis and the used approach to perturb FMNL2 function are currently incomplete and would benefit from more confirmatory approaches and rigorous analysis.

      (1) Most of the results are expected. The new finding here is that FMNL2 regulates cytoplasmic F-actin in mouse oocytes, which is also expected given the role of FMNL2 in other cell types. Given that FMNL2 regulates cytoplasmic F-actin, it is very expected to see all the observed phenotypes. It is already established that F-actin is required for spindle migration to the oocyte cortex, extruding a small polar body and normal organelle distribution and functions.

      Thank you for your comment. In the recent decade, Arp2/3 complex (Nat Cell Biol 2011), Formin2 (Nat Cell Biol 2002, Nat Commun 2020), and Spire (Curr Biol 2011) were reported to be 3 key factors to involve into this process. These factors regulate actin filaments in different ways. However, how they cross with each other for the subcellular events were still fully clear. Our current study identified that FMNL2 played a critical role in coordinating these molecules for actin assembly in oocytes. Our findings demonstrate that FMNL2 interacts with both the Arp2/3 complex and Formin2 to facilitate actin-based meiotic spindle migration. Additionally, we discovered a novel role for FMNL2 in determining the distribution and function of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, which may in turn influence meiotic spindle migration in oocytes. Our results not only uncover the novel functions of FMNL2-mediated actin for organelle distribution, but also extend our understanding of the molecular basis for the unique meiotic spindle migration in oocyte meiosis.

      (2) The authors used Fmnl2 cRNA to rescue the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fmnl2. It is not clear how this works. It is expected that the siRNA will also target the exogenous cRNA construct (which should have the same sequence as endogenous Fmnl2) especially when both of them were injected at the same time. Is this construct mutated to be resistant to the siRNA?

      Thank you for your question. We regret any misunderstanding that may have been caused by the inappropriate description in our manuscript. In the rescue experiments, we initially injected FMNL2 siRNA into oocytes, followed by the microinjection of FMNL2 mRNA 18-20 hours later. After conducting our previous experiments, we have verified through Western blotting that endogenous FMNL2 is effectively suppressed 18-20 hours following the microinjection of FMNL2 siRNA. Additionally, we observed a significant increase in exogenous FMNL2 protein expression 2 hours after the injection of FMNL2 mRNA. We believe that the exogenous FMNL2 could compensate the decrease by FMNL2 knockdown, and this approach was adopted in many oocyte studies.

      (3) The authors used only one approach to knockdown FMNL2 which is by siRNA. Using an additional approach to inhibit FMNL2 would be beneficial to confirm that the effect of siRNA-mediated knockdown of FMNL2 is specific.

      Thank you for your question. Yes, the specificity is always the concern for siRNA or morpholino microinjection due to the off-target issue. Due to the limitation we could not generate the knock out model, and there are no known inhibitors with specific targeting capabilities for FMNL2. To solve this, we performed the rescue study with exogenous mRNA to confirm the effective knock down of FMNL2. These measures provide reassurance regarding the credibility of the experimental outcomes, and this is also the general way to avoid the off-target of siRNA or morpholino.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors focus on the role of formin-like protein 2 in the mouse oocyte, which could play an important role in actin filament dynamics. The cytoskeleton is known to influence a number of cellular processes from transcription to cytokinesis. The results show that downregulation of FMNL2 affects spindle migration with resulting abnormalities in cytokinesis in oocyte meiosis I.

      Weaknesses:

      The overall description of methods and figures is overall dismissively poor. The description of the sample types and number of replicate experiments is impossible to interpret throughout, and the quantitative analysis methods are not adequately described. The number of data points presented is unconvincing and unlikely to support the conclusions. On the basis of the data presented, the conclusions appear to be preliminary, overstated, and therefore unconvincing.

      Thank you for your comment. We regret the oversight of omitting critical information in the manuscript. In the revised manuscript, we have incorporated your suggestions for modification, particularly regarding the Materials and Methods section. Please see the detailed revision and responses in the “Recommendations for the authors” part.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for The Authors):

      My main concern is that there are missing important details of how particular experiments and analyses were done. The material and methods section is not written in the way that presented experiments could be repeated - it is missing basic information (e.g., used mouse strain, timepoints of oocytes harvest for particular experiments, used culture media, image acquisition parameters, etc.). Some of the presented data are overstated and incorrectly interpreted. It is not clear to me how the analysis of ER and mitochondria distribution was done, which is an important part of the presented data interpretation. I'm also missing important information about the timing of particular stages of assessed oocytes because the localization of both ER and mitochondria differs at different stages of oocyte meiosis. The data interpretation needs to be justified by proper analysis based on valid parameters, as there is considerable variability in the ER and mitochondria structure and localization across oocytes based on their overall quality and stage. My specific comments are listed below.

      (1) Information about statistical tests that were used needs to be provided for all quantification experiments.

      Thank you for your suggestion. Based on your suggestions, we revised the statistical analysis description in the Materials and Methods section. Additionally, we also included a description of the statistical methods in the legends of the relevant result figures.

      (2) I recommend replacing the plunger plots, used in most quantification data, with alternatives allowing evaluation of the distribution of the data (dot plots, box plots, whisker plots).

      Thank you for your suggestion. Following your suggestion, we replaced the plunger plots in Fig 2C, D, H, I and Fig3 B, C with dot plots.

      (3) Can the authors provide information about particular time points when were individual oocyte stages (GVBD, meiosis I, and meiosis II) harvested/used for immunofluorescence protein detection, western blotting, microinjection, and ER and mitochondria staining? Were the time points always the same in all presented experiments and experimental vs control group? If not, this needs to be clarified.

      Thank you for your suggestion. We used oocytes in the metaphase I (MI) stage for the statistical analysis of spindle migration, actin filament aggregation, endoplasmic reticulum localization, and mitochondrial localization. In the Western blot analysis, GV stage oocytes were utilized to evaluate the efficiency of knockdown and rescue experiments. The protein expression levels of Arp2, Formin2, INF2, Cofilin, Grp78, and Chop in different treatment groups were detected using MI-stage oocytes. In the revised version, we provided all the detailed information about the stages.

      (4) Figure 1B: Can the authors comment on why there is a missing representative image of MII oocyte FMBL2-Ab? I recommend including this in the figure to have a complete view of comparing overexpressed and endogenous FMNL2 localization in oocyte meiosis.

      Thank you for your suggestion. In the revised manuscript, we added immunostaining images of FMNL2 antibody in MII stage oocytes.

      (5) Figure 1C: The figure legend says, "FMNL2 and actin overlapped in cortex and spindle surrounding". In MI oocytes, there is usually no accumulated actin signal around the spindle, which is also true in the presented images, so there cannot be overlapping with the FMNL2 signal. The interpretation should be changed.

      We apologize for this inappropriate description that was used, and we deleted this sentence.

      (6) Figure 2B: What were the parameters of the "large" and "normal" polar bodies for performing the analysis?

      Thank you for your question. In order to assess the size of the polar body, we conducted a comparison between the diameter of the polar body and that of the oocyte. If the diameter of the polar body was found to be less than 1/3 of the oocyte's diameter, we categorized it as normal-sized polar body. Conversely, if the polar body's diameter exceeded 1/3 of the oocyte's diameter, we categorized it as a large polar body. We have included these details in the Results section of the manuscript.

      (7) Figure 2F: Can the authors comment on what can be the second band in the rescue group?

      Thank you for your question. In the rescue experiment, we microinjected exogenous FMNL2-EGFP mRNA into the oocytes. As a result, compared to endogenous FMNL2, the protein size increased due to the addition of the EGFP tag, approximately 27 kDa. Hence, in the Western blot bands of the rescue group, the upper band represents the expression of exogenous FMNL2-EGFP, while the lower band corresponds to the expression of endogenous FMNL2. We have provided annotations in the revised Figure 2F to clarify this.

      (8) Can the authors comment on the variability of PBE between 2C and 2H in the FMNL2-KD groups? In panel C, the PBE in the KD group was 59.5 {plus minus} 2.82%; in panel H, the PBE in the KD group was 48.34 {plus minus} 4.2%, and in the rescue group, the PBE was 62.62 {plus minus} 3.6%. The rescue group has a similar PBE rate as the KD group in panel C. How consistent was the FMNL2 knockdown across individual replicates? Can the authors provide more details on how the rescue experiment was performed?

      Thank you for your question. We believe that the difference in PBE observed in Figure 2C and 2H of the FMNL2-KD group was due to the microinjection times and the duration of in vitro arrest. The results shown in Figure 2C depict the outcome of a single injection of FMNL2 siRNA into GV stage oocytes, followed by 18 hours of in vitro arrest; the results shown in Figure 2H contain a subsequent additional injection of FMNL2-EGFP mRNA with another 2 hours of arrest. The two rounds of microinjection and the extended period of in vitro arrest both affect oocyte maturation rates.

      (9). Figure 2J and K: What groups were compared together? The used statistic needs to be properly described.

      Thank you for your question. The FMNL2-KD, FMNL3-KD, and FMNL2+3-KD groups were all compared to the Control group, therefore, t-test was used for analysis. We have provided explanations in the revised manuscript.

      (10) Figure 4B and C: Can the authors provide representative images without oversaturated actine signal?

      Thank you for your question. For the analysis of oocyte F-actin, the F-actin are divided into cortex actin and cytoplasmic actin. Due to the contrast during imaging, the strong cortex actin signals affected the detection of cytoplasmic actin, therefore, it is necessary to increase the scanning index, which will cause the overexpose the cortex actin signal. This is for the better observation of the cytoplasmic signals.

      (11) Figure 4G + 5H: Can the authors comment on why they used as a housekeeping gene actin instead of tubulin, which was used in the rest of the WB experiments?

      Thank you for your question. In most of the western blot experiments conducted in this study, we used tubulin as a housekeeping gene. However, due to the supply of antibodies by delivery period, we had GAPDH and actin as well for some experiments. These housekeeping genes were all valid for the study.

      (12) Based on what parameters was ER considered normally or abnormally distributed, and what stages of oocytes were assessed?

      Thank you for your question. In this study, we employed oocytes at the MI stage for the analysis of ER localization. In the MI stage, the ER localized around the spindle, which is regarded as the typical localization pattern. The ER displayed a dispersed distribution throughout the cytoplasm or clustered were categorized as aberrant positioning. We included relevant descriptions in the revised version of the manuscript.

      (13) Figure 5H: As a housekeeping gene was used actin - the quantification is labeled as a Grp78 to tubulin ratio.

      Thank you for pointing out the error. This is a label mistake and we corrected it.

      (14) Information about how JC-1 staining was done needs to be provided.

      Thank you for your carefully reading. We included a description of JC1 staining in the Materials and Methods section.

      (15). Line 231-232: "As shown in Figure 4A" - the text doesn't correspond to the figure.

      Thank you for pointing out the error. We revised this mistake in the revised manuscript by correcting "Fig3A" to "Fig4A."

      (16) Line 265: there is probably a missing word "Formin2".

      Thank you and we corrected the error and made the necessary changes in the revised manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for The Authors):

      (1) Quantification and analysis:

      • Fig. 3B: The rate of spindle migration should be quantified based on the distance from the spindle to the cortex. Also, the orientation of the spindle (Z-position) needs to be taken into consideration.

      • Fig. 5C, D: It is unclear how the rate of ER distribution was calculated.

      • Western blot: In many experiments (such as Fig. 5H), the bands are saturated which will prevent accurate intensity measurements and quantifications.

      For spindle migration, we specifically focused on spindles exhibiting a distinctive spindle-like shape with clear bipolarity to eliminate any statistical discrepancies potentially caused by variations in Z-axis alignment. Our criterion for determining successful migration was based on the contact between the spindle pole and the cortical region of the oocyte. Therefore, we think that the rate is better to reflect the phenotype than the distance.

      For the examination of ER localization, Reviewer 1 also raised this issue. We utilized oocytes at the MI stage in this study. The ER localized around the spindle in MI stage. The ER displayed a dispersed distribution throughout the cytoplasm or clustered were categorized as aberrant positioning. We included relevant descriptions in the revised version of the manuscript.

      For the bands of the western blot results, during the experimental procedure we typically capture multiple images at different exposure levels (3-5 images). In the revised manuscript, we have replaced the inappropriate images with more suitable ones.

      (2) Given that all Immunoprecipitation experiments in this manuscript were performed on the whole ovary which contains more somatic cells than oocytes, the results do not necessarily reflect meiotic oocytes. Please consider this possibility during the interpretation.

      Thank you for your suggestion. Yes, we agree with you. In the revised manuscript, we made appropriate modifications to the relevant descriptions.

      (3) 351-365: The conclusion that Arp2/3 compensates for the decreased formin 2 in FMNL2 knockdown oocytes is a bit unconvincing. 1- In mouse oocytes, it is already known that Arp2/3 and formin 2 regulate different pools of F-actin nucleation. 2- The authors found an increase in Arp2/3 in FMNL2 knockdown oocytes compared to control oocytes without any change in cortical F-actin. Given that Arp2/3 is primarily promoting cortical F-actin, it is expected to see an increase in cortical F-actin in FMNL2 knockdown oocytes, which was not the case.

      Thank you for your question. Yes, previous studies showed that formin2 localizes to the cytoplasm of oocytes and accumulates around the spindle, which facilitate cytoplasmic actin assembly. While Arp2/3 is primarily responsible for actin assembly at the cortex region of oocytes. In invasive cells, FMNL2 is mainly localized in the leading edge of the cell, lamellipodia and filopodia tips, to improve cell migration ability by actin-based manner (Curr Biol 2012). We showed that FMNL2 localized both at spindle periphery and cortex, but depletion of FMNL2 did not affect cortex actin intensity. We think that FMNL2 and Arp2/3 both contribute to the cortex actin dynamics, when FMNL2 decreased, ARP2 increased to compensate for this, which maintained the cortex actin level. In the revised manuscript, we have made modifications to avoid excessive extrapolation from our results, ensuring that our conclusions are presented in a more objective manner.

      (4) Lines 195-197: The spindle is initially formed soon after the GVBD, so there is no spindle during GVBD. Also, I can't see oocytes at anaphase I or telophase I in this figure. Please revise.

      Thank you for your suggestion. We apologize for the inappropriate descriptions that were used. In the revised manuscript, we have made modifications to the respective descriptions in the Results part.

      (5) Fig. 2E: It seems that the control oocyte is abnormal with mild cytokinesis defects. Please replace or delete it since this information is already included in Fig. 3A.

      Thank you for your suggestion. Based on our observations, during the extrusion of the first polar body in oocytes, there is a temporary occurrence of cellular morphological fragmentation due to cortical reorganization (11h in control oocyte from Fig 2E). However, after the extrusion of the first polar body, the oocyte morphology returns to normal. Figure 2E illustrates the meiotic division process of oocytes, while Figure 3A primarily focuses on the process of oocyte spindle migration. We think that it is better to retain both to present our results.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for The Authors):

      In the case of the observed phenotype, the stage of GV is important. The phenotypes presented also occur in meiotic or developmentally incompetent oocytes. In addition, the images of GV oocytes appear as NSN, which also show the KD phenotype in Figs. 2 and 3.

      Thank you for your concern. As the oocyte grows, the proportion of SN-type oocytes gradually increases. When the oocyte diameter reaches 70-80 μm, the proportion of SN oocytes is approximately 52.7% (Mol Reprod Dev. 1995). In our study, both the control and knockdown groups collected oocytes with a diameter of around 80 μm, which is considered as fully-grown oocytes, predominantly in the SN phase. Since the collection period and size of the oocytes were consistent, we can sure that the observed differences between the control and knockdown groups in phenotype analysis could be solid and reliable.

      MII is absent in Fig. 1B.

      In the revised manuscript, we added immunostaining images of FMNL2 in MII stage oocytes.

      The result of KD is not convincing. Also, discuss whether the heterozygous effect of Fmnl2 deletion affects reproductive fitness.

      Thank you for your concern. In our investigation, limited to the setup of knock out model, we employed siRNA to knockdown FMNL2 expression, to avoid the risk of off-target, we performed rescue experiment with exogenous mRNA, which we believe that it could solve this issue. When designing siRNA sequences, we ensured their specificity for binding to FMNL2 mRNA only, and we assessed the levels of FMNL2 and FMNL3 mRNA in oocytes after injection of FMNL2 siRNA. The results showed that, compared to the control group, the expression of FMNL2 mRNA decreased by approximately 70% after 18 hours of FMNL2 siRNA injection, while the level of FMNL3 mRNA was not decreased.

      Fig. 2F rescue experiment with double bands. What bands are seen here? Did the authors inject tagged or untagged FMNL2? Or does endogenous FMNL2 appear higher in the sample after KD?

      Thank you for your question. In the rescue experiment, we microinjected exogenous FMNL2-EGFP mRNA into the oocytes. As a result, compared to endogenous FMNL2, the protein size increased due to the addition of the EGFP tag, approximately 27 kDa. Hence, in the Western blot bands of the rescue group, the upper band represents the expression of exogenous FMNL2-EGFP, while the lower band corresponds to the expression of endogenous FMNL2. We provided annotations in the revised Figure 2F to clarify this.

      Variability in mitochondria and ER distribution patterns is also known in healthy and developing oocytes, although the authors described only a single phenotype.

      Thank you for your concern. Yes, mitochondria and ER show dynamic localization in different stage of oocyte maturation. However, in this study we employed oocyte MI stage for the analysis of ER and mitochondria localization, and in MI stage, both the ER and mitochondria localize around the spindle. This pattern is considered as the normal localization. Several studies showed that dispersed or clustered localization contributed to maturation defects. We included relevant descriptions in the revised manuscript.

      What exactly is meant by input in the IP experiments? Why is the target missing in the input sample?

      Thank you for your question. We subjected the input samples to electrophoresis on a single channel, all the analyzed proteins demonstrated normal expression, thereby confirming the viability of the input sample. However, upon simultaneous exposure with the IP samples, we observed a lack of clear signal for certain proteins in the input group. This phenomenon is due to the excessive signal intensity resulting from protein enrichment in the IP group, which caused the low exposure of proteins in input group.

      Explain the rationale for using, actin or tubulin as loading or normalization controls in the study focusing on the cytoskeleton.

      Thank you for your question. Actin and tubulin are both widely used as the control due to their stable expression. For actin, there are α-actin and β-actin isoforms. Formins and Arp2/3 complex regulate the polymerization of α-actin and β-actin to form F-actin, not isoform expression. In our study F-actin (the functional type) was examined. While α-tubulin and β-tubulin are two subtypes of tubulin, and they interact with each other to form stable α/β-tubulin heterodimers. The changes of cytoskeleton dynamics could not change the expression of α/β-tubulin. Therefore, β-actin and α-tubulin could be used as normalization controls.

      Fig. 6E shows only , but the legend says *.

      Thank you for pointing out the error. We correct the mistake in the revised manuscript.

      Spindle positioning appears to differ between control and KD. Does this affect the quantification of Fig. 6F? Adequate nomenclature should be used here.

      Thank you for your question. Yes, spindle positioning was affected by FMNL2 depletion. However, central spindle or cortex spindle all belong to MI stage, and JC1 is not related with the stage difference. To avoid misunderstanding we replaced the representative images and corresponding description in Figure 6F.

      The description of the methods and legends should be significantly improved.

      Thank you for your suggestion. Reviewer 1 and 2 also raised the similar concern. We enriched the description of methods and legends in the revised manuscript.

    1. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      How short-term isolation acts on the brain to promote social behavior remains incompletely understood. The authors found that social interactions after a period of acute isolation increased investigation promoted mounting, and increased the production of ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs). This was true for females during same-sex interactions as well as for males interacting with females. Concomitant with these increased behavioral readouts, cFos expression in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (POA) was found to increase selectively in single-housed females. Chemogenetic silencing of these POA neurons attenuated all three behavioral measures in socially isolated females. Surprisingly, ablation of the same POA neurons decreased mounting duration without impacting social investigation or USV production. While optogenetic activation was sufficient to evoke USV production, it did not affect either mounting or social investigation. In males, chemogenetic silencing of POA neurons decreased mounting but not other behaviors. Together, these data point towards a role of POA neurons in mediating social behaviors after acute isolation but the exact nature of that control appears to depend on the choice of perturbation method, sex, and social context in complex ways that are hard to parse. This study is an essential first step; additional experiments will be needed to explain the apparent discrepancy between the various circuit perturbation results and to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the role of POA in social isolation.

      Strengths:

      The goal of understanding the neural circuit mechanisms underlying acute social isolation is clearly important and topical. Using a state-of-the-art technique to tag specific neurons that were active during certain behavioral epochs, the authors managed to identify the POA as a critical circuit locus for the effects of social isolation. The experimental design is perfectly reasonable and the quality of the data is good. The control experiments (Figures 2B-D) showing that chemogenetic inactivation of other hypothalamic regions (AH and VMH) do not affect social behavior is indeed quite satisfying and points towards a specific role of POA within the hypothalamus. Using a combination of behavioral assays, activity-dependent neural tagging, and circuit manipulation techniques, the authors present convincing evidence for the role of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus in mediating certain behaviors following social isolation. These data are likely to be a valuable resource for understanding how hypothalamic circuits adjust to the challenges of social isolation.

      Weaknesses:

      While the authors should be commended for performing and reporting multiple circuit perturbation experiments (e.g., chemogenetics, ablation), the conflicting effects on behavior are hard to interpret without additional experiments. For example, chemogenetic silencing of the POA neurons (using DREADDs) attenuated all three behavioral measures but the ablation of the same POA neurons (using CASPACE) decreased mounting duration without impacting social investigation or USV production. Similarly, optogenetic activation of POA neurons was sufficient to generate USV production as reported in earlier studies but mounting or social investigation remained unaffected. Do these discrepancies arise due to the efficiency differences between DREADD-mediated silencing vs. Casp3 ablation? Or does the chemogenetic result reflect off-manifold effects on downstream circuitry whereas a more permanent ablation strategy allows other brain regions to compensate due to redundancy? It is important to resolve whether these arise due to technical reasons or whether these reflect the underlying (perhaps messy) logic of neural circuitry. Therefore, while it is clear that POA neurons likely contribute to multiple behavioral readouts of social isolation, understanding their exact roles in any greater detail will require further experiments.

    1. Author response:

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In their manuscript entitled 'The domesticated transposon protein L1TD1 associates with its ancestor L1 ORF1p to promote LINE-1 retrotransposition', Kavaklıoğlu and colleagues delve into the role of L1TD1, an RNA binding protein (RBP) derived from a LINE1 transposon. L1TD1 proves crucial for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem cells and is linked to cancer progression in germ cell tumors, yet its precise molecular function remains elusive. Here, the authors uncover an intriguing interaction between L1TD1 and its ancestral LINE-1 retrotransposon.

      The authors delete the DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in a haploid human cell line (HAP1), inducing widespread DNA hypo-methylation. This hypomethylation prompts abnormal expression of L1TD1. To scrutinize L1TD1's function in a DNMT1 knock-out setting, the authors create DNMT1/L1TD1 double knock-out cell lines (DKO). Curiously, while the loss of global DNA methylation doesn't impede proliferation, additional depletion of L1TD1 leads to DNA damage and apoptosis.

      To unravel the molecular mechanism underpinning L1TD1's protective role in the absence of DNA methylation, the authors dissect L1TD1 complexes in terms of protein and RNA composition. They unveil an association with the LINE-1 transposon protein L1-ORF1 and LINE-1 transcripts, among others.

      Surprisingly, the authors note fewer LINE-1 retro-transposition events in DKO cells than in DNMT1 KO alone.

      Strengths:

      The authors present compelling data suggesting the interplay of a transposon-derived human RNA binding protein with its ancestral transposable element. Their findings spur interesting questions for cancer types, where LINE1 and L1TD1 are aberrantly expressed.

      Weaknesses:

      Suggestions for refinement:

      The initial experiment, inducing global hypo-methylation by eliminating DNMT1 in HAP1 cells, is intriguing and warrants a more detailed description. How many genes experience misregulation or aberrant expression? What phenotypic changes occur in these cells?

      The transcriptome analysis of DNMT1 KO cells showed hundreds of deregulated genes upon DNMT1 ablation. As expected, the majority were up-regulated and gene ontology analysis revealed that among the strongest up-regulated genes were gene clusters with functions in “regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter” and “cell differentiation” and genes encoding proteins with KRAB domains. In addition, the de novo methyltransferases DNMT3A and DNMT3B were up-regulated in DNMT1 KO cells suggesting the set-up of compensatory mechanisms in these cells. We will include this data set in the revised version of the manuscript.

      Why did the authors focus on L1TD1? Providing some of this data would be helpful to understand the rationale behind the thorough analysis of L1TD1.

      We have previously discovered that conditional deletion of the maintenance DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 in the murine epidermis results not only in the up-regulation of mobile elements, such as IAPs but also the induced expression of L1TD1 ((Beck et al, 2021), Suppl. Table 1 and Author response image 1). Similary, L1TD1 expression was induced by treatment of primary human keratinocytes or squamous cell carcinoma cells with the DNMT inhibitor aza-deoxycytidine (Author response image 2 and 3). These finding are in accordance with the observation that inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity by azadeoxycytidine in human non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLCs) results in upregulation of L1TD1 (Altenberger et al, 2017). Our interest in L1TD1 was further fueled by reports on a potential function of L1TD1 as prognostic tumor marker. We will include this information in the revised manuscript.

      Author response image 1.

      RT-qPCR of L1TD1 expression in cultured murine control and Dnmt1 Δ/Δker keratinocytes. mRNA levels of L1td1 were analyzed in keratinocytes isolated at P5 from conditional Dnmt1 knockout mice (Beck et al., 2021). Hprt expression was used for normalization of mRNA levels and wildtype control was set to 1. Data represent means ±s.d. with n=4. **P < 0.01 (paired t-test).

      Author response image 2.

      RT-qPCR analysis of L1TD1 expression in primary human keratinocytes. Cells were treated with 5-aza-2-deoxycidine for 24 hours or 48 hours, with PBS for 48 hours or were left untreated. 18S rRNA expression was used for normalization of mRNA levels and PBS control was set to 1. Data represent means ±s.d. with n=3. **P < 0.01 (paired t-test).

      Author response image 3.

      Induced L1TD1 expression upon DNMT inhibition in squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC9 and SCCO12. Cells were treated with 5-aza-2-deoxycidine for 24 hours, 48 hours or 6 days. (A) Western blot analysis of L1TD1 protein levels using beta-actin as loading control. (B) Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy analysis of L1TD1 expression in SCC9 cells. Nuclear DNA was stained with DAPI. Scale bar: 10 µm. (C) RT-qPCR analysis of L1TD1 expression in primary human keratinocytes. Cells were treated with 5-aza-2deoxycidine for 24 hours or 48 hours, with PBS for 48 hours or were left untreated. 18S rRNA expression was used for normalization of mRNA levels and PBS control was set to 1. Data represent means ±s.d. with n=3. P < 0.05, *P < 0.01 (paired t-test).

      The finding that L1TD1/DNMT1 DKO cells exhibit increased apoptosis and DNA damage but decreased L1 retro-transposition is unexpected. Considering the DNA damage associated with retro-transposition and the DNA damage and apoptosis observed in L1TD1/DNMT1 DKO cells, one would anticipate the opposite outcome. Could it be that the observation of fewer transposition-positive colonies stems from the demise of the most transposition-positive colonies? Further exploration of this phenomenon would be intriguing.

      This is an important point and we were aware of this potential problem. Therefore, we calibrated the retrotransposition assay by transfection with a blasticidin resistance gene vector to take into account potential differences in cell viability and blasticidin sensitivity. Thus, the observed reduction in L1 retrotransposition efficiency is not an indirect effect of reduced cell viability.

      Based on previous studies with hESCs, it is likely that, in addition to its role in retrotransposition, L1TD1 has additional functions in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. L1TD1 might therefore attenuate the effect of DNMT1 loss in KO cells generating an intermediate phenotype (as pointed out by Reviewer 2) and simultaneous loss of both L1TD1 and DNMT1 results in more pronounced effects on cell viability.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      In this study, Kavaklıoğlu et al. investigated and presented evidence for the role of domesticated transposon protein L1TD1 in enabling its ancestral relative, L1 ORF1p, to retrotranspose in HAP1 human tumor cells. The authors provided insight into the molecular function of L1TD1 and shed some clarifying light on previous studies that showed somewhat contradictory outcomes surrounding L1TD1 expression. Here, L1TD1 expression was correlated with L1 activation in a hypomethylation-dependent manner, due to DNMT1 deletion in the HAP1 cell line. The authors then identified L1TD1-associated RNAs using RIP-Seq, which displays a disconnect between transcript and protein abundance (via Tandem Mass Tag multiplex mass spectrometry analysis). The one exception was for L1TD1 itself, which is consistent with a model in which the RNA transcripts associated with L1TD1 are not directly regulated at the translation level. Instead, the authors found the L1TD1 protein associated with L1-RNPs, and this interaction is associated with increased L1 retrotransposition, at least in the contexts of HAP1 cells. Overall, these results support a model in which L1TD1 is restrained by DNA methylation, but in the absence of this repressive mark, L1TD1 is expressed and collaborates with L1 ORF1p (either directly or through interaction with L1 RNA, which remains unclear based on current results), leads to enhances L1 retrotransposition. These results establish the feasibility of this relationship existing in vivo in either development, disease, or both.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      In this study, Kavaklıoğlu et al. investigated and presented evidence for the role of domesticated transposon protein L1TD1 in enabling its ancestral relative, L1 ORF1p, to retrotranspose in HAP1 human tumor cells. The authors provided insight into the molecular function of L1TD1 and shed some clarifying light on previous studies that showed somewhat contradictory outcomes surrounding L1TD1 expression. Here, L1TD1 expression was correlated with L1 activation in a hypomethylation-dependent manner, due to DNMT1 deletion in the HAP1 cell line. The authors then identified L1TD1-associated RNAs using RIP-Seq, which displays a disconnect between transcript and protein abundance (via Tandem Mass Tag multiplex mass spectrometry analysis). The one exception was for L1TD1 itself, which is consistent with a model in which the RNA transcripts associated with L1TD1 are not directly regulated at the translation level. Instead, the authors found the L1TD1 protein associated with L1-RNPs, and this interaction is associated with increased L1 retrotransposition, at least in the contexts of HAP1 cells. Overall, these results support a model in which L1TD1 is restrained by DNA methylation, but in the absence of this repressive mark, L1TD1 is expressed and collaborates with L1 ORF1p (either directly or through interaction with L1 RNA, which remains unclear based on current results), leads to enhances L1 retrotransposition. These results establish the feasibility of this relationship existing in vivo in either development, disease, or both.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      The first portion of the manuscript centered on identifying and confirming the ATHB2 microprotein (ATHB2miP), which constitutes the core message of this study. Overall, I find no issue with the selection criteria employed for identifying alternative microprotein mRNA transcripts. However, I do have some queries that I hope the authors can address for clarity.

      (1) Upon reviewing the supplemental dataset where the authors listed the 377 unique novel miPs, along with those specifically in WL or shade treatments, I sought to comprehend the rationale behind focusing on ATHB2. Have the authors examined the shade response of all 377 potential microprotein candidates? Readers may be intrigued to learn how many of these candidates exhibit induction or repression under shade conditions, and whether such changes correlate positively or negatively with alterations in the full-length TSSs in response to shade. Essentially, I aim to discern the prevalence of microprotein production during shade responses and any shared characteristics among these microprotein transcripts. This inquiry also aims to uncover the existence of a common mechanism regulating microprotein transcription.

      (2) To confirm that ATHB2miP stems from an independent transcription event, the authors sequenced full-length cDNAs using PacBio isoseq. However, I find the information regarding isoseq missing from the manuscript. My assumption is that the full-length cDNAs were reverse transcribed from mRNAs isolated from whole seedlings, where mature mRNAs in the cytoplasm predominate, making it challenging to evaluate whether a specific mRNA undergoes post-transcriptional processing. One approach to confirming ATHB2miP as a product of independent transcription involves examining nascent mRNA produced in the nucleus. The authors may need to isolate nascent mRNAs associated with RNA Polymerase II in the nucleus from seedlings treated with shade for 45 min, and then perform reverse transcription and PacBio isoseq.

      (3) The authors noted the identification of two potential start codons, TTG and CTG, in the alternative TSS of ATHB2 using TISpredictor. Yet, it's imperative to identify the actual translation initiation site and the full-length sequence of ATHB2miP. I suggest the authors fuse an epitope tag (e.g., 3xFLAG) to the C-terminus of ATHB2 (utilizing the genomic sequence of ATHB2) and generate transgenic lines to be treated with shade to induce ATHB2miP-3xFLAG production. Affinity purification (anti-FLAG beads) and mass spectrometry can then identify the actual start site of ATHB2miP. This step is crucial, as the current ATHB2miP used may not be the exact sequence, and any observed phenotype could be artifacts arising from these lines.

      (4) My confusion arose when analyzing the results in Figures 1E - G. The authors didn't specify whether these plants were subjected to shade treatment. What are the sequences within the second intron and third exon excluded from pATHB2control::GUS that promote transcription and translation? Have the authors examined the sequence features? This information is pivotal and related to the above question #1 because it may tell us whether the sequence feature is shared by other miP candidates.

      The latter part of the manuscript focused on the functional characterization of ATHB2miP. The approaches adopted by the authors resemble those used in studying antimorphic (dominant negative) alleles. However, I have several concerns regarding the approaches and conclusions.

      (5) Firstly, as mentioned in question #3, the authors did not map the actual translation initiation site of ATHB2miP. Therefore, all constructs involving ATHB2miP, such as eGFP-ATHB2miP, BD-ATHB2miP, and mCherry-ATHB2miP in Figure 2, and 35S::miP in Figures 3-5, may contain extra amino acids in the N-terminus, given that epitope tags were all added to the N terminus. These additional amino acids could potentially impact the behavior of ATHB2miP and lead to artifacts. Identifying the translation initiation site in ATHB2miP would facilitate the development of tools to disrupt ATHB2miP expression without affecting full-length ATHB2 expression. For instance, if the "CTG" before the leucine zipper domain is confirmed as the translation initiation site, mutating it to another Leu codon (e.g., TTA) could generate transgenic lines using the genomic sequence of ATHB2, including this mutation, to evaluate the impact of losing ATHB2miP on shade responses.

      (6) Another concern pertains to the 35S::miP line utilized in Figures 3-5. The authors only presented results from one 35S::miP line, raising the possibility of T-DNA insertion disrupting an endogenous gene in the transgenic plant genome. It is essential to clarify how many individual T1 plants were generated and how many of them showed the same phenotype as the line used in the manuscript. Additionally, the use of the constitutive CaMV35S promoter could generate artifacts akin to neomorphic mutations. For example, the authors identified Cluster 1 genes that were only induced in 35S::miP, but not in t-athb2 or WT plants (Figure 3B); moreover, they found an overrepresentation of genes involved in root development in this cluster. This observation correlated well with the root phenotype of 35S::miP under the proximity shade (Figure 4D), in which the short-root phenotype was only observed in lines expressing 35S::miP. These data could be artifacts due to the constitutive expression of ATHB2miP in roots but didn't necessarily reflect the natural function of ATHB2miP.

      (7) Furthermore, I seek clarification regarding the rationale behind employing different shade conditions, including deep shade, canopy shade, and proximity shade, and the significance of treating plants with these conditions. The results were challenging to interpret, and I have reservations about some statements made. The authors claimed that ATHB2 acts as a growth repressor in deep shade but a growth promoter in the canopy and proximity shade (Lines 366-368). However, it appears that regardless of the shade conditions, most mutant and transgenic lines were not significantly different from WT (Figure 4C). Additionally, the definition of proximity shade in this manuscript (R:FR = 0.06) differs from that in Roig-Villanova & Martinez-Garcia (Front. Plant Sci., 2016; R:FR, 0.5-0.3). Clarity on this disparity would be appreciated.

      (8) In Figure 5, no statistical analyses were presented in Figure 5C. It remains unclear whether the differences observed are statistically significant. Moreover, the values appear quite similar among all three genotypes. Even if statistically significant, do these minor differences in Fe concentrations significantly impact plant physiology? Additionally, some statements related to Figure 5 do not align with the data presented. For instance, claims about longer hypocotyls in t-athb2, athb2∆, and atbh2∆LZ mutants compared to wild type under shade conditions on high iron media (lines 453-455) were not supported by the data in Figure 5D. Similarly, statements about the differences between mutants (lines 458-460) were not substantiated by the data.

    1. tickets. That we've logged so far. These ones in the inbox that look a little bit more bare are just drafts which are you know, somewhere where you can you can you can capture all the information about an issue. But it's not yet been formalized into an actual GitHub issue. Now we'll start with that. You know, if you came in here and you'd wanted just to log some issue or some idea, even you can just start t

      2 comments on the same text

    1. KWoCurr 1 point2 points3 points 5 hours ago (0 children)I actually do use Dewey!

      reply to https://www.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1c4kaps/giving_you_notes_a_unique_id_the_debate_continues/kzop2yh/

      I'm with you on some of this, but let me play devil's advocate for a moment, so that we might hew closer to the question u/atomicnotes has posed:

      If a Dewey Decimal Number is equivalent to a topic heading or subject, then what is the difference between using these subject/category/tag headings and forgoing the work of translating into a DC number (a task which is far less straightforward for those without a library science). If there is a onto to one and onto correspondence there should mathematically be no difference.

      And how does one treat insightful material on geometry (516), for example, which comes from a book classified about political science (320-329)?

      In a similar vein, why not use Otlet's Universal Decimal Classification which more easily allows for the admixture of topics as well as time periods?


      Separately, I'll echo your valuable statement:

      "I think everyone stumbles into a system of their own. I suspect the best practice here is the one that works for you!"

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      We thank all reviewers for their thorough assessment and constructive comments. We are glad that the reviewers appreciate that our findings are of interest to the nuclear transport field and that our extension of the use of the RITE methodology can be a valuable tool for the further characterization of NPCs that differ in composition and potentially function. In response to the reviewers’ comments, we have revised the text to incorporate their suggestions and improve overall readability and clarity. Furthermore, we propose to perform a set of additional experiments to address the reviewers’ most important critiques. Below we list our response with the reviewer comments reprinted in dark grey and our response in blue for easier orientation. We have added numbering of the comments for easier orientation.

      Many of the comments made by the reviewers have already been implemented, additional points will be addressed in a revised version of the manuscript as detailed below.

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The authors extended the existing recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE) technology to show that they can image a subset of NPCs, improving signal-to-noise ratios for live cell imaging in yeast, and to track the stability or dynamics of specific nuclear pore proteins across multiple cell divisions. Further, the authors use this technology to show that the nuclear basket proteins Mlp1, Mlp2 and Pml39 are stably associated with "old NPCs" through multiple cell cycles. The authors show that the presence of Mlp1 in these "old NPCs" correlates with exclusion of Mlp1-positive NPCs from the nucleolar territory. A surprising result is that basket-less NPCs can be excluded from the non-nucleolar region, an observation that correlates with the presence of Nup2 on the NPC regardless of maturation state of the NPC. In support of the proposal that retention of NPCs via Mlp1 and Nup2 in non-nucleolar regions, simulation data is presented to suggest that basket-less NPCs diffuse faster in the plane of the nuclear envelope.

      However, there are some points that do need addressing:

      Major Points 1. Taking into account that the Nup2 result in Figure 4B forms the basis for one half of the proposed model in Figure 6 regarding the exclusion of NPCs from the nucleolar region of the NE, there is a relatively small amount of data in support of this finding and this proposed model. For example, the only data for Nup2 in the manuscript is a column chart in Figure 4B with no supporting fluorescence microscopy examples for any Nup2 deletion. Further, the Nup60 deletion mutant will have zero basket-containing NPCs, whereas the Nup2 deletion will be a mixture of basket-containing and basket-less NPCs. The only support for the localization of basket-containing NPCs in the Nup2 deletion mutant is through a reference "Since Mlp1-positive NPCs remain excluded from the nucleolar territory in nup2Δ cells (Galy et al., 2004), the homogenous distribution observed in this mutant must be caused predominantly by the redistribution of Mlp-negative NPCs into the nucleolar territory."

      We have already added fluorescent images of the nup2d strain to figure 4A in the preliminary revision.

      In addition, we will repeat the experiment from Galy et al. 2004 to test whether Mlp-positive NPCs are excluded from nucleoli in our hands as well.

      Furthermore, we propose to carry out more experiments to pinpoint which domains of Nup2 contribute to nucleolar exclusion, which will provide more insight into the mechanism behind this effect. We propose to do this by analyzing NPC localization in mutants expressing truncations of Nup2 with deletions for individual domains as their only copy of Nup2. Regardless of whether we find a single domain of Nup2 responsible of a combinatorial action, this experiment will indicate a potential molecular mechanism for nucleolar exclusion.

      1. The authors could consider utilizing this opportunity to discuss their technological innovations in the context of the prior work of Onischenko et al., 2020. This work is referenced for the statement "RITE can be used to distinguish between old and new NPCs" Page 2, Line 43. However, it is not referenced for the statement "We constructed a RITE-cassette that allows the switch from a GFP-labelled protein to a new protein that is not fluorescently labelled (RITE(GFP-to-dark))" despite Onischenko et al., 2020 having already constructed a RITE-cassette for the GFP-to-dark transition. The authors could consider taking this opportunity to instead focus on their innovative approach to apply this technology to decrease the number of fluorescently-tagged NPCs by dilution across multiple cell divisions and to interpret this finding as a measure of the stability of nuclear pore proteins within the broader NPC.

      We apologize for this imprecise citation. We have modified the text to indicate that our RITE cassette was previously used in two publications. It now reads: “We used a RITE-cassette that allows the switch from a GFP-labelled protein to a new protein that is not fluorescently labelled (RITE(GFP-to-dark)) (Onischenko et al., 2020, Kralt et al., 2022). “

      1. The authors could also consider taking this opportunity to discuss their results in the context of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear pore complex structures published e.g. in Kim et al., 2018, Akey et al., 2022, Akey et al., 2023 in which the arrangement of proteins in the nuclear basket is presented, and also work from the Kohler lab (Mészáros et al., 2015) on how the basket proteins are anchored to the NPC. There is additional literature that also might help provide some perspective to the findings in the current manuscript, such as the observation that a lesser amount of Mlp2 to Mlp1 observed is consistent with prior work (e.g. Kim et al., 2018) and that intranuclear Mlp1 foci are also formed after Mlp1 overexpression (Strambio-de-Castillia et al., 1999).

      Following the reviewer’s suggestion, we extended our discussion of basket Nup stoichiometry and organization in the discussion section including several of the citations mentioned. At this point, we did not see a good way to incorporate discussion about the nuclear Mlp1 foci formed after Mlp1 overexpression. However, this observation is in line with the foci formed in cells lacking Nup60, suggesting that Mlp1 that cannot be incorporated into NPCs forms nuclear foci.

      Minor Points 1. What is the "lag time" of the doRITE switching? Do the authors believe that it is comparable to the approximate 1-hour timeframe following beta-estradiol induction as shown previously in Chen et al. Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 28, Issue 24, 15 December 2000, Page e108, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.24.e108

      Our data (e.g. newRITE, Figure S3B) suggest that the switch occurs on a similar timeframe at

      1. The authors could consider a brief explanation of radial position (um) for the benefit of the reader, in Figures 1E (right panel) and 2B (right panel), perhaps using a diagram to make it easier to understand the X-axis (um).

      To address this, we have now included a diagram and refer to it in the figure legend.

      1. In Figure 1G, would the authors consider changing the vertical axis title and the figure legend wording from "mean number of NPCs per cell" to "mean labeled NPC # per cell" to reflect that what is being characterized are the remaining GFP-bearing NPCs over time?

      Thank you for spotting this inaccuracy. We have changed the label to “mean # of labeled NPCs per cell”.

      1. In Figure 2C, the magenta-labeled protein in the micrographs is not described in the figure or the legend.

      As requested, a description has been added in figure and legend.

      1. In Figure S2A, there is an arrow indicating a Nup159 focus, but this is not described in the figure legend, as is done in Figure 2C.

      A description has been added to the legend.

      1. In Figure S3C, the figure legend does not match the figure. Was this supposed to be designed like Figure 3C and is missing part of the figure? Or is the legend a typographical error?

      We apologize for this error and thank the reviewer for spotting it. The legend has been corrected.

      1. In Figure S4B, the spontaneously recombined RITE (GFP-to-dark) Nup133-V5 appears in the western blot as equally abundant to pre-recombined Nup133-V5-GFP. In the figure legend, this is explained as cells grown in synthetic media without selection to eliminate cells that have lost their resistance marker from the population. In Cheng et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Dec 15; 28(24): e108, Cre-EBD was not active in the absence of B-estradiol, despite galactose-induced Cre-EBD overexpression. Would the authors be able to comment further on the Cre-Lox RITE system in the manuscript?

      We note that also in the cited publication, cells are grown in the presence of selection to select (as stated in this publication) “against pre-excision events that occur because of low but measurable basal expression of the recombinase”. Although the authors report that spontaneous recombination is reduced with the b-estradiol inducible system (compared to pGAL expression control of the recombinase only), they show negligible spontaneous recombination only within a two-hour time window. Indeed, we also observe low levels of uninduced recombination on a short timeframe, but occasional events can become significant in longer incubation times (e.g. overnight growth) in the absence of selection. It should be noted that in our system, Cre expression is continuously high (TDH3-promoter) and not controlled by an inducible GAL promoter. We have added the information about the promoter controlling Cre-expression in the methods section.

      1. In Figure 6, the authors may want to consider inverting the flow of the cartoon model to start from the wild type condition and apply the deletion mutations at each step to "arrive" at the mutant conditions, rather than starting with mutant conditions and "adding back" proteins.

      Following the suggestions of the reviewer, we have modified our model to more clearly represent the contributions of the different basket components.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      Recent work has drawn attention to the fact that not all NPCs are structurally or functionally the same, even within a single cell. In this light, the work here from Zsok et al. is an important demonstration of the kind of methodologies that can shed light on the stability and functions of different subpopulations of NPCs. Altogether, these data are used to support an interesting and topical model for Nup2 and nuclear-basket driven retention of NPCs in non-nucleolar regions of the nuclear envelope.

      We thank the reviewer for this positive assessment of our work.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In this study, Zsok et al. develop innovative methods to examine the dynamics of individual nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the nuclear envelope of budding yeast. The underlying premise is that with the emergence of biochemically distinct NPCs that co-exist in the same cell, there is a need to develop tools to functionally isolate and study them. For example, there is a pool of NPCs that lack the nuclear basket over the nucleolus. Although the nature of this exclusion has been investigated in the past, the authors take advantage of a modification of recombination induced tag exchange (RITE), the slow turnover of scaffold nups, the closed mitosis of budding yeast, and extensive high quality time lapse microscopy to ultimately monitor the dynamics of individual NPCs over the nucleolus. By leveraging genetic knockout approaches and auxin-induced degradation with sophisticated quantitative and rigorous analyses, the authors conclude that there may be two mechanisms dependent on nuclear basket proteins that impact nucleolar exclusion. They also incorporate some computational simulations to help support their conclusions. Overall, the data are of the highest quality and are rigorously quantified, the manuscript is well written, accessible, and scholarly - the conclusions are thus on solid footing.

      We thank the reviewer for this assessment.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      I have no concerns about the data or the conclusions in this manuscript. However, the significance is not overly clear as there is no major conceptual advance put forward, nor is there any new function suggested for the NPCs over nucleoli. As NPCs are immobile in metazoans, the significance may also be limited to a specialized audience.

      We respectfully disagree with this assessment. It is becoming increasingly clear that NPC variants are also present in other model systems. We characterize the interaction between conserved nuclear components, the NPC, the nucleolus and chromatin. While the specific architecture of the nucleus varies between species, many of these interactions are conserved. For example, Nup50, the homologue of Nup2, interacts with chromatin also in other systems including mammalian cells and thus may contribute to regulating the interplay between the nuclear basket and adjoining chromatin. Furthermore, our work demonstrates the use of a novel approach in the application of RITE that can be useful for other researchers in the field of NPC biology and beyond. For example, doRITE could be applied to study the properties of aged NPCs in the context of young cells. In the revised manuscript, we attempt to better highlight and discuss the conceptual advances of our manuscript.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The manuscript of Zsok et al. describes the role of nuclear basket proteins in the distribution and mobility of nuclear pore complexes in budding yeast. In particular, the authors showed that the doRITE approach can be used for the analysis of stable and dynamically associated NUPs. Moreover, it can distinguish individual NUPs and follow the inheritance of individual NPCs from mother to daughter cells. The author's findings highlight that Mlp1, Mlp2, and Pml39 are stably associated with the nuclear pore; deletion of Mlp1-Mlp2 and Nup60 leads to the higher NPC density in the nucleolar territory; and NPCs exhibit increased mobility in the absence of the nuclear basket components.

      The manuscript contains most figures supporting the data, and data supports the conclusions. However, authors need to include better explanations for figures in the text and figure legends. Lack of detailed explanation can pose challenges for non-experts. In addition, the authors jump over figures and shuffle them through the manuscript, which disrupts the flow and coherence of the manuscript.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. We have modified the figure legends throughout the manuscript in an attempt to make them more accessible to the reader. In addition, we will revise the figure order and text as suggested to improve the flow of the manuscript.

      Major comments: 1) The nuclear basket contains Nup1, Nup2, Nup60, Mlp1, and Mlp2 in yeast. Nup60 works as a seed for Mlp1/Mlp2 and Nup2 recruitment and plays a key role in the assembly of nuclear pore basket scaffold (PMID: 35148185). Logically, the authors focused primarily on Nup60 in the current manuscript. However, NUP153 has another ortholog of yeast - Nup1, which has not been studied in this work. I recommend adjusting the title of the manuscript to: Nup60 and Mlp1/Mlp2 regulate the distribution and mobility of nuclear pore complexes in budding yeast. I also suggest discussing why work on Nup1 was not included/performed in the manuscript.

      We have changed the title to “Nuclear basket proteins regulate the distribution and mobility of nuclear pore complexes in budding yeast”. We think that this better captures the essence of our manuscript than listing all four proteins (Mlp1/2, Nup60 and Nup2) in the title.

      We initially focused on the network that is involved in Mlp1/2 interaction at the NPC. However, we agree that it would be interesting to test, whether Nup1 plays a role in the analyzed processes as well. Since Nup1 is essential in our yeast background, we will use auxin-inducible degradation of Nup1 to test its involvement in NPC distribution.

      2) Figure 2B: I suggest choosing a more representative image for Pml39. It looks not like a stable component but rather dynamic as NUP60 or Gle1 based on figure showed in Figure 2B.

      Due to its lower copy number, Pml39 is much more difficult to visualize than the other Nups. To guide the reader, we have now added arrow heads to point to remaining Pml39 foci at the 14 hour timepoint. The 11 hour time point most clearly show that Pml39 is less dynamic than other Nups such as Nup116, Nup60 or Gle1. At this time point, clear dots for Pml39 can be detected, while e.g. Nup116 in the same figure exhibits a more distributed signal and the signal for Nup60 and Gle1 is no longer visible. We will describe this more clearly in our revised manuscript as well.

      3) Depletion of AID-tagged proteins needs to be supported by Western blot analysis with protein-specific antibodies, and PCR results should be included in supplementary data to demonstrate the homozygosity of the strains.

      The correct genomic tagging of the depleted proteins by AID was confirmed by PCR. We will include this PCR analysis in the supplemental data. Please note that we are working with haploid yeast cells. Therefore, all strains only carry a single copy of the genes. Unfortunately, we do not have protein-specific antibodies against the depleted proteins. However, the Mlp1-mislocalization phenotype demonstrates that depletion of Nup60 is successful and the depletion strain for PolII depletion was used and characterized previously (PMID: 31753862, PMID: 36220102).

      4) Figure 5B: Snapshots of images from the movie are required. There are no images, only quantifications.

      We have replaced the supplemental movie with a movie showing the detection by Trackmate as well as overlaid tracks. As requested, a snapshot of this movie was inserted in figure 5B. We have also moved the example tracks from the supplement to the main figure. Furthermore, we will deposit the tracking dataset in the ETH Research Collection to make it available to the community.

      5) Description of figure legends is more technical than supporting/explaining the figure. For example, below my suggestions for Figure 1D. Please, consider more detailed explanation for other figures. (D) Left: Schematic of the RITE cassette. NUP of interest is tagged with V5 tag and eGFP fluorescent protein where LoxP sites flank eGFP. Before the beta-estradiol-induced recombination, the old NPCs are marked with eGFP signal, whereas new NPCs lack an eGFP signal after the recombination. ORF: open reading frame; V5: V5-tag; loxP: loxP recombination site; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein. Right: doRITE assay schematic of stable or dynamic Nup behavior over cell divisions in yeast after the recombination.

      We have modified the figure legends throughout the manuscript to make them more explanatory and helpful for the reader.

      In addition, I recommend highlighting the result in the title of the figures. Please, re-consider titles for Figure S3.

      We have revised the title for Figure S3 to state a result. It now reads: “Mlp1 truncations localize preferentially to non-nucleolar NPCs.”

      Minor: i) P.1 Line 31. Extra period symbol before the "(Figure 1A)".

      Fixed

      ii) P.2 Line 10. Inconsistent writing of PML39 and MLP1. Both genes are capitalized. The same for P.4 Line 16. In some cases all letters are capitalized in other only the first one.

      We are following the official yeast gene nomenclature by spelling gene names in italicized capitals and protein names with only the first letter capitalized. We are sorry that this can be confusing for readers more familiar with other model systems but we adhere to the accepted yeast nomenclature standards.

      iii) P.2 Line 18-22. The sentence is too long and hard to read. I recommend splitting it into two sentences.

      We agree and have fixed this.

      iv) P.2-3 Line 46-47. The sentence is unclear. Suggestion: We expected that successive cell divisions would dilute the signal of labelled and stably associated with the NPC nucleoporins. By contrast, ...

      We have modified the sentence to read: “When tagging a Nup that stably associates with the NPC, we expected that successive cell divisions would dilute labelled NPCs by inheritance to both mother and daughter cells leading to a low density of labelled NPCs. By contrast,…”

      v) P.4 Line 17-21. Please, consider adding extra information and clarifying lines 19-21. For example, in Line 19 Figure 2B you can add that the reader needs to compare row 1 and row 4.

      Thank you, we have fixed this as suggested.

      vi) P. 5 Line 15. When a number begins a sentence, that number should always be spelled out. You can pe-phrase the sentence to avoid it. Also, I recommend adding an explanation/hypothesis of why new NPCs are less frequently detected in nucleolar territory.

      We have formatted the text. Interestingly, new NPCs are more frequently detected in the nucleolar territory. We have reformulated this section to make it clearer, also in response to the next comment.

      vii) P.5 Line 17-22. I recommend re-phrasing these two sentences. Logically, it is clear that Mlp1/Mlp2 loss mimics "old NPCs" to look more like "new NPCs", and for that reason, they are more frequently included in the nucleolar territory, but it is not clear when you read these two sentences from the first time.

      We have reformulated this section to make it clearer.

      viii) P6. Line 16. No figure supporting data on graph (Figure 3B).

      We have added fluorescent images of the nup2d strain to figure 4A.

      ix) P.7 Line 10-13. The sentence is unclear.

      We have shortened the sentence and moved part of the content to the discussion in the next paragraph.

      x) P.13,14 etc. If 0h timepoint has been used for normalization, why is it present on the graph?

      The 0h timepoint is shown for comparison and to illustrate the standard deviation in the data.

      xi) P.15. Line 32-33. There is no image here. Potentially wrong description of the figure.

      Thank you for spotting this. This was fixed.

      xii) Figures: - Inconsistent labeling of figures. For example, Fig.1, Fig.1S, Figure 2 etc.

      Thank you, this has been corrected.

      • Inconsistent labeling of figures. For example, Fig.1 G "mean number of NPCs per cell" - no capitalization of the first letter. Fig.1S "Fraction in population" is capitalize d. In general, titles of axis should be capitalized.

      Thank you for spotting this. This was fixed.

      Suggestions for Figure 1D and Figure 6 are attached as a separate file.

      We thank the reviewer for their suggestions to improve these figures. We have taken their recommendation and revised the figures accordingly (see also response to reviewer 1, minor point 8).

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Zsok et al. used the recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE) approach, which is an interesting and powerful method to follow individual NUPs over time with respect to their localization and abundance. This approach has been used before in PMID: 36515990 to distinguish pre-existing and newly synthesized Nup2 populations and has been extended to other basket NUPs in this work. Using this method, the authors support the earlier data on basket nucleoporins and highlight new insights on how basket nucleoporins regulate NPCs distribution and mobility. Overall, the manuscript provides new details on the stability of nucleoporins in yeast and how these data align with the mass spectrometry and FRAP data performed earlier in other studies. The limitation of this study is the absence of data on Nup1. It was unclear why these data were not present. Additional data can be included on the dynamics of Pml39, for example, using the FRAP method. The dynamic of Pml39 at the pore was shown only using the doRITE method.

      As suggested, we propose to test whether Nup1 influences NPC organization (see also above). Unfortunately, we are not able to provide orthologous data for the dynamics of Pml39. As we have discussed in the manuscript, FRAP is not suitable for the analysis of the dynamics of most nucleoporins in yeast due to the high lateral mobility of NPCs in the nuclear envelope and has previously generated misleading results for Mlp1. Furthermore, the low expression levels of Pml39 will make it difficult to obtain reliable FRAP curves for this protein. We therefore do not think that adding FRAP experiments with Pml39 will provide valuable insight.

      However, in addition to the Pml39 doRITE result itself, our observation that the Pml39-dependent pool of Mlp1 exhibits stable association with the NPC supports the interpretation of Pml39 as a stable protein as well.

      In general, this study represents a unique research study of basic research on nuclear pore proteins that will be of general interest to the nuclear transport field.

      Field of expertise: nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear pore, inducible protein degradation. I do not have sufficient expertise in ExTrack.

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      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The manuscript of Zsok et al. describes the role of nuclear basket proteins in the distribution and mobility of nuclear pore complexes in budding yeast. In particular, the authors showed that the doRITE approach can be used for the analysis of stable and dynamically associated NUPs. Moreover, it can distinguish individual NUPs and follow the inheritance of individual NPCs from mother to daughter cells. The author's findings highlight that Mlp1, Mlp2, and Pml39 are stably associated with the nuclear pore; deletion of Mlp1-Mlp2 and Nup60 leads to the higher NPC density in the nucleolar territory; and NPCs exhibit increased mobility in the absence of the nuclear basket components.

      The manuscript contains most figures supporting the data, and data supports the conclusions. However, authors need to include better explanations for figures in the text and figure legends. Lack of detailed explanation can pose challenges for non-experts. In addition, the authors jump over figures and shuffle them through the manuscript, which disrupts the flow and coherence of the manuscript.

      Major comments:

      • The nuclear basket contains Nup1, Nup2, Nup60, Mlp1, and Mlp2 in yeast. Nup60 works as a seed for Mlp1/Mlp2 and Nup2 recruitment and plays a key role in the assembly of nuclear pore basket scaffold (PMID: 35148185). Logically, the authors focused primarily on Nup60 in the current manuscript. However, NUP153 has another ortholog of yeast - Nup1, which has not been studied in this work. I recommend adjusting the title of the manuscript to: Nup60 and Mlp1/Mlp2 regulate the distribution and mobility of nuclear pore complexes in budding yeast. I also suggest discussing why work on Nup1 was not included/performed in the manuscript.
      • Figure 2B: I suggest choosing a more representative image for Pml39. It looks not like a stable component but rather dynamic as NUP60 or Gle1 based on figure showed in Figure 2B.
      • Depletion of AID-tagged proteins needs to be supported by Western blot analysis with protein-specific antibodies, and PCR results should be included in supplementary data to demonstrate the homozygosity of the strains.
      • Figure 5B: Snapshots of images from the movie are required. There are no images, only quantifications.
      • Description of figure legends is more technical than supporting/explaining the figure. For example, below my suggestions for Figure 1D. Please, consider more detailed explanation for other figures. (D) Left: Schematic of the RITE cassette. NUP of interest is tagged with V5 tag and eGFP fluorescent protein where LoxP sites flank eGFP. Before the beta-estradiol-induced recombination, the old NPCs are marked with eGFP signal, whereas new NPCs lack an eGFP signal after the recombination. ORF: open reading frame; V5: V5-tag; loxP: loxP recombination site; eGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein. Right: doRITE assay schematic of stable or dynamic Nup behavior over cell divisions in yeast after the recombination.

      In addition, I recommend highlighting the result in the title of the figures. Please, re-consider titles for Figure S3.

      Minor:

      P.1 Line 31. Extra period symbol before the "(Figure 1A)".

      P.2 Line 10. Inconsistent writing of PML39 and MLP1. Both genes are capitalized. The same for P.4 Line 16. In some cases all letters are capitalized in other only the first one.

      P.2 Line 18-22. The sentence is too long and hard to read. I recommend splitting it into two sentences.

      P.2-3 Line 46-47. The sentence is unclear. Suggestion: We expected that successive cell divisions would dilute the signal of labelled and stably associated with the NPC nucleoporins. By contrast, ...

      P.4 Line 17-21. Please, consider adding extra information and clarifying lines 19-21. For example, in Line 19 Figure 2B you can add that the reader needs to compare row 1 and row 4.

      P. 5 Line 15. When a number begins a sentence, that number should always be spelled out. You can pe-phrase the sentence to avoid it. Also, I recommend adding an explanation/hypothesis of why new NPCs are less frequently detected in nucleolar territory.

      P.5 Line 17-22. I recommend re-phrasing these two sentences. Logically, it is clear that Mlp1/Mlp2 loss mimics "old NPCs" to look more like "new NPCs", and for that reason, they are more frequently included in the nucleolar territory, but it is not clear when you read these two sentences from the first time.

      P6. Line 16. No figure supporting data on graph (Figure 3B).

      P.7 Line 10-13. The sentence is unclear.

      P.13,14 etc. If 0h timepoint has been used for normalization, why is it present on the graph?

      P.15. Line 32-33. There is no image here. Potentially wrong description of the figure.

      Figures:

      • Inconsistent labeling of figures. For example, Fig.1, Fig.1S, Figure 2 etc.
      • Inconsistent labeling of figures. For example, Fig.1 G "mean number of NPCs per cell" - no capitalization of the first letter. Fig.1S "Fraction in population" is capitalized. In general, titles of axis should be capitalized.

      Suggestions for Figure 1D and Figure 6 are attached as a separate file.

      Significance

      Zsok et al. used the recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE) approach, which is an interesting and powerful method to follow individual NUPs over time with respect to their localization and abundance. This approach has been used before in PMID: 36515990 to distinguish pre-existing and newly synthesized Nup2 populations and has been extended to other basket NUPs in this work. Using this method, the authors support the earlier data on basket nucleoporins and highlight new insights on how basket nucleoporins regulate NPCs distribution and mobility. Overall, the manuscript provides new details on the stability of nucleoporins in yeast and how these data align with the mass spectrometry and FRAP data performed earlier in other studies. The limitation of this study is the absence of data on Nup1. It was unclear why these data were not present. Additional data can be included on the dynamics of Pml39, for example, using the FRAP method. The dynamic of Pml39 at the pore was shown only using the doRITE method.

      In general, this study represents a unique research study of basic research on nuclear pore proteins that will be of general interest to the nuclear transport field.

      Field of expertise: nuclear-cytoplasmic transport, nuclear pore, inducible protein degradation. I do not have sufficient expertise in ExTrack.

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this study, Zsok et al. develop innovative methods to examine the dynamics of individual nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the nuclear envelope of budding yeast. The underlying premise is that with the emergence of biochemically distinct NPCs that co-exist in the same cell, there is a need to develop tools to functionally isolate and study them. For example, there is a pool of NPCs that lack the nuclear basket over the nucleolus. Although the nature of this exclusion has been investigated in the past, the authors take advantage of a modification of recombination induced tag exchange (RITE), the slow turnover of scaffold nups, the closed mitosis of budding yeast, and extensive high quality time lapse microscopy to ultimately monitor the dynamics of individual NPCs over the nucleolus. By leveraging genetic knockout approaches and auxin-induced degradation with sophisticated quantitative and rigorous analyses, the authors conclude that there may be two mechanisms dependent on nuclear basket proteins that impact nucleolar exclusion. They also incorporate some computational simulations to help support their conclusions. Overall, the data are of the highest quality and are rigorously quantified, the manuscript is well written, accessible, and scholarly - the conclusions are thus on solid footing.

      Significance

      I have no concerns about the data or the conclusions in this manuscript. However, the significance is not overly clear as there is no major conceptual advance put forward, nor is there any new function suggested for the NPCs over nucleoli. As NPCs are immobile in metazoans, the significance may also be limited to a specialized audience.

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      The authors extended the existing recombination-induced tag exchange (RITE) technology to show that they can image a subset of NPCs, improving signal-to-noise ratios for live cell imaging in yeast, and to track the stability or dynamics of specific nuclear pore proteins across multiple cell divisions. Further, the authors use this technology to show that the nuclear basket proteins Mlp1, Mlp2 and Pml39 are stably associated with "old NPCs" through multiple cell cycles. The authors show that the presence of Mlp1 in these "old NPCs" correlates with exclusion of Mlp1-positive NPCs from the nucleolar territory. A surprising result is that basket-less NPCs can be excluded from the non-nucleolar region, an observation that correlates with the presence of Nup2 on the NPC regardless of maturation state of the NPC. In support of the proposal that retention of NPCs via Mlp1 and Nup2 in non-nucleolar regions, simulation data is presented to suggest that basket-less NPCs diffuse faster in the plane of the nuclear envelope.

      However, there are some points that do need addressing:

      Major Points

      1. Taking into account that the Nup2 result in Figure 4B forms the basis for one half of the proposed model in Figure 6 regarding the exclusion of NPCs from the nucleolar region of the NE, there is a relatively small amount of data in support of this finding and this proposed model. For example, the only data for Nup2 in the manuscript is a column chart in Figure 4B with no supporting fluorescence microscopy examples for any Nup2 deletion. Further, the Nup60 deletion mutant will have zero basket-containing NPCs, whereas the Nup2 deletion will be a mixture of basket-containing and basket-less NPCs. The only support for the localization of basket-containing NPCs in the Nup2 deletion mutant is through a reference "Since Mlp1-positive NPCs remain excluded from the nucleolar territory in nup2Δ cells (Galy et al., 2004), the homogenous distribution observed in this mutant must be caused predominantly by the redistribution of Mlp-negative NPCs into the nucleolar territory."
      2. The authors could consider utilizing this opportunity to discuss their technological innovations in the context of the prior work of Onischenko et al., 2020. This work is referenced for the statement "RITE can be used to distinguish between old and new NPCs" Page 2, Line 43. However, it is not referenced for the statement "We constructed a RITE-cassette that allows the switch from a GFP-labelled protein to a new protein that is not fluorescently labelled (RITE(GFP-to-dark))" despite Onischenko et al., 2020 having already constructed a RITE-cassette for the GFP-to-dark transition. The authors could consider taking this opportunity to instead focus on their innovative approach to apply this technology to decrease the number of fluorescently-tagged NPCs by dilution across multiple cell divisions and to interpret this finding as a measure of the stability of nuclear pore proteins within the broader NPC.
      3. The authors could also consider taking this opportunity to discuss their results in the context of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae nuclear pore complex structures published e.g. in Kim et al., 2018, Akey et al., 2022, Akey et al., 2023 in which the arrangement of proteins in the nuclear basket is presented, and also work from the Kohler lab (Mészáros et al., 2015) on how the basket proteins are anchored to the NPC. There is additional literature that also might help provide some perspective to the findings in the current manuscript, such as the observation that a lesser amount of Mlp2 to Mlp1 observed is consistent with prior work (e.g. Kim et al., 2018) and that intranuclear Mlp1 foci are also formed after Mlp1 overexpression (Strambio-de-Castillia et al., 1999).

      Minor Points

      1. What is the "lag time" of the doRITE switching? Do the authors believe that it is comparable to the approximate 1-hour timeframe following beta-estradiol induction as shown previously in Chen et al. Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 28, Issue 24, 15 December 2000, Page e108, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/28.24.e108
      2. The authors could consider a brief explanation of radial position (um) for the benefit of the reader, in Figures 1E (right panel) and 2B (right panel), perhaps using a diagram to make it easier to understand the X-axis (um).
      3. In Figure 1G, would the authors consider changing the vertical axis title and the figure legend wording from "mean number of NPCs per cell" to "mean labeled NPC # per cell" to reflect that what is being characterized are the remaining GFP-bearing NPCs over time?
      4. In Figure 2C, the magenta-labeled protein in the micrographs is not described in the figure or the legend.
      5. In Figure S2A, there is an arrow indicating a Nup159 focus, but this is not described in the figure legend, as is done in Figure 2C.
      6. In Figure S3C, the figure legend does not match the figure. Was this supposed to be designed like Figure 3C and is missing part of the figure? Or is the legend a typographical error?
      7. In Figure S4B, the spontaneously recombined RITE (GFP-to-dark) Nup133-V5 appears in the western blot as equally abundant to pre-recombined Nup133-V5-GFP. In the figure legend, this is explained as cells grown in synthetic media without selection to eliminate cells that have lost their resistance marker from the population. In Cheng et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000 Dec 15; 28(24): e108, Cre-EBD was not active in the absence of B-estradiol, despite galactose-induced Cre-EBD overexpression. Would the authors be able to comment further on the Cre-Lox RITE system in the manuscript?
      8. In Figure 6, the authors may want to consider inverting the flow of the cartoon model to start from the wild type condition and apply the deletion mutations at each step to "arrive" at the mutant conditions, rather than starting with mutant conditions and "adding back" proteins.

      Significance

      Recent work has drawn attention to the fact that not all NPCs are structurally or functionally the same, even within a single cell. In this light, the work here from Zsok et al. is an important demonstration of the kind of methodologies that can shed light on the stability and functions of different subpopulations of NPCs. Altogether, these data are used to support an interesting and topical model for Nup2 and nuclear-basket driven retention of NPCs in non-nucleolar regions of the nuclear envelope.

  6. inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net inst-fs-iad-prod.inscloudgate.net
    1. “Close your mouth, señora,” Luzia said gently as she gathered her skirts.“You look like you’re waiting for someone to push a cake into it.”

      tag team fr

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      Referee #4

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      In this work, Zemlianski and colleagues exploit S. pombe mutations responsible for catastrophic mitoses, in particular those leading to a cut / cut-like phenotypes, whereby cytokinesis takes place without proper DNA segregation, trapping DNA molecules by septum formation in between the two separating cells. The work builds on the team's previous observation that these defects can be alleviated when cells are grown in a nitrogen-rich medium, and motivate their efforts to understand this better. The manuscript is written in a concise, neat and informative manner, and the results are presented clearly, with consistence in the format and the style all along. The analyses appear to have been, in general, conducted under the best standards. The findings are important and the data are of good quality. I have, however, important concerns that will be detailed below, and which, as I hope will be made clear, question the pertinence of including "TOR signaling" in the title, and making a distinction between "good" and "poor" nitrogen sources in the abstract.

      Major comments:

      Results

      The conclusion that the phenotype is suppressed by "good" but not "poor" nitrogen sources is not sufficiently supported. First, this interpretation is based on comparing only two or three sources of each type; Second, the "good" source glutamate needed to be raised for it to have a significant effect; 3) there is a strange datum, as Glu 100 mM in Graph 1D looks exactly the same as Glu 50 mM in Graph 1E, I guess there is a mistake in the plotting; 4) and, more important, the fact that the authors had the nice initiative of reproducing their YES medium experiments for every graph led to the inevitable fact that slightly different values were obtained every time, which is normal. While the values yield very similar data for panels 1B, 1C and even 1D, the frequency of catastrophic mitoses for the cbf11 mutant in YES in panel 1E is much lower than in panel Figure 1B, for example. This has the consequence of making the suppression obtained when adding 'poor' sources, such as proline or uracil, non-significantly different. Thus, the authors conclude that 'poor' nitrogen sources are not good at suppressing the phenotype. I suggest that the authors pool all their YES data (they will have 12 repeats of their experiment) and plot, in a single graph, all the other treatments. By performing the analyses again, using the appropriate statistical test for that, perhaps they will have a surprise. After which, the question is, is it so important to put the emphasis on whether the source is good or poor? The incontestable observation is that, in general, there is clear trend of suppression of the phenotype.

      In Figure 2, images should be shown as an example of what was seen, what was quantified, how the "decrease in nuclear cross-section area" looked like indeed.

      Also, important for Figure 2, the authors used the nuclear cross-section area as a readout for nuclear envelope expansion versus shrinkage. For that, they did not use a fluorescent marker for the nuclear envelope that is continuous, but a nucleoporin (Cut11-GFP). In my experience, nucleoporins being discontinuously distributed throughout the nuclear envelope, the area encompassed by the signal may be underestimated in the event of a strong nuclear envelope deformation, as I have tried to illustrate in the scheme below: I WILL SEND THE SCHEME BY MAIL TO THE EDITOR, AS I CANNOT COPY-PASTE IT IN THE SYSTEM BOX Given that the photos from which the data were retrieved have not been shown, I cannot at present judge whether the use of a nuclear envelope marker providing continuous signals is absolutely necessary or not, and whether this consideration will affect (or not at all) the conclusions.

      The authors do not seem to comment or pay any attention to a very crucial result they obtain: the addition of ammonium to the WT strain has the effect of also restricting the nuclear cross-section area. They indeed say in their text "we did not observe any differences between cultures grown with or without ammonium supplementation (Fig.2)". I guess they refer here to the cbf11 mutant, in which case the sentence is true (although unfair to the WT). But by neglecting that the supplementation with ammonium had the power of reducing the cross-section area of WT nuclei, they are misled (or misleading) in their interpretation. The same, although milder, is true for Figure 5C, where the addition of ammonium to the WT culture does not alter the median value of prophase + metaphase duration, however has the virtue of very much rendering sharp (less scattered) the population of values, suggesting that the accuracy / control of the process is enhanced. What does this mean? I think it should be carefully thought about and considered as a whole.

      In the same line as above, the authors omit the RNA-seq analysis concerning the treatment of the WT with ammonium (Figure 3). This is very important to understand the standpoint of what this treatment elicits. It would also help unravel the observations I mentioned above that the authors did not assess in their descriptions. Also regarding Figure 3, it is completely obscure why the authors decided to show the genes on the right axis, and not others. Knowing how vast the lipid pathways are, there are likely many other hits that could be relevant. A particular thought goes for the proteins in charge of filling lipid droplets, such as sterol- and fatty acid-esterifying enzymes. Unless a very justified reason is provided, the choice at present seems arbitrary and it would be better to show a more unbiased data representation.

      In the same vein, related to the effect of ammonium onto the WT, in Figure S1 (I want to congratulate the authors for showing their 3 experimental replicates), the results very neatly show that ammonium supplementation to the WT leads to a neat and reproducible increase in TAG, a fact on which the authors do not comment. In the mutant, irrespective of ammonium presence or absence, a huge increase in squalene and steryl esters (SE) are seen. I think the work would benefit from actually quantifying the intensity of these bands and thus materializing this in the form of values. TAG, squalene and SE are all neutral lipids, and are all stored within LD to prevent lipotoxicity if accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum. While ammonium elicits strong TAG accumulation in the WT, this is not the case in the mutant, likely because the massive occupation of LD storage capacity is overwhelmed with squalene and SE. Could this have something to do with the suppression they are studying?

      In the section of results where the authors comment the TLC analysis, they write "suggesting failed coordination between sterol and TAG lipid metabolism pathway". As it stands, the sentence is rather devoid of real meaning and may be even misleading, when considering what I wrote before.

      My biggest concern has to do with the very last part, when they explore the implications of TOR:

      • First, all the data presented in the two concerned panels of Figure 7 (B and C) and of Figure S3 lack the values obtained for the single mutants with which cbf11 was combined. This is not acceptable from a genetic point of view, and may prevent us from having important information. For example: if the authors were right that Tor2/TORC1 is ensuring successful progression through closed mitosis (last sentence of results), then one would predict that the tor2-S allele leads to an increase, already per se, of the frequency of catastrophic mitoses. However, at present, I cannot check that.
      • the authors turn to use a ∆ssp2 mutant to "increase Tor2 activity". However, this is a pleiotropic strategy, as AMP-kinase is the major sensor and responder to energy depletion, frequently triggered by glucose shortage, thus I am not sure the effects associated to its absence can be unequivocally be ascribed to a Tor2 raise.
      • there is a counterintuitive observation: rapamycin, which mimics nitrogen shortage, has the same effect than ammonium supplementation. This is strangely bypassed in the discussion, where the authors wrote "we showed increased mitotic fidelity in cbf11 cells when the stress-response branch of the TOR network was suppressed, either by ablation of Tor1/TORC2 or by boosting the activity of the pro-growth Tor2/TORC1 branch. These data are in agreement with previous findings that Tor2/TORC1 inhibition mimics nitrogen starvation".
      • last, and irrespective of what was said above, the authors conclude that the phenotype suppression is due to "a role for Tor2/TORC1 in ensuring successful progression through mitosis". If, as stated by the authors, Tor1/TORC2 absence not only abrogates Tor1/TORC2 activity, but it simultaneously raises Tor2/TORC1 activity, and if reciprocally Tor2/TORC1 increased activity concurs with Tor1/TORC2 attenuation, it cannot therefore be discerned if the suppression is due to Tor2/TORC1 raise or to Tor1/TORC2 dampening.

      Discussion

      The authors invoke that TOR controls lipin, despite what they go on to dismiss the link between TOR and lipids by saying "we did not observe any major changes in phospholipid composition when cells were grown in ammonium-supplemented YES medium compared to plain YES (Figure S2)", with this reinforcing their conclusion that ammonium does not suppress lipid-related cut mutants through directly correcting lipid metabolism defects. While I agree with that reasoning, I invoke again that they nevertheless neglected the clear change observed in their three replicates (Figure S2) that ammonium addition to WT cells strongly increases the amount of TAG (esterified fatty acids). Since lipin activity promotes DAG formation, which then leads to TAG accumulation, this aspect should not be neglected.

      The emphasis on TOR, which expands several paragraphs of the Discussion, should be revisited if the evidence provided for this part of the data is not reinforced.

      To finish, if I may provide some personal thoughts that may be useful for the authors, I would first remind that TAG storage prevents the channeling of phosphatidic acid towards novel phospholipid synthesis thus antagonizes NE expansion, which agrees with their neglected observation for the WT in Figure 2A. The antagonization of NE expansion can be achieved through autophagy (DOI 10.1038/s41467-023-39172-3; DOI 10.1177/25152564231157706), and indeed rapamycin addition (a very potent inducer of autophagy) also suppressed the cut phenotype (Figure 7A). What is more, in S. cerevisiae, autophagy has been shown as important to transition through mitosis conveniently and to prevent mitotic aberrations (DOI 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003245), and to impose a "genome instability" intolerance threshold by restricting NE expansion (DOI 10.1177/25152564231157706). In the first mentioned work, the authors proposed that autophagy may help raising aminoacid levels, which could assist cell cycle progression. This would have the virtue of reconciling the otherwise counterintuitive observation of the authors that rapamycin, which mimics nitrogen shortage, has the same effect than ammonium supplementation. It could be that ammonium supplementation mimics the downstream signal of a complex cascade initiated by actual aminoacid shortage, known to elicit autophagy-like processes (thus explaining why TAG raise, why the NE does not expand), and may culminate with launching a program for more accurate mitosis and genome segregation. In further support, TORC1 inhibition (as elicited by +rapamycin) is a central node that integrates multiple cues, not only nitrogen availability, but also carbon shortage (DOI 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.05.027), and even genetic instability cues (DOI 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.053), perhaps helping unravel why ammonium (via TOR) suppresses very diverse cut mutants, irrespective of whether they stem from lipid or chromatid cohesion deficiencies. These previous works should be considered by the authors.

      Minor

      There was no speculation about why the suppressions are partial.

      Reference 15, cited in the text, is absent from the references list.

      An explanation of which statistical tests were chosen and why they were chosen would be necessary.

      In particular, for the analyses performed for Figure 5, one-way ANOVA should be applied instead of several t-tests.

      A small section in M&M about how data in general was acquired, quantified, plotted and analyzed would be appropriate.

      In the discussion, the sentence "this could mean that the signaling of availability of a good nitrogen source is by itself more important for mitotic fidelity than the actual physical presence of the nutrients" is a rather void sentence. Because, from the point of view of how a cell "works", the signal is important for the basic reason that it is supposed to represent the actual real cue eliciting it.

      In the second part of Results, when the phenotype of cbf11 mutants concerning LD is mentioned, the authors said "aberrant LD content". It would be good if they can mention already at this stage which type of aberration this was: more LD? less LD? bigger? smaller?

      What is the difference between the two SE bands in Figure S2? What exactly does SE-1 and SE-2 mean?

      In Figure 2, the two graphs, presented side by side, would be more easily comparable if they could be plotted with the same y-axis scale.

      In Figure 1A, it would be useful for non-specialists of this phenotype and non-pombe readers to show a control of how it looks to be "normal".

      Referees cross-commenting

      Overall, there is a striking consensus on the need to either address experimentally or remove the emphasis put on the TOR/mitotic fidelity connection, and of clarifying the counter-intuitive notions associated to the results obtained with rapamycin. Also, the need for revisiting / improving / justifying the means by which nuclear envelope deformation is assessed has been raised at least twice. I therefore guess that the common guidelines for improving this manuscript are clearly established.

      Significance

      In view of all of the above, my feeling is that the authors have put the accent on the TOR message, which is weak, while they have less put the accent on very strong and elegant findings they do: The authors discover that the suppression of cut(-like) mutant phenotype by addition of NH4 is not due to a correction in lipid metabolism defects, suggesting that the effect is indirect. In support, cut-like mutants whose molecular defect stems from lipid-unrelated defects are also suppressed by ammonium addition. What is more, the authors refine the type of cut-like mutants susceptible of being "corrected" by ammonium addition, finding a "novel definition of cuts" that invoke a temporal rule. This important observation has relevant implications:

      • the long-standing interpretation (commented by the authors) that lipid-related cut mutants are defective because of insufficient synthesis of lipids to be able to grow their nuclear envelope membranes seems now inappropriate in light of their data;
      • this has the immediate implication that perhaps the importance of nitrogen supplementation for accurate mitosis is no longer a fact that may apply only to (yeast) organisms performing closed mitosis, which may broaden the implications of their finding substantially;
      • the nature of the temporal ruler they discover that makes defects appearing early susceptible of being suppressed by nitrogen supplementation deserves analysis in further works, thus opening an immediate perspective.
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      按照文本解析格式提供翻译,德语句子 "willst du denn deinen freien Tag nicht mit uns verbringen" 可以翻译成:

      你难道不想和我们一起度过你的休息日吗?

      单词分解与翻译: - willst : 动词“wollen”的第二人称单数现在时态,意为“想要”。 - du : (你),代词,第二人称单数主格形式。 - denn : (难道),副词,常用来加强语气,表达惊讶、疑问或期待。 - deinen : (你的),形容词性物主代词,这里是“dein”的第四格形式,表示所属关系,意指“你的”。 - freien : (自由的、空闲的),形容词,这里修饰后面的名词“Tag”,表示“休息日”、“空闲的一天”。 - Tag : (天、日),名词,单数形式,这里特指休息或空闲的时间。 - nicht : (不),否定副词。 - mit : (和...一起),介词。 - uns : (我们),代词,第一人称复数宾格形式。 - verbringen : (度过、共度时光),动词,原形为“verbringen”,此处意为一起度过一段时间。

      整个句子意思是询问对方是否不愿意在休息日与说话人及其他人共同度过这一天。

    2. -->

      整体翻译: 想到爸爸独自度过他的休息日,我感到很伤心。

      单词翻译:

      • Ich:我(主格,第一人称单数代词)
      • war:是(动词sein的一般过去时第一人称单数变位,这里表示过去的状态)
      • traurig:伤心的(形容词,表示情绪低落或悲伤)
      • bei:在……时/因为(介词,这里表示某种情境或原因)
      • dem:这个(定冠词der的第三格形式,用来限定后面的名词)
      • Gedanken:想法、念头(名词,指思想或思考的内容)
      • dass:引导从句,相当于英语中的"that",在这里引出原因状语从句
      • mein:我的(形容词性物主代词,单数第一格,表示所属关系)
      • Pops:爸爸、爹地(非正式口语中的称呼,此处指父亲)
      • seinen:他的(形容词性物主代词,单数第四格,指代父亲的)
      • freien:空闲的、自由的(形容词,修饰后面的名词Tag,表示“休息日”)
      • Tag:天、日子(名词,这里特指休息日或者空闲时间)
      • ganz:完全地、整个地(副词,强调后面的动作状态)
      • allein:独自、单独(副词,表示一个人没有陪伴)
      • verbringt:度过、花费(动词verbringen的一般现在时第三人称单数变位,表示正在发生的或习惯性的动作)
    1. With the easy-to-use language of HTML, the ubiquity of TCP/IP that connected computers all over the globe and the well-understood domain name system for buying names, anyone could easily set-up their own Web site to share knowledge about any subject of their choosing, and thus the Web soon took off as the first truly decentralized system for global knowledge sharing. The Web’s decentralized nature, which allowed anyone to contribute and link to anyone else, made it a “permission-less” platform for knowledge. The decentralized innovation also applied to the core functionality of the Web as developers added new tags, such as the image tag by Netscape, and a constant stream of innovation has characterized the Web ever since its inception. Of course, it helped that CERN was committed to providing the core technology for free and the permission-less innovation was managed by a consensus-run global standards process for HTML, HTTP and URIs at the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and Berners-Lee’s own World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Still, the Web was not completely decentralized, as the domain name system itself, on which URIs depend, was centralized and requires the licensing of domain names — although once one has bought a single domain name one may host many different Web sites. As regards the decentralization of knowledge, the Web was viewed not as the end, but the beginning: Berners-Lee and others began hoping that eventually it would evolve into a truly universal information space for the sharing of knowledge that went beyond hypertext.

      happy beginnings...

    1. -->

      整体翻译: - Oh, ist das wieder ein wundervoller Tag.<br /> (哦,今天又是美好的一天。)

      单词分解与翻译: - Oh: (哦),这是一个感叹词,用于表达惊讶、喜悦或其他强烈的情绪。 - ist: (是),这是动词 "sein" (是) 的第三人称单数现在时态,用于表示某人的状态或存在。 - das: (这,那个),这是一个指示代词,用于指代特定的事物或概念。 - wieder: (又),这是一个副词,用于表示重复或再次发生的动作或事件。 - ein: (一个),这是一个不定冠词,用于名词之前,表示一个或多个未确定的对象。 - wundervoller: (美好的),这是一个形容词,用于形容令人愉悦或令人惊叹的事物。 - Tag: (天),这是一个名词,指一天的时间或日期。

      所以整个句子意思是:(哦,今天又是美好的一天。) 这句话表达了说话人对当前一天的积极感受,表明他们认为这是一个愉快或令人满意的日子。

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      We would like to express our gratitude to the reviewers for their comments, which helped us to improve the quality of our manuscript. Below are the responses to each comment. We hope that these responses will satisfy the reviewers.

      Reviewer #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary: The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is and RNA quality pathway that eliminates mRNAs containing premature termination codons. Its mechanism has been studied for several decades but despite enormous progress we still don't have a satisfactory model that would explain most of the published observations. In particular, the mechanism has been proposed to differ substantially between yeast and metazoa. Yeast Nmd4 protein was previously shown to be involved in NMD, to interact with UPF1 and exhibit similarities with metazoan SMG6 and SMG5/7, that are normally believed to be specific for metazoan NMD (Dehecq et al., EMBO J, 2018). Barbarin-Bocahu et al now describe the crystal structure of the complex between the yeast UPF1 RNA helicase and Nmd4. Importantly, the authors show that interaction is required for NMD activity and increases the ATPase activity of UPF1. Barbarin-Bocahu et al equally show that this interaction and its role in NMD is conserved in the human UPF1-SMG6 complex, thus providing additional novel evidence for universal conservation of the NMD mechanism in eukaryotes. The manuscript carefully combines biochemistry, biophysics with functional in vivo studies. In my opinion, all the experiments are very well executed, generally convincing and interpretations appear correct, so the manuscript is certainly suitable for publication. I have included some suggestions below that I believe could strengthen the manuscript and enhance our confidence in the findings.

      We are grateful for the useful suggestions that have enabled us to improve our manuscript.

      Major comments:*

      *Page 7 - "Since the D1353A mutation completely abolishes the enzymatic activity of SMG6 (34), this strongly suggests that the PIN domain of Nmd4 is not endowed with endonucleolytic activity. " Could/was the endonucleolytic activity of NMD4 be tested?

      We agree with this important point. Our statement is based on previous site directed mutagenesis experiments on the PIN domain of human SMG6 (Galvan et al; 2006; EMBO Journal; PMID : 17053788 / Eberle et al; 2008; Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.; PMID : 19060897), which showed that D1353 is the critical residue of SMG6 active site involved in the endonuclease enzymatic activity. Given that in yeast Nmd4 proteins, the corresponding residue is hydrophobic (Leu112 in S. cerevisiae Nmd4 and Phe114 in Kluyveromyces lactis Nmd4) and therefore cannot participate directly in catalysis, we assume that yeast Nmd4 proteins have no endonucleolytic activity.

      Furthermore, despite decades of research in this field, no endonucleolytic activity has been described as being involved in the NMD pathway of S. cerevisiae (the model system in which the NMD mechanism was discovered in the 1970's), whereas it has been well characterized in the NMD pathway of metazoans for more than twenty years (Gatfield and Izaurralde; Nature; 2004; PMID : 15175755 / Huntzinger et al; RNA; 2008; PMID : 18974281 / Eberle et al; Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol.; 2009; PMID : 19060897 / Lykke-Andersen et al; Genes Dev.; 2014; PMID : 25403180). Our attempts to demonstrate an endonucleolytic activity of purified Nmd4 in vitro were not successful. This negative result could be due to many reasons, including loss of enzymatic activity in the tested buffer, the absence of an important cofactor or the choice of the tested RNA. For these reasons, we prefer not to include this type of negative result in the current manuscript.

      We hope that, on the basis of the above informations, the reviewer will agree that further substantial efforts to demonstrate a hypothetical endonucleolytic activity of Nmd4 are unlikely to be fruitful. Moreover, we believe that even if yeast Nmd4 turns out to behave as an endonuclease, this fact does not change the main message of the manuscript.

      Page 10 - The two proteins bind RNA with reasonable affinity. The complex binds polyU RNA with Kd of 0.44 μM . The authors suggest, based on structure superpositions, that RNA fragments bound to the PIN domain and Upf1-HD have opposite orientations. But since they have the complex ready to crystallize, did they attempt to determine the structure with of the complex with RNA? The complex is quite small (~100 kDa with RNA) but it could be even visible by cryo-EM. I don't insist that such a structure needs to be included but it might perhaps be easy to do and would surely strengthen the story. If it is too difficult, it could at least be mentioned that it was tried?

      We agree that it would be interesting to determine the crystal structure of the complex with a short RNA fragment. Unfortunately, despite extensive efforts, we could not obtain crystals of the complex in the presence of RNA. This is probably due to the large movements of the RecA2 and 1B domains relative to the RecA1 domain observed in former studies upon RNA binding to Upf1. We have mentioned that we tried to crystallize this complex in the absence or the presence of a short oligonucleotide in our revised manuscript.

      As far as single-particle cryo-EM is concerned, we are aware that recent advances in this field should make it possible to determine the structure of the Nmd4-Upf1-RNA complex, but we do not yet have the necessary expertise in this technique. Despite the interesting information that such a structure could provide, we therefore consider that this would require a very significant investment and that it is beyond the scope of this manuscript.

      I think it is important to demonstrate that the structure-based mutants don't significantly impact the overall structure of the proteins (e.g. glycine residues are mutated within helices). At least gel filtration profiles with gels of the WT and mutated proteins should be shown in SI.

      Thank you very much for highlighting this point. We fully agree that it is important to demonstrate that the Upf1 and Nmd4 mutants used in the in vitro experiments (pull-down and ATPase assays) are not affected in their overall folding. As suggested by the reviewer, we have included gel filtration chromatograms for WT and mutant proteins (Figures S2A for Upf1-HD proteins and S2B for His6-ZZ-Nmd4 proteins). These chromatograms clearly show that the different mutants behave very similarly to the WT proteins during purification, demonstrating that the overall structures of the mutants are very similar to those of the wild-type proteins. We have also included the Coomassie blue stained SDS-PAGE analysis of the proteins present in the main peak to show the purity of the final proteins.

      Perhaps the main finding of this manuscript is the conservation of the UPF1-Nmd4 interaction in human UPF1-SMG6. But the interaction is only demonstrated by co-IP with ectopically expressed human proteins in human cells that contain all the other human proteins as well. It would probably be more convincing to demonstrated the interaction in pull-downs with purified proteins as done for the yeast complex.

      Thank you for highlighting what we consider to be one of the most interesting findings presented in our manuscript. We agree that pull-down experiments using pure protein fragments expressed in E. coli would have been ideal to further confirm our co-IP results and to validate that mutations do not affect the overall structure of SMG6. Unfortunately, despite considerable efforts, we were unable to express sufficient quantities of the SMG6-[207-580] fragment or shorter versions as soluble proteins in E. coli. Indeed, Elena Conti's laboratory had the same experience according to a statement in a paper on SMG6 (Chakrabarti et al; 2014 Nucleic Acids Research; PMID: 25013172), indicating that this region protein is very difficult to work with. As we have not yet set up protein over-expression techniques in human cells or baculovirus-infected insect cells in our laboratory, we have not been able to try these expression systems to express these SMG6 domains. These are the reasons why we decided to demonstrate this interaction by co-IP experiment using ectopically expressed tagged proteins in human cells and all appropriate controls.

      In addition, using purified proteins would enable testing whether the mutations in SMG6 don't affect the overall structure of the mutants compared to the WT.

      We agree that this is an important issue. Several bioinformatics tools, including AlphaFold2 (identifier: AF-Q86US8-F1), predict that the human SMG6-[207-580] fragment is largely unstructured (see panel A of figure below). Furthermore, the pLDDT values or confidence scores for this region in the AlphaFold2 model are very low (below 50), indicating that the structure of this region is poorly predicted (see panel B of figure below). Therefore, biophysical techniques to assess that the overall structure of this fragment is not affected by the introduced mutations are very limited. However, we did not observe reduced levels of SMG6 mutants compared with WT in human cells expressing these variants (Fig. 4B and S4), so we believe that these mutants behave similarly to the wild-type fragment, as is often postulated by scientists for in cellulo studies. Furthermore, if these mutants drastically affect the overall structure of SMG6, we would expect NMD to be strongly affected, resulting in a notable accumulation of NMD RNA substrates in our in cellulo experiments when the effect of the double mutant (M2) is compared to that of the SMG6 WT protein (Fig. 4C). This was not the case. On the basis of all these elements, we assume that the overall structure of the SMG6 protein is not affected by these mutations.

      Figure for reviewing purpose : Model of the three-dimensional structure of human SMG6 protein generated by AlphaFold2.

      A. Model of human SMG6 protein (green) with the region 207-580 used in our study colored in red.

      B. Model of human SMG6 protein (green) colored according to the pLDDT values. Orange : pLDDT 90.

      Since the detected similarity to Nmd4 is only in a region covering residues 440-470, why is the tested construct much larger (207-580) including extra, large disordered regions.

      For in cellulo studies, it has previously been shown that the SMG6-[207-580] fragment is expressed as a stable protein in human cells and is responsible for the phospho-independent interaction between UPF1 and SMG6 (Chakrabarti et al; 2014; Nucleic Acids Research; PMID: 25013172). As our aim was not to reduce this SMG6 region to a shorter peptide but to conduct an amino acid-level analysis by site-directed mutagenesis, we decided to perform our experiments using the same SMG6 domain as Conti's laboratory and to mutate conserved residues on this fragment.

      Finally, the most convincing way to show and characterize the human UPF1-SMG6 interaction would be an X-ray structure. It might be feasible to crystallize human UPF1 HD domain with a SMG6 peptide. Or at least an Alphafold model could be included? I had a quick try just with the Colabfold and using the HD domain and the SMG6 peptide, Alphafold can predict convincingly the binding of the region around W456 and in some models even around R448. I think that this would strengthen the conclusions in this part of the manuscript.

      We agree that determination of the crystal structure of human UPF1 HD linked to this region of SMG6 protein interaction would have further supported our conclusions on the conservation of UPF1-Nmd4 interaction in human UPF1-SMG6. However, due to the SMG6 expression problems mentioned above, we were unable to reconstitute the human complex in vitro, which precluded crystallization assays.

      Based on this suggestion, we generated a model of human UPF1-HD bound to the 421-480 region of human SMG6 using AlphaFold2 Colabfold. Of the various models proposed (25 in total), most are very similar and show that the side chains of R448 and W456 of SMG6 bind to regions of human UPF1 corresponding to the region of the yeast protein that interacts with R210 and W216 of Nmd4. This model is consistent with our hypothesis and we have decided to include it in the revised manuscript as suggested (Fig. EV6). We thank the reviewer for this constructive comment.

      We have added the following text to mention this model : « Based on this observation, we generated a model of the complex between human UPF1-HD and the region 421-480 of SMG6 using AlphaFold2 software (1,2). In this model, the SMG6 fragment binds to the same region of UPF1-HD as the Nmd4 « arm » (Fig. EV6). In particular, the R448 and W456 side chains of SMG6 match almost perfectly with R210 and W216 side chains of S. cerevisiae Nmd4, suggesting that this conserved region from SMG6 is involved in the interaction between the SMG6 and UPF1-HD proteins. »

      Does the SMG6 addition also increases the ATPase activity of UPF1?

      This is a very good point and we agree that the results of such an experiment may have further supported our conclusions about the conservation of the Upf1-Nmd4 interaction in human UPF1-SMG6. Unfortunately, due to the SMG6 protein expression problems mentioned above, we could not perform these in vitro experiments.

      Minor comments: Examples of electron density omit maps of the key interaction interfaces should be shown in Supplementary Information for the reader to be able to judge the crystallography data quality.

      Following this suggestion, we have added two panels showing electron density omit maps of residues at the interface in Fig. S1. We hope that this will convince the reader of the quality of our crystallographic data. We have also added the following sentence to the main text : « The overall quality of the electron density map allowed us to unambiguously identify the residues of the two proteins involved in the formation of the complex (Fig. S1A-B). »

      I suggest to add the Kd values to ITC panels for clarity in main and EV figures.

      We have taken this suggestion into account for figures 2A and EV5.

      On page 10: What experiment is this referring to : "This is in agreement with our ITC experiments (carried out in the absence of a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog), which revealed no major synergistic effect between the two proteins for RNA binding." Results in EV4A? Or some other not shown data? The results in EV4A do show an increase in RNA binding when both proteins are in a complex.

      Thank you for your comment. We realize that this sentence was not clear. We refer to the ITC data for the interaction of Upf1-HD, Nmd4 or the complex with RNA (Fig. EV5A). These data show a 2.3-fold increase in the affinity of Upf1 for RNA in the presence of Nmd4, which we consider to be a notable effect but not a major one. Based on the second reviewer's comments that our comparison between Nob1 and the PIN domain of Nmd4 is not convincing, we have decided to delete this speculative section, which did not address an important point in our current study. We will address this point using more direct and sophisticated methods in future work.

      On page 16, "organsms" should be" organisms"

      Typo corrected.

      In certain figure legends the panel labels (A,B,C..) are missing (e.g. Fig 3, EV1, EV5).

      We apologize for this problem ,which was due to a conversion problem when preparing the PDF file of the submitted article. This problem has now been corrected.

      The PIN domain structure was solved only to determine the structure of the complex? I only found it mentioned in the methods and no other mention of this structure in the main text. Maybe one sentence could be added to the results to explain why this structure was solved and how it compares to the complex structure.

      We agree that we forgot to explain why we solved the structure of the PIN domain of Nmd4. The point was to help in the determination of the structure of the complex. We have added the following sentence to the main text to explain this point: « We also determined the 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of the PIN domain of Nmd4 (residues 1 to 167) to help us determine the structure of the Nmd4/Upf1-HD complex. As this structure is virtually identical to the structure of the PIN domain of Nmd4 in the complex (rmsd of 0.5 Å over 163 C𝛼 atoms between the two structures), we will only describe the structure of this domain in the Upf1-Nmd4 complex. »

      Significance

      This is a important study, providing detailed insight into the function on Nmd4, SMG6 and UPF1 NMD. The results also point towards a conserved mechanism on NMD between yeast and human. I would like to highlight the quality of the experiments. This study will be of great interest to people working on NMD but also more broadly to scientists working on RNA, helicases and structural biologists.

      We are very grateful for the reviewer's comments about the broad interest and overall quality of our work.

      Reviewer #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this study, the authors solved the crystal structure of the UPF1 helicase domain in complex with Nmd4. Through the structure and biochemical studies, they uncovered a region responsible for Nmd4 binding to UPF1, also important for their function in NMD. In the end, the authors also extended their findings to the human SMG6, proposing a conserved mechanism for Nmd4 and SMG6.

      The mechanism of UPF1 functioning during NMD is a long-existing question. For decades, people have been trying to find out the roles of all the NMD factors during this process. This study visualized the first direct connection between UPF1 and the putative SMG6 homolog, Nmd4. Undoubtedly, it will aid our understanding of how the whole process works.

      One of the limitations of this study is the conservation between Nmd4 and SMG6. Although they both have a PIN domain, Nmd4 is inactive while SMG6 is active. During NMD, SMG6 is thought to work to cut the mRNA, thus promoting the degradation of the non-functional mRNA. Therefore, Nmd4 and SMG6 may only share a similar binding mode with UPF1, however, they do not share similar functions. This study might only apply to yeast study.

      We respectfully disagree with this comment. The role of SMG6 in NMD cannot be attributed solely to the endonuclease activity of the SMG6 PIN domain alone. Indeed, recruitment of the SMG6 PIN domain alone to an mRNA is not sufficient to destabilize it (Nicholson et al; 2014; Nucleic Acids Research; PMID: 25053839). This clearly indicates that other regions of SMG6 are critical for NMD. In our manuscript, we unveil the conservation of the Upf1-Nmd4 interaction in human UPF1-SMG6 (and probably more generally in metazoans) and show that this interaction plays a role in the optimal removal of NMD substrates. We strongly believe that our results are not only applicable to the study of yeast, but will fuel future studies in human cells aimed at describing the mechanistic details of the human NMD pathway.

      comments: the study write in a very clear way, and most of the experiments are clear and sound. I do not have any major comments. I only have a few minor comments, listed below:

      We are very grateful for the reviewer's comments about the overall quality of our manuscript and of the experimental work.

      1:The authors also solved the PIN domain of the SMG6. This is a result worth showing in the main figure.

      In our study, we did not solve the structure of the human SMG6 PIN domain. This was done by Dr. Conti's group in 2006 (Galvan et al; 2006; EMBO Journal; PMID : 17053788). This is the reason why we do not include this in the main figure. However, we have solved the crystal structure of Nmd4 PIN domain alone to help us determine the structure of the complex. Since it is very similar to the structure of the Nmd4 PIN domain in the complex with Upf1, we do not describe this structure in details. Following up the suggestion from another reviewer, we have included the following sentence mentioning that we have also determined the structure of Nmd4 PIN domain in the main text : « We also determined the 1.8 Å resolution crystal structure of the PIN domain of Nmd4 (residues 1 to 167) to help us determine the structure of the Nmd4/Upf1-HD complex. As this structure is virtually identical to the structure of the PIN domain of Nmd4 in the complex (rmsd of 0.5 Å over 163 C𝛼 atoms between the two structures), we will only describe the structure of this domain in the Upf1-Nmd4 complex. »

      2:It would be easier to read if the authors could add all the binding constants directly into the ITC panels.

      We have taken this suggestion into account for figures 2A and EV5.

      3:I am confused with His6-ZZ. Is ZZ a protein tag?

      The ZZ protein is a tag consisting of a tandem of the Z-domain from Staphylococcus aureus protein A. This domain binds to the Fc region of IgG and has been shown to improve expression levels and stability of recombinant proteins. In our case, it proved crucial to obtain mg amounts of the yeast Nmd4 protein and to enhance considerably its stability. We have added the following sentence in the « Materials and methods » section of the manuscript : « The ZZ-tag consists in a tandem of the Z-domain from Staphylococcus aureus protein A and was used as an enhancer of protein expression and stability. »

      4:The comparison between Nob1 and the PIN domain of Nmd4 is not convincing for me. Since the PIN domain is not required for the binding between Nmd4 and UPF1, the conformation of the PIN domain could be a result of the crystal packing. Thus, it is still possible that Nmd4 and UPF1 bind to the same RNA. To this end, I challenge the conclusion the authors have made on the mRNA binding part.

      We agree with your comment. Since this comparison is purely speculative and is not a major focus of our study, we decided to remove this section. We will address this point using more direct and sophisticated methods in future work aimed at elucidating this aspect.

      5: "Showing that Nmd4 stabilizes Upf1-HD on RNA in the absence of ATP and that Upf1 is the main RNA binding factor in the Nmd4/Upf1-HD complex." As mentioned above, I don't think one can make the conclusion UPF1 is the main RNA binding factor; there shouldn't be a main and minor. Meanwhile, what will happen if you add ATP in? Or AMPPNP? Or ADP?

      We agree with your comment that our current data do not allow to conclude precisely about the role of Upf1 as major RNA binding factor. We have replaced this sentence by the following one : « Whether this increase in affinity is due to a synergistic effect between both proteins or to an allosteric stimulation of one partner on the RNA binding property of the second partner remains to be clarified. ».

      Regarding the role of the nucleotides on RNA binding properties of the Upf1 helicase domain or the complex, we faced precipitation problems when mixing high concentrations Upf1 and nucleotides for ITC experiments, making difficult to determine Kd values for the interaction between Upf1 and RNA in the presence of nucleotides. However, in a previous study (Dehecq et al; 2018; EMBO J; PMID : 30275269), we observed that AMPPNP did not affect the amount of Nmd4 and Upf1-HD co-precipitated by an RNA oligonucleotide, indicating that nucleotide does not significantly affect the interaction of the complex with RNA.

      6: "But also that a physical interaction between Upf1-HD and the PIN domain exists in vitro, although we were unable to detect it using our various interaction assays." This also confused me, since one cannot detect the interaction in any assay, how could you be so confident there is a physical interaction? Have you tested assays which are good for weak binding?

      We understand that this sentence may be confusing. The tests we have used to determine whether there is a physical interaction between the PIN domain of Nmd4 and Upf1-HD are ITC and pull-down. These are excellent methods for detecting stable interactions with dissociation constants (Kd) in the nanomolar to tens of micromolar range. These two methods did not indicate any direct interaction between the PIN domain of Nmd4 and Upf1-HD. However, we observed that the PIN domain of Nmd4 stimulates the ATPase activity of Upf1-HD to the same extent as the « arm » of Nmd4. This is an indirect indication that the Nmd4 PIN may interact with Upf1-HD, otherwise a stimulatory effect would not be expected. Our radioactivity-based ATPase assay is very sensitive, allowing the detection of a stimulatory effect due to a transient interaction between the PIN domain of Nmd4 and Upf1-HD, which, as indicated above, could not be detected with the interaction assays used. We would also like to point out that in our ATPase conditions, Upf1-HD (0.156 µM) is incubated with a 20-fold molar excess (3.12 µM) of its partners (Nmd4-FL, Nmd4 « arm » or Nmd4 PIN). Such an excess cannot be used in our interaction tests. This could explain the stimulatory effect detected for the PIN domain of Nmd4 in our ATPase assay.

      We have clarified this section by adding the following sentences: « We were unable to detect such an interaction using our different interaction assays (pull-down and ITC), which are optimal for studying interactions with dissociation constants (Kd) in the nanoM to tens of microM range. We therefore assume that a transient low-affinity interaction (high Kd value not detected by our binding assays) exists between Upf1-HD and PIN Nmd4 and can only be detected by highly sensitive assays such as our radioactivity-based ATPase assay, which was performed with a 20-fold molar excess of PIN Nmd4 domain over Upf1-HD. »

      7: Figure 4B should be done in the context of the full length of SMG6 and UPF1.

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      *This session contains comments from both Rev1 and Rev2*

      Rev1:

      There seems to be a contradiction in comments on Figure 4B. I agree with Reviewer 2 that using FL proteins will be informative to see whether the FL proteins indeed interact (or not in the case of the mutants).

      If one wants to use this experiment to map the interacting regions, then I think that the UPF1 HD domain and the short conserved region of SMG6 should be used. The long fragment SMG6 207-580 is not ideal for either. The short constructs would be more suited for a pull-down experiments (like done for the yeast proteins).

      Rev2

      Response to reviewer #1, It is necessary to use the full-length protein (FL protein) to map the interface unless they have pre-existing information to support mapping down to short fragments.

      In addition, performing further structural work would be beyond the scope of this study. Given the additional time and effort required, I do not recommend doing so for this study.

      Rev1:

      As I said, I agree with using the FL proteins. The pre-existing information supporting the mapping comes from sequence alignments with the yeast structure and the mutagenesis. This is further confirmed by Alphafold modeling which in my opinion should be included. As I mentioned in my review, I don't insist on further structural work

      Thank you very much for this comment and the discussions between reviewers, which show that we didn't explain our experimental strategy clearly. Human UPF1 has been shown to interact with SMG6 in both phospho-dependent and phospho-independent modes. In our manuscript, we focus on characterizing the phospho-independent interaction. For this reason, we cannot perform this experiment using the full-length version of SMG6 and UPF1, otherwise the effects of our point mutants on the UPF1-SMG6 interaction could be masked by the phospho-dependent interaction occurring between domain 14.3.3 of SMG6 and the C-terminus of Upf1. To circumvent this problem, we were inspired by former in cellulo studies, which have shown that the SMG6-[207-580] fragment is expressed as a stable protein in human cells and is responsible for the phospho-independent interaction between UPF1 and SMG6 (Chakrabarti et al; 2014; Nucleic Acids Research; PMID: 25013172). Similarly, the helicase domain of UPF1 was found to be sufficient for this phospho-independent interaction with human SMG6 (Nicholson et al; 2014; Nucleic Acids Research; PMID: 25053839). These are the reasons why we decided to use this protein domains in our in cellulo studies to test the effect of our point mutants on the interaction. As indicated above in an answer to one comment to reviewer #1, as our aim was not to reduce this SMG6 region to a shorter peptide but to conduct an amino acid-level analysis by site-directed mutagenesis, this is also why we decided to perform our experiments using the same SMG6 domain as Conti's laboratory and to mutate conserved residues on this fragment. We have also included the AlphaFold2 model of the complex between human UPF1 and SMG6 in our revised version.

      To clarify this point, we have amended the relevant section as follows: « To determine whether this motif might be involved in the interaction between SMG6 and UPF1-HD proteins, we ectopically expressed the region comprising residues 207-580 of human SMG6 fused to a C-terminal HA tag (SMG6-[207-580]-HA) and human UPF1-HD (residues 295-921 fused to a C-terminal Flag tag; UPF1-HD-Flag) in human HEK293T cells, as these regions have previously been shown to be responsible for the phosphorylation-independent interaction between these two proteins. Compared to the full-length UPF1 and SMG6 proteins, these constructs also preclude our findings of any interference from the phosphorylation-dependent interaction occurring between the C-terminus of UPF1 and the 14-3-3 domain of SMG6. »

      8: "The NMD mechanism not only targets mRNAs but also small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) harboring bona fide stop codons but in a specific context such as short upstream open reading frame (uORF), long 3'-UTRs, low translational efficiency or exon-exon junction located downstream of a stop codon." "First, for mRNAs with long 3'-UTRs, the 3'-faux UTR model posits that a long 3 spatial distance between a stop codon and the mRNA poly(A) tail destabilizes NMD substrates by preventing the interaction between the eRF1-eRF3 translation termination complex bound to the A- site of a ribosome recognizing a stop codon and the poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1 or PABP in S. cerevisiae and human, respectively)." These are difficult to read.

      Thank you for this suggestion to improve the clarity of our manuscript. We have tried to make these sentences easier to read as follow:

      « The NMD mechanism also targets mRNAs, small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) carrying normal stop codons located in a specific context (short upstream open reading frame or uORF, long 3'-UTRs, low translational efficiency or exon-exon junction located downstream of a stop codon (3-11)). »

      « The first model, the 3'-faux UTR model posits that for mRNAs with long 3'-UTRs, a long spatial distance between a stop codon and the mRNA poly(A) tail destabilizes NMD substrates. Indeed, it would prevent the physical interaction between the eRF1-eRF3 translation termination complex recognizing a stop codon in the A-site of the ribosome and the poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1 or PABP in S. cerevisiae and human, respectively) bound to the 3' poly(A) tail (12-14). »

      9: please add the Ramachandran plot values.

      Thank you for pointing out this omission. These values have been included in Table EV1.

      __Significance __

      NMD is one of the major topics in the field of gene translational regulation research. this study will be of interest to a broad audience. i am an expert in the structure study in translation. However, I have limited experience in the in vivo study of NMD substrates.

      We are very grateful for the reviewer's comments about the broad interest and the overall quality of our work.

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this study, the authors solved the crystal structure of the UPF1 helicase domain in complex with Nmd4. Through the structure and biochemical studies, they uncovered a region responsible for Nmd4 binding to UPF1, also important for their function in NMD. In the end, the authors also extended their findings to the human SMG6, proposing a conserved mechanism for Nmd4 and SMG6.

      The mechanism of UPF1 functioning during NMD is a long-existing question. For decades, people have been trying to find out the roles of all the NMD factors during this process. This study visualized the first direct connection between UPF1 and the putative SMG6 homolog, Nmd4. Undoubtedly, it will aid our understanding of how the whole process works.

      One of the limitations of this study is the conservation between Nmd4 and SMG6. Although they both have a PIN domain, Nmd4 is inactive while SMG6 is active. During NMD, SMG6 is thought to work to cut the mRNA, thus promoting the degradation of the non-functional mRNA. Therefore, Nmd4 and SMG6 may only share a similar binding mode with UPF1, however, they do not share similar functions. This study might only apply to yeast study.

      comments: the study write in a very clear way, and most of the experiments are clear and sound. I do not have any major comments. I only have a few minor comments, listed below:

      1:The authors also solved the PIN domain of the SMG6. This is a result worth showing in the main figure.

      2:It would be easier to read if the authors could add all the binding constants directly into the ITC panels.

      3:I am confused with His6-ZZ. Is ZZ a protein tag?

      4:The comparison between Nob1 and the PIN domain of Nmd4 is not convincing for me. Since the PIN domain is not required for the binding between Nmd4 and UPF1, the conformation of the PIN domain could be a result of the crystal packing. Thus, it is still possible that Nmd4 and UPF1 bind to the same RNA. To this end, I challenge the conclusion the authors have made on the mRNA binding part.

      5: "Showing that Nmd4 stabilizes Upf1-HD on RNA in the absence of ATP and that Upf1 is the main RNA binding factor in the Nmd4/Upf1-HD complex." As mentioned above, I don't think one can make the conclusion UPF1 is the main RNA binding factor; there shouldn't be a main and minor. Meanwhile, what will happen if you add ATP in? Or AMPPNP? Or ADP?

      6: "But also that a physical interaction between Upf1-HD and the PIN domain exists in vitro, although we were unable to detect it using our various interaction assays." This also confused me, since one cannot detect the interaction in any assay, how could you be so confident there is a physical interaction? Have you tested assays which are good for weak binding?

      7: Figure 4B should be done in the context of the full length of SMG6 and UPF1.

      8: "The NMD mechanism not only targets mRNAs but also small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) harboring bona fide stop codons but in a specific context such as short upstream open reading frame (uORF), long 3'-UTRs, low translational efficiency or exon-exon junction located downstream of a stop codon." "First, for mRNAs with long 3'-UTRs, the 3'-faux UTR model posits that a long 3 spatial distance between a stop codon and the mRNA poly(A) tail destabilizes NMD substrates by preventing the interaction between the eRF1-eRF3 translation termination complex bound to the A- site of a ribosome recognizing a stop codon and the poly(A)-binding protein (Pab1 or PABP in S. cerevisiae and human, respectively)." These are difficult to read.

      9: please add the Ramachandran plot values.

      Significance

      NMD is one of the major topics in the field of gene translational regulation research. this study will be of interest to a broad audience. i am an expert in the structure study in translation. However, I have limited experience in the in vivo study of NMD substrates.

    1. We quote because we are afraid to-change words, lest there be a change in meaning.

      Quotations are easier to collect than writing things out in one's own words, not only because it requires no work, but we may be afraid of changing the original meaning by changing the original words or by collapsing the context and divorcing the words from their original environment.

      Perhaps some may be afraid that the words sound "right" and they have a sense of understanding of them, but they don't quite have a full grasp of the situation. Of course this may be remedied by the reader or listener not only by putting heard stories into their own words and providing additional concrete illustrative examples of the concepts. These exercises are meant to ensure that one has properly heard/read and understood a concept. Psychologists call this paraphrasing or repetition the "echo effect" (others might say parroting or mirroring) and have found that it can help to build understanding, connection, and likeability between people. Great leaders who do this will be sure to make sure that credit for the original ideas goes to the originator and not to themselves simply because they repeated it, especially in group settings where their words may have more primacy amidst their underlings.

      (I can't find it at the moment, but there's a name/tag for this in my notes? looping?)

      Beyond this, can one place the idea into a more clear language than the original? Add some poetry perhaps? Make the concept into a concrete meme to make it more memorable?

      Journalists like to quote because it gives primacy of voice to the speaker and provides the reader with the sense that they're getting the original from which they might make up their own minds. It also provides a veneer of vérité to their reportage.

      Link this back to Terrence's comedy: https://hypothes.is/a/xe15ZKPGEe6NJkeL77Ji4Q

    2. what little indexing is attempted can only 14be described as an unsystematic effort. The catchword methodof the catalogue has been bodily transplanted to indexing,which makes it very difficult to control our indexed informationproperly, and limits our supply of information to that whichwill fall in with the catchword method

      Catchwords (broad or even narrow topics) can be useful, but one should expand beyond these short words to full phrases or even sentences/paragraphs which contain atomic (or perhaps molecular) ideas that can be linked.

      We could reframe the atomic as simple catchwords, and make molecular ideas combinations of these smaller atoms which form larger and fuller thoughts which can be linked and remixed with others.

      Dennis Duncan (2022) touches on this in his book on Indexing when he looks at indexes which contained portions of their fuller text which were later removed and thereby collapsing context. Having these pieces added back in gave a fuller picture of ideas within an index. Connect this idea with his historical examples.

      Great indexes go beyond the catchword to incorporate full ideas with additional context. To some extent this is what Luhmann was doing at larger scale compared to his commonplacing brethren who were operating far more closely to the catchword (tag) level. (Fortunately they held the context in their heads and were thus able to overcome some of the otherwise inherent problems.)

      The development of all of this historically seems to follow the principle of small pieces loosely joined.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This study, utilizing CITE-Seq to explore CML, is considered a useful contribution to our understanding of treatment response. However, the reviewers express concern about the incomplete evidence due to the small sample size and recommend addressing these limitations. Strengthening the study with additional patient samples and validation measures would enhance its significance.

      We thank the editors for the assessment of our manuscript. In view of the comments of the three reviewers, we have increased the number of CML patient samples analyzed to confirm all the major findings included in the manuscript. In total, more than 80 patient samples across different approaches have now been analyzed and incorporated in the revised manuscript.

      To the best of our knowledge, this is the first single cell multiomics report in CML and differs substantially from the recent single cell omics-based reports where single modalities were measured one at a time (Krishnan et al., 2023; Patel et al., 2022). Thus, the sc-multiomic investigation of LSCs and HSCs from the same patient addresses a major gap in the field towards managing efficacy and toxicity of TKI treatment by enumerating CD26+CD35- LSCs and CD26-CD35+ HSCs burden and their ratio at diagnosis vs. 3 months of therapy. The findings suggest design of a simpler and cheaper FACS assay to simultaneously stratify CML patients for TKI efficacy as well as hematologic toxicity.

      Reviewer 1:

      Summary:

      This manuscript by Warfvinge et al. reports the results of CITE-seq to generate singlecell multi-omics maps from BM CD34+ and CD34+CD38- cells from nine CML patients at diagnosis. Patients were retrospectively stratified by molecular response after 12 months of TKI therapy using European Leukemia Net (ELN) recommendations. They demonstrate heterogeneity of stem and progenitor cell composition at diagnosis, and show that compared to optimal responders, patients with treatment failure after 12 months of therapy demonstrate increased frequency of molecularly defined primitive cells at diagnosis. These results were validated by deconvolution of an independent previously published dataset of bulk transcriptomes from 59 CML patients. They further applied a BCR-ABL-associated gene signature to classify primitive Lin-CD34+CD38- stem cells as BCR:ABL+ and BCR:ABL-. They identified variability in the ratio of leukemic to non-leukemic primitive cells between patients, showed differences in the expression of cell surface markers, and determined that a combination of CD26 and CD35 cell surface markers could be used to prospectively isolate the two populations. The relative proportion of CD26-CD35+ (BCR:ABL-) primitive stem cells was higher in optimal responders compared to treatment failures, both at diagnosis and following 3 months of TKI therapy.

      Strengths:

      The studies are carefully conducted and the results are very clearly presented. The data generated will be a valuable resource for further studies. The strengths of this study are the application of single-cell multi-omics using CITE-Seq to study individual variations in stem and progenitor clusters at diagnosis that are associated with good versus poor outcomes in response to TKI treatment. These results were confirmed by deconvolution of a historical bulk RNAseq data set. Moreover, they are also consistent with a recent report from Krishnan et al. and are a useful confirmation of those results. The major new contribution of this study is the use of gene expression profiles to distinguish BCRABL+ and BCR-ABL- populations within CML primitive stem cell clusters and then applying antibody-derived tag (ADT) data to define molecularly identified BCR:ABL+ and BCR-ABL- primitive cells by expression of surface markers. This approach allowed them to show an association between the ratio of BCR-ABL+ vs BCR-ABL- primitive cells and TKI response and study dynamic changes in these populations following short-term TKI treatment.

      Weaknesses:

      One of the limitations of the study is the small number of samples employed, which is insufficient to make associations with outcomes with confidence. Although the authors discuss the potential heterogeneity of primitive stem, they do not directly address the heterogeneity of hematopoietic potential or response to TKI treatment in the results presented. Another limitation is that the BCR-ABL + versus BCR-ABL- status of cells was not confirmed by direct sequencing for BCR-ABL. The BCR-ABL status of cells sorted based on CD26 and CD35 was evaluated in only two samples. We also note that the surface markers identified were previously reported by the same authors using different single-cell approaches, which limits the novelty of the findings. It will be important to determine whether the GEP and surface markers identified here are able to distinguish BCR-ABL+ and BCR-ABL- primitive stem cells later in the course of TKI treatment. Finally, although the authors do describe differential gene expression between CML and normal, BCR:ABL+ and BCR:ABL-, primitive stem cells they have not as yet taken the opportunity to use these findings to address questions regarding biological mechanisms related to CML LSC that impact on TKI response and outcomes.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Minor comment: Fig 4 legend -E and F should be C and D.

      We thank the reviewer for positive assessment of our work. Here, we highlight the updates in the revised manuscript considering the feedback received.

      Minor comment: Fig 4 legend -E and F should be C and D.

      We have edited the revised manuscript accordingly

      One of the limitations of the study is the small number of samples employed, which is insufficient to make associations with outcomes with confidence.

      Although we performed CITE-seq for 9 CML patient samples at diagnosis, we extended our investigations to include additional samples (e.g., largescale deconvolution analysis of samples, Fig 3 C-E, qPCR for BCR::ABL1 status, Fig. 6A, and the ratio between CD35+ and CD26+ populations at diagnosis and during TKI therapy, Fig. 6C-D) as described in the manuscript.

      In comparison to a scRNA-seq, multiomic CITE-seq involves preparation and sequencing of separate libraries corresponding to RNA and ADTs thereby being even more resource demanding limiting our capacity to process an extensive number of patient samples. To confirm our findings in a larger cohort we have therefore adopted a computational deconvolution approach, CIBERSORT to analyze a larger number of independent samples (n=59). This reflects a growing, sustainable trend to study larger number of patients in face of still prohibitively expensive but potentially insightful scomics approaches (For example, please see Zeng et al, A cellular hierarchy framework for understanding heterogeneity and predicting drug response in acute myeloid leukemia, Nature Medicine, 2022).

      However, in view of the comment, we have now substantially increased the number of analyzed patients in the revised manuscript. These include increased number of patient samples to investigate the ratio between CD35 and CD26 marked populations at diagnosis, and 3 months of TKI therapy (from n=8 to n=12 with now 6 optimal responders and 5 treatment failure at diagnosis and after TKI therapy), qPCR for BCR::ABL1 expression status at diagnosis (from n=3 to n=9) , and followed up the BCR::ABL1 expression in three additional samples after TKI therapy. Moreover, we examined the CD26 and CD35 marked populations for expression of GAS2, one of our top candidate LSC signature genes in three additional samples at diagnosis and at 3m follow up. Thus, >80 patient samples across different approaches have been analyzed to strengthen all major conclusions of the study.

      We emphasize that we were cautious in generalizing the observation obtained from any one approach and sought to confirm any major finding using at least one complementary method. As an example, although CITE-seq (n=9) showed altered frequency of all cell clusters between optimal and poor responders (Fig. 3B), we refrained from generalizing because our independent large-scale computational deconvolution analysis (n=59) only substantiated the altered proportion of primitive and myeloid cell clusters (Fig. 3E).

      Although the authors discuss the potential heterogeneity of primitive stem, they do not directly address the heterogeneity of hematopoietic potential or response to TKI treatment in the results presented.

      Thanks for noting the discussion on heterogeneity of the primitive stem cells. As described in the original manuscript, the figure 6 D-E showed a relationship between heterogeneity and TKI therapy response. The results showed that CD35+/CD26+ ratio within the HSC fraction associated with this therapy response. We have now increased the number of patient samples analyzed and present the updated results in the revised manuscript (now figure 6 C-D). These observations set the stage for assessing whether long term therapy outcome can also be influenced by heterogeneity at diagnosis.

      We have shown the hematopoietic potential of HSCs marked by CD35 expression in an independent parallel study and therefore only mentioned it concisely in the current manuscript. A combination of scRNA-seq, scATAC-seq and cell surface proteomics showed CD35+ cells at the apex of healthy human hematopoiesis, containing an HSCspecific epigenetic signature and molecular program, as well as possessing self-renewal capacity and multilineage reconstitution in vivo and vitro. The preprint is available as Sommarin et al. ‘Single-cell multiomics reveals distinct cell states at the top of the human hematopoietic hierarchy’, Biorxiv; https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.01.437998v2.full

      We also note that the surface markers identified were previously reported by the same authors using different single-cell approaches, which limits the novelty of the findings.

      Our current manuscript is indeed a continuation of and builds onto our previous paper (Warfvinge R et al. Blood, 2017). In contrast to our previous report which was limited to examination of only 96 genes per cell, CITE-seq allowed us to examine the molecular program of cells using unbiased global gene expression profiling. Finally, although CD26 appears, once again as a reliable marker of BCR::ABL1+ primitive cells, CD35 emerges as a novel and previously undescribed marker of BCR::ABL1- residual stem cells. A combination of CD35 and CD26 allowed us to efficiently distinguish between the two populations housed within the Lin-34+38/low stem cell immunophenotype.

      Another limitation is that the BCR-ABL + versus BCR-ABL- status of cells was not confirmed by direct sequencing for BCR-ABL. The BCR-ABL status of cells sorted based on CD26 and CD35 was evaluated in only two samples

      Single cell detection of fusion transcripts is challenging with low detection sensitivity in single cell RNA-seq as has been noted previously (Krishnan et al. Blood, 2023, Giustacchini et al. Nature Medicine, 2017, Rodriguez-Meira et al. Molecular Cell, 2019). However, this is likely to change with the inclusion of targetspecific probes in scRNA-seq library preparation protocols. Nonetheless, in view of the comment, we have included more patient samples (from the previous n=3 to current n=10 (including TKI treated samples) for direct assessment of BCR-ABL1 status by qPCR analysis; the updated results are included in the revised manuscript (Figure 6A).

      It will be important to determine whether the GEP and surface markers identified here are able to distinguish BCR-ABL+ and BCR-ABL- primitive stem cells later in the course of TKI treatment.

      We performed qPCR to check for BCR::ABL1 status, and the level of GAS2, one of the top genes expressed in CML cells within CD26+ and CD35+ cells at diagnosis and following 3 months of TKI therapy. The results showed that while CD26+ are BCR::ABL1+, the CD35+ cells are BCR::ABL1- at both time points. Moreover, the expression of LSC-specific gene, GAS2 was specific to BCR::ABL1+ CD26+ cells at both diagnosis as well as following 3 months of TKI therapy. The new results are presented in figure 6B in the revised manuscript.

      Finally, although the authors do describe differential gene expression between CML and normal, BCR:ABL+ and BCR:ABL-, primitive stem cells they have not as yet taken the opportunity to use these findings to address questions regarding biological mechanisms related to CML LSC that impact on TKI response and outcomes.

      We agree with the reviewer that our major focus here was to characterize the cellular heterogeneity coupled to treatment outcome and therefore we did not delve deep into the molecular mechanisms underlying TKI response. However, in response to this comment, as mentioned above, we noted that one of the top genes in BCR::ABL1 cells (Fig. 4 C; right; in red), GAS2 (Growth Specific Arrest 2) was expressed at both diagnosis and TKI therapy within CD26+ cells relative to CD35+ cells (updated figure 6B). Interestingly, GAS2 was also detected in CML LSCs in a recent scRNA-seq study (Krishnan et al. Blood, 2023) suggesting GAS2 upregulation could be a consistent molecular feature of CML cells. GAS2 has been previously noted as deregulated in CML (Janssen JJ et al. Leukemia, 2005, Radich J et al, PNAS, 2006), control of cell cycle, apoptosis, and response to Imatinib (Zhou et al. PLoS One, 2014). Future investigations are warranted to assess whether GAS2 could play a role in the outcome of long-term TKI therapy.

      Reviewer 2:

      Summary:

      The authors use single-cell "multi-comics" to study clonal heterogeneity in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its impact on treatment response and resistance. Their main results suggest 1) Cell compartments and gene expression signatures both shared in CML cells (versus normal), yet 2) some heterogeneity of multiomic mapping correlated with ELN treatment response; 3) further definition of s unique combination of CD26 and CD35 surface markers associated with gene expression defined BCR::ABL1+ LSCs and BCR::ABL1- HSCs. The manuscript is well-written, and the method and figures are clear and informative. The results fit the expanding view of cancer and its therapy as a complex Darwinian exercise of clonal heterogeneity and the selective pressures of treatments.

      Strengths:

      Cutting-edge technology by one of the expert groups of single-cell 'comics.

      Weaknesses:

      Very small sample sizes, without a validation set. The obvious main problem with the study is that an enormous amount of results and conjecture arise from a very small data set: only nine cases for the treatment response section (three in each of the ELN categories), only two normal marrows, and only two patient cases for the division kinetic studies. Thus, it is very difficult to know the "noise" in the system - the stability of clusters and gene expression and the normal variation one might expect, versus patterns that may be reproducibly study artifact, effects of gene expression from freezing-thawing, time on the bench, antibody labeling, etc. This is not so much a criticism as a statement of reality: these elegant experiments are difficult, timeconsuming, and very expensive. Thus in the Discussion, it would be helpful for the authors to just frankly lay out these limitations for the reader to consider. Also in the Discussion, it would be interesting for the authors to consider what's next: what type of validation would be needed to make these studies translatable to the clinic? Is there a clever way to use these data to design a faster/cheaper assay?

      We thank the reviewer for appraisal of our manuscript. We take the opportunity to point out the updates in the revised manuscript in view of the comments.

      Very small sample sizes, without a validation set. The obvious main problem with the study is that an enormous amount of results and conjecture arise from a very small data set: only nine cases for the treatment response section (three in each of the ELN categories), only two normal marrows, and only two patient cases for the division kinetic studies.

      As the reviewer has noted the single cell omics experiments remain resource demanding thereby placing a limitation on the number of patients analyzed. As described above in response to the comments from reviewer 1, multiomic CITE-seq allows extraction of two modalities in comparison to a typical scRNA-seq, however, this also makes it even more limited in the number of samples processed in a sustainable way. This was one of the motivations to analyze a larger number of independent samples (n=59) while benefiting from the insights gained from CITE-seq (n=9). Furthermore, by analyzing CD34+ cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood of CML patients, including both responders and non-responders after one year of Imatinib therapy, we were able to significantly diversity the patient pool, which was lacking in our CITE-seq patient pool. As mentioned above, this reflects a growing trend to analyze larger number of patients while anchoring the analysis on prohibitively expensive but potentially insightful sc-omics approaches (For example, please see Zeng et al, A cellular hierarchy framework for understanding heterogeneity and predicting drug response in acute myeloid leukemia, Nature Medicine, 2022).

      As emphasized above, we frequently sought to confirm the findings from one approach using a complementary method and independent samples. For example, although CITE-seq (n=9) showed altered frequency of all cell clusters between optimal and poor responders (Fig. 3B), we refrained from generalizing because an independent largescale computational deconvolution analysis (n=59) only substantiated the altered proportion of primitive and myeloid clusters.

      In view of the comment, we have now increased the number of patients analyzed during the revision process. These include increased numbers to investigate the ratio between CD35+ and CD26+ populations at diagnosis, as well as 3 months of TKI therapy, qPCR for BCR::ABL1, and patients examined for GAS2, one of the top genes expressed in CML cells (see response to reviewer 1 for details). Altogether, >80 patient samples across different approaches were analyzed to strengthen the conclusions.

      During the revision, we have analyzed cells from 8 CML patients for cell cycle using gene activity scores. This is in addition to the cell division kinetics data reported previously are now together described in the supplementary figures 9C-F.

      It is very difficult to know the "noise" in the system - the stability of clusters and gene expression and the normal variation one might expect, versus patterns that may be reproducibly study artifact, effects of gene expression from freezing-thawing, time on the bench, antibody labeling, etc. This is not so much a criticism as a statement of reality: these elegant experiments are difficult, time-consuming, and very expensive. Thus in the Discussion, it would be helpful for the authors to just frankly lay out these limitations for the reader to consider.

      We agree with the reviewer that sc-omics approaches can be noisy despite continuing efforts to denoise single cell datasets through both experimental and bioinformatic innovations. Therefore, we have updated the discussion as recommended by the reviewer (paragraph 5 in the discussion).

      We also note that CITE-seq, in contrast to scRNA-seq alone provides dual features: surface marker/protein as well as RNA for annotating the same cluster. In our manuscript, for example, cell clusters in UMAP for normal BM; Fig 1B were described using both surface markers (Fig. 1C) and RNA (Fig. 1D) making the cluster identity robust. To further elaborate this approach, a new supplementary figure 1C shows annotations of clusters using both RNA and surface markers.

      To potentially address the issue of stability of clusters and gene expression, we compared the marker genes for major clusters from nBM from this study (supplementary table 4, Warfvinge et al.) with those described recently in a scRNA-seq study by Krishnan et al. supplementary table 8, Blood, 2023 using Cell Radar, a tool that identifies and visualizes which hematopoietic cell types are enriched within a given gene set (description: https://github.com/KarlssonG/cellradar

      Direct link: https://karlssong.github.io/cellradar/). To compare, we used our in-house gene list for the major clusters as well as mapped the same number of top marker genes based on log2FC from corresponding cluster from Krishnan et al. as inputs to Cell Radar. The Cell Radar plot outputs are shown below.

      Author response image 1.

      This approach showed broad similarities across clusters from this study with their counterparts from the other study suggesting the cluster identities reported here are likely to be robust. Please note these figures are for reviewer response only and not included in the final manuscript.

      Also in the Discussion, it would be interesting for the authors to consider what's next: what type of validation would be needed to make these studies translatable to the clinic? Is there a clever way to use these data to design a faster/cheaper assay?

      Our findings on CD26+ and CD35+ surface markers to enrich BCR::ABL1+ and BCR::ABL1- cells suggest a simpler, faster and cheaper FACS panel can possibly quantify leukemic and non-leukemic stem cells in CML patients. We anticipate that future investigations, clinical studies might examine whether CD26CD35+ cells could be plausible candidates for restoring normal hematopoiesis once the TKI therapy diminishes the leukemic load, and whether patients with low counts of CD35+ cells at diagnosis have a relatively higher chance of developing hematologic toxicity such as cytopenia during therapy.

      We briefly mentioned this possibility in the discussion; however, we have now moved it to another paragraph to highlight the same. Please see paragraph 5 in the revised manuscript.

      Reviewer 3:

      Summary:

      In this study, Warfvinge and colleagues use CITE-seq to interrogate how CML stem cells change between diagnosis and after one year of TKI therapy. This provides important insight into why some CML patients are "optimal responders" to TKI therapy while others experience treatment failure. CITE-seq in CML patients revealed several important findings. First, substantial cellular heterogeneity was observed at diagnosis, suggesting that this is a hallmark of CML. Further, patients who experienced treatment failure demonstrated increased numbers of primitive cells at diagnosis compared to optimal responders. This finding was validated in a bulk gene expression dataset from 59 CML patients, in which it was shown that the proportion of primitive cells versus lineage-primed cells correlates to treatment outcome. Even more importantly, because CITE-seq quantifies cell surface protein in addition to gene expression data, the authors were able to identify that BCR/ABL+ and BCR/ABL- CML stem cells express distinct cell surface markers (CD26+/CD35- and CD26-/CD35+, respectively). In optimal responders, BCR/ABL- CD26-/CD35+ CML stem cells were predominant, while the opposite was true in patients with treatment failure. Together, these findings represent a critical step forward for the CML field and may allow more informed development of CML therapies, as well as the ability to predict patient outcomes prior to treatment.

      Strengths:

      This is an important, beautifully written, well-referenced study that represents a fundamental advance in the CML field. The data are clean and compelling, demonstrating convincingly that optimal responders and patients with treatment failure display significant differences in the proportion of primitive cells at diagnosis, and the ratio of BCR-ABL+ versus negative LSCs. The finding that BCR/ABL+ versus negative LSCs display distinct surface markers is also key and will allow for a more detailed interrogation of these cell populations at a molecular level.

      Weaknesses:

      CITE-seq was performed in only 9 CML patient samples and 2 healthy donors. Additional samples would greatly strengthen the very interesting and notable findings.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      My only recommendation is to bolster findings with additional CML and healthy donor samples.

      CITE-seq was performed in only 9 CML patient samples and 2 healthy donors. Additional samples would greatly strengthen the very interesting and notable findings.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive assessment of our manuscript. As mentioned in response to comments from reviewer 1 and 2, CITE-seq remains an reource consuming single cell method potentially limiting the number of patients to be analyzed. However, during the revision process, we have increased the number of patient material analyzed for other assays; these include increased number to investigate the ratio between CD35+ and CD26+ populations at diagnosis, and 3 months of TKI therapy, qPCR for BCR::ABL1, and patients examined for GAS2, one of the top genes expressed in CML cells. Thus, >80 patient samples across different assays have been analyzed to strengthen the conclusions. (Please see comment to reviewer 1 for more details)

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript by Warfvinge et al. reports the results of CITE-seq to generate single-cell multi-omics maps from BM CD34+ and CD34+CD38- cells from nine CML patients at diagnosis. Patients were retrospectively stratified by molecular response after 12 months of TKI therapy using European Leukemia Net (ELN) recommendations. They demonstrate heterogeneity of stem and progenitor cell composition at diagnosis, and show that compared to optimal responders, patients with treatment failure after 12 months of therapy demonstrate increased frequency of molecularly defined primitive cells at diagnosis. These results were validated by deconvolution of an independent previously published dataset of bulk transcriptomes from 59 CML patients. They further applied a BCR-ABL-associated gene signature to classify primitive Lin-CD34+CD38- stem cells as BCR:ABL+ and BCR:ABL-. They identified variability in the ratio of leukemic to non-leukemic primitive cells between patients, showed differences in expression of cell surface markers and determined that a combination of CD26 and CD35 cell surface markers could be used to prospectively isolate the two populations. The relative proportion of CD26-CD35+ (BCR:ABL-) primitive stem cells was higher in optimal responders compared to treatment failures, both at diagnosis and following 3 months of TKI therapy.

      Strengths:

      The studies are carefully conducted and the results are very clearly presented. The data generated will be a valuable resource for further studies. The strengths of this study are the application of single-cell multi-omics using CITE-Seq to study individual variations in stem and progenitor clusters at diagnosis that are associated with good versus poor outcomes in response to TKI treatment. These results were confirmed by deconvolution of a historical bulk RNAseq data set. Moreover, they are also consistent with a recent report from Krishnan et al. and are a useful confirmation of those results. The major new contribution of this study is the use of gene expression profiles to distinguish BCR-ABL+ and BCR-ABL- populations within CML primitive stem cell clusters and then applying antibody-derived tag (ADT) data to define molecularly identified BCR:ABL+ and BCR-ABL- primitive cells by expression of surface markers. This approach allowed them to show an association between the ratio of BCR-ABL+ vs BCR-ABL- primitive cells and TKI response and study dynamic changes in these populations following short-term TKI treatment.

      Weaknesses:

      The number of samples studied by CITE-Seq is limited. However, the authors have confirmed their key observations in additional samples. The BCR-ABL+ versus BCR-ABL- status of cells was not confirmed by direct sequencing for BCR-ABL. However, we recognize that the methodologies to perform these analyses on single cells is still evolving and the authors have shown that CD26 and CD35 expression can consistently identify BCR-ABL+ versus BCR-ABL- cells. It will be of interest to learn whether the GEP and surface markers identified here can distinguish BCR-ABL+ primitive stem cells later in the course of TKI treatment.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      1. Point-by-point description of the revisions

      Reviewer #1:

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required):

      In this manuscript Czajkowski et al explore the role of the doublecortin-family kinase ZYG-8 during meiosis in C. elegans Oocytes. First by studying available temperature-sensitive mutants and then by generating their own strain expressing ZYG-8 amenable to auxin-inducible degradation, they establish that defects in ZYG-8 lead to defects in spindle assembly, such as the formation of multipolar spindles, and spindle maintenance, in which spindles elongate, fall apart, and deform in meiosis. Based on these observations the authors conclude that ZYG-8 depletion leads to excessive outward force. As the lab had previously found that the motor protein KLP-18 generates outside directed forces in meiosis, Czajkowski et al initially speculate that ZYG-8 might regulate KLP-18. KLP-18 depletion generally leads to the formation of monopolar spindles in meiosis. Intriguingly, when the authors co-deplete ZYG-8 they find that in some cases bipolarity was reestablished. This led to the hypothesis that yet another kinesin, BMK-1, the homolog of the mammalian EG-5, could provide redundant outward directed forces to KLP-18. The authors then study the effect of ZYG-8 and KLP-18 co-depletion in a BMK-1 mutant background strain and observe that bipolarity is no longer reestablished under these conditions, suggesting that BMK-1 generates additional outward directed forces. The authors also conclude that ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1. To follow up on this Czajkowski et al generate a ZYG-8 line that carries a mutation in the kinase domain, which should inhibit its kinase activity. This line shows similar effects in terms of spindle elongation but reduced impact on spindle integrity, reflected in minor effects on the number of spindle poles and spindle angle. The authors conclude that ZYG-8's kinase activity is required for the function of ZYG-8 in meiosis and mitosis. Overall, the paper is well written, and the data is presented very clearly and reproducible. The experiments are adequately replicated, and statistical analysis are adequate. *The observations are very interesting. However, the authors could provide some additional insight into the function of ZYG-8. This paper is strongly focused on motor generated forces within the spindle and tries to place ZYG-8 within this context, but there is compelling evidence from other studies that ZYG-8 also affects microtubule dynamics, which would have implications for spindle assembly and structure. The paper would strongly benefit from the authors exploring this role of ZYG-8 in the context of meiosis further. If the authors feel that this would extend beyond the scope of this paper, I would suggest that the authors rephrase some of their introduction and discussion to reflect the possibility that changes in microtubule growth and nucleation rates could explain some of the phenotypes (think of katanin) and effects and that therefore it can not necessarily be concluded that BMK-1 is inhibited by ZYG-8. *

      We thank the reviewer for these positive comments on our manuscript and on the rigor of our data. We also thank them for the excellent suggestion to explore a potential role for microtubule dynamics. As detailed below in response to the specific points, we performed new experiments to explore this possibility, and found via FRAP analysis that there were substantial changes in microtubule dynamics upon ZYG-8 depletion. We have therefore added these new data and have re-written major parts of the manuscript to incorporate a discussion of microtubule dynamics throughout the paper (introduction, results, model, discussion). Our data now support two roles for ZYG-8 in regulating acentrosomal spindle assembly and stability - one in modulating microtubule dynamics and the other in tuning forces (either directly or indirectly). We are grateful to the reviewer for motivating us to do these experiments, as they have added a whole new angle to the manuscript and have greatly increased its impact, as we now have a fuller understanding of how ZYG-8 contributes to oocyte meiosis.

      Major points:

      *1.) Zyg-8, as well as the mammalian homolog DCLK-1, has been reported to play an important role for microtubule dynamics. While the introduction mentions its previously shown role in meiosis and mitosis, it is totally lacking any background on the effect on microtubule dynamics. The authors mention these findings in the discussion, but it would be helpful to incorporate this in the introduction as well. As an example, Goenczy et al 2001 demonstrated that ZYG-8 is involved in spindle positioning but also showed its ability to bind microtubules and promote microtubule assembly. Interestingly, like the authors here, Goenczy et al concluded that while the kinase domain contributes to, it is not essential ZYG-8's function. Also, Srayko et al 2005 (PMID 16054029) demonstrated that ZYG-8 depletion led to reduced microtubule growth rates and increased nucleation rates in C. elegans mitotic embryos. And in mammalian cells DCLK-1 was shown to increase microtubule nucleation rate and decrease catastrophe rate, leading to a net stabilization of microtubules (Moores et al 2006, PMID: 16957770). It would be great if the authors could add to the introduction that ZYG-8 has been suggested to affect microtubule dynamics. *

      We agree that this is a great idea. As the reviewer suggested, we decided to explore the possibility that ZYG-8 impacts microtubule dynamics within the oocyte spindle. We depleted ZYG-8 and performed FRAP experiments to determine if there were effects on microtubule turnover. We found that loss of ZYG-8 caused a dramatic decrease in the spindle's ability to recover tubulin, both at the spindle center and at the spindle poles (shown in a new Figure 7). We made substantial changes to the manuscript when adding these new data - the manuscript now discusses ZYG-8's role in modulating microtubule dynamics in the introduction, results, discussion, and model (Figure 9), and we added all of the references suggested by the reviewer. We think that the manuscript is greatly improved due to these additions and changes.

      *2a.) The authors initially study two different ts alleles, or484ts and b235ts. The experiments clearly show a significant increase in spindle length in both strains. However, the or484 strain had been previously studied (McNally et al 2016, PMID: 27335123), and only minor effects on spindle length were reported (8.5µm in wt metaphase and 10µm in zyg-8 (or484)). How do the authors explain these differences in ZYG-8 phenotype. Even though the ZYG-8 phenotype is consistent throughout this paper it would be good to explain why the authors observe spindle elongation, fragmentation and spindle bending in contrast to previous observations. *

      The reviewer is correct that McNally et.al. (2016) noted only minor effects on spindle length and did not report observing spindle bending or pole defects. However, the images presented in their paper of spindles in the zyg-8(or484) mutant (in Figure 8B) only showed spindles after they had already shrunk in preparation for anaphase; it is possible that these spindles had pole or midspindle defects prior to this shrinking, and that the authors did not note those phenotypes because their analysis focused on anaphase. In contrast, since the goal of our study focused on how ZYG-8 impacts spindle assembly and maintenance, we looked carefully at spindle morphology and quantified a larger number of metaphase spindles (in their study, only 12 metaphase spindles were measured, since metaphase was not the focus of their manuscript). Recently (after we submitted our manuscript), another study from the McNally lab was published, where they did note metaphase defects following ZYG-8 inhibition (though they did not describe the defects in detail or explore why they happened). We now mention and cite this new paper (Li et.al., 2023) in our manuscript, to show that our findings are consistent with the work of others in the field.

      *2b.) As a general note, it would be helpful if the authors could indicate if the spindles are in meiosis I or II. The only time where this is specifically mentioned is in Video 7, showing a Meiosis II spindle, which makes me assume all other data is in Meiosis I. Adding this to the figures would also help to distinguish if some of the images, i.e. Figure 1B, show multipolar spindles due to failed polar body extrusion. If this is the case then the quantification of number of poles should maybe reflect different possibilities, such as fragmented poles vs. multiple poles because two spindles form around dispersed chromatin masses. *

      We agree that it is a good idea to clarify this issue. For all of our experiments, we analyzed both MI and MII spindles. However, there were no noticeable differences in phenotype between MI and MII spindles for any of our mutant/depletion conditions - we observed bent spindles, elongated spindles, and extra poles in both MI and MII following ZYG-8 inhibition. Therefore, for the quantifications presented in the manuscript (spindle length, spindle angle, number of poles), we pooled our MI and MII data. We have now added this information to the manuscript for clarity (lines 97-99 and 139-141). In addition, we have added new images to Figure 1B that show examples of MII spindles (both at the permissive and restrictive temperature), to show that the phenotypes are indistinguishable between MI and MII.

      We agree with the reviewer that one of the spindles in the original Figure 1B looked like it could have resulted from failed polar body extrusion (the chromosomes appeared to be in two masses, something we did not originally notice, so theoretically each mass could have organized its own spindle). To determine if this was the case, we looked closely at the chromosomes in this image; we confirmed that there were only 6 chromosomes, and that all were bivalents (these can be distinguished from MII chromosomes based on size). Therefore, this spindle was not multipolar due to an issue with polar body extrusion. However, to prevent future confusion, we picked a different representative spindle (where the bivalents we not grouped into two masses), and we added a new column to the figure that shows the DNA channel in grayscale (so it is easier to see and count the chromosomes). We also now note in the materials and methods how we were able to distinguish between MI and MII in our experiments (chromosome count, size, presence of polar bodies), so that it is clear that none of our phenotypes result from failed polar body extrusion (lines 600-603).

      *3) The authors generate a line that carries a mutation leading to a kinase dead version of ZYG-8. It would be great if the authors could further test if this version is truly kinase dead. What is interesting is that the kinase dead version the authors create has less effect on the numbers of pole than the zyg-8 (b235)ts strain, which carries a mutation in a less conserved kinase region. Overall, it seems that the phenotypes are very similar, independent on mutations in the microtubule binding area, kinase area or after AID. This could of course be due to all regions being important, i.e. microtubule binding is required for localizing kinase-activity. Generating mutant versions of the target proteins, for example here BMK-1, that can not be phosphorylated or are constitutively active as well as assessment of changes in protein phosphorylation levels in the kinase dead strain would be helpful to provide deeper insight into potential regulation of proteins by ZYG-8. *

      We agree that it would be ideal to test whether the D604N mutant is truly kinase dead. However, in the interest of time, we ask to be allowed to skip that experiment. The analogous residue has been mutated in mammalian ZYG-8 (DCLK1), and has been shown to cause DCLK1 to be kinase dead in vitro; this is a highly conserved aspartic acid in the central part of the catalytic domain, so we infer that the mutation we made in ZYG-8 should be kinase dead as well. However, since we did not test this directly, we softened our language in the manuscript, explaining that we "infer" that it is kinase dead rather than stating definitively that it is. With regard to the zyg-8(b235)ts mutant having a stronger phenotype, we think that it is possible that this mutation destabilizes a larger portion of the protein (rather than just affecting the catalytic activity), since the phenotypes in this mutant are similar to depletion of the protein in the ZYG-8 AID strain. Therefore, we think that our D604N mutant reveals new information about the role of kinase activity, since it is a more specific mutation that should likely only affect catalytic activity and not the rest of the protein (based on the previous work on DCLK1).

      While we appreciate the suggestion from the reviewer to generate mutant versions of potential target proteins, we ask that this be considered beyond the scope of the study. Now that we know that ZYG-8 not only affects forces within the spindle (maybe BMK-1) but also microtubule dynamics, there are many potential targets - it would require a lot of work to figure out what the relevant targets are. Instead of exploring this experimentally in this manuscript, we added a new section to the discussion where we speculate on what some of these targets could be, to motivate future studies.

      *4a) The authors state that "BMK-1 provides redundant outward force to KLP18". Redundancy usually suggests that one protein can take over the function of another one when the other is not there. In these scenarios a phenotype is often only visible when both proteins are depleted as each can take over the function of the other one. Here however the situation seems slightly different, as depletion of BMK-1 has no phenotype while depletion of KLP-18 leads to monopolar spindles. If BMK-1 would normally provide outward directed forces, would this not be visible in KLP-18 depleted oocytes if they were truly redundant? I assume the authors hypothesize that ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1 and thus it can not generate outward directed forces. In this case, do the authors envision that ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1 prior to or in metaphase or only in anaphase or throughout meiosis? Do they speculate, that BMK-1 is inhibited in anaphase and only active in metaphase? *

      The reviewer makes an excellent point - we agree that we should not use the word "redundant" in this context, so we have removed this phrasing from the manuscript. We hypothesize that BMK-1 can provide outward forces during spindle assembly but is not capable of providing as much force as KLP-18 (the primary force-generating motor). We infer this based on our experiments where we co-deplete KLP-18 and ZYG-8 (using long-term depletion). Although BMK-1 is presumably activated under these conditions, it is not able to restore spindle bipolarity (there are outward forces generated, which results in minus ends being found at the periphery of the monopolar spindle, but spindles are not bipolar).

      Therefore, BMK-1 is not able to fully replace the function of KLP-18 during spindle assembly. Interestingly, our experiments imply that BMK-1 can better substitute for KLP-18 later on (when ZYG-8 is inhibited); when we remove ZYG-8 from formed monopolar spindles, bipolarity can be restored (an activity dependent on BMK-1). These findings suggest that ZYG-8 plays a more important role in suppressing BMK-1 activity after the spindle forms, to prevent spindle overelongation in metaphase. We have edited the manuscript to better explain these points.

      *4b) In addition, Figure S4 somewhat argues against a role for ZYG-8 in regulating BMK-1. ZYG-8 depletion supposedly leads to increased outward forces due to loss of BMK-1 inhibition, thus co-depletion of ZYG-8 with BMK-1 should rescue the increased spindle size at least to some extent, however neither increase in spindle length nor increase in additional spindle pole formation are prevented by co-depletion of BMK-1 suggesting that BMK-1 is not generating the forces leading to spindle length increase. Thus, arguing that after all ZYG-8 does not regulate BMK-1. This should be discussed further in the paper and the authors should consider changing the title. At this point the provided evidence that ZYG-8 is regulating motor activity is not strong enough to make this claim. *

      The reviewer is correct that Figure S4 shows that the effects of depleting ZYG-8 on bipolar spindles (spindle elongation and pole/midspindle defects) cannot solely be explained by a role for ZYG-8 in regulating BMK-1 - this was the point that we were trying to make when we included this data in the original manuscript. However, we previously did not know what this other role could be, and therefore we only speculated on other potential roles in the discussion. Now that we have done FRAP experiments and have found that ZYG-8 also affects microtubule dynamics in the oocyte spindle, we now have a better explanation for the data presented in Figure S4 - it makes sense that deleting BMK-1 would not rescue the effects of ZYG-8 depletion, since we have evidence that ZYG-8 also regulates microtubule dynamics. We now clearly explain this in the revised manuscript and we have changed the title to make it clear that ZYG-8 plays multiple roles in oocytes.

      *5) The authors are proposing that ZYG-8 regulates/ inhibits BMK-1, however convincing evidence for an inhibition is not provided in my opinion and the effect of ZYG-8 on BMK-1 could be indirect. To make a compelling argument for a regulation of BMK-1 the authors would have to investigate if ZYG-8 interacts and/ or phosphorylates BMK-1 (see 7) and if this affects its dynamics. In addition, given the reported role of ZYG-8 on microtubule dynamics it would be very important that the authors consider studying the effect of ZYG-8 degradation on microtubule dynamics. Tracking of EBP-2 would be good, however this is very difficult to do inside meiotic spindles due to their small size. In addition, the authors could maybe consider some FRAP experiments, which could provide insights into microtubule dynamics and motions, which could be indicative of outward directed forces/ sliding. *

      We thank the reviewer for these comments as they motivated us to explore a role for ZYG-8 in modulating microtubule dynamics. The reviewer is correct that tracking EBP-2 in the very small meiotic spindle is not possible due to technical limitations, so we took the suggestion to perform FRAP. These experiments revealed that microtubule turnover in the spindle is greatly slowed following ZYG-8 depletion, suggesting a global stabilization of microtubules (data presented in a new Figure 7). This change in dynamics could contribute to the observed spindle phenotypes, which we now explain in detail in the manuscript. Given these new findings, we also now note that the effects we see on BMK-1 activity could be indirect (i.e. maybe increasing the stability of microtubules allows motors to exert excess forces). We now clearly discuss these various possibilities in the discussion.

      Summary: Additional requested experiments:

      • Interaction/ phosphorylation of BMK-1 by ZYG-8, i.e. changes of BMK-1 phosphorylation in absence of ZYG-8, BMK-1 mutations that may prevent phosphorylation by ZYG-8.
      • Assessment of microtubule dynamics (EBP-2, FRAP, length in monopolar spindles...)
      • Kinase activity of the kinase dead ZYG-8 strain (OPTIONAL) We assessed the role of ZYG-8 in microtubule dynamics (bullet point #2). Because this new analysis revealed that ZYG-8 plays multiple roles in the spindle, we decided not to further investigate whether ZYG-8 phosphorylates BMK-1, since the manuscript now no longer argues that this is ZYG-8's major function. We also did not assess the kinase activity of the D604N mutant since this has been done previously for DCLK1, and instead we softened the language in manuscript when describing this mutant.

      Minor points:

      *1) In Figure 4C it seems that the ZYG-8 AID line as well as the zyg-8 (or848)ts already have a phenotype (increased ASPM-1 foci) in absence of auxin/ at the permissive temperature. Does this suggest that the ZYG-8 AID as well as the zyg-8 (or848) strains are after all slightly defective (even if Figure 1, S1 and S2 argue otherwise) and thus more responsive to the loss of KLP-18? *

      The reviewer is correct that the ZYG-8 AID strain (without auxin) and zyg-8(or848)ts strain (at the permissive temperature) are slightly defective in the klp-18(RNAi) monopolar spindle assay. To more rigorously determine whether these strains were also defective in other assays, we generated new graphs comparing the spindle lengths and angles of the two temperature sensitive strains at the permissive temperature to wild-type (N2) worms. These data are now shown in Figure S1 (new panels F and G). A comparison of our ZYG-8 AID strain to a control strain (both in the absence of auxin) are shown in Figure S2 (panels C and D). In this analysis, there wasn't a significant difference for either of these comparisons (i.e. the spindle lengths and angles were all equivalent). We do not know why these strains appear to be slightly defective in the monopolar spindle assay, though perhaps this assay is more sensitive and can detect very mild defects in protein function.

      *2) The authors observe that in preformed monopolar spindles degradation of ZYG-8 can sometimes restore bipolarity. This observation is very interesting but why do the authors not observe a similar phenotype in long-term ZYG-8 AID; klp-18 (RNAi) or zyg-8(or484)ts; klp-18(RNAi). In the latter conditions bipolarity does not seem to occur at all. Do the authors think this is due to differences in timing of events? *

      We thank the reviewer for highlighting this point. We do think that our data suggest that ZYG-8 plays a more important role maintaining the spindle that it does in spindle formation; we have now more clearly explained this in the manuscript (detailing the differences in phenotypes we observe when we deplete ZYG-8 prior to spindle assembly or after the spindle has already formed, lines 180-189 and 227-231). To emphasize this point further, we have also included a graph in Figure S3G that directly compares the number of poles per spindle in long-term auxin treated spindles to short-term auxin treated spindles (with and without metaphase arrest).

      *3) Based on the Cavin-Meza 2022 paper it looks like depletion of KLP-18 in a BMK-1 mutant background does not look different from klp-18 (RNAi) alone. However, looking at Video 8, it looks like spindles "shrink" in absence of KLP-18 and BMK-1. Or is this due to any effects from the ZYG-8 AID strain? This can also be seen in Video 9. *

      The reviewer highlights a fair point that was not clearly explained in our manuscript. In normal monopolar anaphase, chromosomes move in towards the center pole as the spindle gets smaller (C. elegans oocyte spindles shrink in both bipolar and monopolar anaphase); this was previously described in Muscat et.al. 2015, and, as the reviewer noted, in Cavin-Meza et.al. 2022 (in a strain with the bmk-1 mutation). We see this same monopolar anaphase behavior in the ZYG-8 AID strain (Figure 6). We have now better explained normal monopolar anaphase progression and we have cited the Muscat et.al. paper in the relevant sections of the manuscript (lines 221-223 and 714-717).

      *4) Line 311: " ZYG-8 loads onto the spindle along with BMK-1, and functions to inhibit BMK-1 from over elongating microtubules during metaphase." Maybe this sentence could be re-phrased as it currently sounds like BMK-1 elongates (polymerizes) microtubules. *

      In re-writing the manuscript and emphasizing that there are multiple for ZYG-8 (in addition to regulating forces within the spindle), we removed this sentence.

      *5) Line 313: "Intriguingly, in C. elegans oocytes and mitotically-dividing embryos, BMK-1 inhibition causes faster spindle elongation during anaphase, suggesting that BMK-1 normally functions as a brake to slow spindle elongation (Saunders et al., 2007; Laband et al., 2017). Further, ZYG-8 has been shown to be required for spindle elongation during anaphase B (McNally et al., 2016). Our findings may provide an explanation for this phenotype, since if ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1 as we propose, then following ZYG-8 depletion, BMK-1 could be hyperactive, slowing anaphase B spindle elongation." This paragraph could be modified for better clarity. It is not clear how the findings of the authors, BMK-1 provides outward force but is normally inhibited by ZYG-8, align with the last sentence saying "following zyg-8 depletion, BMK-1 could be hyperactive slowing anaphase B spindle elongation", should it not increase elongation according to the authors observations? *

      In re-writing the manuscript to incorporate our new data showing that ZYG-8 plays a role in modulating microtubule dynamics, we also re-wrote this discussion so that there would be less emphasis on the potential connection between ZYG-8 and BMK-1. In making these edits to expand the focus of the manuscript, we removed this section of the discussion.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)): *In this manuscript Czajkowski et al explore the role of the doublecortin-family kinase ZYG-8 during meiosis in C. elegans Oocytes. The authors conclude that BMK-1 generates outward directed force, redundant to forces generated by KLP-18, and that ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1. The authors conclude that ZYG-8's kinase activity is required for the function of ZYG-8 in meiosis and mitosis. This research is interesting and provides some novel insight into the role of ZYG-8. In particular the observed spindle elongation and subsequent spindle fragmentation are novel and had not yet been reported. Also, the observation that degradation of ZYG-8 in monopolar klp-18(RNAi) spindles can restore bipolarity is novel and interesting, as well as the observation that this is somewhat dependent on the presence of BMK-1. This will be of interest to a broad audience and provides some new insight into the role of importance of ZYG-8 and BMK-1. The limitation of the study is the interpretation of the results and the lack of solid evidence that the observed phenotypes are due to ZYG-8 regulation motor activity, as the title claims. To support this some more experiments would be required. In addition, ZYG-8 has been reported to affect microtubule dynamics, which can certainly affect the action of motors on microtubules. This line of research is not explored in the paper but would certainly add to its value.

      Field of expertise: Research in cell division *

      We thank the reviewer for their positive comments on the impact and novelty of our findings. We hope that the additional experiments we performed and the revisions we made to the text thoroughly address the reviewer's concerns and that they deem the revised manuscript ready for publication.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)): *In this manuscript, the authors explore the requirement for doublecortin kinase Zyg8 in C elegans oocytes. Oocytes build meiotic spindles in the absence of centrosomes, and therefore unique regulation occurs during this process. Therefore, how spindles are built and its later stability are an area of active investigation in the field. Using mutant alleles of Zyg8 and auxin-induced degron alleles, the authors demonstrate that this kinase is required to negatively regulate outward pole forces through BMK1 kinesin and that it has other functions to still explore. Overall, I find that this study takes an elegant genetic approach to tackling this important question in oocyte biology. I have some comments to consider for making the MS clear to a reader. *

      We thank the reviewer for these positive comments on our approach and the importance of our research question. We have attempted to address all of the reviewer's suggestions and we think that they increase the clarity of the manuscript.

      Major Comments:

      *1.) Although I like the graphs describing the altered angles of the spindles, it falls short in fully assessing the phenotype in a meaningful statistical way. Could the authors also graph the data to show statistical significance in the angles between conditions? Perhaps by grouping them into angle ranges and performing an Anova test? This is important in Figure 2E where it is not obvious that there is a difference. *

      The reviewer makes a good point - we have now addressed this concern by performing ANOVA tests to compare conditions on each of the angle graphs. Results of these tests have been reported in the corresponding figure legends. This analysis has confirmed all of the statements we made in the original manuscript. In Figure 1D and S1D, spindle angles were significantly different in the zyg-8 temperature sensitive mutants at the restrictive temperature, and in Figure 2, the angles were significantly different between the "minus auxin" and "plus auxin" conditions. This differs from Figure 7, where there was no significant difference in spindle angle between control spindles and kinase dead mutant spindles (p-value >0.1).

      *2.) The authors do not discuss the significance of the altered spindle angles which I think is an interesting phenotype. Would this be a problem upon Anaphase onset? What is known about spindle angle and aneuploidy or cell viability? Has this phenotype been described before in oocytes or somatic cells? Does depletion of other kinesin motors cause this? *

      The reviewer brings up a good point that warrants more discussion in the manuscript. We agree that the angled spindles are an interesting phenotype; we believe that they could be a result of the spindle elongating to a point where the spindle center becomes weakened, suggesting that the severity of the angle is representative of the severity of spindle elongation. Alternatively, the angled spindles could be a result of the loss of spindle stability factors, such as the doublecortin domain of ZYG-8. This domain is known to have microtubule binding activity; this could be required to maintain stable crosslinked microtubules in the spindle center, such that when ZYG-8 is depleted, the spindle more easily comes apart as the spindle elongates. We now discuss these possibilities in the revised manuscript.

      To the reviewer's second point, we did not examine anaphase outcomes in our manuscript. However, this was recently explored by another lab (in a study that was published after we submitted our manuscript). This study showed that spindles lacking ZYG-8 were able to initiate anaphase and segregate chromosomes (McNally et.al., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1011090). Perhaps when the spindle shrinks at anaphase onset, the spindle is able to reorganize and largely correct the angle defect, enabling bi-directional chromosome segregation. Interestingly, however, McNally et.al. did report conditions under which spindle bending in anaphase resulted in polar body extrusion errors. The authors reported that BMK-1, which is known to act as a brake to prevent spindle oveelongation in anaphase, is required to prevent bent spindles during anaphase by resisting the forces of cortical myosin on the spindle. Thus, there is precedence for the idea that spindle needs to remain straight throughout anaphase, to ensure proper chromosome segregation.

      *3.) How is embryo spindle positioning determined? It is not clear from the images that there is a defect so I'm not sure what to look for. Is there a way to quantify this? *

      In the original manuscript, spindle positioning within the embryo was determined qualitatively by eye, which we agree was not a precise measure. To address the reviewer's comment, we re-analyzed our images and assessed the position of the spindle within each embryo quantitatively - these data are now shown in Figure 8H and Figure S2B. Spindle position was quantified by analyzing images using Imaris software. The center of the spindle was set by creating a Surface of the DNA signal, and finding the center of that signal. The cell center was determined by measuring the length of the embryo along the long axis and the width of the embryo along the short axis, and setting the center as the halfway point of the total length and width of the embryo. Distance from spindle center to cell center was then measured and graphed. This quantification confirmed the claims we made in our original manuscript - both auxin-treated ZYG-8 AID spindles and ZYG-8 kinase-dead mitotic spindles were significantly mispositioned. The details of how we performed this quantification have been added to the materials and methods.

      *4.) In Figure 1, it appears that there are 2 spindles. Are these MI and MII spindles or ectopic spindles? How do the authors know which one to measure? *

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. Reviewer 1 had a similar comment, and we now understand that using that image was misleading, as it looked like as if were two separate MII spindles formed following a failed polar body extrusion event. We have gone through all of our images to stage the oocytes by looking at their chromosome morphology (i.e., to distinguish MI and MII) - the image in question had 6 bivalents and was therefore in Meiosis I; we think that this was a single spindle where the chromosomes happened to cluster into two masses. However, to prevent further confusion, we have replaced this image with a different representative image. In spindles like this with multiple poles, we measure the dominant axis of the spindle (if there are multiple poles, we pick the most prominent ones for the angle measurement). For additional details please see our response to Reviewer 1 major point #2b.

      *5.) The authors show depletion of Zyg8 by western (long) and loss of Gfp (long and short), but don't do so for the acute treatment. I'm guessing this is because the Gfp tag is taken by the spindle marker. The authors should either demonstrate or explain how they know that the acute depletion is effective in removing Zyg8 protein. *

      The reviewer makes a valid point. However, we are unable to see ZYG-8 depletion via acute auxin treatment using live imaging, as ZYG-8 localization is too dim and diffuse to see on the spindle using our typical live imaging parameters (we attempted to do this in a version of the ZYG-8 AID strain that has mCherry::tubulin and GFP::ZYG-8, so that there was no other spindle protein tagged with GFP). To see any GFP::ZYG-8 signal, we had to increase the laser power and exposure time well above what we typically use for live imaging - in doing this, we noticed that there was a limit to how high we could go before the cell began dying during the imaging time course, evident by a lack of chromosome movement, lack of tubulin turnover, and a general increase in tubulin signal throughout the cytoplasm. We do believe that ZYG-8 is being depleted using acute auxin treatment, however, as we see spindle defects very quickly upon dissection of the oocytes into auxin - we just unfortunately don't have a good way of quantifying this given these technical limitations. We have now added information to the materials and methods noting that we cannot see GFP::ZYG-8 under our live imaging conditions (lines 552-561), so that the reader better understands this caveat.

      *6.) In video 2, the chromosome signal is dimmer in the auxin treatment compared to video 1. Why is this? Is it just an experimental artifact or is there something significant about this? If it is because of video choice, consider replacing this one. *

      We thank the reviewer for their keen observations. The chromosome signal being dimmer in the auxin treatment is an experimental artifact - the brightness of the signal can vary depending on how far the spindle is from the slide (this can vary from video to video, and can also change over the time course of one video if the spindle moves during filming). Because of this, movies taken at the same intensity and exposure conditions may appear to have varying levels of brightness. So that readers of the manuscript can better see the chromosomes in this video, we have brightened the chromosome channel in this movie and noted this in the materials and methods (lines 549-551).

      7.) Please consider color palette changes for color-blind readership.

      We agree that it is important to present data in a way that can be appreciated by color-blind readers. Although we would prefer not to have to alter every image in our paper at this point, we have provided all important individual channels in grey scale. We are also planning to adopt a change in color palette for future papers.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      *The strengths of this manuscript include use of multiple genetic approaches to establish temporal requirements of ZYG8 and which pathway it is acting through. Additionally, the videos and images make the phenotypes clear to evaluate. A minor limitation is that we don't know if the ZYG8 and BMK1 genetic interaction is a direct phosphorylation or not. This MS is an advancement to the field of spindle building and stability, and is particularly relevant to human oocyte quality and fertility. Previous work has shown that human oocyte spindles are highly unstable, but it is challenging to dissect genetic interactions and to conduct mechanistic studies in human oocytes. Therefore, the work here, although conducted in a nematode, can shed light on mechanism as to why human oocyte spindles are unstable and associated with high aneuploidy rates. Based on my expertise in mammalian oocyte biology, I am confident that work presented here will be of high interest to people in the field of meiotic spindle building, aneuploidy and fertility. It also will have broader interest to folks in the areas of kinesin biology, general microtubule and spindle biology. *

      We thank the reviewer for these positive comments on the strength of our data and the significance of our findings reported in our original manuscript. We think that the improvements that we have made in response to suggestions from all three reviewers has further increased this impact.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      *Summary: The focus of this paper is the function of a relatively understudied (at least in meiosis) kinase in acentrosomal spindle assembly (Zyg-8, or DCLK1 in mammals) in C. elegans oocytes. The authors use existing ts alleles and a newly generated GFP-Auxin fusion protein, and find that the ts alleles and auxin degron have similar phenotypes. They also examine the interaction with two related kinesins, KLP-18 and BMK-1 in order to investigate the mechanism behind the zyg-8 mutant phenotype. One can probably debate the significance and focus of their conclusions (force balance on the spindle). However, this is an important study because its the first on the meiotic function of a ZYG-8 kinase, and it may open the way to further studies of this kinase and how it regulates multiple kinesins and meiotic spindle assembly. *

      We thank the reviewer for these positive comments and for pointing out the potential future impacts of our work. In revising the manuscript, we have broadened the focus of the manuscript - we no longer solely focus on force balance within the spindle. Thus, our revisions have substantially increased the significance and impact of our work, since the manuscript is no longer narrowly focused.

      Major points:

      *1.) The main concern is the focus that the main defect in zyg-8 depleted oocytes is on outward forces (eg line 134, 277, but many other places in Results and Discussion). The arguments in favor (eg line 269-271) are reasonable. However, these data are not conclusive, and do not rule out regulation of other motor activities, such as bundling, depolymerization or chromosome movement. These are complex phenotypes, and a kinase could have multiple targets and there are often multiple interpretations. This is briefly alluded to in line 372-373 but the authors could do more. Spindle length changes could be caused by different rates of depolymerization or polymerization at the poles or chromosomes. Its not clear how poleward force regulation explains the multiple pole phenotype, although a lack of central spindle integrity could do that. In most of the Results and Discussion, it is not clearly stated on what structures these outward forces are acting. Are these forces effecting kinetochore associated microtubules, or antiparallel overlap microtubules? What do the authors mean by proper force balance? Figure 8 suggests the defect is associated with the amount of overlap and force among antiparallel microtubules - that the forces effected are from the sliding of these microtubules. *

      We agree that our original manuscript was too narrowly focused on the idea of force balance and that we did not discuss other potential roles for ZYG-8 in enough detail (except for briefly in our discussion). In response to both this comment and to a suggestion by Reviewer #1, we decided to investigate a potential role for ZYG-8 in modulating microtubule dynamics (which could be another explanation for some of the phenotypes we observed). We performed FRAP to measure the rate of tubulin turnover within the spindle near the center and at the poles. Interestingly, these experiments revealed that loss of ZYG-8 slows the rate of tubulin turnover, suggesting a general stabilization of microtubules. Thus, we have re-written our manuscript to clearly explain that ZYG-8 plays multiple roles in oocyte spindles - with these changes throughout the manuscript (in the introduction, results, and discussion), the paper is now no longer focused primarily on forces. We hypothesize in the discussion that the phenotypes we observe could be a combination of the effects on microtubule dynamics and spindle forces; if microtubules become more stable and motors produce excess outward forces, this may cause stress on the spindle structure that could cause the midspindle to bend and the poles to split (lines 379-382). We also now more clearly explain that the effect ZYG-8 has on spindle forces could be either direct or indirect (e.g., ZYG-8 could directly regulate motors or, by affecting the microtubule tracks themselves, it could affect their ability to exert forces). As for which population of microtubules are affected, we hypothesize that the excess forces act primarily on overlapping antiparallel microtubules (these microtubules run laterally alongside chromosomes in this system), as is represented in the model figure (Figure 9); we attempted to more clearly explain this in the re-written manuscript.

      *2.) Based on differences between the long term and short term knockdown phenotypes, the authors suggest ZYG-8 is more important for spindle maintenance. For example, in line 299 the authors note that there is a more severe phenotypes with zyg-8 removed from pre-formed spindles. The authors could improve the presentation of this to allow the reader to appreciate this observation. The data is spread between Figures 2 and 3 without a direct comparison of the data. One solution would be to graph the data (eg # of poles) together in one graph and indicate if there is statistical significance. In the Discussion, the authors could refer to specific figure panels. *

      The reviewer is correct that our data suggests that ZYG-8 is more important for spindle maintenance than it is for assembly. As suggested, we made a graph that includes all the pole data from Figures 2 and 3 (long-term auxin, short-term auxin, and metaphase-arrested short-term auxin) - this is now shown in Figure S3D. This makes it easier for the reader to compare these data and appreciate this point. In addition, we added text to the results section, to more clearly explain our rationale for thinking that ZYG-8 plays a more prominent role in spindle maintenance than in assembly (lines 180-189 and 227-231).

      *3.) What is the practical difference between acute and short term depletion. Does acute show weaker phenotypes because there is more residual protein? Unfortunately, the effectiveness of Auxin treatment does not appear to be measured for acute or short term. If the acute depletion adds little to Figure 3, or is not much different than long term, then its not clear what it adds to the paper. Later, in Figure 6, why is only short term and acute analyzed. In general, the authors need to provide better rationale for the different auxin conditions, particularly acute and short term (eg. line 135). If they don't add anything, they should consider not presenting them because readers may get confused by the different conditions, why they were done, and what is learned from each one. *

      The reviewer brings up a fair point that we agree requires clarification. Descriptions of the different types of auxin experiments is provided in Figure 1A. Long-term AID depletes proteins overnight, so the protein of interest is already missing from the oocyte when the spindle begins to form - this allows us to assess whether the protein is required for spindle assembly. However, to determine if a protein is required to stabilize pre-formed spindles, we need to remove the protein quickly after the spindle forms (using either acute or short-term AID). Acute AID is performed by dissecting oocytes directly into auxin-containing media; this allows us to watch what happens to the spindle live, as the protein is being depleted. However, one limitation is that we can only film for a short time before the oocytes begin to die (oocytes become unhappy with extended light exposure, so we cut off the videos after 15 minutes or so, to ensure that we are not filming past the point where they begin to arrest or die). Therefore, to assess what happens to spindles beyond this point, we perform short-term auxin treatment, where whole worms are soaked in auxin containing solution for 30-45 minutes and then the oocytes are dissected for immunofluorescence; this technique allows us to look at what happens to the spindle after more extended protein depletion (since we are not limited to the 10-15 minute window of filming). We have now clarified this in the manuscript by adding these details to the materials and methods. Unfortunately, it is not technically possible to quantify the extent of protein depletion in acute AID via western blotting since we would not be able to easily collect enough dissected oocytes to make a protein sample. (It is also technically challenging to quantify this via imaging; see our response to Reviewer #2, point #5). However, we assume that we are depleting ZYG-8 since we see dramatic spindle defects immediately upon dissection into auxin.

      Minor points:

      *3.) I am a little confused about imaging for GFP::tubulin in auxin experiments. Doesn't the ZYG-8 protein also have GFP? Should this be visible in controls? Is it measurable in the experiments? *

      The reviewer is correct that the ZYG-8 protein is also tagged with GFP in the GFP::tubulin; mCherry::histone live imaging experiments. However, we found that the GFP::ZYG-8 signal is undetectable using the live imaging conditions we are using. We determined this by analyzing a version of the ZYG-8 AID strain in which tubulin was tagged with mCherry (and thus the only GFP-tagged protein was ZYG-8). Using the same live imaging parameters we use for our movies of GFP::tubulin (same exposure time, laser power, etc), we did not detect any GFP::ZYG-8. We have now added this information to the materials and methods (lines 552-561) to clarify these points for the reader, to prevent further confusion.

      *4.) It is nice that the authors validated the results in an emb-30 background with unarrested oocytes. The authors note that the wild-type oocytes undergo anaphase (line 150). The images seem to suggest the auxin treated oocytes do not. Can the authors comment on anaphase in the depletion experiments. Even better, would be to comment on the accuracy of chromosome alignment and segregation. If zyg-8 mutant oocytes complete meiosis, is there any aneuploidy? These are important questions because otherwise the defects in zyg-8 mutants have less significance. *

      We thank the reviewer for their comment. Previous work on ZYG-8 in C. elegans examined a role for ZYG-8 in anaphase and showed that this protein is required for anaphase B spindle elongation (McNally et.al. 2016); because this was known when we launched our study, we purposely did not extensively study ZYG-8 in anaphase and instead focused on understanding how ZYG-8 contributes to spindle formation and stability. Our fixed imaging long-term AID experiments revealed that spindles were able to go through anaphase and segregate chromosomes bidirectionally despite the metaphase spindle phenotypes, consistent with this previous work (McNally et.al. 2016) and with another recent paper from the same lab (McNally et.al. 2023). However, we did not examine whether there were chromosome segregation errors. Given that anaphase is not the focus of our paper, we ask that this be deemed beyond the scope of our study.

      5.) Later, in line 184, the authors indicate that zyg-8 bipolar spindles "segregate chromosomes". Which images show anaphase I? As noted above, a limitation of these studies is not knowing the outcome of meiosis in these Zyg-8 depletions.

      We agree that in the original manuscript it was difficult to see that chromosomes were segregating bidirectionally in our movies and in the still timepoint images presented in Figure 5. Therefore, we brightened the chromosome channel in the relevant videos to make it easier to see the segregating chromosomes. Video 6 shows an oocyte in Meiosis II, as the first polar body can be seen near the spindle in this movie. At 2 minutes, the monopolar spindle becomes bipolar and begins to shrink as it goes into anaphase. Chromosomes begin to move apart and then the spindle elongates. At 11 minutes, you can see that the chromosomes have segregated bidirectionally. Thus, when monopolar spindles reorganize into bipolar spindles under these conditions, they can drive bidirectional chromosome segregation. We did not assess the fidelity of chromosome segregation under these conditions (i.e., whether chromosomes segregated accurately), as the question we were trying to answer in this experiment was whether outward forces sufficient to re-establish bipolarity could be activated upon ZYG-8 depletion (as explained above in response to point #4, we focused our study on trying to understand the effects of ZYG-8 depletion on the spindle, rather than on anaphase). We agree that analyzing anaphase outcomes would be interesting, but we ask that it be considered beyond the scope of this study.

      *6.) Line 206 suggests that ZYG-8 inhibits BMK-1. Is a simple explanation that BMK-1 is required for the bipolar spindles observed in the klp-18 zyg-8 AID oocytes? *

      Yes, the reviewer is correct that BMK-1 is required for the generation of bipolar spindles in the klp-18(RNAi) ZYG-8 AID conditions. In the original manuscript we extrapolated this result to propose that ZYG-8 regulates BMK-1. However, this comment, as well as feedback from the other reviewers and our new experiments (showing that ZYG-8 also modulates microtubule dynamics) has made us re-think the way we discuss this result, as we now agree that it does not prove this regulation (it is only suggestive). Therefore, in the revised manuscript, we no longer definitely claim that ZYG-8 regulates BMK-1 - we have switched to softer language (stating that ZYG-8 "may regulate" BMK-1, etc.). In the results section we now describe our conclusions as follows: "These data demonstrate that BMK-1 produces the outward forces that are activated upon ZYG-8 and KLP-18 co-depletion and raise the possibility that ZYG-8 regulates BMK-1 either directly or indirectly" (lines 250-252).

      *7.) Given that many mitotic and meiotic kinases are localized to specific regions or domains of the spindle, there is only limited discussion of the ZYG-8 localization pattern. Does the ZYG-8 localization pattern provide any insights into its mechanism of promoting spindle assembly? *

      The reviewer makes a good point - while we did report ZYG-8 localization, the discussion on the importance of its localization pattern was limited. To address this, we now remind readers in the discussion that ZYG-8 and BMK-1 co-localize throughout meiosis, consistent with the possibility that ZYG-8 could regulate BMK-1. Notably, this localization pattern is also consistent with the observation that ZYG-8 modulates microtubule dynamics across the spindle; this is now also noted in the discussion (lines 358-361).

      *8.) Line 96-97 - how much is the ZYG-8 depletion? *

      To address this question, we have quantified the amount of ZYG-8 protein in our ZYG-8 AID strain in control, long-term, and short-term auxin treated conditions. The western blot was quantified by comparing the raw intensity of the bands and subtracting the background signal. Short-term auxin depletion resulted in an ~63% reduction in ZYG-8 GFP signal, and long-term depletion resulted in an ~93% reduction in ZYG-8 GFP signal. This has now been reported in the manuscript on lines 785-786.

      *9.) Line 140: the authors say spindle length could not be measured, but perhaps it makes more sense to measure half spindle (chromosome to spindle pole). The images do give the impression that the chromosome to pole distance is shorter. *

      While we liked this idea and tried to perform these measurements, it turned out to be difficult in practice, since the spindle length measurements are obtained by finding the distance from pole (center of the ASPM-1 staining) to center of the chromosome signal. If you look carefully at our images you will notice that the chromosomes lose alignment following short-term AID; therefore, the chromosomes do not form one mass, which made it very difficult to determine an accurate "center" of the DNA signal. Additionally, in most cases the poles are disrupted such that ASPM-1 is found in many separate masses and/or is diffusely localized around the periphery of the spindle. Because of this, we unfortunately felt that these measurements would not be very accurate and would be hard to interpret.

      *10.) Don't see the point of lines 323-330. Could be deleted? *

      In revising our manuscript, we have rephrased these lines in an attempt to provide more context. Because DCLK1 has been shown to be upregulated in a wide variety of cancers, there are ongoing efforts to find chemical inhibitors that specifically block the kinase activity of this protein to be used as cancer therapeutics. However, no one has previously shown that the kinase activity of DCLK1 is important for its in vivo function (in any organism). Therefore, we were trying to make the point that, since we demonstrated that kinase activity is important for the functions of a DCLK1 family member in vivo, this suggests that these kinase inhibitors may in fact be beneficial in knocking down DCLK1 activity.

      11.) Figure 1: Because ts alleles could have a defective phenotype at "permissive" temperature, a wild-type control should be included. This data does appear in a later figure.

      The reviewer is correct that this data does appear in a later figure, but we agree this direct comparison would provide clarity to the reader. To address this comment, we compared the spindle lengths and angles of the two temperature-sensitive (TS) strains (at both the permissive and restrictive temperatures) to wild-type (N2) worms - these data have been added to Figure S1 (new panels F and G). The spindle lengths of both TS strains at the permissive temperature did not significantly differ from wild-type spindle lengths (p>0.1), while both TS strains at the restrictive temperature were significantly different than wild-type (p0.1), but there was a significant difference between wild-type spindles and the TS mutants at the restrictive temperature (doublecortin domain mutant (p Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)): The strengths of this paper are the novelty of studying Zyg-8. It also addresses important questions regarding acentrosmal spindle assembly in oocytes. The weakness is mostly in the limited interpretation of results and not enough consideration of alternative interpretations. Related to this, the authors only test the force balance hypothesis with the knockout of two related kinesins. They don't experimentally investigate other mechanisms for the zyg-8 phenotype. This research should be of broad interest to anyone interested in oocyte spindle assembly, and also in a more specialized way to those who study kinases or Zyg-8 homologs in other cell types or organisms.

      We thank the reviewer for these positive comments on the strengths and novelty of our manuscript. We also appreciate the constructive suggestions of all three reviewers, which motivated us to perform new experiments that revealed additional functions for ZYG-8 - these revisions have greatly improved the manuscript and have broadened its impact.

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this manuscript, the authors explore the requirement for doublecortin kinase Zyg8 in C elegans oocytes. Oocytes build meiotic spindles in the absence of centrosomes, and therefore unique regulation occurs during this process. Therefore, how spindles are built and its later stability are an area of active investigation in the field. Using mutant alleles of Zyg8 and auxin-induced degron alleles, the authors demonstrate that this kinase is required to negatively regulate outward pole forces through BMK1 kinesin and that it has other functions to still explore. Overall, I find that this study takes an elegant genetic approach to tackling this important question in oocyte biology. I have some comments to consider for making the MS clear to a reader.

      Major Comments:

      1. Although I like the graphs describing the altered angles of the spindles, it falls short in fully assessing the phenotype in a meaningful statistical way. Could the authors also graph the data to show statistical significance in the angles between conditions? Perhaps by grouping them into angle ranges and performing an Anova test? This is important in Figure 2E where it is not obvious that there is a difference.

      2. The authors do not discuss the significance of the altered spindle angles which I think is an interesting phenotype. Would this be a problem upon Anaphase onset? What is known about spindle angle and aneuploidy or cell viability? Has this phenotype been described before in oocytes or somatic cells? Does depletion of other kinesin motors cause this?

      3. How is embryo spindle positioning determined? It is not clear from the images that there is a defect so I'm not sure what to look for. Is there a way to quantify this?

      4. In Figure 1, it appears that there are 2 spindles. Are these MI and MII spindles or ectopic spindles? How do the authors know which one to measure?

      5. The authors show depletion of Zyg8 by western (long) and loss of Gfp (long and short), but don't do so for the acute treatment. I'm guessing this is because the Gfp tag is taken by the spindle marker. The authors should either demonstrate or explain how they know that the acute depletion is effective in removing Zyg8 protein.

      6. In video 2, the chromosome signal is dimmer in the auxin treatment compared to video 1. Why is this? Is it just an experimental artifact or is there something significant about this? If it is because of video choice, consider replacing this one.

      7. Please consider color palette changes for color-blind readership.

      Significance

      The strengths of this manuscript include use of multiple genetic approaches to establish temporal requirements of ZYG8 and which pathway it is acting through. Additionally, the videos and images make the phenotypes clear to evaluate. A minor limitation is that we don't know if the ZYG8 and BMK1 genetic interaction is a direct phosphorylation or not.

      This MS is an advancement to the field of spindle building and stability, and is particularly relevant to human oocyte quality and fertility. Previous work has shown that human oocyte spindles are highly unstable, but it is challenging to dissect genetic interactions and to conduct mechanistic studies in human oocytes. Therefore, the work here, although conducted in a nematode, can shed light on mechanism as to why human oocyte spindles are unstable and associated with high aneuploidy rates.

      Based on my expertise in mammalian oocyte biology, I am confident that work presented here will be of high interest to people in the field of meiotic spindle building, aneuploidy and fertility. It also will have broader interest to folks in the areas of kinesin biology, general microtubule and spindle biology.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this work, Odenwald and colleagues show that mutant biotin ligases used to perform proximity-dependent biotin identification (TurboID) can be used to amplify signal in fluorescence microscopy and to label phase-separated compartments that are refractory to many immunofluorescence approaches. Using the parasite Trypanosoma brucei, they show that fluorescent methods such as expansion microscopy and CLEM, which require bright signals for optimal detection, benefit from the elevated signal provided by TurboID fusion proteins when coupled with labeled streptavidin. Moreover, they show that phase-separated compartments, where many antibody epitopes are occluded due to limited diffusion and potential sequestration, are labeled reliably with biotin deposited by a TurboID fusion protein that localizes within the compartment. They show successful labeling of the nucleolus, likely phase-separated portions of the nuclear pore, and stress granules. Lastly, they use a panel of nuclear pore-TurboID fusion proteins to map the regions of the T. brucei nuclear pore that appear to be phase-separated by comparing antibody labeling of the protein, which is susceptible to blocking, to the degree of biotin deposition detected by streptavidin, which is not.

      Strengths:

      Overall, this study shows that TurboID labelling and fluorescent streptavidin can be used to boost signal compared to conventional immunofluorescence in a manner similar to tyramide amplification, but without having to use antibodies. TurboID could prove to be a viable general strategy for labeling phase-separated structures in cells, and perhaps as a means of identifying these structures, which could also be useful.

      Weaknesses:

      However, I think that this work would benefit from additional controls to address if the improved detection that is being observed is due to the increased affinity and smaller size of streptavidin/biotin compared to IgGs, or if it has to do with the increased amount of binding epitope (biotin) being deposited compared to the number of available antibody epitopes. I also think that using the biotinylation signal produced by the TurboID fusion to track the location of the fusion protein and/or binding partners in cells comes with significant caveats that are not well addressed here, mostly due to the inability to discern which proteins are contributing to the observed biotin signal.

      To dissect the contributions of the TurboID fusion to elevating signal, anti-biotin antibodies could be used to determine if the abundance of the biotin being deposited by the TurboID is what is increasing detection, or if streptavidin is essential for this. Alternatively, HaloTag or CLIP tagging could be used to see if diffusion of a small molecule tag other than biotin can overcome the labeling issue in phase-separated compartments. There are Halo-biotin substrates available that would allow the conjugation of 1 biotin per fusion protein, which would allow the authors to dissect the relative contributions of the high affinity of streptavidin from the increased amount of biotin that the TurboID introduces.

      The idea of using the biotin signal from the TurboID fusion as a means to track the changing localization of the fusion protein or the location of interacting partners is an attractive idea, but the lack of certainty about what proteins are carrying the biotin signal makes it very difficult to make clear statements. For example, in the case of TurboID-PABP2, the appearance of a biotin signal at the cell posterior is proposed to be ALPH1, part of the mRNA decapping complex. However, because we are tracking biotin localization and biotin is being deposited on a variety of proteins, it is not formally possible to say that the posterior signal is ALPH1 or any other part of the decapping complex. For example, the posterior labeling could represent a localization of PABP2 that is not seen without the additional signal intensity provided by the TurboID fusion. There are also many cytoskeletal components present at the cell posterior that could be being biotinylated, not just the decapping complex. Similar arguments can be made for the localization data pertaining to MLP2 and NUP65/75. I would argue that the TurboID labeling allows you to enhance signal on structures, such as the NUPs, and effectively label compartments, but you lack the capacity to know precisely which proteins are being labeled.

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors aimed to investigate the effectiveness of streptavidin imaging as an alternative to traditional antibody labeling for visualizing proteins within cellular contexts. They sought to address challenges associated with antibody accessibility and inconsistent localization by comparing the performance of streptavidin imaging with a TurboID-HA tandem tag across various protein localization scenarios, including phase-separated regions. They aimed to assess the reliability, signal enhancement, and potential advantages of streptavidin imaging over antibody labeling techniques.

      Overall, the study provides a convincing argument for the utility of streptavidin imaging in cellular protein visualization. By demonstrating the effectiveness of streptavidin imaging as an alternative to antibody labeling, the study offers a promising solution to issues of accessibility and localization variability. Furthermore, while streptavidin imaging shows significant advantages in signal enhancement and preservation of protein interactions, the authors must consider potential limitations and variations in its application. Factors such as the fact that tagging may sometimes impact protein function, background noise, non-specific binding, and the potential for off-target effects may impact the reliability and interpretation of results. Thus, careful validation and optimization of streptavidin imaging protocols are crucial to ensure reproducibility and accuracy across different experimental setups.

      Strengths:

      - Streptavidin imaging utilizes multiple biotinylation sites on both the target protein and adjacent proteins, resulting in a substantial signal boost. This enhancement is particularly beneficial for several applications with diluted antigens, such as expansion microscopy or correlative light and electron microscopy.

      - This biotinylation process enables the identification and characterization of interacting proteins, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of protein-protein interactions within cellular contexts.

      Weaknesses:

      - One of the key advantages of antibodies is that they label native, endogenous proteins, i.e. without introducing any genetic modifications or exogenously expressed proteins. This is a major difference from the approach in this manuscript, and it is surprising that this limitation is not really mentioned, let alone expanded upon, anywhere in the manuscript. Tagging proteins often impacts their function (if not their localization), and this is also not discussed.

      - Given that BioID proximity labeling encompasses not only the protein of interest but also its entire interacting partner history, ensuring accurate localization of the protein of interest poses a challenge.

      - The title of the publication suggests that this imaging technique is widely applicable. However, the authors did not show the ability to track the localization of several distinct proteins on the same sample, which could be an additional factor demonstrating the outperformance of streptavidin imaging compared with antibody labeling. Similarly, the work focuses only on small 2D samples. It would have been interesting to be able to compare this with 3D samples (e.g. cells encapsulated in an extracellular matrix) or to tissues.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      The authors sincerely appreciate the editors’ and the reviewers’ dedication in providing constructive and insightful comments aimed at enhancing the quality of the manuscript. In response to the valuable feedback received, we have implemented significant revisions to the manuscript, including the addition of key experiments, reorganization of the figures as well as providing detailed point-to-point responses to address the reviewers’ concerns. With these changes, we are confident that we have effectively addressed the comments raised by all three reviewers and have strengthened the overall quality of the manuscript.

      Below are the major improvements we have made in the revised manuscript:

      1. Figure 4  new figure with polysome profiling assay to strengthen the link between translational regulation and mitochondrial defects.
      2. Figure 7  added confocal images showing the transfer of mitochondria into recipient cells.
      3. Figure S2  added RER data further supporting a shift of metabolism to favor fatty acid oxidation as shown by proteomics data.
      4. Figure S4  added WB data showing that protein degradation was not affected, strengthening a protein synthesis defect due to Fam210a KO.
      5. Figure S5B, S6C  added quantification to the staining and blots.

      1. Point-by-point description of the revisions

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In the manuscript entitled "FAM210A mediates an inter-organelle crosstalk essential for protein synthesis and muscle growth in mouse", Chen et al, found that knocking out of FAM210A specifically in muscle using Myl Cre resulted in abnormal mitochondria, hyperacetylation of cytosolic proteins, and translation defects. The manuscript uncovered the new functions of FAM210A in regulating metabolism and translation. I have the following the concerns about the manuscript.

      Comments

      One of the major phenotypes of FAM210A is the decrease of muscle mass after 6 weeks after birth. Is this phenotype caused by the accumulation of progressive loss of muscle mass from birth? Are the body weight and muscle mass reduced in FAM210A knocking out new-born mice? Is the muscle mass growth curve the same in FAM210A and WT mice from birth to 6 weeks after birth? These results will reveal more mechanism of FAM210A mediated muscle mass control. Answer: Indeed, the phenotype of the Fam210aMKO was caused by the progressive loss of muscle mass. The body weight of the mice was not different before 3-weeks of age (Figure 2B). We reasoned that myonuclei accretion occurred before Myl1Cre induced knockout of Fam210a, accounting for the relative normal muscle development and nuclei accretion prior to 21 days after birth (refer to Response Figure 2). However, due to the small muscle mass, it is hard to accurately evaluate whether the muscle mass in very young mice. Regardless, we believe that body weight and muscle weight closely mimic each other and exhibit similar slopes in WT and KO mice (Response Figure 1).

      Beyond 21 days, muscle growth is mainly attributed to hypertrophy of myofibers, a process that relies on protein synthesis. Yet the Fam210aMKO myofibers has defects in protein synthesis, explaining why the muscles cannot gain weight after 3 weeks and started to lose weight. We have shown that at 4 weeks the TA muscle weight was 13 mg in Fam210aMKO compared to 25 mg in WT control. At 6-weeks, the TA weight in the Fam210aMKO mouse was 10 mg compared to 28 mg in the WT control. Furthermore, the TA weight of the Fam210aMKO mouse was 8.7 mg compared to 36mg in the WT control. These results provide compelling evidence that the Fam210aMKO muscles are progressively wasted.

      Response Figure 1. Changes of body weights and TA muscle weights during postnatal growth. The muscle weights increased (in wildtype mice) or decreased (in KO mice) with body weights at similar trends.

      Does the muscle mass continue to decrease after 8 weeks?

      Answer: Based on the trend (see Response Figure 1), we believe the answer is “yes”. However, we were not allowed to monitor the Fam210aMKO mice after 8 weeks of age, as they were severely lethargic and can barely move, reaching the humane endpoint determined by the IACUC guidelines.

      FAM210A knockout mice displayed high lethal rate. Is there any potential mechanism for the high lethality?

      Answer: We performed extensive necropsy and could not identify a direct cause. The potential cause for the lethality could be the difficulty of breathing as the diaphragm muscle was very thin in the Fam210aMKO mouse compared to the WT control. Besides, the diminished muscle contraction force (Figure 3) might have prohibited normal activities (including eating), leading to exhaustive death.

      In Figure 2, the muscle mass decreased significantly, while the fat mass only decreased slightly in FAM210A knockout mice. However, the ratio of the lean mass and fat mass to body mass did not change in FAM210A knockout mice compared to WT mice. How do the authors reconcile this?

      Answer: Just to clarify, Figure 2D-E shows that fat mass was significantly reduced at 4-week old but not reduced at 6-week old. We interpret the significant reduction of the mass but not the ratio (to body weight) as the result of the concomitant reduction of the body weight in the Fam210aMKO mice.

      Are there changes of the number of nuclei per myotube? Is the muscle atrophy in FAM210A knockout mice caused by the defects of fusion, or the degradation of protein, or both?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this question. To answer this question, we isolated myofibers from WT and Fam210aMKO mouse at 4-week-old and quantify the myonuclei number. We did not observe a significant reduction of myonuclei number per myofiber in the Fam210aMKO mouse, suggesting that the myoblast fusion into myofibers was not affected in the Fam210aMKO model. (Response Figure 2)

      Response Figure 2. DAPI staining and quantification in the single myofiber isolated from WT and Fam210aMKO mice.

      The number of myonuclei in the WT and Fam210aMKO was not different, suggesting normal fusion of satellite cells in Fam210aMKO mice.

      We also did western blot to check the atrophy related protein expression in WT and Fam210aMKO mouse at different ages. Interestingly, we did not observe a significant induction of these proteins (Atrogin-1, MuRF1) in the Fam210aMKOmuscle. Therefore, we conclude that the muscle atrophy was due to protein translation defects in the Fam210aMKO, independent of myoblast fusion and protein degradation (Figure S4C).

      Are the growth curves of muscle mass growth in EDL and SOL the same in FAM210A knockout mice?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for the question. In the Myl1Cre mediated Fam210a KO model, Fam210a was deleted in both fast (EDL) and slow (SOL) muscles (see response to Reviewer 3, second point). We think that the “growth curve” of the EDL and SOL muscle should be same (stagnant and even reduced) upon Fam210a KO as the mouse grows from 4-week to 8-week.

      The oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production are higher in FAM210A knockout mice, suggesting a high metabolism rate. In contrast, the heat production of FAM210A knockout mice is lower, suggesting a low metabolism rate. Any explanation?

      Answer: The VCO2 and VO2 values were normalized to the body weight, and the KO value appeared high because their body weights were much lower at the time of test. While for heat production (unit: Kcal/hr), body weight was not a factor in the calculation. The seemingly contradicting/surprising result that a weak KO mouse could have higher VCO2 and VO2could be recapitulated in other mouse models (for example PMID: 22307625).

      Given the high glucose consumption in FAM210A, why is the clearance rate of blood glucose low?

      Answer: We believe there is a misunderstanding here. A smaller AUC (as seen in the KO) suggest faster blood glucose clearance. The circulating glucose level after fasting is lower in the KO mice, which suggests that the Fam210aMKO mice were consuming more glucose compared to the WT mice. In the GTT test, the Fam210aMKO mice showed a lower AUC after the injection of glucose, implying that the Fam210aMKO mice cleared the injected glucose at a faster rate, probably due to a pseudo-fasting state which would promote the uptake of circulating glucose when available.

      Are there any changes of the abilities for the FAM210A knockout mice in running endurance?

      Answer: Indeed, the Fam210aMKO mice ran less distance, shorter time, and at a lower speed when tested on a treadmill endurance running program (Figure 3)

      In page 5, the last sentence of the 2nd paragraph, the authors concluded "There results suggest that Fam210aMKO induces a metabolic switch to a more oxidative state." It is better to describe it as muscle metabolic since the whole-body metabolism has not been carefully examined.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for pointing this out, we will change the wording to better reflect the changes observed in the Fam210aMKO mouse regarding the metabolism.

      In Fig. 6, what is the link between increased transcription level of Fgf21 and the elevated level of aberrant acetylation of proteins?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this interesting question! However, we did not pursue a direct causal relationship between Fgf21 level and aberrant protein acetylation. In our model, we are proposing that mitochondrial defects in the Fam210aMKO model can trigger the integrated stress response which leads to a higher Fgf21 transcript level in the muscle. This is coinciding with the acetylation increase in the muscle due to the excessive production of acetyl-CoA. A potential relationship between Fgf21 and protein acetylation warrant examination in a future study.

      After careful considerations on the mechanism proposed in the study, we decided to remove qPCR data showing the modest increase of Fgf21 mRNA level. The removal of this data will not change the conclusions we draw nor lessen the significance of the mitochondria transfer experiment.

      Is there any link between the increased acetylation level of rebolsome proteins and the translation defects?

      Answer: Indeed, there are ample studies showing that ribosomal proteins can be acetylated, and that the acetylation of ribosomal proteins can affect the protein synthesis process, for example in PMID: 35604121 and PMID: 37742082. Here in this paper, we showed by ribosome profiling assay that the muscle has defects in the polysome formation (at 4-week and 6-week), when the protein acetylation was significantly increased in the Fam210aMKO mice (Figure 4D-4G).

      How do the abnormal mitochondria lead to increased protein acetylation? And how do these defects further cause translation problem?

      Answer: As elaborated in the discussion, we propose that upon Fam210a KO in mature myofiber, the TCA cycle in the mitochondria was disrupted, blocking utilization of acetyl-CoA and resulting in the accumulation of acetyl-CoA in the muscle. The excess acetyl-CoA lead to increased protein acetylation in the cytosol. We identified that ribosomal proteins are hyperacetylated in the muscle. We also observed that the polysome formation in the muscle was impaired, which exacerbates the translation efficiency.

      Consistently, when we treated C2C12 during in vitro culture with sodium acetate to mimic the increase of acetylation of proteins, we showed that excessive levels of acetyl-CoA can block the differentiation of C2C12 cells (Response Figure 3).

      Response Figure 3. The effect of sodium acetate on the differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts.

      The differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts into myotubes were probed by the protein abundance of Myog and MF20, which showed a decrease in the expression level when sodium acetate was added in increasing amounts.

      The defects in translation will cause general problems besides mitochondria defects. Are there any phenotypes related to the overall translation inhibition observed? If not, why?

      Answer: Just to clarify, our model suggests that mitochondrial defects in the Fam210a KO causes cytosolic translation defects, not the other way around. We showed by SUnSET experiment that the global translation was indeed reduced in the Fam210aMKO muscle at 4-week. We also observed that the p-S6 level which indicates the global protein translation was decreased. It is also true that the global translational arrest can exacerbate the mitochondrial defects and fewer mitochondrial proteins can be synthesized. This feed forward loop can explain the aggravating phenotype in the Fam210aMKO mouse as the mouse gets older.

      Are the abnormal mitochondria, increased protein acetylation, and translation inhibition observed in 2-6 weeks old mice? When were these defects first found? Are they correlated with muscle atrophy?

      Answer: At 2-week-old, the protein synthesis or degradation was not changed between WT and Fam210aMKO mice (Figure S4C). The mitochondria abnormality was first observed at 4 weeks of age, concomitant with the decrease of protein translation (decreased p-S6), polysome formation, and protein hyperacetylation. The acetylation increase was apparent at 6-week together with decreased p-S6 level, polysome assembly and mitochondrial defects. Decreased protein translation has been shown to cause muscle atrophy (PMID: 19046572).

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      This manuscript described many interesting phenotypes of Fam210a knockout mice. However, the links between these phenotypes are obscure. The logic of the manuscript will be greatly improved if the authors could provide explanations to logically link the phenotypes.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: In this manuscript, Chen et al., investigate the functions of FAM210A in skeletal muscle physiology and metabolism. FAM210A is a mitochondria-localized protein in which mutations have been associated with sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Using publicly available gene expression datasets from human skeletal muscle biopsies the authors first demonstrate that the expression of FAM210 is reduced in muscle atrophy-associated diseases and increased in muscle hypertrophy conditions. Based on this, they show that a muscle specific Fam210a deletion leads to muscle atrophy/weakness, systemic metabolic defects, and premature lethality in mouse. Further examination of the knockout myofibers reveals impaired mitochondrial respiration and translation program. Additionally, the authors demonstrate that the flow of TCA cycle is disrupted in the FAM210A-deleted myofibers, which causes abnormal accumulation of acetyl-coA and hyperacetylation of a subset of proteins. The authors claim that Fam210a deletion in skeletal muscle induces the hyper-acetylation of several small ribosomal proteins that leads to ribosomal disassembly and translational deficiency. However, this conclusion is not supported by adequate experimentation and rigorous analysis of ribosomal proteins acetylation and ribosome assembly.

      Major comments:

      -In general, figure legends are lacking information regarding number of biological replicates used and details about statistical analysis. What does three * vs. one * mean in terms of p-value? Exact p-values should be indicated.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for pointing this out, we have added the information to the revised figure legends.

      -The mechanistic studies linking muscle phenotypes with ribosomal protein hyperacetylation and mRNA translation defects are underdeveloped and not rigorously carried.

      Answer: We agree with the reviewer and have added new data in the revised manuscript to strengthen this link. For example, we have now provided direct evidence on the defective polysome assembly in the Fam210a KO muscles (Figure 4D-4G), which should profoundly impact mRNA translation. In addition, other groups have also shown that ribosomal protein acetylation can impact mRNA translation and polysome formation (PMID: 35604121).

      We also explored the effect of acetylation on differentiation (a process accompanied by extensive protein synthesis) related to our mouse model. We used sodium acetate to elevate acetylation during C2C12 differentiation. We found that increased acetylation indeed impaired the differentiation as can be seen by the reduced expression of MF20 (myosin protein) by WB and IF. The differentiation marker Myogenin was also reduced (Response Figure 3, 4).

      Response Figure 4. Immunofluorescence staining of Myog and MF20 in the differentiated C2C12 myotubes treated with different amounts of sodium acetate.

      The number of MF20 (green) positive myotubes and Myog (red) positive nuclei was significantly reduced in the cells treated with 15mM and 30mM sodium acetate.

      -Fig S1: The validation WB of FAM210A KO is not the most convincing. Why are the FAM210A levels so low in TA compared to other tissues?

      Answer: This is due to the insufficient proteins loaded as it was obvious from the Tubulin marker. We have replaced the WB blot with more convincing blots as requested (Figure S1C).

      -Fig 2G: The authors state "Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining did not reveal any obvious myofiber pathology in the Fam210a KO mice up to 8 weeks". However there seems to be a progressive increase in nuclei up to 8-weeks in the KO. What is the significance of this?

      Answer: Thank you for pointing this out. We have now changed the wording and quantified the myonuclei number per myofiber. The increase of myonuclei in the H&E images is likely due to the smaller myofiber size in the Fam210aMKOmouse compared to the WT (Response Figure 5).

      Response Figure 5. Quantification of the myonuclei number in the H&E images.

      -IP-MS analysis for FAM210A interacting proteins requires validation with IP and reverse IP + WB experiment.

      Answer: We did perform the co-IP with SUCLG2 and FAM210A antibodies to try to confirm the interaction. To be more specific, we transduced C2C12 myoblasts cells with an Fam210a overexpression virus and differentiated the cells for 3 days. The myotubes were used to test the interaction by pulling down Fam210a with a myc antibody (FAM210A has a myc tag) and blot with SUCLG2 antibody. Unfortunately, the results were not promising (Response Figure 6). We reasoned that the interaction might be indirect or too transient to be reliably detected.

      Response Figure 6. co-IP of SUCLG2 and FAM210A.

      • Figure 4A requires quantification of the SDH signals from multiple samples.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have added the quantification of the staining (Figure S5B).

      • Figure 6F: To clearly demonstrate an increase in protein acetylation in the FAM210 MKO, the authors must provide quantification data generated with more then N=1. Please add the molecular weights markings on the side of the blots.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion, we have provided the quantification of the Acetylated-lysine blots, and added the molecular weight markers (Figure 6F, Figure S6C).

      • Figure 6H and S5: The mitochondria transfer experiment appears to be quite efficient compared to previously published studies. It would be important to control that the signal observed in the recipient cells is not due to the leakage of the MitoTracker dye from the donor mitochondria.

      Answer: This is an interesting point though MitoTracker dye is not supposed to leak as it covalently binds to mitochondrial proteins. Even though the dye may leak to mark the endogenous mitochondrial, it does not affect our goal to demonstrate that transfer of Fam210aMKO mitochondria into healthy cells can induce protein hyperacetylation. Additional evidence argues against the leakiness of Mitotracker dye to subsequently mark other mitochondria in the recipient cells: 1) mtDNA and MitoTracker signal both increase linearly with the increasing amounts of mitochondria transferred (Figure S7A); 2) We have now also included confocal images to show the presence of both MitoTracker labeled and non-labeled mitochondria in the recipient cells. We reason that if MitoTracker leaks within a cell then it would have labeled all mitochondrial in that cell (Figure 7C).

      • Figure 6J: The increase in Fgf21 is modest. Although the difference is statistically significant, is it biologically important?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this question; indeed, the increase is modest. We think the reason of the modest increase compared to the drastic increase seen in vivo was because when we transplanted the WT and Fam210aMKOmitochondria to the recipient cell, the original mitochondria in the recipient were not depleted, which could explain the milder effect. However, we were able to show that the recipient cells readily increase the acetylation of proteins after receiving the Fam210aMKO mitochondria, recapitulating the phenotype we saw in the Fam210aMKO muscle.

      After careful considerations on the mechanism proposed in the study, we decided to remove qPCR data showing the modest increase of Fgf21 mRNA level. The removal of this data will not change the conclusions we draw nor lessen the significance of the mitochondria transfer experiment.

      • Figure 6C: How significant is the difference in acetylation of RPL30 in WT vs. KO. RPS13 was not found in the WT MS? Was this normalized to Input?

      Answer: the MS was performed with same loading. The mass spectrometry results for protein identification after AcK-IP were from pooled samples from 3 independent replicates (as the KO muscles are very scarce). Therefore, there was not a significance test.

      • Figure 7D: What are the MW of the bands shown on this blot? This experiment is by no means sufficient to demonstrate and confirm that ribosomal proteins are acetylated. An increase in RPL30 and RPS13 acetylation must be directly assessed.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for suggesting the more direct assays to look at RPL30 and RPS13 acetylation. We have shown that the ribosome fractions were indeed hyperacetylated in the Fam210aMKO mouse compared to the WT control (Figure S6D). We agree that this result cannot lead to the conclusion that the RPL30 and RPS13 are specifically hyperacetylated. Indeed, we have tried to use Acetylated lysine antibody pull down and RPS13/RPL30 blot to show the increase in the acetylated RPS13/RPL30 protein. However, we cannot show a robust increase in the acetylation, potentially due to the low number of acetylation sites on RPS13 and RPL30 protein. We therefore have reworded the conclusion in the revised manuscript to better reflect the results.

      • Fig7E: This experiment is not properly executed and in its current state does not rigorously support that "hyper-acetylation of several small ribosomal proteins leads to ribosomal disassembly". A) UV profiles of the fractionation must be provided to assess the quality of the profile. B) Provide MW markers. Which band is RPL30? The Input and free fraction bands are not at the same size. RPL30 should at least be visible on the 60S and polysomes from the WT. C) These results do not match the acetylation MS data, which seem to show that the increase in acetylation is much greater for RPS13. However, RPS13 presence on polysomes (assuming they are polysomes) is not affected in the KO. D) This type of experiment must be done for three independent biological replicates, blots from single lanes must be quantified and normalized to total signal (from all the lanes) for the same antibody.

      Answer: we appreciate the great advice on improving the experiment. As suggested, we have now added proper experimentation (UV profile, and better WB), with the help of Dr. Kotaro Fujii (included as co-author in the revised manuscript). The following results showed that in the 4-week sample, there was a decrease in the 80S monosome and polysome in the Fam210aMKO mice compared to the WT. The change was more drastic at 6-week (Figure 4D-4G). Similarly, due to the scarce amount of muscle in the KO mice, we need to pool samples from the 6-week-old mice for the experiment, and hope the reviewer can understand the situation. With the clear peaks shown in the UV profile as well as the WB results, we provide more convincing evidence that the polysome assembly was indeed impaired in the Fam210aMKO (Figure 4D-4G).

      • Fig 7F: Global translation rates are assessed by puro incorporation at week 4, a time point when differences in protein acetylation were not observed. This does not support the hypothesis that increased acetylation of ribosomal proteins causes defect in protein translation. (Referencing the authors statement p.7 lines 321-24.).

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this question. When we quantified the protein acetylation increase in the muscle at 4-weeks, we showed that there was a significant increase. But like the reviewer said, the ribosomal fractions were not significantly acetylated by WB at 4-week. We reasoned that, at early stages (4-weeks), the ISR signaling can lead to the translational arrest, along with the polysome formation defects, leading to the decreased protein translation. These are included in the discussion.

      • Other studies have implicated Fam210A in the regulation of mitochondrial protein synthesis through an interaction with EF-Tu. The authors also identified EF-Tu as an interactor in their LC-MS analysis (FigS4). A role for this interaction accounting for mitochondrial and translation defects seems to be underestimated and unexplored here.

      Answer: We agree with this point and believe the cytoplasmic translation defects are in addition to the mitochondrial translational defects. We have shown that FAM210A KO leads to the decrease of the MTCO1 which is encoded by the mitochondrial genome. Besides, we also showed by mitochondrial proteomics that TUFM was reduced in the KO, which also contributed to translational arrest in the mitochondria (Figure 5J). To answer whether mitochondrial encoded proteins are decreased in upon Fam210a KO, we blotted the protein lysates at different stages with antibodies for a few mitochondrial encoded proteins and showed that they decreased with ages (Response Figure 7).

      Response Figure 7. WB analysis and quantification of mitochondrial encoded proteins in WT and Fam210aMKO muscle at different ages.

      The mitochondrial proteins were indeed decreased in Fam210aMKO starting from 6-weeks of age compared to the WT.

      Minor comments:

      -What is known about FAM210A, other studies assessing its role, and the rational for studying its function should be better introduced.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for the suggestion to have more information of FAM210A functions/mechanisms in the introduction. We have added more background to the introduction.

      -In the discussion the authors states: "Moreover, when the proportion of ribosomal protein phosphorylation buildup in the Fam210aMKO, the assembly of the translational machinery is impaired therefore further dampen the cellular translation". Do they mean acetylation and not phosphorylation?

      Answer: We are sorry about the typo and have changed it. We thank the reviewer for catching this.

      • Please use the term "mRNA translation" or "protein synthesis" instead of "protein translation" in the text.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for the suggestion to properly refer to these processes. We have changed the terms in the manuscript.

      -The methods section for RT-qPCR: It should ne M-MLV RT and not M-MLC. If the qPCR data was normalized with 18S, please provide the sequence of the primers in the table. Information on how primer efficiency was tested must be included in the method section.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. We have changed the texts. We also have provided 18S sequence and provide texts about how primer efficiency was tested.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      General assessment: Previous genome-wide association studies have found that mutations in FAM210A were associated with sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Because FAM210A is not expressed in the bone and highly expressed in skeletal muscle, it suggests that FAM210A likely plays an important role in muscle, which could also affect bone regulation. The authors here provide further evidence of an important role for FAM210A in diseases affecting muscle function by demonstrating that the expression of FAM210A decreases with age and in patients affected by Pompe disease, Duchenne muscular dystrophy and hereditary recessive myopathy. FAM210A is a mitochondria-localized protein and given the crucial role of mitochondria in supporting muscle metabolism, elucidating the molecular function of FAM210A may provide important insights into diseases biology that could lead to the development of therapeutic approaches. Thus, a significant protein and regulatory pathway are explored in this study that can potentially impact human health. In this manuscript, the authors provide compelling evidence of the importance of Fam210a in muscle homeostasis with their newly generate mouse model. The experiments looking at muscle physiology, function and metabolism are well-executed and for the most part rigorous, which are the strengths of this manuscript. However, the conclusion that Fam210a deletion in skeletal muscle induces the hyper-acetylation of several small ribosomal proteins, which leads to ribosomal disassembly and translational deficiency is not supported by the data presented here. As noted in the comments above, these experiments need major improvement. Additionally, there are other concerns about general scientific rigor and conclusions inconsistent with the data presented as also noted in the comments section.

      Advance: Although a previous study explored the role of FAM210A using a skeletal muscle-specific KO induced at postnatal 28 days under a HSA promoter, the model used by the authors here provide a cleaner approach and more insights into the molecular functions of FAM210A in muscle physiology. The findings that Fam210a MKO disrupts the flow of TCA cycle, which leads to an abnormal accumulation of acetyl-CoA is interesting and provide new conceptual advance on the roles of FAM210A in mitochondria function in muscle. Acetyl-CoA production is an important source of acetyl-group that can be transferred to proteins and regulate gene expression programs. Thus, this is an important finding. However, molecular mechanism by which FAM210A regulates this process through an interaction with SUCLG2 is not provided and the nature this interaction is superficially explored.

      Audience: Findings from this manuscript are likely to interest both basic research and translational/clinical audiences as it explores the physiological and molecular function of a disease-linked protein. The findings are also likely to impact the fields of metabolism, mitochondria function and regulation of gene expression by protein acetylation (if concerns raised regarding these experiments are addressed).

      The fields of expertise of this reviewer are protein and RNA modifications, ribosome biogenesis and mRNA translation.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The authors state that in their manuscript "the role of mitochondria in regulating cytosolic protein translation in skeletal muscle cells (myofibers)" has been explored (Line 19-20). As experimental model, they used mice expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the myosin light chain 1 promoter. The first conclusion was that "FAM210A is positively associated with muscle mass in mice and humans". The authors say that the presented data "reveal a novel crosstalk between the mitochondrion and ribosome mediated by FAM210A".

      I recognize the potential of this work since the role of FAM210a has been more deeply investigated in skeletal muscle. In fact, the study by Tanaka et al, 2018 presented only a preliminary characterization of the role of FAM210a in muscle. However, I think that this work is not complete and each aspect that has been investigated is not well connected with each other. In particular, it is not clear whether the disrupted ribosomal assembly by hyperacetylation causes muscle atrophy or it is altered under catabolic states during atrophy (primary cause or consequence of?).

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for recognizing the importance of the study that characterizes the effect of FAM210A in muscle mass maintenance. In this study, we have shown that polysome formation was impaired at 4-week and therefore the translational efficiency was reduced in the muscle. This translational decrease coincides with the acetylation increase. Moreover, we showed by mitochondrial transfer experiment that the mitochondria from the Fam210aMKO mice can carry the phenotype and lead to acetylation increase in the recipient cells. Since muscle protein synthesis defects have been known to lead to muscle dystrophy, and we have shown that in the Fam210aMKO model, protein synthesis was indeed defective while there was not an induction of atrophy. Therefore, we conclude that the in the KO model, the protein synthesis defects lead to muscle atrophy.

      The other major point is represented by the fact that the Myl1-CRE expressing model provides selectivity in fast muscle fibers (see for example Barton PJR, Harris AJ, Buckingham M. Myosin light chain gene expression in developing and denervated fetal muscle in the mouse. Development. 1989;107: 819-824). Then the authors knocked out FAM210a only in fast fibers and they never take in consideration this key point! This is crucial since fast and slow muscles have different content of mitochondria with different size, shape, and metabolism! The muscle fibers can be classified based on the mitochondrial metabolism (see for example Chemello et al., 2019; PMID: 30917329).

      Regarding this point, they simply wrote at Line 75-76 "using a skeletal muscle specific Myl1 (myosin, light polypeptide 1) driven Cre recombinase specifically expressed in post-differentiation myocytes and multinucleated myofibers,...". It would be more correct to write multinucleated type 2 myofibers showing the reduction of FAM210a in different fiber types.

      I think that the authors must solve these aspect and then organize the findings accordingly. The data are in general interesting for broad type of audience.

      Answer:

      We appreciate the reviewer’s comment on the Myl1 knock-in Cre (Myl1Cre) model, which prompted us to more explicitly clarify some of the confusions around this model. We fully respect the validity of the 1989 study by Dr. Buckingham and other studies showing fast muscle specific expression of Myl1. However, we and others have shown that Myl1 not only mark the fast but also the slow myofibers (elaborated below). The discrepancy can be explained by the fact that using the Myl1Cre as a lineage marker is different from directly examining Myl1 expression at static timepoints by in situ hybridization (ISH). This is because Cre recombinase can accumulate and diffuse to all the myonuclei in a multinucleated myofiber, subsequently leading to deletion of LoxP-flanked DNA in all nuclei. Also, in the Cre/LoxP system, only a small amount of Cre recombinase is needed to induce the recombination of the target loxP sites and lead to gene KO. Another example of the discrepancy between the static mRNA pattern and the dynamic gene expression during development is the Hox gene expression. When the corresponding author (SK) of this manuscript was trained with Dr. Joshua R Sanes, he developed 3 Cre lines driven by three different Hox genes– that have been shown by ISH to be expressed in a specific rostral to caudal domain in the spinal cord during development. However, each of these Cre model ended up marking all the spinal cord without any domain specificity. In the case of Myl1Cre mouse model, we have previously published a paper on the lineage-tracing results using the Myl1Cre and showed that Myl1Cre marked all fast AND slow myofibers in mice (Wang et al, 2015, PMID: 25794679). In another lineage tracing study using nuclear GFP reporter, we report that Myl1Cre marks 96% nuclei in myofibers regardless of fiber types (Bi et al., 2016, PMID: 27644105), the remainder 4% non-marked nuclei potentially represent satellite cells. Other groups have also used the Myl1Cre model to induce KO in both fast and slow muscles (Pereira et al, 2020, PMID: 31916679). Therefore, we believe that the Myl1Cre mouse model allows us to efficiently knockout the Fam210a gene in both slow and fast muscle.

      To directly confirm that Fam210a was efficiently knocked out in both slow and fast muscles using the Myl1Cre mouse model, we isolated different muscle groups (Soleus and diaphragm that contains a large fraction of slow myofibers, TA and EDL that contain predominantly fast myofibers) and checked the expression level and the KO efficiency of Fam210a by WB. We have shown that even in slow muscles like diaphragm and SOL, the KO was very efficient, as there were no visible FAM210A bands in the WB (Figure S1C).

      In more detail:

      The data must be analyzed and discussed based on the fact that FAM210a has been deleted specifically in fast fibers. First the authors must show the protein levels of FAM210a in both fast, slow and mixed fast-slow muscles. Then for example in Figure S1C EDL, GAS and SOL muscles must be included.

      Answer: This is related to the misunderstanding of the Myl1Cre model. We understand the reviewer’s concern and therefore isolated proteins from different muscles in WT and Fam210aMKO mice at 4-weeks and checked the expression level of FAM210A. We have shown that regardless of fast or slow muscles, FAM210A was deleted.

      The blot in general must be repeated since it has poor quality (continuum of FAM210a band in the samples).

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion and increase the data quality. We have changed the original blot with the following blots showing that FAM210A was not deleted in other non-muscle tissues (Figure S1C).

      Please provide staining of TA, GAS and SOL muscles to show how Myl1CRE-directed deletion of FAM210a affect the different myofibers.

      Answer: This point is also related to assumption that Myl1Cre only induce deletion in fast myofibers. We have done staining in both EDL and SOL muscle to show the relative changes in myofiber compositions. We found that the myofibers in EDL and SOL muscle have shifted to a more oxidative type upon Fam210a KO (Figure S3).

      In Figure 2F where decreased TA muscle weight was showed in the Fam210aMKO mice, the authors must include also the other muscles (EDL, GAS and SOL).

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for helping us be more rigorous on the phenotype examination. We understand that the reviewer initially raised this question because of the concern on Myl1Cre model. Now that we have shown the MylCremarks both the fast and slow muscles, we believe this question is no longer a concern. Besides, to indirectly answer the question, we would like for the reviewer to appreciate the size difference of the EDL as well as the SOL muscle in Figure S3 in the manuscript. As can be seen from the images, the size of the SOL muscles in the KO was significantly reduced compared to the WT, speaking in favor of the KO effect on slow muscles.

      In general, since the HSA-CRE model is generally used for gene manipulation in skeletal muscles the authors must characterize their model considering that the myosin light chain 1 promoter Myl1-Cre is mainly active in postmitotic type II myofibers. The last model can also give advantage for mosaic gene manipulation in muscles with mixed fiber types.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for bringing this point up. We hope by the multiple lines of evidence that we provided in the previous questions, we can convince the reviewer that the KO model using the Myl1Cre does not lead to a mosaic gene manipulation in the muscle. On the contrary, the KO model is a homogeneous KO in both fast and slow muscles.

      Line 118-119 Fam210a level is positively corelated with muscle mass, as it is reduced in muscle atrophy conditions and increased in muscle hypertrophy conditions. Fig 1: I don't like since there are many different models in which the muscle mass reduction is associated with different mechanisms. Then independently of mechanisms associated with changes in muscle mass Fam210a is always linked to? Which common mechanism can explain this?

      Answer: We understand that the reviewer would like to pursue a conserved mechanism governing muscle mass maintenance, however, we by no means wanted to make a direct causal relationship between FAM210A level and different muscle disease/atrophy conditions. Indeed, the atrophic conditions presented have different mechanisms leading to muscle mass reduction, yet we wanted to present the possible connection that Fam210a level and muscle mass are co-regulated, and we later confirmed by KO mouse model that FAM210A KO indeed reduces muscle mass.

      Line 144-146 Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining did not reveal any obvious myofiber pathology in the Fam210aMKO mice up to 8 weeks (Figure 2G). I totally disagree! It seems that there is more inflammation upon deletion of Fam210aMKO. Please check it.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for pointing this out to help us more rigorously describe our results. We have changed the wording to better reflect the changes observed with H&E images.

      Fig3E-L there is a huge difference between EDL and SOL. The authors can't avoid to discuss their data considering the real expression of CRE upon Myl promoter: specific deletion in fast fibers. I think that the data in FIGS3 are very important and must be linked to data in Fig3. Organize in a different way all the presented data to really describe what is happening upon deletion of Fam210a.

      Again, the authors MUST organize better their data in the manuscript: to each paragraph must correspond data in the main figures. For example: at Line 189 Fam210aMKO mice exhibit systemic metabolic defects and at Line 208 Fam210aMKO increases oxidative myofibers and decreases glycolytic myofibers. These two paragraphs discuss data showed only in supplementary figures.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. As shown in the previous responses, the Myl1Cre indeed induce efficient deletion of Fam210a in slow muscles. Therefore, we did not consider this to be a myofiber-specific deletion model. We consider these two results as the effect of a mitochondrial protein (FAM210A) on the myofiber metabolism (independent of myofiber type specific deletion), and that the deletion of Fam210a results in mitochondrial stress, which can lead to myofiber switch (Figure S3).

      Physical activity mast be monitored. Show respiratory exchange ratio (RER = VCO2/VO2) and discuss the results.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. By these results, we would like to demonstrate that muscle homeostasis is important for the systemic metabolism, disruption of muscle mass maintenance in the Fam210aMKO mice leads to defects in the whole-body metabolism. We have now included the RER results (Figure S2F, S2G). The results show that the Fam210aMKO mice had significantly lower RER (VCO2/VO2) value at daytime, indicating that the mice rely more on utilizing fat as the fuel source. This is consistent with the proteomics results (Figure 5K) that the Fam210aMKOmice have increased FAO pathway. Unfortunately, our metabolic chamber does not have the capacity to monitor activity. We instead include data on heat production (Figure S2E).

      "Fam210aMKO increases oxidative myofibers and decreases glycolytic myofibers". The data mast be associated with the evaluation of the expression levels of FAM210 in different fiber type to really understand what is happening upon FAM210a loss.

      Answer: We understand the reviewer’s concern on the different expression level of Fam210a as well as the KO efficiency using the Myl1Cre model. We have shown that Fam210a is knocked out in fast and slow muscles, therefore, we did not consider the effects on fast and slow myofibers separately.

      As SDH activity in type 1 fibers is higher than type 2 the and since the authors are using a model in which Fam210a is deleted only in type 2 fiber they should understand what is happening: fiber 1

      Answer: We agree with the reviewer that the SDH activity is different in different myofibers. We have shown by western blot that FAM210A was similarly KO in both fast and slow muscles. When we performed fiber type staining in EDL and SOL muscle, we saw that there was a shift towards the slower myofiber types both in the EDL and SOL muscle, due to mitochondrial defects.

      Associate a cox assay with the sdh assay

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We have shown by SDH staining as well as seahorse experiments using isolated mitochondria that the complex II activity was impaired in the muscle. We understand the reviewer would like to see a COX assay to show the defects of the mitochondrial function. Though we were not able to perform the COX assay, we showed from other aspects that the mitochondrial function was impaired by running WB of the mitochondrial encoded proteins (ATP6, MTCO2, mtCYB) and showed these proteins were decreased with ages. Along with the morphological changes of the mitochondria shown by electron microscope (Figure 5 and Figure S5), we conclude that these changes must have impacted mitochondrial function.

      Figure 4b blot tubulin and FAM210a look strange. Look especially at first and second and fourth form the left side.

      Answer: We are sorry about the mistake in the images, we have changed the Tubulin blot in the Oxphos blots.

      Figure 4B OXPHOS protein levels look similar between wt and KO. Include the quantification with the significance (min 3-5 mice per genotype).

      Answer: we have quantified the change between WT and KO on different proteins (Reponse Figure 8).

      Response Figure 8. Quantification of the OxPHOS proteins in WT and Fam210aMKO muscle at different ages.

      Quantification of the blots showed that indeed the mitochondrial proteins were decreased in the Fam210aMKO. The change of mitochondrial encoded protein MTCO1 was earlier detected in the Fam210aMKO.

      Provide TEM analysis for SOL muscle. I would understand whether mitochondria are differently affected in fast and slow muscles.

      Answer: We understand the reviewer was originally concerned about the KO efficiency of Fam210a in fast and slow muscles, based on the assumption about the MylCre model. We have shown that the FAM210A protein was similarly depleted in both fast and slow muscles by western blot. In this case, we would speculate that the mitochondrial change in fast and slow muscles would be similar because the mitochondrial changes were due to the inherent defects in the mitochondria.

      In all experiments must be clear which muscle type or types was/were used:

      Line 268: "isolated from WT and Fam210aMKO muscles at 6 weeks of age".

      Line 587 "Muscle lysate acetyl-CoA contents"

      For Seahorse Mitochondrial Respiration Analysis at Line 599 "isolated mitochondria from muscle"

      For TCA cycle metabolomics at Line 615 "muscle tissue was weighed and homogenized"

      For SCS activity assay at Line 632 "mitochondria from muscles were isolated"

      For LC-MS/MS at Line 647 "Mitochondria were purified from skeletal muscles and subjected to proteomics analysis".

      For Ribosome isolation at Line 676 "Skeletal muscle from mice"

      For Polysome profiling experiment at Line 696 "muscle tissues from mice were dissected"

      It is important to know which muscles were used since confounding effects of the specific deletion of FAM210a in type 2 fibers must be identified and discussed.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for considering the different muscle groups in our mouse model. For experiments requiring a large amount of muscle tissue, such as ribosome isolation, mitochondrial isolation and polysome profiling, we used all the muscles from the mouse. For WB experiments, we used the TA muscle. We have included this information in the method section in the manuscript. Since we have shown that FAM210A was similarly depleted in different muscles (see previous responses), we think it is justified to pool muscles from the same mouse.

      Line 296-297 The authors wrote "Consistently, the mRNA levels of Atf4, Fgf21 and the associated transcripts were highly induced in the Fam210aMKO 296 both in the 4-week and 6-week-old muscle samples". Is Fgf21 responsible for the reduction of body weight? (see for example PMID: 28552492, PMID: 28607005 and PMID: 33944779). Measure the circulating Fgf21 protein in Ko and wt mice.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this great suggestion. Indeed, Fgf21 can potentially lead to body weight reduction, and this can explain the smaller body weight in our mouse model as well. However, we are more concerned about the muscle changes in our mouse model, therefore we did not further validate the changes of Fgf21 in the circulation.

      After careful considerations on the mechanism proposed in the study, we decided to remove qPCR data showing the modest increase of Fgf21 mRNA level. The removal of this data will not change the conclusions we draw nor lessen the significance of the mitochondria transfer experiment.

      Moreover the authors must check Opa1 total protein level and also the ratio between long and short isoforms. Is Fam210a interacting with Opa1?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for this interesting question. Another publication from our lab has shown that Fam210a can modulate the cleavage of OPA1 in brown adipose tissue and influence the cold-induced thermogenesis (PMID: 37816711). Indeed, OPA1 deletion in muscle can lead to muscle atrophy and postnatal death at about day 10 (PMID: 28552492) through the induction of UPR (ISR) and the induction of Fgf21. We did not check the interaction between FAM210A and OPA1 in the muscle context, and FAM210A was not found to be interacting with OPA1 in brown adipose tissue (PMID: 37816711). However, the focus of this study was the acetylation change and the FAM210A effect on muscle mass maintenance. Therefore, we did not pursue the OPA1 related mechanism in skeletal muscle.

      The final part of the paper is really interesting but need to be discussed knowing exactly the used experimental model. Then check in which fiber types FAM210a is loss.

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for the stringency on the model used. Indeed, the mitochondria can be different from different muscle groups. However, since the muscle isolated from WT and KO mice was properly controlled and therefore can balance the effects of different mitochondria. We have consistently observed the increased acetylation when mutant mitochondria were transferred.

      Regarding the mitochondrial transplantation I'm surprise to see that it happens in the direction of unhealthy mitochondria to healthy cells. Are you able to rescue the phenotype of Fam210a KO cells with healthy mitochondria?

      Answer: We thank the reviewer for bringing this interesting yet important question up! Our mitochondrial transfer results support a “gain-of-function” model where excessive Acetyl CoA produced by the Fam210a-KO mitochondrial induces hyperacetylation. Regarding the question to transfer healthy mitochondria to rescue the KO cells, we reason that even when we transfer the healthy mitochondria to the KO cells, the healthy mitochondria will not stop the mutant mitochondria from making excessive amounts of acetyl-CoA and thus protein acetylation. A clean transfer would require depletion of the mitochondria in the KO cells and concomitant restoring FAM210A level in the KO cells (as the lack of Fam210a gene in the KO cells will eventually convert the transferred mitochondrial into mutants with the normal turnover of FAM210A). This is technically highly challenging and nearly impossible to do. We hope that the reviewer can understand the difficulties.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      In conclusion, the strength of the presented paper is the novelty: the authors explored the role of FAM210a in skeletal muscle. However, the major limitation is represented by the fact that they did not show in which fiber types Fam210a is knocked out. In fact, the used CRE recombinase expressing model is well-known to be specific for type 2 fibers. Then since mitochondria and metabolism are central in this manuscript and they are different in the fast and slow fiber types, the authors must dissect in details this point.

      Moreover, there are many data but they are not linked each other and discussed properly. The paper must be completely re-organized.

      This manuscript can be interesting for a broad type of audience.

      I'm an expert on mitochondria, metabolism and skeletal muscle.

  7. Mar 2024
    1. Capacity building activities under the Mission include Establishment of SLTC / CLTC, preparationof HFAPoA, Trainings/ Workshops/ Study/ Exposure Visits, IEC, Social Audit, Third Party QualityMonitoring (TPQM), Geo-tagging, Administrative & Other Expenses (A&OE), and Research/Documentation etc. The Mission has also issued Capacity Building Activities Norms.

      It is often a good idea to bookmark or tag pages that have dense presence of key words. It is the kind of para that you will have to go back often to.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      In this study, the authors develop a useful strategy for fluorophore-tagging endogenous proteins in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a split mNeonGreen approach. Experimentally, the methods are solid, and the data presented support the author's conclusions. Overall, these methodologies should be useful to a wide audience of cell biologists who want to study protein localization and dynamics at endogenous levels in iPSCs.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript, the authors have applied an asymmetric split mNeonGreen2 (mNG2) system to human iPSCs. Integrating a constitutively expressed long fragment of mNG2 at the AAVS1 locus, allows other proteins to be tagged through the use of available ssODN donors. This removes the need to generate long AAV donors for tagging, thus greatly facilitating high-throughput tagging efforts. The authors then demonstrate the feasibility of the method by successfully tagging 9 markers expressed in iPSC at various, and one expressed upon endoderm differentiation. Several additional differentiation markers were also successfully tagged but not subsequently tested for expression/visibility. As one might expect for high-throughput tagging, a few proteins, while successfully tagged at the genomic level, failed to be visible. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of the tagged cells, the authors isolated clones with genes relevant to cytokinesis tagged, and together with an AI to enhance signal-to-noise ratios, monitored their localization over cell division.

      Strengths:

      Characterization of the mNG2 tagged parental iPSC line was well and carefully done including validation of a single integration, the presence of markers for continued pluripotency, selected offtarget analysis, and G-banding-based structural rearrangement detection.

      The ability to tag proteins with simple ssODNs in iPSC capable of multi-lineage differentiation will undoubtedly be useful for localization tracking and reporter line generation.

      Validation of clone genotypes was carefully performed and highlights the continued need for caution with regard to editing outcomes.

      Weaknesses:

      IF and flow cytometry figures lack quantification and information on replication. How consistent is the brightness and localization of the markers? How representative are the specific images? Stability is mentioned in the text but data on the stability of expression/brightness is not shown.

      To address this comment, we have quantified the mean fluorescence intensity of the tagged cell populations in Fig. S3B-T. This data correlates well with the expected expression levels of each gene relative to the others (Fig. S3A), apart from CDH1 and RACGAP1, which are described in the discussion.

      The images in Fig. 2 show tagged populations enriched by FACS so they are non-clonal and are representative of the diversity of the population of tagged cells.

      The images shown in Fig. 3 are representative of the clonal tagged populations. The stability of the tag was not quantified directly. However, the fluorescence intensity was very stable across cells in clonal populations. Since these populations were recovered from a single cell and grown for several weeks, this low variability across cells in a population suggests that these tags are stable.

      The localization of markers, while consistent with expectations, is not validated by a second technique such as antibody staining, and in many cases not even with Hoechst to show nuclear vs cytoplasmic.

      We find that the localization of each protein is distinct and consistent with previous studies. To address this comment, we have added an overlay of the green fluorescence images with brightfield images to better show the location of the tagged protein relative to the nuclei and cytoplasm. We have also added references to other studies that showed the same localization patterns for these proteins in iPSCs and other relevant cell lines.

      For the multi-germ layer differentiation validation, NCAM is also expressed by ectoderm, so isn't a good solo marker for mesoderm as it was used. Indeed, the kit used for the differentiation suggests Brachyury combined with either NCAM or CXCR4, not NCAM alone.

      Since Brachyury is the most common mesodermal marker, we first tested differentiation using anti-Brachyury antibodies, but they did not work well for flow cytometry. We then switched to anti-NCAM antibodies. Since we used a kit for directed differentiation of iPSCs into the mesodermal lineage, NCAM staining should still report for successful differentiation. In the context of mixed differentiation experiments (embryoid body formation or teratoma assay), NCAM would not differentiate between ectoderm and mesoderm. The parental cells (201B7) have also been edited at the AAVS1 locus in multiple other studies, with no effect on their differentiation potential.

      Only a single female parental line has been generated and characterized. It would have been useful to have several lines and both male and female to allow sex differences to be explored.

      We agree that it would be interesting (and important) to study differences in protein localization between female and male cell types, and from different individuals with different genetic backgrounds. We see our tool as opening a door for cell biology to move away from randomly collected, transformed, differentiated cell types to more directed comparative studies of distinct normal cell types. Since few studies of cell biological processes have been done in normal cells, a first step is to understand how processes compare in an isogenic background, then future studies can reveal how they compare with other individuals and sexes. We hope that either our group or others will continue to build similar lines so that these studies can be done.

      The AI-based signal-to-noise enhancement needs more details and testing. Such models can introduce strong assumptions and thus artefacts into the resolved data. Was the model trained on all markers or were multiple models trained on a single marker each? For example, if trained to enhance a single marker (or co-localized group of markers), it could introduce artefacts where it forces signal localization to those areas even for others. What happens if you feed in images with scrambled pixel locations, does it still say the structures are where the training data says they should be? What about markers with different localization from the training set? If you feed those in, does it force them to the location expected by the training data or does it retain their differential true localization and simply enhance the signal?

      The image restoration neural network was used as in Weigert et al., 2018. The model was trained independently for each marker. Each trained model was used only on the corresponding marker and with the same imaging conditions as the training images. From visual inspection, the fluorescent signal in the restored images was consistent with the signal in the raw images, both for interphase and mitotic cells. We found very few artefacts of the restoration (small bright or dark areas) that were discarded. We did not try to restore scrambled images or images of mismatched markers.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      The authors have generated human iPSC cells constitutively expressing the mNG21-10 and tested them by endogenous tagging multiple genes with mNG211 (several tagged iPS cell lines clones were isolated). With this tool, they have explored several weakly expressed cytokinesis genes and gained insights into how cytokinesis occurs.

      Strengths:

      Human iPSC cells are used.

      Weaknesses:

      i) The manuscript is extremely incremental, no improvements are present in the split-fluorescent (split-FP) protein variant used nor in the approach for endogenous tagging with split-FPs (both of them are already very well established and used in literature as well as in different cell types).

      Although split fluorescent proteins and the endogenous tagging methodology had been developed previously, their use in human stem cells has not been explored. We argue that human iPSCs are a valuable model for cell biologists to study cellular processes in differentiating cells in an isogenic context for proper comparison. Many normal human cell types have not been studied at the cellular/subcellular level, and this tool will enable those studies. Importantly, other existing cell lines required transformation to persist in culture and represent a single, differentiated cell type that is not normal. Moreover, the protocols that we developed along with this methodology (e.g. workflows for iPSC clonal isolation that include automated colony screening and Nanopore sequencing) will be useful to other groups undertaking gene editing in human cells. Therefore, we argue that our work opens new doors for future cell biology studies.

      ii) The fluorescence intensity of the split mNeonGreen appears rather low, for example in Figure 2C the H2BC11, ANLN, SOX2, and TUBB3 signals are very noisy (differences between the structures observed are almost absent). For low-expression targets, this is an important limitation. This is also stated by the authors but image restoration could not be the best solution since a lot of biologically relevant information will be lost anyway.

      The split mNeonGreen tag is one of the brighter fluorescent proteins that is available. The low expression that the reviewer refers to for H2BC11, ANLN, TUBB3 and SOX2 is expected based on their predicted expression levels. Further, these images were taken with cells in dishes using lower resolution imaging and were not intended to be used for quantification. As shown in the images in Figures 3H, when using a different microscope with different optical settings and higher magnification, the localization is very clear and quantifiable without needing to use restoration (e.g., compare H2BC11 and ANLN). Using microscopes with high NA objectives, lasers and EMCCD or sCMOS cameras with high sensitivity can sufficiently detect levels of very weakly expressing proteins that can be quantified above background and compared across cells. It is worth noting that each tag may be studied in very different contexts. For example, ANLN will be useful for studies of cytokinesis, while the loss of SOX2 expression and gain of TUBB3 expression may be used to screen for differentiation rather than for localization per se. The reason for endogenous tagging is to study proteins at their native levels rather than using over-expression or fixation with antibodies where artefacts can be introduced. Endogenous tags tag will also enable studies of dynamic changes in localization during differentiation in an isogenic background as described previously.

      Importantly, image restoration is not required to image any of these probes! We use it to demonstrate how a researcher can increase the temporal resolution of imaging weakly-expressed proteins for extended periods of time. This data can be used to compare patterns of localization and reveal how patterns change with time and during differentiation. Imaging with fewer timepoints and altered optical settings will still permit researchers to extract quantifiable information from the raw data without requiring image restoration.

      iii) There is no comparison with other existing split-FP variants, methods, or imaging and it is unclear what the advantages of the system are.

      We are not sure what the reviewer means by this comment. In the future, we plan to incorporate an additional split-FP variant (e.g., split sfCherry) in this iPSC line to enable the imaging of more than one protein in the same cell. However, the split mNeonGreen system is still amenable for use with dyes with different fluorescence spectra that can mark other cellular components, especially for imaging over shorter timespans. In addition to tagging efficiency, the main advantage of split FPs is its scale, as demonstrated by the OpenCell project by tagging 1,310 proteins endogenously (Cho et al., 2022). We developed protocols that facilitate the identification of edited cell lines with high throughput. We also used multiple imaging methods throughout the study that relied on the use of different microscopes and flow cytometry, demonstrating the flexibility of this tagging system. Even for more weakly expressing proteins, the probe could be sufficiently visualized by multiple systems. Such endogenous tags can be used for everything from simply knowing when cells have differentiated (e.g., loss of SOX2 expression, gain of differentiation markers), to studying biological processes over a range of timescales.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      The authors report on the engineering of an induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) line that harbours a single copy of a split mNeonGreen, mNG2(1-10). This cell line is subsequently used to take endogenous protein with a smaller part of mNeonGreen, mNG2(11), enabling the complementation of mNG into a fluorescent protein that is then used to visualize the protein. The parental cell is validated and used to construct several iPSC lines with endogenously tagged proteins. These are used to visualize and quantify endogenous protein localisation during mitosis.

      I see the advantage of tagging endogenous loci with small fragments, but the complementation strategy has disadvantages that deserve some attention. One potential issue is the level of the mNG2(1-10). Is it clear that the current level is saturating? Based on the data in Figure S3, the expression levels and fluorescence intensity levels show a similar dose-dependency which is reassuring, but not definitive proof that all the mNG2(11)-tagged protein is detected.

      We have not quantified the levels of mNG21-10 expression directly. However, the increase in fluorescence observed with highly expressed proteins (e.g., ACTB) supports that mNG21-10 levels must be sufficiently high to permit differences among endogenous proteins with vastly different expression levels. To ensure high expression, we used a previously validated expression system comprised of the CAG promoter integrated at the AAVS1 locus, which has previously been used to provide high and stable transgene expression (e.g. Oceguera-Yanez et al., 2016). We acknowledge that it is difficult to confirm that all of the endogenous mNG211-tagged protein is ‘detectable’.

      Do the authors see a difference in fluorescence intensity for homo- and heterozygous cell lines that have the same protein tagged with mNG2(11)? One would expect two-fold differences, or not?

      To answer this question, we measured the fluorescence intensity of homozygous and heterozygous clones carrying smNG2-anillin and smNG2-RhoA. We found homozygous clones that were approximately twice as bright as the corresponding heterozygous clones (Fig. S4H and I). This suggests that the complementation between mNG21-10 and mNG211 occurs efficiently over a range of mNG211 expression, since anillin is expressed weakly and RhoA is expressed more strongly in iPSCs. However, we also observed some homozygous clones that were not brighter than the corresponding heterozygous clones, which could be due to undetected byproducts of CRISPR or clonal variation in protein expression.

      Related to this, would it be favourable to have a homozygous line for expressing mNG2(1-10)?

      Our heterozygous cell line leaves the other AAVS1 allele available for integrations of other transgenes for future experiments. While a homozygous line could express more mNG2(1-10), it does not seem to be rate-limiting even with a highly-expressed protein like beta-actin, and we are not sure that it is necessary. The value gained by having the free allele could outweigh the difference in mNG2(1-10) levels.

      The complementation seems to work well for the proteins that are tested. Would this also work for secreted (or other organelle-resident) proteins, for which the mNG2(11) tag is localised in a membrane-enclosed compartment?

      The interaction between the 1-10 and 11 fragments is strong and should be retained when proteins are secreted. It was recently shown that secreted proteins tagged with GFP11 can be detected when interacting with GFP1-10 in the extracellular space, albeit using over-expression (Minegishi et al., 2023). However, in our work, the mNG21-10 fragment is cytosolic and we have only explored proteins localized to the nucleus or the cytoplasm similar to Cho et al., (2022). By GO annotation, 75% of human proteins are present in the cytoplasm and/or nucleus, which still covers a wide range of proteins of interest. Future versions of our line could include incorporating organelle-targeting peptides to drive the large fragment to specific, non-cytosolic locations.

      The authors present a technological advance and it would be great if others could benefit from this as well by having access to the cell lines.

      As discussed below, some of the resources are already available, and we are working to make the mNG21-10 cell line available for distribution.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The manuscript is methodological, the main achievement is the generation of a stable iPSC with the split Neon system available for the scientific community. Although it is technically solid, the judgement of this reviewer is that the manuscript should be considered for a more specialised/methodological/resource-based journal.

      Indeed, we have submitted this article under the “tools and resources” category of eLife, which publishes methodology-centered papers of high technical quality. We felt this was a good venue for the audience that it can reach compared to more specialized journals that may be more limited in scope. For example, our system will be a useful resource for cell biologists and they are more likely to see it in eLife compared to more specialized journals.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) The authors present a technological advance and it would be great if others can benefit from this as well. Therefore access to the materials (and data) would be valuable (the authors do a great job by listing all the repair templates and primers).

      We have added several pieces of data and information to the supplementary materials, as described below.

      For instance:

      What is the (complete/plasmid) sequence of the AAVS1-mNG2(1-10) repair plasmid? Will it be deposited at Addgene?

      The plasmids used in this paper are now available on Addgene, along with their sequences [ID 206042 for pAAVS1-Puro-CAG-mNG2(1-10) and 206043 for pH2B-mNG2(11)].

      The ImageJ code for the detection of colonies is interesting and potentially valuable. Will the code be shared (e.g. at Github, or as supplemental text)?

      The ImageJ macro has been uploaded to the CMCI Github page (https://github.com/CMCI/colony_screening). The parameters are optimized to perform segmentation on images obtained using a Cytation5 microscope with our specific settings, but they can be tweaked for any other sets of images. The following text has been added to the methods section: “The code for this macro is available on Github (https://github.com/CMCI/colony_screening)”.

      The cell line with the mNG2(1-10) as well as other cell lines can be of interest to others. Will the cell lines be made available? If so, can the authors indicate how?

      We are in the process of depositing our cell line in a public repository. This process may take some time for quality control. For now, the cells can be made available by requesting them from the corresponding authors.

      (2) How well does the ImageJ macro for detection of the colonies in the well work? Is there any comparison of analysis by a human vs. the macro?

      In our most recent experiment, the colony screening macro correctly identified 99.5% of wells compared to manual annotation (83/84 positive wells and 108/108 negative wells). For each 96-well plate, imaging takes 25 minutes, and it takes 7 minutes for analysis. Despite a few false negatives, we expect this macro to be useful for large-scale experiments where multiple 96-well plates need to be screened, which would take hours manually.

      (3) The CDH labeling was not readily detected by FACS, but was visible by microscopy. Is the labeling potentially disturbed by the procedure (low extracellular calcium + trypsin?) to prepare the cell for FACS?

      It is not clear why the CDH labelling was not detected by FACS. As the reviewer suggests, there could be several reasons: E-cadherin could be broken down by the dissociation reagent (Accutase), or recycled into the cell following the loss of adhesion and the low extracellular calcium in PBS. However, the C-terminal intracellular tail of E-cadherin was tagged, which should not be affected by Accutase. Moreover, recycling into the cell should still result in a detectable fluorescent signal. Notably, the flow cytometry experiments were done as quickly as possible after dissociation to minimize the time that E-cadherin could be degraded or recycled. We also resuspended the cells in MTeSR Plus media instead of PBS, and compared cells grown on iMatrix511 to those grown on Matrigel in case differences in the extracellular matrix affected Ecadherin expression. Another possibility is that the microscopy used for detection of E-cadherin in cells involved using a sweptfield livescan confocal microscope with high NA objective, 100mW 488nm laser and an EMCCD camera with high sensitivity, and perhaps this combination permitted detection better than the detector on the BD FACSMelody used for FACs.

      (4) The authors write that the "Tubulin was cytosolic during interphase" which is surprising (and see also figure 3H), as I was expecting it to be incorporated in microtubules. May this be an issue of insufficient resolution (if I'm right this was imaged with 20x, NA=0.35 and so the resolution could be improved by imaging at higher NA)?

      Indeed, as the reviewer points out, our terminology (cytosol vs. microtubule) reflects the low resolution of the imaging for the cell populations in dishes and the individual alpha-tubulin monomers being labelled with the mNG211 tag, which are present as cytoplasmic monomers as well as polymers on microtubules. However, even in this image (Fig. 2C), the mitotic spindle microtubules are visible as they are so robust compared to the interphase microtubules. Notably, when we imaged cells from the cloned tagged cell line using a microscope designed for live imaging with a higher NA objective (see above), endogenous tagged TUBA1B was even more clearly visible in spindle microtubules, and was weakly observed in some microtubules in interphase cells, although they are slightly out of focus (Fig. 3H). If we had focused on a lower focal plane where the interphase cells are located and altered the optical settings, we would see more microtubules.

      (5) It would be nice to have access to the Timelapse data as supplemental movies (.e.g from the experiments shown in Figure 4).

      We have added the movies corresponding to the timeplase images as supplementary movies (Movies S1-6), with the raw and restored movies shown side-by-side.

      (6) In Figure 3B, the order of the colors in the bar is reversed relative to the order of the legend. Would it be possible to use the same order? That makes it easier for me (as a colorblind person) to match the colors in the figure with that of the legend.

      We have modified the legend in Fig 2B and 3B to be in the same order as the bars.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      In this manuscript the authors have applied an asymmetric split mNeonGreen2 (mNG2) system to human iPSCs. By integrating a constitutively expressed long fragment of mNG2 at the AAVS1 locus, this allows other proteins to be tagged through the use of available ssODN donors. This removes the need to generate long AAV donors for tagging, thus greatly facilitating high-throughput tagging efforts. The authors then demonstrate the feasibility of the method by successfully tagging 9 markers expressed in iPSC at various, and one expressed upon endoderm differentiation. Several additional differentiation markers were also successfully tagged but not subsequently tested for expression/visibility. As one might expect for high-throughput tagging, a few proteins, while successfully tagged at the genomic level, failed to be visible. Finally, to demonstrate the utility of the tagged cells, the authors isolated clones with genes relevant to cytokinesis tagged, and together with an AI to enhance signal to noise ratios, monitored their localization over cell division.

      Strengths

      Reviewer Comment: Characterization of the mNG2 tagged parental iPSC line was well and carefully done including validation of a single integration, the presence of markers for continued pluripotency, selected off-target analysis and G-banding-based structural rearrangement detection.<br /> The ability to tag proteins with simple ssODNs in iPSC capable of multi-lineage differentiation will undoubtedly be useful for localization tracking and reporter line generation.<br /> Validation of clone genotypes was carefully performed and highlights the continued need for caution with regards to editing outcomes.

      Weaknesses

      Reviewer Comment: IF and flow cytometry figures lack quantification and information on replication. How consistent is the brightness and localization of the markers? How representative are the specific images? Stability is mentioned in the text but data on the stability of expression/brightness is not shown.

      Author Response: To address this comment, we have quantified the mean fluorescence intensity of the tagged cell populations in Fig. S3B-T. This data correlates well with the expected expression levels of each gene relative to the others (Fig. S3A), apart from CDH1 and RACGAP1, which are described in the discussion.

      Reviewer Reply: Great, thanks.

      Reviewer Comment: The localization of markers, while consistent with expectations, is not validated by a second technique such as antibody staining, and in many cases not even with Hoechst to show nuclear vs cytoplasmic.

      Author Response: We find that the localization of each protein is distinct and consistent with previous studies. To address this comment, we have added an overlay of the green fluorescence images with brightfield images to better show the location of the tagged protein relative to the nuclei and cytoplasm. We have also added references to other studies that showed the same localization patterns for these proteins in iPSCs and other relevant cell lines.

      Reviewer Reply: There was no question that the localization fit with expectations, however, this still doesn't show that in the same cell the tag is in the same spot. It would have been fairly simple to do for at least a handful of markers, image, fix and stain to demonstrate unequivocally the tag and protein are co-localized. Of course, this isn't damning by any means, it just would have been nice.

      Reviewer Comment: For the multi-germ layer differentiation validation, NCAM is also expressed by ectoderm, so isn't a good solo marker for mesoderm as it was used. Indeed, the kit used for the differentiation suggests Brachyury combined with either NCAM or CXCR4, not NCAM alone.

      Author Response: Since Brachyury is the most common mesodermal marker, we first tested differentiation using anti-Brachyury antibodies, but they did not work well for flow cytometry. We then switched to anti-NCAM antibodies. Since we used a kit for directed differentiation of iPSCs into the mesodermal lineage, NCAM staining should still report for successful differentiation. In the context of mixed differentiation experiments (embryoid body formation or teratoma assay), NCAM would not differentiate between ectoderm and mesoderm. The parental cells (201B7) have also been edited at the AAVS1 locus in multiple other studies, with no effect on their differentiation potential.

      Reviewer Reply: This is placing a lot of trust in the kit that it only makes what it says it makes. It could have been measured by options other than flow such as qPCR, Western blot, or imaging, but fine.

      Reviewer Comment: Only a single female parental line has been generated and characterized. It would have been useful to have several lines and both male and female to allow sex differences to be explored.

      Author Response: We agree that it would be interesting (and important) to study differences in protein localization between female and male cell types, and from different individuals with different genetic backgrounds. We see our tool as opening a door for cell biology to move away from randomly collected, transformed, differentiated cell types to more directed comparative studies of distinct normal cell types. Since few studies of cell biological processes have been done in normal cells, a first step is to understand how processes compare in an isogenic background, then future studies can reveal how they compare with other individuals and sexes. We hope that either our group or others will continue to build similar lines so that these studies can be done.

      Reviewer Reply: Fair enough.

      Reviewer Comment: The AI-based signal to noise enhancement needs more details and testing. Such models can introduce strong assumptions and thus artefacts into the resolved data. Was the model trained on all markers or were multiple models trained on a single marker each? For example, if trained to enhance a single marker (or co-localized group of markers), it could introduce artefacts where it forces signal localization to those areas even for others. What happens if you feed in images with scrambled pixel locations, does it still say the structures are where the training data says they should be? What about markers with different localization from the training set. If you feed those in, does it force them to the location expected by the training data or does it retain their differential true localization and simply enhance the signal?

      Author Response: The image restoration neural network was used as in Weigert et al., 2018. The model was trained independently for each marker. Each trained model was used only on the corresponding marker and with the same imaging conditions as the training images. From visual inspection, the fluorescent signal in the restored images was consistent with the signal in the raw images, both for interphase and mitotic cells. We found very few artefacts of the restoration (small bright or dark areas) that were discarded. We did not try to restore scrambled images or images of mismatched markers.

      Reviewer Reply: I understand. What I'm saying is that for the restoration technique to be useful you need to know that it won't introduce artefacts if you have an unexpected localization. Think of it this way, if you already know the localization, then there's no point measuring it. If you don't, or there's a possibility that it is somewhere unexpected, then you need to know with confidence that your algorithm will be able to accurately detect that unexpected localization. As such, it would be extremely important to validate that your restoration algorithm will not bias the results to the expected localization if the true localization is unexpected/not seen in the training dataset. It would have been extremely trivial to run this analysis and I do not feel this comment has been in any way adequately addressed.

    3. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      The authors report on the engineering of an induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) line that harbours a single copy of a split mNeonGreen, mNG2(1-10). This cell line is subsequently used to take endogenous protein with a smaller part of mNeonGreen, mNG2(11), enabling complementation of mNG into a fluorescent protein that is then used to visualize the protein. The parental cell is validated and used to construct several iPSC line with endogenously tagged proteins. These are used to visualize and quantify endogenous protein localisation during mitosis.

      I see the advantage of tagging endogenous loci with small fragments, but the complementation strategy has disadvantages that deserve some attention. One potential issue is the level of the mNG2(1-10). In addition, this may probably not work for organelle-resident proteins, where the mNG2(11) tag is localised in a membrane enclosed compartment.

      Overall the tools and resources reported in this paper will be valuable for the community that aims to study proteins at endogenous levels.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      This is an interesting study investigating the mechanisms underlying membrane targeting of the NLRP3 inflammasome and reporting a key role for the palmitoylation-depalmitoylation cycle of cys130 in NRLP3. The authors identify ZDHHC3 and APT2 as the specific ZDHHC and APT/ABHD enzymes that are responsible for the s-acylation and de-acylation of NLRP3, respectively. They show that the levels of ZDHHC3 and APT2, both localized at the Golgi, control the level of palmitoylation of NLRP3. The S-acylation-mediated membrane targeting of NLRP3 cooperates with polybasic domain (PBD)-mediated PI4P-binding to target NLRP3 to the TGN under steady-state conditions and to the disassembled TGN induced by the NLRP3 activator nigericin.

      However, the study has several weaknesses in its current form as outlined below.

      (1) The novelty of the findings concerning cys130 palmitoylation in NLRP3 is unfortunately compromised by recent reports on the acylation of different cysteines in NLRP3 (PMID: 38092000), including palmitoylation of the very same cys130 in NLRP3 (Yu et al https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.11.07.566005), which was shown to be relevant for NLRP3 activation in cell and animal models. What remains novel and intriguing is the finding that NLRP3 activators induce an imbalance in the acylation-deacylation cycle by segregating NLRP3 in late Golgi/endosomes from de-acylating enzymes confined in the Golgi. The interesting hypothesis put forward by the authors is that the increased palmitoylation of cys130 would finally contribute to the activation of NLRP3. However, the authors should clarify the trafficking pathway of acylated-NLRP3. This pathway should, in principle, coincide with that of TGN46 which constitutively recycles from the TGN to the plasma membrane and is trapped in endosomes upon treatment with nigericin.

      (2) To affect the S-acylation, the authors used 16 hrs treatment with 2-bromopalmitate (2-BP). In Figure 1f, it is quite clear that NLRP3 in 2-BP treated cells completely redistributed in spots dispersed throughout the cells upon nigericin treatment. What is the Golgi like in those cells? In other words, does 2-BP alter/affect Golgi morphology? What about PI4P levels after 2-BP treatment? These are important missing pieces of data since both the localization of many proteins and the activity of one key PI4K in the Golgi (i.e. PI4KIIalpha) are regulated by palmitoylation.

      (3) The authors argue that the spots observed with NLRP-GFP result from non-specific effects mediated by the addition of the GFP tag to the NLRP3 protein. However, puncta are visible upon nigericin treatment, as a hallmark of endosomal activation. How do the authors reconcile these data? Along the same lines, the NLRP3-C130S mutant behaves similarly to wt NLRP3 upon 2-BP treatment (Figure 1h). Are those NLRP3-C130S puncta positive for endosomal markers? Are they still positive for TGN46? Are they positive for PI4P?

      (4) The authors expressed the minimal NLRP3 region to identify the domain required for NLRP3 Golgi localization. These experiments were performed in control cells. It might be informative to perform the same experiments upon nigericin treatment to investigate the ability of NLRP3 to recognize activating signals. It has been reported that PI4P increases on Golgi and endosomes upon NG treatment. Hence, all the differences between the domains may be lost or preserved. In parallel, also the timing of such recruitment upon nigericin treatment (early or late event) may be informative for the dynamics of the process and of the contribution of the single protein domains.

      (5) As noted above for the chemical inhibitors (1) the authors should check the impact of altering the balance between acyl transferase and de-acylases on the Golgi organization and PI4P levels. What is the effect of overexpressing PATs on Golgi functions?

    1. zum vergleich wärs interessant, wie hart die in MINT fächern abkackt, also bei den exakten wissenschaften, wo man richtig und falsch exakt messen kann. bei den schwätzer-"wissenschaften" gehts den ganzen tag nur um hypothesen, die nie überprüft werden...

    1. 6:15 "born this way" versus "soziales konstrukt" ... nature versus nurture.<br /> siehe auch: calhoun experiments on overpopulation, universe 25, 1958<br /> bei übervölkerung sieht man in städten (in zentren) "dekadenz" und "sittenverfall" ...<br /> also aggression, homosexualität, kaputte familien (mütter lassen ihre kinder verhungern), ...<br /> und am rand der städte sieht man "the beautiful ones" (aussteiger, einsiedler, einzelgänger)<br /> die komplett alleine bleiben, und den ganzen tag ihr fell pflegen.<br /> (die beautiful ones sind die führer, avantgarde, pioniere, ... die einen neuen lebensraum suchen wollen,<br /> aber die am rand vom mauskäfig blockiert werden)

    1. Book Summary:PART 1: FUNDAMENTAL TECHNIQUES IN HANDLING PEOPLEPrinciple 1: Don't Criticise, Condemn or ComplainCriticism is futile, it makes the other person strive to justify himselfCriticism doesn't correct a situationWhen you give a person criticism, they will never make lasting changes in the things you criticised them forDon't criticise anyone; "they are just what we would be in similar circumstances"📝Action Step: Ponder and journal on all the instances when you criticised someone on something they valued or were making progress in (e.g. studies, business, sport). Journal on why you said that, really get to the roots of your beliefs. Go and message the person you criticised and tell them you're sorry. Next time don't criticise ANYONE."Don't complain about the snow on your neighbour's roof, when your own is unclean"🤔Action Step: Think of all the times when you complained in the last week or so. Write it down/type it out, then write next to the complain, what an alternative for the complain could be. Next time NEVER complain."I will speak ill of no man ... and speak all the good I know of everybody"Principle 2: Give Honest And Sincere AppreciationHumans all want to have the feeling of importance in societyAndrew Carnegie praised his associates publicly and privately to handle them better"Don't be afraid of enemies that attack you, be afraid of friends that flatter you"If someone makes a mistake, don't condemn them, appreciate their good points, and reward them through praise🗣️Action Step: The next time you see someone making progress or working really hard, go and give them a compliment (give them honest and sincere appreciation) - Go to AG wins and comment on a win —> DO THIS RN OR YOUR A JEFFREY"Every man I meet is superior to me in some way, in that way I learn of him"Principle 3: Arouse In The Other Person An Eager WantThe only way to influence other is to talk about what they want and show them how to get it💡Action Step: The next time you come across a situation where you have to make someone do something under your responsibility/leadership, ponder for a second, "How can I make this person want to do it?", really get into their shoes - journal/ponder on it, then apply it to the person in real life — or, if you sell a product, ask yourself, "How can I make this person want to buy it?", use the feedback and apply it"If there's a secret to success, it's the ability to get into the POV of the other person and see thingsPART 2: 6 WAYS TO MAKE PEOPLE LIKE YOUPrinciple 1: Be Genuinely Interested In The Other PersonYou can make more friends in 2 months by becoming interested in others, than you can in 2 years by being interested in yourselfMake yourself do things for others — things that require time, thoughtfulness/unselfishness😢Action Step: Whenever you see someone that is in need of help in their life, or is struggling, go and give them advice. Be genuinely interested in helping them improve rather than helping yourself —> Do this in AG right NOW."We are interested in others when they are interested in us"Principle 2: SmileWhat one wears on one's face is far more important that the clothes on one's backHappiness doesn't depend on outer conditions, it depends on inner conditions😀Action Step: Start SMILING RIGHT NOW, Literally, Just put a smirk on your face and wear it for the rest of the day (see how people respond to it)"There is nothing good or bad, it is thinking that makes it so"Principle 3: Remember A Person's Name To That Person Is The Sweetest Sound🤝Action Step: Whenever you meet someone new, find out their complete name and associate it with an image in your headYour name to you is more important than 1000 other names of othersPrinciple 4: Be A Good Listener, Encourage Others To TalkListening is one of the highest compliments we can pay to anybodyGood conversationalist = Good Listener (be attentive)To be interesting, be interested🗣️Action Step: The next time you socialise with someone, make them to 80% of the talk, ask them open-ended questions, and let them freely answer (follow the 80/20 principle)Principle 5: Talk In Terms Of The Other Persons Interest💡Action Step: When talking to someone else, talk about something that they're interested in (e.g. self-improvement, sports), then let the conservation freely flow on that topic, pick their brain on that topic, ask them questionsPrinciple 6: Make The Other Person Feel Appreciated And ImportantAlways make the other person feel appreciated and importantUse phrases like, "I'm sorry to trouble you", "Would you be kind as to ____", "Would you mind"🤷‍♂️Action Step: The next time you have to call someone, or tell someone to move, use of the phrases abovePART 3: HOW TO WIN PEOPLE TO YOUR WAY OF THINKINGPrinciple 1: The Only Way To Get The Best Out Of An Argument Is To Avoid It, You Can't WinWhy argue?"A man convinced against his will, is of the same opinion still""Hatred is never ended by hatred, but by love"😠Action Step: The next time you're talking to someone and you notice them starting to escalate into an argument, end it right there by showing love (e.g. give them a compliment, express gratitude)Principle 2: Show Respect For The Other's Opinion, Never Say "You're Wrong"If you're going to prove something, don't let anyone know it"Be wiser than other person if you can, but do not tell them so"If someone says something wrong say, "I thought otherwise", "I may be wrong ____"Telling someone directly that they're wrong can cause a lot of damage💬Action Step: When you're in a discussion with someone, let's say one of your JEFFREY friends at school, he says Junk FOOD is fine, instead of saying "you're wrong", use one of the phrases above, repeat in a much friendlier tonePrinciple 3: If You Are Wrong, Admit Quickly And EmphaticallyAdmit quickly that the other person is right and you are wrong in a friendly toneYou need to have courage to have the ability to criticise yourself🤨Action Step: The next time you find yourself having made a mistake in front of others, admit it straight away in a friendly manner. Make sure you don't cause damage to others while doing so.Principle 4: Begin In A Friendly Way"A drop of honey catches more flies than gallon of gall"Always begin the conversation in a friendly manner and friendly tone💭Action Step: The next time you have a conversation with someone, start the conversation with a positive vibe, and friendly tone.Principle 5: Get The Other Person Saying "Yes" "Yes" ImmediatelyDon't start a convo with things you differ from, start with things you agree onAt all costs, keep the person from saying "no" at the startIt is much more profitable to set things from the other person's view point and make them say "yes"🙌Action Step: After bringing the positive vibe to the conversation, start talking about things you agree on to the other person, and ask them questions which deliberately provoke a "yes" response. Brainstorm a little on this in your brain before proceeding the person.Principle 6: Let The Other Person Do A Great Deal Of The TalkingEncourage them to talk, if you disagree, hold silent, listen with an open mind"If you want enemies, excel your friends; if you want friends; let your friends excel you" - keep quiet about your accomplishments, don't talk about them, unless somebody asks🏆Action Step: Follow the 80/20 rule when talking in convo, only talk about the other person, their interests, don't show off in the conversation to look cool (e.g. saying you earn $10k/m online), keep quiet, remain humble in the conversationPrinciple 7: Let The Other Person Feel The Idea Is TheirsMaking someone feel that the idea is theirs is like giving them a compliment💡Action Step: The next time you come up with a great idea and you implement it, and it gives your reasonable success, thank the friend that helped you generate the idea (e.g. tag someone in AG because they helped you start a profitable business)Principle 8: Try Honestly To See Things From The Other Person's POVPeople may be totally wrong, but don't condemn them, try to understand them, their situation🧐Action Step: The next time you're in a conversation, and someone has said something that is completely wrong, and you thought to yourself "why did he/she say that!" - empathise their situation and see things from their POV (e.g. say to yourself, "I would've done the same if I was in that situation)Principle 9: Be Sympathetic With The Other Persons's POV3/4 of people which you meet crave sympathy, go give it to themPut yourself in the shoes of the other person at the start of a conversation, or deal😊Action Step: Another tip to just keep at the back of your head is to see things from the other person's POV, have sympathy for the situation their own. Really put your shoes in the other person, make yourself feel that you're the other person, see things from a new REALITY.Principle 10: Appeal To The Nobler MotivesAlways choose a nobler motive when you assume something about othersBe the kind of leader who appeals to what really matters and, even when the feedback is tough, reminds people why they're really therePrinciple 11: Dramatise Your IdeasTruth isn't enough, the truth has to be made vivid, interesting dramatic🕺Action Steps💡Make your ideas more obvious, interesting, and vivid to peopleUse drama and showmanship to capture attention and imagination to make your ideas more impressiveWhen presenting an idea, make it more exciting than it really isPrinciple 12: Throw Down A Challenge"The way to get things done is to throw down a competition"🥵Action Step: When you're doing something that many others are doing (e.g. participating in a challenge), ask someone participating and throw down a challenge to them (e.g. whoever finishes the challenge first wins)PART 4: BE A LEADER - HOW TO CHANGE PEOPLE WITHOUT GIVING OFFENCEPrinciple 1: Begin With Praise And Honest AppreciationAppreciate the person first before bringing up your problem for resolution🗣️Action Steps:e.g. if someone did a random act of kindness for youTell the person that you appreciate the actTell them how it made you feel goodCongratulate and tell them that it was beyond expectationsPrinciple 2: Call Attention To People's Mistakes IndirectlyWhen indirectly criticising someone, never use the word "but", use "and" insteadThis technique works well for sensitive people who resent criticism💭Action Step: Praise a quality, and also a quality that you want to see the improvement in of someone else (e.g. if someone doesn't keep his house clean, say, "I appreciate the effort you put in to make the house clean")Principle 3: Talk About Your Own Mistakes Before Criticising The Other PersonTalk about your own shortcomings, before judging someone (e.g. asking them to improve)😆Action Step: If again you want to see a direct improvement in someone, before telling them, talk about your own mistakes in that area you want to see improvement in from the other person, tell them a joke about you, a story about the mistakes you madePrinciple 4: Ask Questions Instead Of Giving Direct OrdersAlways give people the opportunity to do things by themselves through questionsResentment is caused by a brash order that may last a long time😤Action Step: When you need something done by someone else, don't give them a direct order. Give the person an opportunity to do things by asking questions (questions must be relevant to the task that you need done)Principle 5: Let The Other Person Save FaeFinding faults in the other person will make them resent you❌Action Step: Instead of directly pointing out the faults in the other person, let them save face and find their own mistakes (or point it out indirectly)Principle 6: Praise The Slightest Improvement, And Praise Every ImprovementFaults start to disappear after you give praise😊Action Step: When you see someone making progress, or you see growth, praise them on their hard work, and praise the improvementPrinciple 7: Give The Other Person A Fine Reputation To Live Up To💡Action Step: If you want to improve a person in a certain area, act as though that trait was already one of his or her outstanding characteristics (e.g. make it seem as if they already have that trait)Principle 8: Use Encouragement, Make The Fault Seem Easy To CorrectLet the other person know that you have faith in their ability to performa task💪🏿Action Step: When you see a fault, and they're trying their best to fix it, let them know that you have full faith in themPrinciple 9: Make The Other Person Happy About Doing The Thing You SuggestGive some reward for performing what you want to the other person, and take away a little for something which they do not doRules for making other person happy about thing you suggest:Be sincere, do not promise anything you can't deliverKnow exactly what it is you want the other person to doBe empathetic, ask yourself what it is the other person really wantsConsider the benefits the person will receive from doing what you suggestMatch those benefits to the other person's wantsWhen you make your request, put in a form that will convey to the other person the idea that he personally will benefit from

      how to win friends and influence people summary

    1. since we would need to tag the recoiling B candidate forthat, causing further loss in efficiency on top of the smallsignal yield.

      这为什么会造成信号的损失

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    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Comments

      Reviewer 1

      (1) Despite the well-established role of Netrin-1 and UNC5C axon guidance during embryonic commissural axons, it remains unclear which cell type(s) express Netrin-1 or UNC5C in the dopaminergic axons and their targets. For instance, the data in Figure 1F-G and Figure 2 are quite confusing. Does Netrin-1 or UNC5C express in all cell types or only dopamine-positive neurons in these two mouse models? It will also be important to provide quantitative assessments of UNC5C expression in dopaminergic axons at different ages.

      Netrin-1 is a secreted protein and in this manuscript we did not examine what cell types express Netrin-1. This question is not the focus of the study and we consider it irrelevant to the main issue we are addressing, which is where in the forebrain regions we examined Netrin-1+ cells are present. As per the reviewer’s request we include below images showing Netrin-1 protein and Netrin-1 mRNA expression in the forebrain. In Figure 1 below, we show a high magnification immunofluorescent image of a coronal forebrain section showing Netrin-1 protein expression.

      Author response image 1.

      This confocal microscope image shows immunofluorescent staining for Netrin-1 (green) localized around cell nuclei (stained by DAPI in blue). This image was taken from a coronal section of the lateral septum of an adult male mouse. Scale bar = 20µm

      In Figures 2 and 3 below we show low and high magnification images from an RNAscope experiment confirming that cells in the forebrain regions examined express Netrin-1 mRNA.

      Author response image 2.

      This confocal microscope image of a coronal brain section of the medial prefrontal cortex of an adult male mouse shows Netrin-1 mRNA expression (green) and cell nuclei (DAPI, blue). Brain regions are as follows: Cg1: Anterior cingulate cortex 1, DP: dorsopeduncular cortex, fmi: forceps minor of the corpus callosum, IL: Infralimbic Cortex, PrL: Prelimbic Cortex

      Author response image 3.

      A higher resolution image from the same sample as in Figure 2 shows Netrin-1 mRNA (green) and cell nuclei (DAPI; blue). DP = dorsopeduncular cortex

      Regarding UNC5c, this receptor homologue is expressed by dopamine neurons in the rodent ventral tegmental area (Daubaras et al., 2014; Manitt et al., 2010; Phillips et al., 2022). This does not preclude UNC5c expression in other cell types. UNC5c receptors are ubiquitously expressed in the brain throughout development, performing many different developmental functions (Kim and Ackerman, 2011; Murcia-Belmonte et al., 2019; Srivatsa et al., 2014). In this study we are interested in UNC5c expression by dopamine neurons, and particularly by their axons projecting to the nucleus accumbens. We therefore used immunofluorescent staining in the nucleus accumbens, showing UNC5 expression in TH+ axons. This work adds to the study by Manitt et al., 2010, which examined UNC5 expression in the VTA. Manitt et al. used Western blotting to demonstrate that UNC5 expression in VTA dopamine neurons increases during adolescence, as can be seen in the following figure:

       References:
      

      Daubaras M, Bo GD, Flores C. 2014. Target-dependent expression of the netrin-1 receptor, UNC5C, in projection neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 260:36–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.007

      Kim D, Ackerman SL. 2011. The UNC5C Netrin Receptor Regulates Dorsal Guidance of Mouse Hindbrain Axons. J Neurosci 31:2167–2179. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5254-10.20110.2011

      Manitt C, Labelle-Dumais C, Eng C, Grant A, Mimee A, Stroh T, Flores C. 2010. Peri-Pubertal Emergence of UNC-5 Homologue Expression by Dopamine Neurons in Rodents. PLoS ONE 5:e11463-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011463

      Murcia-Belmonte V, Coca Y, Vegar C, Negueruela S, Romero C de J, Valiño AJ, Sala S, DaSilva R, Kania A, Borrell V, Martinez LM, Erskine L, Herrera E. 2019. A Retino-retinal Projection Guided by Unc5c Emerged in Species with Retinal Waves. Current Biology 29:1149-1160.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.052

      Phillips RA, Tuscher JJ, Black SL, Andraka E, Fitzgerald ND, Ianov L, Day JJ. 2022. An atlas of transcriptionally defined cell populations in the rat ventral tegmental area. Cell Reports 39:110616. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110616

      Srivatsa S, Parthasarathy S, Britanova O, Bormuth I, Donahoo A-L, Ackerman SL, Richards LJ, Tarabykin V. 2014. Unc5C and DCC act downstream of Ctip2 and Satb2 and contribute to corpus callosum formation. Nat Commun 5:3708. doi:10.1038/ncomms4708

      (2) Figure 1 used shRNA to knockdown Netrin-1 in the Septum and these mice were subjected to behavioral testing. These results, again, are not supported by any valid data that the knockdown approach actually worked in dopaminergic axons. It is also unclear whether knocking down Netrin-1 in the septum will re-route dopaminergic axons or lead to cell death in the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta?

      First we want to clarify and emphasize, that our knockdown approach was not designed to knock down Netrin-1 in dopamine neurons or their axons. Our goal was to knock down Netrin-1 expression in cells expressing this guidance cue gene in the dorsal peduncular cortex.

      We have previously established the efficacy of the shRNA Netrin-1 knockdown virus used in this experiment for reducing the expression of Netrin-1 (Cuesta et al., 2020). The shRNA reduces Netrin-1 levels in vitro and in vivo.

      We agree that our experiments do not address the fate of the dopamine axons that are misrouted away from the medial prefrontal cortex. This research is ongoing, and we have now added a note regarding this to our manuscript.

      Our current hypothesis, based on experiments being conducted as part of another line of research in the lab, is that these axons are rerouted to a different brain region which they then ectopically innervate. In these experiments we are finding that male mice exposed to tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence show reduced dopamine innervation in the medial prefrontal cortex in adulthood but increased dopamine input in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, these mice show increased action impulsivity in the Go/No-Go task in adulthood (Capolicchio et al., Society for Neuroscience 2023 Abstracts)

      References:

      Capolicchio T., Hernandez, G., Dube, E., Estrada, K., Giroux, M., Flores, C. (2023) Divergent outcomes of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence on dopamine and cognitive development in male and female mice. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, United States [abstract].

      Cuesta S, Nouel D, Reynolds LM, Morgunova A, Torres-Berrío A, White A, Hernandez G, Cooper HM, Flores C. 2020. Dopamine Axon Targeting in the Nucleus Accumbens in Adolescence Requires Netrin-1. Frontiers Cell Dev Biology 8:487. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00487

      (3) Another issue with Figure1J. It is unclear whether the viruses were injected into a WT mouse model or into a Cre-mouse model driven by a promoter specifically expresses in dorsal peduncular cortex? The authors should provide evidence that Netrin-1 mRNA and proteins are indeed significantly reduced. The authors should address the anatomic results of the area of virus diffusion to confirm the virus specifically infected the cells in dorsal peduncular cortex.

      All the virus knockdown experiments were conducted in wild type mice, we added this information to Figure 1k.

      The efficacy of the shRNA in knocking down Netrin-1 was demonstrated by Cuesta et al. (2020) both in vitro and in vivo, as we show in our response to the reviewer’s previous comment above.

      We also now provide anatomical images demonstrating the localization of the injection and area of virus diffusion in the mouse forebrain. In Author response image 4 below the area of virus diffusion is visible as green fluorescent signal.

      Author response image 4.

      Fluorescent microscopy image of a mouse forebrain demonstrating the localization of the injection of a virus to knock down Netrin-1. The location of the virus is in green, while cell nuclei are in blue (DAPI). Abbreviations: DP: dorsopeduncular cortex IL: infralimbic cortex

      References:

      Cuesta S, Nouel D, Reynolds LM, Morgunova A, Torres-Berrío A, White A, Hernandez G, Cooper HM, Flores C. 2020. Dopamine Axon Targeting in the Nucleus Accumbens in Adolescence Requires Netrin-1. Frontiers Cell Dev Biology 8:487. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00487

      (4) The authors need to provide information regarding the efficiency and duration of knocking down. For instance, in Figure 1K, the mice were tested after 53 days post injection, can the virus activity in the brain last for such a long time?

      In our study we are interested in the role of Netrin-1 expression in the guidance of dopamine axons from the nucleus accumbens to the medial prefrontal cortex. The critical window for these axons leaving the nucleus accumbens and growing to the cortex is early adolescence (Reynolds et al., 2018b). This is why we injected the virus at the onset of adolescence, at postnatal day 21. As dopamine axons grow from the nucleus accumbens to the prefrontal cortex, they pass through the dorsal peduncular cortex. We disrupted Netrin-1 expression at this point along their route to determine whether it is the Netrin-1 present along their route that guides these axons to the prefrontal cortex. We hypothesized that the shRNA Netrin-1 virus would disrupt the growth of the dopamine axons, reducing the number of axons that reach the prefrontal cortex and therefore the number of axons that innervate this region in adulthood.

      We conducted our behavioural tests during adulthood, after the critical window during which dopamine axon growth occurs, so as to observe the enduring behavioral consequences of this misrouting. This experimental approach is designed for the shRNa Netrin-1 virus to be expressed in cells in the dorsopeduncular cortex when the dopamine axons are growing, during adolescence.

       References:
      

      Capolicchio T., Hernandez, G., Dube, E., Estrada, K., Giroux, M., Flores, C. (2023) Divergent outcomes of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence on dopamine and cognitive development in male and female mice. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, United States [abstract].

      Reynolds LM, Yetnikoff L, Pokinko M, Wodzinski M, Epelbaum JG, Lambert LC, Cossette M-P, Arvanitogiannis A, Flores C. 2018b. Early Adolescence is a Critical Period for the Maturation of Inhibitory Behavior. Cerebral cortex 29:3676–3686. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy247

      (5) In Figure 1N-Q, silencing Netrin-1 results in less DA axons targeting to infralimbic cortex, but why the Netrin-1 knocking down mice revealed the improved behavior?

      This is indeed an intriguing finding, and we have now added a mention of it to our manuscript. We have demonstrated that misrouting dopamine axons away from the medial prefrontal cortex during adolescence alters behaviour, but why this improves their action impulsivity ability is something currently unknown to us. One potential answer is that the dopamine axons are misrouted to a different brain region that is also involved in controlling impulsive behaviour, perhaps the dorsal striatum (Kim and Im, 2019) or the orbital prefrontal cortex (Jonker et al., 2015).

      We would also like to note that we are finding that other manipulations that appear to reroute dopamine axons to unintended targets can lead to reduced action impulsivity as measured using the Go No Go task. As we mentioned above, current experiments in the lab, which are part of a different line of research, are showing that male mice exposed to tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence show reduced dopamine innervation in the medial prefrontal cortex in adulthood, but increased dopamine input in the orbitofrontal cortex. In addition, these mice show increased action impulsivity in the Go/No-Go task in adulthood (Capolicchio et al., Society for Neuroscience 2023 Abstracts)

      References

      Capolicchio T., Hernandez, G., Dube, E., Estrada, K., Giroux, M., Flores, C. (2023) Divergent outcomes of delta 9 - tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescence on dopamine and cognitive development in male and female mice. Society for Neuroscience, Washington, DC, United States [abstract].

      Jonker FA, Jonker C, Scheltens P, Scherder EJA. 2015. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in cognition and behavior. Rev Neurosci 26:1–11. doi:10.1515/revneuro2014-0043 Kim B, Im H. 2019. The role of the dorsal striatum in choice impulsivity. Ann N York Acad Sci 1451:92–111. doi:10.1111/nyas.13961

      (6) What is the effect of knocking down UNC5C on dopamine axons guidance to the cortex?

      We have found that mice that are heterozygous for a nonsense Unc5c mutation, and as a result have reduced levels of UNC5c protein, show reduced amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy (Auger et al., 2013). In the same manuscript we show that this effect only emerges during adolescence, in concert with the growth of dopamine axons to the prefrontal cortex. This is indirect but strong evidence that UNC5c receptors are necessary for correct adolescent dopamine axon development.

      References

      Auger ML, Schmidt ERE, Manitt C, Dal-Bo G, Pasterkamp RJ, Flores C. 2013. unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model. European Journal of Neuroscience 38:2853–2863. doi:10.1111/ejn.12270

      (7) In Figures 2-4, the authors only showed the amount of DA axons and UNC5C in NAcc. However, it remains unclear whether these experiments also impact the projections of dopaminergic axons to other brain regions, critical for the behavioral phenotypes. What about other brain regions such as prefrontal cortex? Do the projection of DA axons and UNC5c level in cortex have similar pattern to those in NAcc?

      UNC5c receptors are expressed throughout development and are involved in many developmental processes (Kim and Ackerman, 2011; Murcia-Belmonte et al., 2019; Srivatsa et al., 2014). We cannot say whether the pattern we observe here is unique to the nucleus accumbens, but it is certainly not universal throughout the brain.

      The brain region we focus on in our manuscript, in addition to the nucleus accumbens, is the medial prefrontal cortex. Close and thorough examination of the prefrontal cortices of adult mice revealed practically no UNC5c expression by dopamine axons. However, we did observe very rare cases of dopamine axons expressing UNC5c. It is not clear whether these rare cases are present before or during adolescence.

      Below is a representative set of images of this observation, which is now also included as Supplementary Figure 4:

      Author response image 5.

      Expression of UNC5c protein in the medial prefrontal cortex of an adult male mouse. Low (A) and high (B) magnification images demonstrate that there is little UNC5c expression in dopamine axons in the medial prefrontal cortex. Here we identify dopamine axons by immunofluorescent staining for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, see our response to comment #9 regarding the specificity of the TH antibody for dopamine axons in the prefrontal cortex). This figure is also included as Supplementary Figure 4 in the manuscript. Abbreviations: fmi: forceps minor of the corpus callosum, mPFC: medial prefrontal cortex.

      References:

      Kim D, Ackerman SL. 2011. The UNC5C Netrin Receptor Regulates Dorsal Guidance of Mouse Hindbrain Axons. J Neurosci 31:2167–2179. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5254- 10.20110.2011

      Murcia-Belmonte V, Coca Y, Vegar C, Negueruela S, Romero C de J, Valiño AJ, Sala S, DaSilva R, Kania A, Borrell V, Martinez LM, Erskine L, Herrera E. 2019. A Retino-retinal Projection Guided by Unc5c Emerged in Species with Retinal Waves. Current Biology 29:1149-1160.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.052

      Srivatsa S, Parthasarathy S, Britanova O, Bormuth I, Donahoo A-L, Ackerman SL, Richards LJ, Tarabykin V. 2014. Unc5C and DCC act downstream of Ctip2 and Satb2 and contribute to corpus callosum formation. Nat Commun 5:3708. doi:10.1038/ncomms4708

      (8) Can overexpression of UNC5c or Netrin-1 in male winter hamsters mimic the observations in summer hamsters? Or overexpression of UNC5c in female summer hamsters to mimic the winter hamster? This would be helpful to confirm the causal role of UNC5C in guiding DA axons during adolescence.

      This is an excellent question. We are very interested in both increasing and decreasing UNC5c expression in hamster dopamine axons to see if we can directly manipulate summer hamsters into winter hamsters and vice versa. We are currently exploring virus-based approaches to design these experiments and are excited for results in this area.

      (9) The entire study relied on using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) as a marker for dopaminergic axons. However, the expression of TH (either by IHC or IF) can be influenced by other environmental factors, that could alter the expression of TH at the cellular level.

      This is an excellent point that we now carefully address in our methods by adding the following:

      In this study we pay great attention to the morphology and localization of the fibres from which we quantify varicosities to avoid counting any fibres stained with TH antibodies that are not dopamine fibres. The fibres that we examine and that are labelled by the TH antibody show features indistinguishable from the classic features of cortical dopamine axons in rodents (Berger et al., 1974; 1983; Van Eden et al., 1987; Manitt et al., 2011), namely they are thin fibres with irregularly-spaced varicosities, are densely packed in the nucleus accumbens, sparsely present only in the deep layers of the prefrontal cortex, and are not regularly oriented in relation to the pial surface. This is in contrast to rodent norepinephrine fibres, which are smooth or beaded in appearance, relatively thick with regularly spaced varicosities, increase in density towards the shallow cortical layers, and are in large part oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the pial surface (Berger et al., 1974; Levitt and Moore, 1979; Berger et al., 1983; Miner et al., 2003). Furthermore, previous studies in rodents have noted that only norepinephrine cell bodies are detectable using immunofluorescence for TH, not norepinephrine processes (Pickel et al., 1975; Verney et al., 1982; Miner et al., 2003), and we did not observe any norepinephrine-like fibres.

      Furthermore, we are not aware of any other processes in the forebrain that are known to be immunopositive for TH under any environmental conditions.

      To reduce confusion, we have replaced the abbreviation for dopamine – DA – with TH in the relevant panels in Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4 to clarify exactly what is represented in these images. As can be seen in these images, fluorescent green labelling is present only in axons, which is to be expected of dopamine labelling in these forebrain regions.

      References:

      Berger B, Tassin JP, Blanc G, Moyne MA, Thierry AM (1974) Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathways. Brain Res 81:332–337.

      Berger B, Verney C, Gay M, Vigny A (1983) Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Innervation of the Rat Neocortex During Early Ontogeny. In: Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of the International Neurobiology Society, pp 263–267 Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier.

      Levitt P, Moore RY (1979) Development of the noradrenergic innervation of neocortex. Brain Res 162:243–259.

      Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, Kolb B, Flores C (2011) The Netrin Receptor DCC Is Required in the Pubertal Organization of Mesocortical Dopamine Circuitry. J Neurosci 31:8381–8394.

      Miner LH, Schroeter S, Blakely RD, Sesack SR (2003) Ultrastructural localization of the norepinephrine transporter in superficial and deep layers of the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex and its spatial relationship to probable dopamine terminals. J Comp Neurol 466:478–494.

      Pickel VM, Joh TH, Field PM, Becker CG, Reis DJ (1975) Cellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase by immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 23:1–12.

      Van Eden CG, Hoorneman EM, Buijs RM, Matthijssen MA, Geffard M, Uylings HBM (1987) Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the rat at the light and electron microscopical level. Neurosci 22:849–862.

      Verney C, Berger B, Adrien J, Vigny A, Gay M (1982) Development of the dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex. A light microscopic immunocytochemical study using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. Dev Brain Res 5:41–52.

      (10) Are Netrin-1/UNC5C the only signal guiding dopamine axon during adolescence? Are there other neuronal circuits involved in this process?

      Our intention for this study was to examine the role of Netrin-1 and its receptor UNC5C specifically, but we do not suggest that they are the only molecules to play a role. The process of guiding growing dopamine axons during adolescence is likely complex and we expect other guidance mechanisms to also be involved. From our previous work we know that the Netrin-1 receptor DCC is critical in this process (Hoops and Flores, 2017; Reynolds et al., 2023). Several other molecules have been identified in Netrin-1/DCC signaling processes that control corpus callosum development and there is every possibility that the same or similar molecules may be important in guiding dopamine axons (Schlienger et al., 2023).

      References:

      Hoops D, Flores C. 2017. Making Dopamine Connections in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.09.004

      Reynolds LM, Hernandez G, MacGowan D, Popescu C, Nouel D, Cuesta S, Burke S, Savell KE, Zhao J, Restrepo-Lozano JM, Giroux M, Israel S, Orsini T, He S, Wodzinski M, Avramescu RG, Pokinko M, Epelbaum JG, Niu Z, Pantoja-Urbán AH, Trudeau L-É, Kolb B, Day JJ, Flores C. 2023. Amphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice. Nat Commun 14:4035. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39665-1

      Schlienger S, Yam PT, Balekoglu N, Ducuing H, Michaud J-F, Makihara S, Kramer DK, Chen B, Fasano A, Berardelli A, Hamdan FF, Rouleau GA, Srour M, Charron F. 2023. Genetics of mirror movements identifies a multifunctional complex required for Netrin-1 guidance and lateralization of motor control. Sci Adv 9:eadd5501. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add5501

      (11) Finally, despite the authors' claim that the dopaminergic axon project is sensitive to the duration of daylight in the hamster, they never provided definitive evidence to support this hypothesis.

      By “definitive evidence” we think that the reviewer is requesting a single statistical model including measures from both the summer and winter groups. Such a model would provide a probability estimate of whether dopamine axon growth is sensitive to daylight duration. Therefore, we ran these models, one for male hamsters and one for female hamsters.

      In both sexes we find a significant effect of daylength on dopamine innervation, interacting with age. Male age by daylength interaction: F = 6.383, p = 0.00242. Female age by daylength interaction: F = 21.872, p = 1.97 x 10-9. The full statistical analysis is available as a supplement to this letter (Response_Letter_Stats_Details.docx).

      Reviewer 3

      (1) Fig 1 A and B don't appear to be the same section level.

      The reviewer is correct that Fig 1B is anterior to Fig 1A. We have changed Figure 1A to match the section level of Figure 1B.

      (2) Fig 1C. It is not clear that these axons are crossing from the shell of the NAC.

      We have added a dashed line to Figure 1C to highlight the boundary of the nucleus accumbens, which hopefully emphasizes that there are fibres crossing the boundary. We also include here an enlarged image of this panel:

      Author response image 6.

      An enlarged image of Figure1c in the manuscript. The nucleus accumbens (left of the dotted line) is densely packed with TH+ axons (in green). Some of these TH+ axons can be observed extending from the nucleus accumbens medially towards a region containing dorsally oriented TH+ fibres (white arrows).

      (3) Fig 1. Measuring width of the bundle is an odd way to measure DA axon numbers. First the width could be changing during adult for various reasons including change in brain size. Second, I wouldn't consider these axons in a traditional bundle. Third, could DA axon counts be provided, rather than these proxy measures.

      With regards to potential changes in brain size, we agree that this could have potentially explained the increased width of the dopamine axon pathway. That is why it was important for us to use stereology to measure the density of dopamine axons within the pathway. If the width increased but no new axons grew along the pathway, we would have seen a decrease in axon density from adolescence to adulthood. Instead, our results show that the density of axons remained constant.

      We agree with the reviewer that the dopamine axons do not form a traditional “bundle”. Therefore, throughout the manuscript we now avoid using the term bundle.

      Although we cannot count every single axon, an accurate estimate of this number can be obtained using stereology, an unbiassed method for efficiently quantifying large, irregularly distributed objects. We used stereology to count TH+ axons in an unbiased subset of the total area occupied by these axons. Unbiased stereology is the gold-standard technique for estimating populations of anatomical objects, such as axons, that are so numerous that it would be impractical or impossible to measure every single one. Here and elsewhere we generally provide results as densities and areas of occupancy (Reynolds et al., 2022). To avoid confusion, we now clarify that we are counting the width of the area that dopamine axons occupy (rather than the dopamine axon “bundle”).

      References:

      Reynolds LM, Pantoja-Urbán AH, MacGowan D, Manitt C, Nouel D, Flores C. 2022. Dopaminergic System Function and Dysfunction: Experimental Approaches. Neuromethods 31–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2799-0_2

      (4) TH in the cortex could also be of noradrenergic origin. This needs to be ruled out to score DA axons

      This is the same comment as Reviewer 1 #9. Please see our response below, which we have also added to our methods:

      In this study we pay great attention to the morphology and localization of the fibres from which we quantify varicosities to avoid counting any fibres stained with TH antibodies that are not dopamine fibres. The fibres that we examine and that are labelled by the TH antibody show features indistinguishable from the classic features of cortical dopamine axons in rodents (Berger et al., 1974; 1983; Van Eden et al., 1987; Manitt et al., 2011), namely they are thin fibres with irregularly-spaced varicosities, are densely packed in the nucleus accumbens, sparsely present only in the deep layers of the prefrontal cortex, and are not regularly oriented in relation to the pial surface. This is in contrast to rodent norepinephrine fibres, which are smooth or beaded in appearance, relatively thick with regularly spaced varicosities, increase in density towards the shallow cortical layers, and are in large part oriented either parallel or perpendicular to the pial surface (Berger et al., 1974; Levitt and Moore, 1979; Berger et al., 1983; Miner et al., 2003). Furthermore, previous studies in rodents have noted that only norepinephrine cell bodies are detectable using immunofluorescence for TH, not norepinephrine processes (Pickel et al., 1975; Verney et al., 1982; Miner et al., 2003), and we did not observe any norepinephrine-like fibres.

      References:

      Berger B, Tassin JP, Blanc G, Moyne MA, Thierry AM (1974) Histochemical confirmation for dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex after destruction of the noradrenergic ascending pathways. Brain Res 81:332–337.

      Berger B, Verney C, Gay M, Vigny A (1983) Immunocytochemical Characterization of the Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Innervation of the Rat Neocortex During Early Ontogeny. In: Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of the International Neurobiology Society, pp 263–267 Progress in Brain Research. Elsevier.

      Levitt P, Moore RY (1979) Development of the noradrenergic innervation of neocortex. Brain Res 162:243–259.

      Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, Kolb B, Flores C (2011) The Netrin Receptor DCC Is Required in the Pubertal Organization of Mesocortical Dopamine Circuitry. J Neurosci 31:8381–8394.

      Miner LH, Schroeter S, Blakely RD, Sesack SR (2003) Ultrastructural localization of the norepinephrine transporter in superficial and deep layers of the rat prelimbic prefrontal cortex and its spatial relationship to probable dopamine terminals. J Comp Neurol 466:478–494.

      Pickel VM, Joh TH, Field PM, Becker CG, Reis DJ (1975) Cellular localization of tyrosine hydroxylase by immunohistochemistry. J Histochem Cytochem 23:1–12.

      Van Eden CG, Hoorneman EM, Buijs RM, Matthijssen MA, Geffard M, Uylings HBM (1987) Immunocytochemical localization of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of the rat at the light and electron microscopical level. Neurosci 22:849–862.

      Verney C, Berger B, Adrien J, Vigny A, Gay M (1982) Development of the dopaminergic innervation of the rat cerebral cortex. A light microscopic immunocytochemical study using anti-tyrosine hydroxylase antibodies. Dev Brain Res 5:41–52.

      (5) Netrin staining should be provided with NeuN + DAPI; its not clear these are all cell bodies. An in situ of Netrin would help as well.

      A similar comment was raised by Reviewer 1 in point #1. Please see below the immunofluorescent and RNA scope images showing expression of Netrin-1 protein and mRNA in the forebrain.

      Author response image 7.

      This confocal microscope image shows immunofluorescent staining for Netrin-1 (green) localized around cell nuclei (stained by DAPI in blue). This image was taken from a coronal section of the lateral septum of an adult male mouse. Scale bar = 20µm

      Author response image 8.

      This confocal microscope image of a coronal brain section of the medial prefrontal cortex of an adult male mouse shows Netrin-1 mRNA expression (green) and cell nuclei (DAPI, blue). RNAscope was used to generate this image. Brain regions are as follows: Cg1: Anterior cingulate cortex 1, DP: dorsopeduncular cortex, IL: Infralimbic Cortex, PrL: Prelimbic Cortex, fmi: forceps minor of the corpus callosum

      Author response image 9.

      A higher resolution image from the same sample as in Figure 2 shows Netrin-1 mRNA (green) and cell nuclei (DAPI; blue). DP = dorsopeduncular cortex

      (6) The Netrin knockdown needs validation. How strong was the knockdown etc?

      This comment was also raised by Reviewer 1 #1.

      We have previously established the efficacy of the shRNA Netrin-1 knockdown virus used in this experiment for reducing the expression of Netrin-1 (Cuesta et al., 2020). The shRNA reduces Netrin-1 levels in vitro and in vivo.

      References:

      Cuesta S, Nouel D, Reynolds LM, Morgunova A, Torres-Berrío A, White A, Hernandez G, Cooper HM, Flores C. 2020. Dopamine Axon Targeting in the Nucleus Accumbens in Adolescence Requires Netrin-1. Frontiers Cell Dev Biology 8:487. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00487

      (7) If the conclusion that knocking down Netrin in cortex decreases DA innervation of the IL, how can that be reconciled with Netrin-Unc repulsion.

      This is an intriguing question and one that we are in the planning stages of addressing with new experiments.

      Although we do not have a mechanistic answered for how a repulsive receptor helps guide these axons, we would like to note that previous indirect evidence from a study by our group also suggests that reducing UNC5c signaling in dopamine axons in adolescence increases dopamine innervation to the prefrontal cortex (Auger et al, 2013).

      References

      Auger ML, Schmidt ERE, Manitt C, Dal-Bo G, Pasterkamp RJ, Flores C. 2013. unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model. European Journal of Neuroscience 38:2853–2863. doi:10.1111/ejn.12270

      (8) The behavioral phenotype in Fig 1 is interesting, but its not clear if its related to DA axons/signaling. IN general, no evidence in this paper is provided for the role of DA in the adolescent behaviors described.

      We agree with the reviewer that the behaviours we describe in adult mice are complex and are likely to involve several neurotransmitter systems. However, there is ample evidence for the role of dopamine signaling in cognitive control behaviours (Bari and Robbins, 2013; Eagle et al., 2008; Ott et al., 2023) and our published work has shown that alterations in the growth of dopamine axons to the prefrontal cortex leads to changes in impulse control as measured via the Go/No-Go task in adulthood (Reynolds et al., 2023, 2018a; Vassilev et al., 2021).

      The other adolescent behaviour we examined was risk-like taking behaviour in male and female hamsters (Figures 4 and 5), as a means of characterizing maturation in this behavior over time. We decided not to use the Go/No-Go task because as far as we know, this has never been employed in Siberian Hamsters and it will be difficult to implement. Instead, we chose the light/dark box paradigm, which requires no training and is ideal for charting behavioural changes over short time periods. Indeed, risk-like taking behavior in rodents and in humans changes from adolescence to adulthood paralleling changes in prefrontal cortex development, including the gradual input of dopamine axons to this region.

      References:

      Bari A, Robbins TW. 2013. Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in neurobiology 108:44–79. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005

      Eagle DM, Bari A, Robbins TW. 2008. The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: cross-species translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology 199:439–456. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1127-6

      Ott T, Stein AM, Nieder A. 2023. Dopamine receptor activation regulates reward expectancy signals during cognitive control in primate prefrontal neurons. Nat Commun 14:7537. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43271-6

      Reynolds LM, Hernandez G, MacGowan D, Popescu C, Nouel D, Cuesta S, Burke S, Savell KE, Zhao J, Restrepo-Lozano JM, Giroux M, Israel S, Orsini T, He S, Wodzinski M, Avramescu RG, Pokinko M, Epelbaum JG, Niu Z, Pantoja-Urbán AH, Trudeau L-É, Kolb B, Day JJ, Flores C. 2023. Amphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice. Nat Commun 14:4035. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39665-1

      Reynolds LM, Pokinko M, Torres-Berrío A, Cuesta S, Lambert LC, Pellitero EDC, Wodzinski M, Manitt C, Krimpenfort P, Kolb B, Flores C. 2018a. DCC Receptors Drive Prefrontal Cortex Maturation by Determining Dopamine Axon Targeting in Adolescence. Biological psychiatry 83:181–192. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.009

      Vassilev P, Pantoja-Urban AH, Giroux M, Nouel D, Hernandez G, Orsini T, Flores C. 2021. Unique effects of social defeat stress in adolescent male mice on the Netrin-1/DCC pathway, prefrontal cortex dopamine and cognition (Social stress in adolescent vs. adult male mice). Eneuro ENEURO.0045-21.2021. doi:10.1523/eneuro.0045-21.2021

      (9) Fig2 - boxes should be drawn on the NAc diagram to indicate sampled regions. Some quantification of Unc5c would be useful. Also, some validation of the Unc5c antibody would be nice.

      The images presented were taken medial to the anterior commissure and we have edited Figure 2 to show this. However, we did not notice any intra-accumbens variation, including between the core and the shell. Therefore, the images are representative of what was observed throughout the entire nucleus accumbens.

      To quantify UNC5c in the accumbens we conducted a Western blot experiment in male mice at different ages. A one-way ANOVA analyzing band intensity (relative to the 15-day-old average band intensity) as the response variable and age as the predictor variable showed a significant effect of age (F=5.615, p=0.01). Posthoc analysis revealed that 15-day-old mice have less UNC5c in the nucleus accumbens compared to 21- and 35-day-old mice.

      Author response image 10.

      The graph depicts the results of a Western blot experiment of UNC5c protein levels in the nucleus accumbens of male mice at postnatal days 15, 21 or 35 and reveals a significant increase in protein levels at the onset adolescence.

      Our methods for this Western blot were as follows: Samples were prepared as previously (Torres-Berrío et al., 2017). Briefly, mice were sacrificed by live decapitation and brains were flash frozen in heptane on dry ice for 10 seconds. Frozen brains were mounted in a cryomicrotome and two 500um sections were collected for the nucleus accumbens, corresponding to plates 14 and 18 of the Paxinos mouse brain atlas. Two tissue core samples were collected per section, one for each side of the brain, using a 15-gauge tissue corer (Fine surgical tools Cat no. NC9128328) and ejected in a microtube on dry ice. The tissue samples were homogenized in 100ul of standard radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer using a handheld electric tissue homogenizer. The samples were clarified by centrifugation at 4C at a speed of 15000g for 30 minutes. Protein concentration was quantified using a bicinchoninic acid assay kit (Pierce BCA protein assay kit, Cat no.PI23225) and denatured with standard Laemmli buffer for 5 minutes at 70C. 10ug of protein per sample was loaded and run by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis in a Mini-PROTEAN system (Bio-Rad) on an 8% acrylamide gel by stacking for 30 minutes at 60V and resolving for 1.5 hours at 130V. The proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane for 1 hour at 100V in standard transfer buffer on ice. The membranes were blocked using 5% bovine serum albumin dissolved in tris-buffered saline with Tween 20 and probed with primary (UNC5c, Abcam Cat. no ab302924) and HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 hour. a-tubulin was probed and used as loading control. The probed membranes were resolved using SuperSignal West Pico PLUS chemiluminescent substrate (ThermoFisher Cat no.34579) in a ChemiDoc MP Imaging system (Bio-Rad). Band intensity was quantified using the ChemiDoc software and all ages were normalized to the P15 age group average.

      Validation of the UNC5c antibody was performed in the lab of Dr. Liu, from whom it was kindly provided. Briefly, in the validation study the authors showed that the anti-UNC5C antibody can detect endogenous UNC5C expression and the level of UNC5C is dramatically reduced after UNC5C knockdown. The antibody can also detect the tagged-UNC5C protein in several cell lines, which was confirmed by a tag antibody (Purohit et al., 2012; Shao et al., 2017).

      References:

      Purohit AA, Li W, Qu C, Dwyer T, Shao Q, Guan K-L, Liu G. 2012. Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) Associates with Uncoordinated-5C (UNC5C) in Netrin-1mediated Growth Cone Collapse. The Journal of biological chemistry 287:27126–27138. doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.340174

      Shao Q, Yang T, Huang H, Alarmanazi F, Liu G. 2017. Uncoupling of UNC5C with Polymerized TUBB3 in Microtubules Mediates Netrin-1 Repulsion. J Neurosci 37:5620–5633. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2617-16.2017

      (10) "In adolescence, dopamine neurons begin to express the repulsive Netrin-1 receptor UNC5C, and reduction in UNC5C expression appears to cause growth of mesolimbic dopamine axons to the prefrontal cortex".....This is confusing. Figure 2 shows a developmental increase in UNc5c not a decrease. So when is the "reduction in Unc5c expression" occurring?

      We apologize for the mistake in this sentence. We have corrected the relevant passage in our manuscript as follows:

      In adolescence, dopamine neurons begin to express the repulsive Netrin-1 receptor UNC5C, particularly when mesolimbic and mesocortical dopamine projections segregate in the nucleus accumbens (Manitt et al., 2010; Reynolds et al., 2018a). In contrast, dopamine axons in the prefrontal cortex do not express UNC5c except in very rare cases (Supplementary Figure 4). In adult male mice with Unc5c haploinsufficiency, there appears to be ectopic growth of mesolimbic dopamine axons to the prefrontal cortex (Auger et al., 2013). This miswiring is associated with alterations in prefrontal cortex-dependent behaviours (Auger et al., 2013).

      References:

      Auger ML, Schmidt ERE, Manitt C, Dal-Bo G, Pasterkamp RJ, Flores C. 2013. unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model. European Journal of Neuroscience 38:2853–2863. doi:10.1111/ejn.12270

      Manitt C, Labelle-Dumais C, Eng C, Grant A, Mimee A, Stroh T, Flores C. 2010. Peri-Pubertal Emergence of UNC-5 Homologue Expression by Dopamine Neurons in Rodents. PLoS ONE 5:e11463-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011463

      Reynolds LM, Pokinko M, Torres-Berrío A, Cuesta S, Lambert LC, Pellitero EDC, Wodzinski M, Manitt C, Krimpenfort P, Kolb B, Flores C. 2018a. DCC Receptors Drive Prefrontal Cortex Maturation by Determining Dopamine Axon Targeting in Adolescence. Biological psychiatry 83:181–192. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.009

      (11) In Fig 3, a statistical comparison should be made between summer male and winter male, to justify the conclusions that the winter males have delayed DA innervation.

      This analysis was also suggested by Reviewer 1, #11. Here is our response:

      We analyzed the summer and winter data together in ANOVAs separately for males and females. In both sexes we find a significant effect of daylength on dopamine innervation, interacting with age. Male age by daylength interaction: F = 6.383, p = 0.00242. Female age by daylength interaction: F = 21.872, p = 1.97 x 10-9. The full statistical analysis is available as a supplement to this letter (Response_Letter_Stats_Details.docx).

      (12) Should axon length also be measured here (Fig 3)? It is not clear why the authors have switched to varicosity density. Also, a box should be drawn in the NAC cartoon to indicate the region that was sampled.

      It is untenable to quantify axon length in the prefrontal cortex as we cannot distinguish independent axons. Rather, they are “tangled”; they twist and turn in a multitude of directions as they make contact with various dendrites. Furthermore, they branch extensively. It would therefore be impossible to accurately quantify the number of axons. Using unbiased stereology to quantify varicosities is a valid, well-characterized and straightforward alternative (Reynolds et al., 2022).

      References:

      Reynolds LM, Pantoja-Urbán AH, MacGowan D, Manitt C, Nouel D, Flores C. 2022. Dopaminergic System Function and Dysfunction: Experimental Approaches. Neuromethods 31–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2799-0_2

      (13) In Fig 3, Unc5c should be quantified to bolster the interesting finding that Unc5c expression dynamics are different between summer and winter hamsters. Unc5c mRNA experiments would also be important to see if similar changes are observed at the transcript level.

      We agree that it would be very interesting to see how UNC5c mRNA and protein levels change over time in summer and winter hamsters, both in males, as the reviewer suggests here, and in females. We are working on conducting these experiments in hamsters as part of a broader expansion of our research in this area. These experiments will require a lengthy amount of time and at this point we feel that they are beyond the scope of this manuscript.

      (14) Fig 4. The peak in exploratory behavior in winter females is counterintuitive and needs to be better discussed. IN general, the light dark behavior seems quite variable.

      This is indeed a very interesting finding, which we have expanded upon in our manuscript as follows:

      When raised under a winter-mimicking daylength, hamsters of either sex show a protracted peak in risk taking. In males, it is delayed beyond 80 days old, but the delay is substantially less in females. This is a counterintuitive finding considering that dopamine development in winter females appears to be accelerated. Our interpretation of this finding is that the timing of the risk-taking peak in females may reflect a balance between different adolescent developmental processes. The fact that dopamine axon growth is accelerated does not imply that all adolescent maturational processes are accelerated. Some may be delayed, for example those that induce axon pruning in the cortex. The timing of the risk-taking peak in winter female hamsters may therefore reflect the amalgamation of developmental processes that are advanced with those that are delayed – producing a behavioural effect that is timed somewhere in the middle. Disentangling the effects of different developmental processes on behaviour will require further experiments in hamsters, including the direct manipulation of dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex.

      Full Reference List

      Auger ML, Schmidt ERE, Manitt C, Dal-Bo G, Pasterkamp RJ, Flores C. 2013. unc5c haploinsufficient phenotype: striking similarities with the dcc haploinsufficiency model. European Journal of Neuroscience 38:2853–2863. doi:10.1111/ejn.12270

      Bari A, Robbins TW. 2013. Inhibition and impulsivity: Behavioral and neural basis of response control. Progress in neurobiology 108:44–79. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.005

      Cuesta S, Nouel D, Reynolds LM, Morgunova A, Torres-Berrío A, White A, Hernandez G, Cooper HM, Flores C. 2020. Dopamine Axon Targeting in the Nucleus Accumbens in Adolescence Requires Netrin-1. Frontiers Cell Dev Biology 8:487. doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00487

      Daubaras M, Bo GD, Flores C. 2014. Target-dependent expression of the netrin-1 receptor, UNC5C, in projection neurons of the ventral tegmental area. Neuroscience 260:36–46. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.12.007

      Eagle DM, Bari A, Robbins TW. 2008. The neuropsychopharmacology of action inhibition: crossspecies translation of the stop-signal and go/no-go tasks. Psychopharmacology 199:439– 456. doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1127-6

      Hoops D, Flores C. 2017. Making Dopamine Connections in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.09.004

      Jonker FA, Jonker C, Scheltens P, Scherder EJA. 2015. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in cognition and behavior. Rev Neurosci 26:1–11. doi:10.1515/revneuro-2014-0043

      Kim B, Im H. 2019. The role of the dorsal striatum in choice impulsivity. Ann N York Acad Sci 1451:92–111. doi:10.1111/nyas.13961

      Kim D, Ackerman SL. 2011. The UNC5C Netrin Receptor Regulates Dorsal Guidance of Mouse Hindbrain Axons. J Neurosci 31:2167–2179. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5254-10.2011

      Manitt C, Labelle-Dumais C, Eng C, Grant A, Mimee A, Stroh T, Flores C. 2010. Peri-Pubertal Emergence of UNC-5 Homologue Expression by Dopamine Neurons in Rodents. PLoS ONE 5:e11463-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011463

      Murcia-Belmonte V, Coca Y, Vegar C, Negueruela S, Romero C de J, Valiño AJ, Sala S, DaSilva R, Kania A, Borrell V, Martinez LM, Erskine L, Herrera E. 2019. A Retino-retinal Projection Guided by Unc5c Emerged in Species with Retinal Waves. Current Biology 29:1149-1160.e4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.052

      Ott T, Stein AM, Nieder A. 2023. Dopamine receptor activation regulates reward expectancy signals during cognitive control in primate prefrontal neurons. Nat Commun 14:7537. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-43271-6

      Phillips RA, Tuscher JJ, Black SL, Andraka E, Fitzgerald ND, Ianov L, Day JJ. 2022. An atlas of transcriptionally defined cell populations in the rat ventral tegmental area. Cell Reports 39:110616. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110616

      Purohit AA, Li W, Qu C, Dwyer T, Shao Q, Guan K-L, Liu G. 2012. Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) Associates with Uncoordinated-5C (UNC5C) in Netrin-1-mediated Growth Cone Collapse. The Journal of biological chemistry 287:27126–27138. doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.340174

      Reynolds LM, Hernandez G, MacGowan D, Popescu C, Nouel D, Cuesta S, Burke S, Savell KE, Zhao J, Restrepo-Lozano JM, Giroux M, Israel S, Orsini T, He S, Wodzinski M, Avramescu RG, Pokinko M, Epelbaum JG, Niu Z, Pantoja-Urbán AH, Trudeau L-É, Kolb B, Day JJ, Flores C. 2023. Amphetamine disrupts dopamine axon growth in adolescence by a sex-specific mechanism in mice. Nat Commun 14:4035. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39665-1

      Reynolds LM, Pantoja-Urbán AH, MacGowan D, Manitt C, Nouel D, Flores C. 2022. Dopaminergic System Function and Dysfunction: Experimental Approaches. Neuromethods 31–63. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-2799-0_2

      Reynolds LM, Pokinko M, Torres-Berrío A, Cuesta S, Lambert LC, Pellitero EDC, Wodzinski M, Manitt C, Krimpenfort P, Kolb B, Flores C. 2018a. DCC Receptors Drive Prefrontal Cortex Maturation by Determining Dopamine Axon Targeting in Adolescence. Biological psychiatry 83:181–192. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.06.009

      Reynolds LM, Yetnikoff L, Pokinko M, Wodzinski M, Epelbaum JG, Lambert LC, Cossette M-P, Arvanitogiannis A, Flores C. 2018b. Early Adolescence is a Critical Period for the Maturation of Inhibitory Behavior. Cerebral cortex 29:3676–3686. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy247

      Schlienger S, Yam PT, Balekoglu N, Ducuing H, Michaud J-F, Makihara S, Kramer DK, Chen B, Fasano A, Berardelli A, Hamdan FF, Rouleau GA, Srour M, Charron F. 2023. Genetics of mirror movements identifies a multifunctional complex required for Netrin-1 guidance and lateralization of motor control. Sci Adv 9:eadd5501. doi:10.1126/sciadv.add5501

      Shao Q, Yang T, Huang H, Alarmanazi F, Liu G. 2017. Uncoupling of UNC5C with Polymerized TUBB3 in Microtubules Mediates Netrin-1 Repulsion. J Neurosci 37:5620–5633. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2617-16.2017

      Srivatsa S, Parthasarathy S, Britanova O, Bormuth I, Donahoo A-L, Ackerman SL, Richards LJ, Tarabykin V. 2014. Unc5C and DCC act downstream of Ctip2 and Satb2 and contribute to corpus callosum formation. Nat Commun 5:3708. doi:10.1038/ncomms4708

      Torres-Berrío A, Lopez JP, Bagot RC, Nouel D, Dal-Bo G, Cuesta S, Zhu L, Manitt C, Eng C, Cooper HM, Storch K-F, Turecki G, Nestler EJ, Flores C. 2017. DCC Confers Susceptibility to Depression-like Behaviors in Humans and Mice and Is Regulated by miR-218. Biological psychiatry 81:306–315. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.017

      Vassilev P, Pantoja-Urban AH, Giroux M, Nouel D, Hernandez G, Orsini T, Flores C. 2021. Unique effects of social defeat stress in adolescent male mice on the Netrin-1/DCC pathway, prefrontal cortex dopamine and cognition (Social stress in adolescent vs. adult male mice). Eneuro ENEURO.0045-21.2021. doi:10.1523/eneuro.0045-21.2021

      Private Comments

      Reviewer #1

      (12) The language should be improved. Some expression is confusing (line178-179). Also some spelling errors (eg. Figure 1M).

      We have removed the word “Already” to make the sentence in lines 178-179 clearer, however we cannot find a spelling error in Figure 1M or its caption. We have further edited the manuscript for clarity and flow.

      Reviewer #2

      (1) The authors claim to have revealed how the 'timing of adolescence is programmed in the brain'. While their findings certainly shed light on molecular, circuit and behavioral processes that are unique to adolescence, their claim may be an overstatement. I suggest they refine this statement to discuss more specifically the processes they observed in the brain and animal behavior, rather than adolescence itself.

      We agree with the reviewer and have revised the manuscript to specify that we are referring to the timing of specific developmental processes that occur in the adolescent brain, not adolescence overall.

      (2) Along the same lines, the authors should also include a more substantiative discussion of how they selected their ages for investigation (for both mice and hamsters), For mice, their definition of adolescence (P21) is earlier than some (e.g. Spear L.P., Neurosci. and Beh. Reviews, 2000).

      There are certainly differences of opinion between researchers as to the precise definition of adolescence and the period it encompasses. Spear, 2000, provides one excellent discussion of the challenges related to identifying adolescence across species. This work gives specific ages only for rats, not mice (as we use here), and characterizes post-natal days 28-42 as being the conservative age range of “peak” adolescence (page 419, paragraph 1). Immediately thereafter the review states that the full adolescent period is longer than this, and it could encompass post-natal days 20-55 (page 419, paragraph 2).

      We have added the following statement to our methods:

      There is no universally accepted way to define the precise onset of adolescence. Therefore, there is no clear-cut boundary to define adolescent onset in rodents (Spear, 2000). Puberty can be more sharply defined, and puberty and adolescence overlap in time, but the terms are not interchangeable. Puberty is the onset of sexual maturation, while adolescence is a more diffuse period marked by the gradual transition from a juvenile state to independence. We, and others, suggest that adolescence in rodents spans from weaning (postnatal day 21) until adulthood, which we take to start on postnatal day 60 (Reynolds and Flores, 2021). We refer to “early adolescence” as the first two weeks postweaning (postnatal days 21-34). These ranges encompass discrete DA developmental periods (Kalsbeek et al., 1988; Manitt et al., 2011; Reynolds et al., 2018a), vulnerability to drug effects on DA circuitry (Hammerslag and Gulley, 2014; Reynolds et al., 2018a), and distinct behavioral characteristics (Adriani and Laviola, 2004; Makinodan et al., 2012; Schneider, 2013; Wheeler et al., 2013).

      References:

      Adriani W, Laviola G. 2004. Windows of vulnerability to psychopathology and therapeutic strategy in the adolescent rodent model. Behav Pharmacol 15:341–352. doi:10.1097/00008877-200409000-00005

      Hammerslag LR, Gulley JM. 2014. Age and sex differences in reward behavior in adolescent and adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 56:611–621. doi:10.1002/dev.21127

      Hoops D, Flores C. 2017. Making Dopamine Connections in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.09.004

      Kalsbeek A, Voorn P, Buijs RM, Pool CW, Uylings HBM. 1988. Development of the Dopaminergic Innervation in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 269:58–72. doi:10.1002/cne.902690105

      Makinodan M, Rosen KM, Ito S, Corfas G. 2012. A critical period for social experiencedependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Science 337:1357–1360. doi:10.1126/science.1220845

      Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, Kolb B, Flores C. 2011. The Netrin Receptor DCC Is Required in the Pubertal Organization of Mesocortical Dopamine Circuitry. J Neurosci 31:8381–8394. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0606-11.2011

      Reynolds LM, Flores C. 2021. Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathways Across Adolescence: Diversity in Development. Front Neural Circuit 15:735625. doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.735625

      Reynolds LM, Yetnikoff L, Pokinko M, Wodzinski M, Epelbaum JG, Lambert LC, Cossette MP, Arvanitogiannis A, Flores C. 2018. Early Adolescence is a Critical Period for the Maturation of Inhibitory Behavior. Cerebral cortex 29:3676–3686. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy247

      Schneider M. 2013. Adolescence as a vulnerable period to alter rodent behavior. Cell and tissue research 354:99–106. Doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1581-2

      Spear LP. 2000. Neurobehavioral Changes in Adolescence. Current directions in psychological science 9:111–114. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00072

      Wheeler AL, Lerch JP, Chakravarty MM, Friedel M, Sled JG, Fletcher PJ, Josselyn SA, Frankland PW. 2013. Adolescent Cocaine Exposure Causes Enduring Macroscale Changes in Mouse Brain Structure. J Neurosci 33:1797–1803. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3830-12.2013

      (3) Figure 1 - the conclusions hinge on the Netrin-1 staining, as shown in panel G, but the cells are difficult to see. It would be helpful to provide clearer, more zoomed images so readers can better assess the staining. Since Netrin-1 expression reduces dramatically after P4 and they had to use antigen retrieval to see signal, it would be helpful to show some images from additional brain regions and ages to see if expression levels follow predicted patterns. For instance, based on the allen brain atlas, it seems that around P21, there should be high levels of Netrin-1 in the cerebellum, but low levels in the cortex. These would be nice controls to demonstrate the specificity and sensitivity of the antibody in older tissue.

      We do not study the cerebellum and have never stained this region; doing so now would require generating additional tissue and we’re not sure it would add enough to the information provided to be worthwhile. Note that we have stained the forebrain for Netrin-1 previously, providing broad staining of many brain regions (Manitt et al., 2011)

      References:

      Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, Kolb B, Flores C. 2011. The Netrin Receptor DCC Is Required in the Pubertal Organization of Mesocortical Dopamine Circuitry. J Neurosci 31:8381–8394. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0606-11.2011

      (4) Figure 3 - Because mice tend to avoid brightly-lit spaces, the light/dark box is more commonly used as a measure of anxiety-like behavior than purely exploratory behavior (including in the paper they cited). It is important to address this possibility in their discussion of their findings. To bolster their conclusions about the coincidence of circuit and behavioral changes in adolescent hamsters, it would be useful to add an additional measure of exploratory behaviors (e.g. hole board).

      Regarding the light/dark box test, this is an excellent point. We prefer the term “risk taking” to “anxiety-like” and now use the former term in our manuscript. Furthermore, our interest in the behaviour is purely to chart the development of adolescent behaviour across our treatment groups, not to study a particular emotional state. Regardless of the specific emotion or emotions governing the light/dark box behaviour, it is an ideal test for charting adolescent shifts in behaviour as it is well-characterized in this respect, as we discuss in our manuscript.

      (5) Supplementary Figure 4,5 The authors defined puberty onset using uterine and testes weights in hamsters. While the weights appear to be different for summer and winter hamsters, there were no statistical comparison. Please add statistical analyses to bolster claims about puberty start times. Also, as many studies use vaginal opening to define puberty onset, it would be helpful to discuss how these measurements typically align and cite relevant literature that described use of uterine weights. Also, Supplementary Figures 4 and 5 were mis-cited as Supp. Fig. 2 in the text (e.g. line 317 and others).

      These are great suggestions. We have added statistical analyses to Supplementary Figures 5 and 6 and provided Vaginal Opening data as Supplementary Figure 7. The statistical analyses confirm that all three characters are delayed in winter hamsters compared to summer hamsters.

      We have also added the following references to the manuscript:

      Darrow JM, Davis FC, Elliott JA, Stetson MH, Turek FW, Menaker M. 1980. Influence of Photoperiod on Reproductive Development in the Golden Hamster. Biol Reprod 22:443–450. doi:10.1095/biolreprod22.3.443

      Ebling FJP. 1994. Photoperiodic Differences during Development in the Dwarf Hamsters Phodopus sungorus and Phodopus campbelli. Gen Comp Endocrinol 95:475–482. doi:10.1006/gcen.1994.1147

      Timonin ME, Place NJ, Wanderi E, Wynne-Edwards KE. 2006. Phodopus campbelli detect reduced photoperiod during development but, unlike Phodopus sungorus, retain functional reproductive physiology. Reproduction 132:661–670. doi:10.1530/rep.1.00019

      (6) The font in many figure panels is small and hard to read (e.g. 1A,D,E,H,I,L...). Please increase the size for legibility.

      We have increased the font size of our figure text throughout the manuscript.

      Reviewer #3

      (15) Fig 1 C,D. Clarify the units of the y axis

      We have now fixed this.

      Full Reference List

      Adriani W, Laviola G. 2004. Windows of vulnerability to psychopathology and therapeutic strategy in the adolescent rodent model. Behav Pharmacol 15:341–352. doi:10.1097/00008877-200409000-00005

      Hammerslag LR, Gulley JM. 2014. Age and sex differences in reward behavior in adolescent and adult rats. Dev Psychobiol 56:611–621. doi:10.1002/dev.21127

      Hoops D, Flores C. 2017. Making Dopamine Connections in Adolescence. Trends in Neurosciences 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.09.004

      Kalsbeek A, Voorn P, Buijs RM, Pool CW, Uylings HBM. 1988. Development of the Dopaminergic Innervation in the Prefrontal Cortex of the Rat. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 269:58–72. doi:10.1002/cne.902690105

      Makinodan M, Rosen KM, Ito S, Corfas G. 2012. A critical period for social experiencedependent oligodendrocyte maturation and myelination. Science 337:1357–1360. doi:10.1126/science.1220845

      Manitt C, Mimee A, Eng C, Pokinko M, Stroh T, Cooper HM, Kolb B, Flores C. 2011. The Netrin Receptor DCC Is Required in the Pubertal Organization of Mesocortical Dopamine Circuitry. J Neurosci 31:8381–8394. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0606-11.2011

      Reynolds LM, Flores C. 2021. Mesocorticolimbic Dopamine Pathways Across Adolescence: Diversity in Development. Front Neural Circuit 15:735625. doi:10.3389/fncir.2021.735625 Reynolds LM, Yetnikoff L, Pokinko M, Wodzinski M, Epelbaum JG, Lambert LC, Cossette M-P, Arvanitogiannis A, Flores C. 2018. Early Adolescence is a Critical Period for the Maturation of Inhibitory Behavior. Cerebral cortex 29:3676–3686. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy247

      Schneider M. 2013. Adolescence as a vulnerable period to alter rodent behavior. Cell and tissue research 354:99–106. doi:10.1007/s00441-013-1581-2

      Spear LP. 2000. Neurobehavioral Changes in Adolescence. Current directions in psychological science 9:111–114. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00072

      Wheeler AL, Lerch JP, Chakravarty MM, Friedel M, Sled JG, Fletcher PJ, Josselyn SA, Frankland PW. 2013. Adolescent Cocaine Exposure Causes Enduring Macroscale Changes in Mouse Brain Structure. J Neurosci 33:1797–1803. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3830-12.2013

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We thank the reviewers for their valuable comments, which definitely make our story stronger.

      2. Description of the planned revisions

      Reviewer 1

      Comments:

      No data are shown from the genome-wide screening approach, including the common regulators of KRAS and HRAS. Information about how imaging data were processed and analysed is missing. A final table of 8 selected factors with phosphatase activity is presented without providing further insight about the selection criteria and other factors.

      This information will be included in the revised manuscript. In the subsequent characterization via image-based quantification of GFP-KRAS membrane localization, a Manders´ coefficient was calculated. A respective chapter in the methods section on how this was done is missing.

      This information will be provided in the revised manuscript. I would be happy to see the following analyses to strengthen the dataset:

      • Reconstitution experiments and further validation to show that it is dependent on the enzymatic activity of MTMRs.

      MTMR3 knockdown (KD) cells will be rescued with wildtype (WT) MTMR3 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR3 (C413S, PMID: 11676921). MTMR4 KD cells will be rescued with WT MTMR4 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR4 (C407S, PMID: 20736309). In these cells, the PM localization of KRAS and PtdSer will be examined by confocal and electron microscopy. - Additive effect upon depletion of multiple MTMRs? Are they functionally co-operative?

      MTMR3 and 4 KD cells will be rescued with WT MTMR4 and 3, respectively, and the PM localization of KRAS and PtdSer will be examined by confocal and electron microscopy. - Signalling analysis is very limited (Fig. 5). Do the authors detect any defects in K-RAS driven downstream signaling in these cells upon depletion of MTMRs.

      Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines that harbor oncogenic mutant KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-dependent (MiaPaCa2 and AsPC1), and PDAC cell line harboring WT KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-independent (BxPC3) will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNAs against MTMR 2, 3, 4 or 7. Their growth (proliferation assay) and KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) will be measure. Reviewer 2

      Major comments

      The unbiased siRNA screen used to identify proteins that impact KRAS membrane localization was a very nice approach to identify MTMR proteins. Although there is a clear phenotype of KRAS mislocalization associated with knockdown of the various MTMR proteins, the data provided does not prove a causational role for the MTMR proteins in maintaining PtdSer content, nor KRAS localization, at the PM. The current data does not provide a mechanism by which MTMR proteins are influencing this process, but rather speculates using existing literature that it is the loss in MTMR 3-phosphotase activity that leads to decreased PtdSer in the membrane. There is a series of conversions and exchanges that act upon PI3P (the substrate of MTMR proteins) and PI to generate PtdSer in the PM; thus, it is a dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of different proteins and transporters [3, 4, 5, 6]. To prove their single-protein-driven hypothesis, the authors should clone and express a mutant MTMR protein construct that contains an inactive phosphatase catalytic domain, to prove that it is indeed MTMR's generation of PI (which is further converted into PI4P) in the membrane that is responsible for maintaining PtdSer content and KRAS localization. Without this, there is not enough evidence to support this claim.

      MTMR3 knockdown (KD) cells will be rescued with wildtype (WT) MTMR3 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR3 (C413S, PMID: 11676921). MTMR4 KD cells will be rescued with WT MTMR4 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR4 (C407S, PMID: 20736309). In these cells, the PM localization of KRAS and PtdSer will be examined by confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, the authors speculate that ORP5 is a critical intermediate in this process, and that the loss in PI4P/ORP5 at the PM following MTMR knockdown is responsible for the decrease in PtdSer at the PM. The authors should knockdown ORP5 in MTMR-wildtype cells, since it is downstream of their proposed mechanism, and see whether this leads to comparable reductions in PtdSer levels and KRAS mislocalization at the PM. This would confirm ORP5 as having a major role in this setting and would support the initial mechanistic hypothesis. These experiments are imperative to forming an appropriate conclusion, especially since some of their current data contradicts their mechanistic hypothesis: the authors identify a decrease in whole cell PtdSer content, not just PM PtdSer content, when MTMR proteins are knocked down. Based on this result, one would predict that a secondary or supporting mechanism must exist that contributes to a reduction in whole cell PtdSer content, which likely contributes to its loss at the PM as well. The authors describe in line 360 how "previous work has shown that PM PI4P depletion indirectly blocks PtdSer synthase 1 and 2 activities," to explain this reduction in total cell levels of PtdSer. The authors should look at PtdSer synthase 1 and 2 activities in the presence of MTMR knockdown, as the loss in PtdSer at the PM may rely more heavily on synthase activity than ORP-dependent transfer of PtdSer.

      Investigating the PM localization of KRAS and PtdSer after silencing ORP5 in MTMR WT mammalian cell lines has been published (PMID: 31451509 and 34903667). In these studies, silencing ORP5 1) reduces the levels of PtdSer and KRAS from the plasma membrane (PM), 2) reduces KRAS signal output, 3) blocks the growth of KRAS-dependent PDAC in vitro and in vivo. These studies have been appropriately cited in our manuscript in lines 82 and 277. Although the c. Elegans model that was used to investigate downstream let-60 (RAS ortholog) activity through a multi-vulva phenotype is quite intriguing, it is more critical to assess downstream RAS pathway activation, especially in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma or the human mammary gland ductal carcinoma cell lines. Not only would this line of questioning provide a higher significance and increase the clinical applicability of these findings, but it is also crucial to support the author's claim that MTMR knockdown can influence mutant KRAS activity. Although small changes in KRAS localization to the PM can have significant effects on downstream signaling, these effects need to be measured and confirmed in this setting. The authors should perform western blots to assess the activation of both the PI3K and MAPK pathway in the MTMR knockdown cell lines.

      Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines that harbor oncogenic mutant KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-dependent (MiaPaCa2 and AsPC1), and PDAC cell line harboring WT KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-independent (BxPC3) will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNAs against MTMR 2, 3, 4 or 7. Their growth (proliferation assay) and KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) will be measure. In addition to this, it might be important to know whether there are any changes in the levels of the KRAS protein itself, as recycling/transport pathways may be impacted by its lack of recruitment to the plasma membrane.

      Total KRAS protein expression will be measured in MTMR KD cell lines. Finally, the authors show that proliferation is inhibited by MTMR knockdown as a readout of RAS activity. The authors should also assess the levels of cell death, as the inhibition of mutant KRAS in cancer cells would likely lead to cell death. The authors do not describe why reducing any one of the MTMR proteins alone is sufficient to deplete the PM of PtdSer. This sort of discussion is important for understanding compensatory or regulatory mechanisms in place between the MTMR proteins, as this may influence PtdSer levels at the PM. For example, it has been shown that MTMR2 can stabilize MTMR13 on membranes. Do the levels, stability, or localization of the other MTMR proteins change when one specific MTMR is knocked down? Is this why we see an effect on PtdSer in any one of the knockdowns? The authors should at the very least provide western blots for each of the MTMR proteins discussed in the presence of each individual MTMR knockdown.

      MTMR3 knockdown (KD) cells will be rescued with WT MTMR3 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR3 (C413S, PMID: 11676921). MTMR4 KD cells will be rescued with WT MTMR4 or the phosphatase mutant MTMR4 (C407S, PMID: 20736309). In these cells, the PM localization of KRAS and PtdSer will be examined by confocal and electron microscopy. In addition, we will measure endogenous MTMR 2/3/4/7 proteins levels in the presence of each individual MTMR KD by immunoblotting. In addition to the above experiments, the MTMR hairpins should be expressed in a secondary or tertiary cell line to prove that these events are not specific to the current model used. Since their current human mammary gland ductal carcinoma cell line overexpresses a mutant KRAS-GFP construct, perhaps doing similar experiments in a cancer cell line that already expresses an endogenous mutant KRAS might provide a better model.

      Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines that harbor oncogenic mutant KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-dependent (MiaPaCa2 and AsPC1), and PDAC cell line harboring WT KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-independent (BxPC3) will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNAs against MTMR 2, 3, 4 or 7. Their growth (proliferation assay) and KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) will be measure. Although this protein would not include a GFP-tag, other ways of visualizing its localization at the PM (such as immunofluorescent staining) could be used to confirm its localization there.

      The anti-KRAS antibody for IF has not been reported to my knowledge. In addition, the effects on downstream RAS signaling could be measured through western blot of PI3K and MAPK pathways.

      Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines that harbor oncogenic mutant KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-dependent (MiaPaCa2 and AsPC1), and PDAC cell line harboring WT KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-independent (BxPC3) will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNAs against MTMR 2, 3, 4 or 7. Their growth (proliferation assay) and KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) will be measure. Supplemental Figure 4 is incorrectly referred to in the text as Supplemental Figure 3 (line 257-258). The text reads, "Confocal microscopy further demonstrates that HRASG12V cellular localization is not disrupted after silencing MTMR 2/3/4/7 (Fig. S3)" but Figure S3 is an EM image of PM basal sheets from T47D cells expressing GFP-KRASG12V. Supplemental Figure 4 shows that mutant HRAS is unaffected by the various MTMR knockdowns.

      They will be labeled correctly in the revised manuscript. Since the authors show decreased proliferation in mutant KRAS cells following MTMR knockdown, the authors should also investigate any changes to proliferation rates in mutant HRAS cell lines following MTMR knockdown. This data is necessary to prove that MTMR-driven changes in downstream RAS signaling are specific to mutant KRAS and not mutant HRAS.

      Cell proliferation assay will be performed using MTMR 2/3/4/7-silenced T47D cell lines stably expressing oncogenic mutant HRAS (HRASG12V) to address this questions. It may also be important for the authors to also show any effects on wildtype RAS localization to the PM when MTMR-2,-3,-4, and -7 are knocked down, to show whether this is a oncoprotein-specific event.

      Cells expressing the truncated mutant KRAS, which contains the minimal membrane anchor and does not have G-domain will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNA against MTMR 2/3/4/7, and their localization will be examined. The representative images chosen for Figure 4 diminish the reliability of the data, as it is difficult to see a visible change in the PI3P probe between the control and MTMR knockdown cells in these images. Since the authors rely on the Mander's coefficient and the number of gold particles throughout much of the paper, having the same conclusion quantitatively but not qualitatively for these assays is confusing. Perhaps the authors should elaborate on whether MTMR knockdown has a stronger effect on PtSer and KRAS PM presence than PI3P PM presence.

      We will include the discussion in the revised manuscript. They should also describe their method for identifying early endosomes, since they switch back and forth between describing the content of the PM and of early endosomes, such as in Figure 1 and Figure 4.

      We will include the information in the revised manuscript. Minor comments:

      An additional experiment that may add another layer of clinical applicability would be the use of an MTMR inhibitor in this cell line, to see whether similar effects can be achieved pharmacologically [7]. This would provoke other researchers to investigate MTMR inhibitors in vitro and in vivo to assess the effect on mutant KRAS cancers.

      • This is an important point, but while vanadate, a general phospho-tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitor, has been reported to inhibit myotubulin, a family member of MTMR (PMID: 8995372 and 1943774), there are no commercially available MTMR-specific inhibitors. Using vanadate to inhibit MTMR proteins will produce non-specific effects by blocking other PTPs. The inclusion of cell lines that express KRAS proteins of different mutational statuses would be extremely interesting, as KRAS' orientation within the plasma membrane has been shown to be altered by these mutations. This fact should potentially be considered when choosing a secondary or tertiary cell line to do additional experiments in, but it is not necessary for the authors to elaborate on how MTMR proteins may impact different KRAS mutants for the scope of this project.

      For the aforementioned experiments using human KRAS-dependent and -independent PDAC cell lines, we will use MiaPaCa2 (KRASG12C) and AsPC1 (KRASG12D). Reviewer #3

      *Major comments: *

      One of the two main manuscript claims indicates that KRAS12V "function" is impaired upon MTMR knockdown. While this is an obvious phenotype expected by mislocalizing KRAS from the inner PM it is not sufficiently demonstrated in the current version of the manuscript. Western blots of at least MAPK and PI3K signalling following MTMR knockdown in KRAS-dependent cell lines should be included. In addition to the T47D cells used in the manuscript, it would be ideal to include a KRAS-mutant cell line from tumour types where KRAS mutations are more frequent that in breast.

      • Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines that harbor oncogenic mutant KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-dependent (MiaPaCa2 and AsPC1), and PDAC cell line harboring WT KRAS and their growth is KRAS signaling-independent (BxPC3) will be infected with lentivirus expressing shRNAs against MTMR 2, 3, 4 or 7. Their growth (proliferation assay) and KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) will be measure. Since the MTMR dependent phenotypes are mutant-KRAS specific it would be interesting to study the resulting phenotypes in HRAS-mutant cell line.

      Cell proliferation assay will be performed using MTMR 2/3/4/7-silenced T47D cell lines stably expressing oncogenic mutant HRAS (HRASG12V) to address these questions.

      **Referee cross-commenting**

      After reading the reviews of my colleagues I think there is a clear agreement on the need to further substantiate that KRAS membrane mis-localization is indeed affecting oncogenic output. The use of other KRAS addicted and non-addicted models would further enhance this analysis.

      Likewise, the other two reviewers request experimental evidences to validate the role of MTMR enzymatic activity in the process. This is a pertinent request that I failed to put forward. Suggestions include the use of reconstitution experiments catalytically dead mutants. Also, the use of MTMR small molecule inhibitors is proposed. If those exist with sufficient specificity this would indeed be appropriate to perform.

      Experiments addressing these comments have been described above.

      3. Description of the revisions that have already been incorporated in the transferred manuscript

      N/A

      • *

      4. Description of analyses that authors prefer not to carry out

      *Please include a point-by-point response explaining why some of the requested data or additional analyses might not be necessary or cannot be provided within the scope of a revision. *

      Reviewer 2

      R2 suggests to investigate PtdSer synthase 1 and 2 activities in presence of MTMR knockdown, as the loss in PtdSer at the PM may rely more heavily on synthase activity than ORP-dependent transfer of PtdSer.

      Although it is intriguing to examine the effect of MTMR loss on the activities of PtdSer synthase 1 and 2, our lab does not have resources/techniques to carry out the experiment. * *

      The results of this paper rely heavily on one experimental technique, which is calculating a Mander's coefficient and counting the co-localization of the probe of interest with the CellMask stain of the plasma membrane. How this coefficient is derived is explained in appropriate detail in the methods section of this manuscript; however, a secondary route of identifying these changes in membrane constituents would greatly enhance the paper's conclusions. This would eliminate any doubt surrounding the accuracy of the technique, since so much of the data relies on one experimental output.

      In addition to Manders' coefficient for examining the colocalization of KRAS and LactC2 (the PtdSer probe) to propose KRAS/PS redistribution to endomembranes after MTMR loss. To complement this, we also performed quantitative EM to demonstrate the PM depletion of KRAS and PtdSer from the inner PM leaflet. We believe these two techniques would appropriate to investigate KRAS/PtdSer PM depletion and cellular re-distribution. * *

      Reviewer 3

      To further support the conclusions, oncogenic signalling should be studied in the C.elegans model by immunofluorescence of immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, although not strictly required to support the author's claims, it would be interesting to elucidate whether the inhibition of the multivulva phenotype upon MTMR knockdown in vivo results as a consequence of cell death.

      Our collaborator for C. elegans study does not have resources to carry out the proposed IF and IHC experiment. Instead, we will measure KRAS signaling (e.g. phosphorylated ERK and Akt by immunoblot) and the growth of KRAS-dependent PDAC after MTMR loss. These experiments would be more clinically and physiologically relevant.

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      Henkels et al. propose the role of myotubularin-related proteins in promoting KRAS4B localization to the plasma membrane. Their data shows that shRNA-mediated knockdown of myotubularin-related proteins -2, -3, -4, or -7 led to measurable changes in RAS localization and in plasma membrane (PM) content. More specifically, knockdown of any one of these MTMR proteins led to a decrease in PI4P levels in the PM, an increase in PI3P content in the PM, a decrease in phosphatidyl serine (PtdSer) in the PM/whole cell, and a decrease in mutant KRAS localization to the PM. Their data also shows a decreased presence of ORP5 at the PM, a protein which is responsible for the exchange of PI4P in the plasma membrane for PtdSer in the endoplasmic reticulum. These results are somewhat predictable and are supported by the existing literature, as MTMR proteins are known to exhibit 3-phosphotase activity towards PI3P to generate PI (a precursor to PI4P), PI4P is known to recruit ORP5, and ORP5 is known to contribute to PtdSer content in the membrane [1, 2]. Regardless, the authors find that the individual knockdown of MTMR proteins is sufficient to cause measurable changes in PM content and mislocalization of mutant KRAS4B. Thus, despite the fact that many proteins are involved in regulating PM content, such as PI4KA, PtdSer synthase 1 and 2, Nir2/3, and PITPs, Henkels et al. speculate that MTMR proteins are the primary regulators of PtdSer PM levels [3, 4, 5, 6]. The authors propose that the loss of function in any one of these MTMR proteins alone is sufficient to cause significant changes in PM content through an ORP5-dependent process, and that this ultimately leads to a decrease in mutant KRAS signaling.

      Major comments:

      The unbiased siRNA screen used to identify proteins that impact KRAS membrane localization was a very nice approach to identify MTMR proteins. Although there is a clear phenotype of KRAS mislocalization associated with knockdown of the various MTMR proteins, the data provided does not prove a causational role for the MTMR proteins in maintaining PtdSer content, nor KRAS localization, at the PM. The current data does not provide a mechanism by which MTMR proteins are influencing this process, but rather speculates using existing literature that it is the loss in MTMR 3-phosphotase activity that leads to decreased PtdSer in the membrane. There is a series of conversions and exchanges that act upon PI3P (the substrate of MTMR proteins) and PI to generate PtdSer in the PM; thus, it is a dynamic process that is influenced by a variety of different proteins and transporters [3, 4, 5, 6]. To prove their single-protein-driven hypothesis, the authors should clone and express a mutant MTMR protein construct that contains an inactive phosphatase catalytic domain, to prove that it is indeed MTMR's generation of PI (which is further converted into PI4P) in the membrane that is responsible for maintaining PtdSer content and KRAS localization. Without this, there is not enough evidence to support this claim. In addition, the authors speculate that ORP5 is a critical intermediate in this process, and that the loss in PI4P/ORP5 at the PM following MTMR knockdown is responsible for the decrease in PtdSer at the PM. The authors should knockdown ORP5 in MTMR-wildtype cells, since it is downstream of their proposed mechanism, and see whether this leads to comparable reductions in PtdSer levels and KRAS mislocalization at the PM. This would confirm ORP5 as having a major role in this setting and would support the initial mechanistic hypothesis. These experiments are imperative to forming an appropriate conclusion, especially since some of their current data contradicts their mechanistic hypothesis: the authors identify a decrease in whole cell PtdSer content, not just PM PtdSer content, when MTMR proteins are knocked down. Based on this result, one would predict that a secondary or supporting mechanism must exist that contributes to a reduction in whole cell PtdSer content, which likely contributes to its loss at the PM as well. The authors describe in line 360 how "previous work has shown that PM PI4P depletion indirectly blocks PtdSer synthase 1 and 2 activities," to explain this reduction in total cell levels of PtdSer. The authors should look at PtdSer synthase 1 and 2 activities in the presence of MTMR knockdown, as the loss in PtdSer at the PM may rely more heavily on synthase activity than ORP-dependent transfer of PtdSer. Although the c. Elegans model that was used to investigate downstream let-60 (RAS ortholog) activity through a multi-vulva phenotype is quite intriguing, it is more critical to assess downstream RAS pathway activation, especially in the human colorectal adenocarcinoma or the human mammary gland ductal carcinoma cell lines. Not only would this line of questioning provide a higher significance and increase the clinical applicability of these findings, but it is also crucial to support the author's claim that MTMR knockdown can influence mutant KRAS activity. Although small changes in KRAS localization to the PM can have significant effects on downstream signaling, these effects need to be measured and confirmed in this setting. The authors should perform western blots to assess the activation of both the PI3K and MAPK pathway in the MTMR knockdown cell lines. In addition to this, it might be important to know whether there are any changes in the levels of the KRAS protein itself, as recycling/transport pathways may be impacted by its lack of recruitment to the plasma membrane. Finally, the authors show that proliferation is inhibited by MTMR knockdown as a readout of RAS activity. The authors should also assess the levels of cell death, as the inhibition of mutant KRAS in cancer cells would likely lead to cell death. The authors do not describe why reducing any one of the MTMR proteins alone is sufficient to deplete the PM of PtdSer. This sort of discussion is important for understanding compensatory or regulatory mechanisms in place between the MTMR proteins, as this may influence PtdSer levels at the PM. For example, it has been shown that MTMR2 can stabilize MTMR13 on membranes. Do the levels, stability, or localization of the other MTMR proteins change when one specific MTMR is knocked down? Is this why we see an effect on PtdSer in any one of the knockdowns? The authors should at the very least provide western blots for each of the MTMR proteins discussed in the presence of each individual MTMR knockdown.<br /> In addition to the above experiments, the MTMR hairpins should be expressed in a secondary or tertiary cell line to prove that these events are not specific to the current model used. Since their current human mammary gland ductal carcinoma cell line overexpresses a mutant KRAS-GFP construct, perhaps doing similar experiments in a cancer cell line that already expresses an endogenous mutant KRAS might provide a better model. Although this protein would not include a GFP-tag, other ways of visualizing its localization at the PM (such as immunofluorescent staining) could be used to confirm its localization there. In addition, the effects on downstream RAS signaling could be measured through western blot of PI3K and MAPK pathways. Supplemental Figure 4 is incorrectly referred to in the text as Supplemental Figure 3 (line 257-258). The text reads, "Confocal microscopy further demonstrates that HRASG12V cellular localization is not disrupted after silencing MTMR 2/3/4/7 (Fig. S3)" but Figure S3 is an EM image of PM basal sheets from T47D cells expressing GFP-KRASG12V. Supplemental Figure 4 shows that mutant HRAS is unaffected by the various MTMR knockdowns. Since the authors show decreased proliferation in mutant KRAS cells following MTMR knockdown, the authors should also investigate any changes to proliferation rates in mutant HRAS cell lines following MTMR knockdown. This data is necessary to prove that MTMR-driven changes in downstream RAS signaling are specific to mutant KRAS and not mutant HRAS. It may also be important for the authors to also show any effects on wildtype RAS localization to the PM when MTMR-2,-3,-4, and -7 are knocked down, to show whether this is a oncoprotein-specific event. <br /> The representative images chosen for Figure 4 diminish the reliability of the data, as it is difficult to see a visible change in the PI3P probe between the control and MTMR knockdown cells in these images. Since the authors rely on the Mander's coefficient and the number of gold particles throughout much of the paper, having the same conclusion quantitatively but not qualitatively for these assays is confusing. Perhaps the authors should elaborate on whether MTMR knockdown has a stronger effect on PtSer and KRAS PM presence than PI3P PM presence. They should also describe their method for identifying early endosomes, since they switch back and forth between describing the content of the PM and of early endosomes, such as in Figure 1 and Figure 4.

      Minor comments:

      An additional experiment that may add another layer of clinical applicability would be the use of an MTMR inhibitor in this cell line, to see whether similar effects can be achieved pharmacologically [7]. This would provoke other researchers to investigate MTMR inhibitors in vitro and in vivo to assess the effect on mutant KRAS cancers.

      The inclusion of cell lines that express KRAS proteins of different mutational statuses would be extremely interesting, as KRAS' orientation within the plasma membrane has been shown to be altered by these mutations. This fact should potentially be considered when choosing a secondary or tertiary cell line to do additional experiments in, but it is not necessary for the authors to elaborate on how MTMR proteins may impact different KRAS mutants for the scope of this project.

      The results of this paper rely heavily on one experimental technique, which is calculating a Mander's coefficient and counting the co-localization of the probe of interest with the CellMask stain of the plasma membrane. How this coefficient is derived is explained in appropriate detail in the methods section of this manuscript; however, a secondary route of identifying these changes in membrane constituents would greatly enhance the paper's conclusions. This would eliminate any doubt surrounding the accuracy of the technique, since so much of the data relies on one experimental output.

      References

      1. Clague MJ, Lorenzo O. The myotubularin family of lipid phosphatases. Traffic. (12):1063-9 (2005).
      2. Chung J, Torta F, Masai K, Lucast L, Czapla H, Tanner LB, Narayanaswamy P, Wenk MR, Nakatsu F, De Camilli P. PI4P/phosphatidylserine countertransport at ORP5- and ORP8-mediated ER-plasma membrane contacts. Science. 349(6246):428-32 (2015).
      3. Kim YJ, Guzman-Hernandez ML, Wisniewski E, Balla T. Phosphatidylinositol-Phosphatidic Acid Exchange by Nir2 at ER-PM Contact Sites Maintains Phosphoinositide Signaling Competence. Dev Cell 33: 549-561 (2015).
      4. Balla A, Balla T. Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinases: Old enzymes with emerging functions. Trends Cell Biol 16, 351-361 (2006).
      5. Arikketh D, Nelson R, Vance JE. Defining the importance of phosphatidylserine synthase-1 (PSS1): unexpected viability of PSS1-deficient mice. J Biol Chem. 283(19):12888-97 (2008).
      6. Cockcroft S. The diverse functions of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 362:185-208 (2012).
      7. Taylor GS, Maehama T, Dixon JE. Myotubularin, a protein tyrosine phosphatase mutated in myotubular myopathy, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1;97(16):8910-5 (2000).

      Significance

      The significance of this paper lies in providing the field with an additional regulator of KRAS localization at the PM, as this is localization is critical to KRAS function. Despite three decades worth of understanding and even successfully blocking KRAS membrane localization in vitro, no KRAS-membrane-localization inhibitors have been approved for the clinic. Thus, there is still room in the field for the development of a safe therapeutic target that can effectively block this process. There is a consensus in the literature that PtdSer is critical for KRAS anchoring to the membrane, and this paper describes how MTMR proteins may impact the supply of PtdSer to the PM. Since this work is done in a cancer background by utilizing a mutant KRAS construct (KRASG12V), this work would be interesting to many cancer researchers that are attempting to target mutant KRAS. This paper would also be interesting to researchers who investigate mechanisms of PM maintenance.

      Our lab studies RAS signaling in tumorigenesis. The authors are clear in their explanations of the mechanisms of PM maintenance and PM components relevant to this study.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Manuscript number: RC-2023-01938R

      Corresponding author(s): Ilan, Davis

      1. General Statements

      We thank all four reviewers for their helpful and constructive comments. We have gone through each and every comment and proposed how we would address each point raised by the reviewers. We are confident our proposed revisions are feasible within a reasonable and expected time frame. Some of the comments regarding minor typo/aesthetics and extra references have already been addressed in the transferred manuscript. The changes are highlighted in yellow in the transferred manuscript.

      2. Description of the planned revisions

      Reviewer #1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

      Major points:

      1. The presented work itself (Figures 1-4) does not need significant adjustments prior to publication, in my view, with only a few points to address. However, the work in Figure 5- doesn't really support the claims the authors make on its own, and would require some additional experiments or at the very least discussion of the caveats to its current form.

      We thank the reviewer for these comments and will follow the reviewer’s suggestion by discussing the caveats regarding the interpretation of Figure 5. We will also add to the discussion to suggest future research approaches beyond the scope of this manuscript that would address the functional importance of localised mRNA translation. We will briefly mention in the discussion methods such as the quantification of the mRNA foci and the disruption of the mRNA localisation signals to disrupt localised translation and the use of techniques such as Sun-Tag (Tanenbaum et al, 2014) and FLARIM (Richer et al, 2021) to visualise local translation directly.


      Tanenbaum et al, 2014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.09.039

      Richer et al, 2021 DOI: 10.1101/2021.08.13.456301

      * __ Localized glia transcripts, are they "glial/CNS/PNS" significant or are they similar to other known datasets of protrusion transcriptomes? The authors compared their 4801 "total" localized to a local transcriptome dataset from the Chekulaeva lab finding that a significant fraction are localized in both. As the authors note, this is in good agreement with a recent paper from the Talifarro lab showing conservation of localization of mRNAs across different cell types. What the authors haven't done here, is further test this by looking at other non-neuronal projection transcriptomic datasets (for example Mardakheh Developmental Cell 2015, among others). If the predicted glia-localized processes are similar to non-neuronal processes transcriptomes, this would further strengthen this claim and rule out some level of CNS/PNS derived linage driving the similarities between glia and neuronal localized transcripts. __*

      This is a good point and we thank the review for pointing out this interesting cancer data set. We will do as the reviewer suggests and intersect our data with Mardakheh Dev Cell 2015 to test the further generality of localisation in neurons and glia, in other cell types. Specifically, we plan to intersect both glial (this study) and neuronal (von Kuegelgen & Chekulaeva, 2020) dataset with protrusive breast cancer cells (Mardakeh et al, 2015).

      • *

      von Kuegelgen & Chekulaeva, 2020 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1590

      Mardakeh et al, 2015 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.005

      * __ The presentation/discussion around Figure 3 is a bit weaker than other parts of the manuscript, and it doesn't really contribute to the story in its current form. Notably there is no discussion about the significance of glia in neurological disorders until the very end of the manuscript (page 21), meaning when its first brought up.. it just sits there as a one off side point. The authors might consider strengthening/tightening up the discussion here, if they really want to keep it as a solo main figure rather than integrating it somewhere else/putting it into supplemental. In my view, Figures 2 & 3 should be merged into something a bit more streamlined. __*

      This is a good point. We plan to strengthen the presentation of Figure 3 and discussion of the significance of glia in neurological disorders by adding a description of the Figure in the Results section and highlighting the significance of glia in nervous system disorders in the Discussion section.

      * __ Why aren't there more examples of different mRNAs in Figure 4? Seems a waste to kick them all to supplemental. __*

      We agree that it could be helpful to show different expression patterns in the main figure. To address this point we will add Pdi (Fig. S4D), which shows mRNA expression in both the glia and the surrounding muscle cell. This pattern is in contrast to Gs2, which is highly specific to glial cells. We will also note that although pdi mRNA is present in both the glia and muscle, Pdi protein is only abundant in the glia, suggesting that translation of pdi mRNA to protein is regulated in a cell-specific manner.

      The plasticity experiments, while creative, I think need to be approached far more cautiously in their interpretation. Given that the siRNAs will completely deplete these mRNAs- it really needs to be stressed any/all of the effects seen could just be the result of "defective" or "altered" states in this glial population- which has spill over effects on plasticity in at the NMJ. Without directly visualizing if these mRNAs are locally translated in these processes and assessing if their translation is modulated by their plasticity paradigm, all these experiments can say is that these RNAs are needed in glia to modulate ghost bouton formation in axons. This represents the weakest part of this manuscript, and the part that I feel does not actually backup the claims currently being made. Without any experiments to A. quantify how much of these transcripts are localized vs in the cell body of these glia, B. visualize/quantify the translation of these mRNAs during baseline and during plasticity; the authors cannot use these data to claim that localized mRNAs are required for synaptic plasticity.

      We are grateful to the reviewer for pointing out that we were not precise enough in defining our interpretation of the structural plasticity assay. We did not intend to claim that our results show that local translation of these transcripts is necessary for plasticity, only that these transcripts are localized and are required in the glia for plasticity in the adjacent neuron (in which the transcript levels are not disrupted in the experiment). Definitively proving that these transcripts are required locally and translated in response to synaptic activity would require genetic/chemical perturbations and imaging assays that would require a year or more to complete, so are beyond the scope of this manuscript. To address this point, we will clarify that the results do not show that localized transcripts are required, only that the transcripts are required somewhere specifically in the glial cell (without affecting the neuron level), and we can indeed show in an independent experiment that there are localized transcripts.

      Reviewer #2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

      Major points:

      1. * __ The authors analyse the 1700 shortlisted genes for Gene Ontology and associations with austism spectrum disorder, leading to interesting results. However, it is not clear to what extent the enrichments they observe are driven by their presumptive localization or if the associations are driven to a significant extent by the presence of these genes in the selected cell types in the Fly Cell Atlas. One way to address this would be to perform the GO and SFARI analysis on genes that are expressed in the same cells in the Fly Cell Atlas but were not shortlisted from the mammalian cell datasets - the results could then be compared to those obtained with the 1700 localized transcripts. __* This is a fair point raised by the reviewer as genes involved in neurological disease such as Autism Spectrum Disorder may be enriched in CNS/PNS cell types. We will follow the reviewer’s suggestion to perform GO and SFARI gene enrichment analysis in genes that were not shortlisted for presumptive glial localisation.

      Although the authors attempt to justify its inclusion, I'm not convinced why it was important to use the whole cell transcriptome of perisynaptic Schwann cells as part of the selection process for localizing transcripts. Including this dataset may reduce the power of the pipeline by including mRNAs that are not localized to protrusions. How many of the shortlisted 1700 genes, and how many of the 11 glial localized mRNAs in Table 5, would be lost if the whole cell transcriptome were excluded. More generally, what is the distribution of the 11 validated localizing transcripts in each dataset in Table 4? This information might be valuable for determining which dataset(s), if any, has the best predictive power in this context.

      We thank the reviewer for raising this point, which we will address with further analysis and adding to the discussion. We propose to address the criticism by running our analysis pipeline without the inclusion of the dataset using Perisynaptic Schwann Cells (PSCs) and then intersect with the PSCs-expressed genes, since their functional similarity with polarised Drosophila glial cells is highly relevant. We also agree with the reviewer that it would be a useful control for us to assess the ‘predictive power’ of each glial dataset by calculating their contribution to the shortlisted 1,700 glial localised transcripts and to the 11 experimentally validated transcripts via in situ hybridisation. To address this point, we plan to add this information in the revised manuscript.

      * __ Did the authors check if any of the RNAi constructs are reducing levels of the target mRNA or protein? Doing so would strengthen the confidence in these important results significantly. In any case, the authors should also mention the caveat of potential off-target effects of RNAi. __*

      We thank the reviewer for their useful comment and agree that the extent to which the RNAi expression reduces the levels of mRNA is not specifically known. We will add a FISH experiment on lac, pdi and gs2 RNAi showing very strong reduction in mRNA levels. We will also add an explanation of the caveats of the use of the RNAi system to the discussion.

      Methods: what is the justification for assuming that if the RNAi cross caused embryonic or larval lethality then the 'next most suitable' RNAi line is reporting on a phenotype specific to the gene. If the authors want to claim the effect is associated with different degrees of knockdown they should show this experimentally. An alternative explanation is that the line used for phenotypic analysis in glia is associated with an off-target effect.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. We agree that off target effects cannot in principle be completely ruled out without considerable additional experimental analysis beyond the scope of this manuscript. To address the criticism we will remove the expression data of the lines that cause lethality and revise the discussion to explain that the level of knockdown in each line is unknown, and would require further experimental exploration.

      Minor points:

      1. It would be helpful to have in the Introduction (rather than the Results, as is currently the case) an operational definition of mRNA localization in the context of the study. And is it known whether or not localization in protrusions is the norm in mammalian glia or the Drosophila larval glia? I ask because it may be that almost all mRNAs diffuse into the protrusion, so this is not a selective process. One interesting approach to test this idea might be to test if the 1700 shortlisted transcripts have a significant underrepresentation of 'housekeeping' functions. We thank the reviewer for this excellent suggestion. To address the comment, we will move our explanation of the operational definition of mRNA localization to the Introduction. We will also perform enrichment analysis of housekeeping genes within 1,700 shortlisted transcripts compared to the transcriptome background, as the reviewer suggested.

      Reviewer #3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

      Major points:

      1. The authors have pooled data from different studies across different type of glial cells performed from in vitro to in vivo. While pooling datasets may reveal common transcripts enriched in processes, this may not be the best approach considering these are completely different types of glial cells with distinct function in neuronal physiology. We thank the reviewer for highlighting the need for us to further justify why we pooled datasets. We will revise the manuscript to better emphasise that the overarching goal of our study was to try to discern a common set of localised transcripts shared between the cells. The problem with analysing and comparing individual data sets is that much of the variation may be due to differences in the methods used and amount of material, rather than differences in the type of cells used. We will revise the discussion to make this point and plan to explain that our approach corresponds well with a previous publication pooling localised mRNA datasets in neurons (von Kugelgen & Chekulaeva 2021).

      von Kuegelgen & Chekulaeva, 2020 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1590

      It is important to note the limitations of the study. For example, DeSeq2 is biased for highly expressed transcripts. How robust was the prediction for low abundance transcripts?

      The presented 1,700 transcripts were shortlisted based on their presence and expression level (TPM) in glial protrusions rather than their relative enrichment. Nevertheless, the reviewer makes a valid criticism of our use of DESeq2, where we compared enriched transcripts in glial and neuronal protrusions in Figure 1D. To address this point we will discuss this caveat in the relevant section.

      The issue raised regarding low abundance transcript prediction raises an important question: does the likelihood of localisation to cell extremities correlate with mRNA abundance? We have already partially addressed this point, since our analysis of the fraction of localised transcripts per expression level quantiles shows only limited correlation. To address this comment, we will add these results in the revised manuscript as a supplementary figure.

      The authors identify 1,700 transcripts that they classify as "predicted to be present" in the projections of the Drosophila PNS glia. This was based on the comparison to all the mammalian glial transcripts. Since the authors have access to a transcriptomic study from Perisynaptic Schwann cells (PSCs), the nonmyelinating glia associated with the NMJ isolated from mice; it would be more convincing to then validate the extent of overlap between Drosophila peripheral glial with the mammalian PSCs. This may reveal conserved features of localized transcripts in the PNS, particularly associated with the NMJ function.

      Thank you for the valuable suggestion. A similar point was also raised by __[Reviewer #2 - Major point 2] __to re-run our pipeline excluding the PSCs dataset and intersect with the PSC transcriptome post-hoc. Please see the above section for our detailed response.

      Fig 2: What is the extent of overlap between the translating fractions versus the localized fraction? It will be informative to perform the functional annotation of the translating glial transcripts as identified from Fig 1D.

      This is an interesting question. To address this point, we plan to: (i) compare transcripts that are translated vs. localised in glial protrusions, and (ii) perform functional annotation enrichment analysis on the translated fraction of genes.

      "We conclude predicted group of 1,700 are highly likely to be peripherally localized in Drosophila cytoplasmic glial projections". To validate their predictions, the authors test some of these candidates in only one glial cell type. It might be worthy to extend this for other differentially expressed genes localized in another glial type as well.

      The presented in vivo analyses made use of the repo-GAL4 driver, which is active in all glial subtypes, including subperineurial, perineurial and wrapping glia that make distal projection to the larval neuromuscular junction. We agree that subtype-specific analysis would be highly informative, but we believe this is outside the scope of the current work where we aimed to identify conserved localised transcriptomes across all glial subtypes. Nevertheless, to address the comment, we plan to further clarify our use of pan-glial repo-GAL4 driver in the Results and Method section of the revised manuscript.

      Figure 5: The authors perform KD of candidate transcripts to test the effect on synapse formation. However, these are KD with RNAi that spans across the entire cell. To make the claim about the importance of "target" RNA localization in glia stronger, ideally, they should disrupt the enrichment specifically in the glial protusions and test the impact on bouton formation. Do these three RNAs have any putative localization elements?

      We agree with the review, that we would ideally test the effect of disruption of mRNA localization (and therefore localised translation). However, we feel these experiments are beyond the scope of this current study, as they will require a long road of defining localisation signals that are small enough to disrupt without affecting other functions. To address this comment we will revise the Discussion section to mention those difficulties explicitly, and clarify the limitations of the approach used in our study for greater transparency.

      Reviewer #4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

      Major points:

      1. The authors use FISH to validate the glial expression of their target genes, though these experiments are not quantified, and no controls are shown. The authors should provide a supplemental figure with "no probe" controls, and/or validate the specificity of the probe via glial knockdown of the target gene (see point 2). Furthermore, these data should be quantified (e.g. number of puncta colocalized with NMJ glia membrans). Thank you for requesting further information regarding the YFP smFISH probes. We have validated the specificity and sensitivity of the YFP probe in our recent publication (Titlow et al, 2023, Figure 1 and S1). Specifically, we demonstrated the lack of YFP probe signal from wild-type untagged biosamples and showed colocalization of YFP spots with additional probes targeting the endogenous exon of the transcript. Nevertheless, we will address this comment by adding control image panels of smFISH in wild-type (OrR) neuromuscular junction preparations.

      Titlow et al, 2023 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202205129

      For the most part, the authors only use one RNAi line for their functional studies, and they only show data for one line, even if multiple were used. To rule out potential false negatives, the authors should leverage their FISH probes to show the efficacy of their knockdowns in glia. This would serve the dual purpose of validating the new probes (see point 1).

      Thank you for the suggestion. This point was also raised by [Reviewer #2 - Major point 3]. Please see above for our detailed response.

      In Figure 5 E, given the severe reduction in size in the stimulated Pdi KD animals, the authors should show images of the unstimulated nerve as well. Do the nerve terminals actually shrink in size in these animals following stimulation, rather than expand? The NMJ looks substantially smaller than a normal L3 NMJ, though their quantification of neurite size in F suggests they're normal until stimulation.

      We share the same interpretation of the data with the reviewer that the neurite area is reduced post-potassium stimulation in pdi knockdown animals. We will follow the reviewer’s suggestion and add an image showing unstimulated neuromuscular junctions.

      Minor points:

      The authors claim that there is an enrichment of ASD-related genes in their final list of ~1400 genes that are enriched in glial processes. It is well-appreciated that synaptically-localized mRNAs are generally linked to ASDs. Can the authors comment on whether the transcripts localized to glial processes are even more linked to ASDs and neurological disorders than transcripts known to be localized to neuronal processes?

      This is an interesting point. To address the comment, we will add a comparison of the degree of enrichment of ASD-related genes in neurite vs. glial protrusions in the revised manuscript.

      __*

      *__

      • *

      3. Description of the revisions that have already been incorporated in the transferred manuscript

      Reviewer #1


      1. The use of blue/green or blue/green/magenta is difficult to resolve in some places. Swapping blue for cyan would greatly aid in visualizing their data.
      2. *

      This comment is much appreciated. We have swapped blue for cyan in Figures 4 and S4. We have also changed Figure S1 to increase contrast and visibility as per reviewer’s comment.

      Make the colouring/formatting of the tables more consistent, its distracting when its constantly changing (also there is no need for a blue background.. just use a basic white table).

      This comment is much appreciated. We have applied a consistent colour palette to the Tables without background colourings and made the formatting uniform.

      • *

      Reviewer #2

      • *

      Introduction: 'Asymmetric mRNA localization is likely to be as important in glia, as it is in neurons,...'. Remove commas

      Thank you for pointing this mistake out. We have made the corresponding edits.

      • *

      Reviewer #3

      RNA localization in oligodendrocytes has been well studied and characterized. The authors should cite and discuss those papers (PMID: 18442491; PMID: 9281585).

      We thank the reviewer for this useful suggestion. We have added these references to the paper.

      • *

      • *

      Reviewer #4

      • *

      • In Figure 5D, the authors should include a label to indicate that these images are from an unstimulated condition. We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. We have added the label as requested.

      The authors are missing a number of key citations for studies that have explored the functional significance of mRNA trafficking in glia, and those that have validated activity-dependent translation:

      - ____https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490510____/

      -____https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7691830____/

      -____https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001053

      -____https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7450274____/

      -_https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36261025_*/

      *__

      We thank the reviewer for the comment. We have added these references to the text.

      • *

      4. Description of analyses that authors prefer not to carry out

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      Dear Editor and Reviewers,

      *We thank you for the thorough and detailed examination of our preprint and providing the very valuable comments that helped to even better present and interpret our data. *

      *Thank you in particular for appreciating the extensive set of microscopic techniques that we have combined to study in a unique manner the characteristics and functionalities of FIT nuclear bodies in living plant cells. *

      We prepared a revised preprint in which we address all reviewer comments. Our revision includes a NEW experiment (in four repetitions) that addresses one comment made by the reviewers with regard to the effects of the environmental FIT NB-inducing situation:

      • NEW Supplemental Figures S6 and S7: Analysis of previously reported intron retention splicing variants of Fe deficiency genes FIT, BHLH039, IRT1, FRO2 in new gene expression experiments (Four independent repetitions of the experiments with three biological replicates of each sample – white/blue light treatment, sufficient and deficient iron supply). In the following, please find our detailed response to all reviewer comments.

      With these changes, we hope that our peer-reviewed preprint can receive a positive vote,

      We are looking forward to your response,

      Sincerely

      Petra Bauer and Ksenia Trofimov on behalf of all authors

      Comments to the reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In this paper entitled " FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT) accumulates in homo- and heterodimeric complexes in dynamic and inducible nuclear condensates associated with speckle components", Trofimov and colleagues describe for the first time the function of FIT in nuclear bodies. By an impressive set of microscopies technics they assess FIT localization in nuclear bodies and its dynamics. Finally, they reveal their importance in controlling iron deficiency pathway. The manuscript is well written and fully understandable. Nonetheless, at it stands the manuscript present some weakness by the lack of quantification for co-localization and absence controls making hard to follow authors claim. Moreover, to substantially improve the manuscript the authors need to provide more proof of concepts in A. thaliana as all the nice molecular and cellular mechanism is only provided in N. bentamiana. Finally, some key conclusions in the paper are not fully supported by the data. Please see below:

      Main comments:

      1) For colocalization analysis, the author should provide semi-quantitative data counting the number of times by eyes they observed no, partial or full co-localization and indicate on how many nucleus they used.

      Authors:

      We have added the information in the Materials and Method section, lines 731-734:

      In total, 3-4 differently aged leaves of 2 plants were infiltrated and used for imaging. One infiltrated leaf with homogenous presence of one or two fluorescence proteins was selected, depending on the aim of the experiment, and ca. 30 cells were observed. Images are taken from 3-4 cells, one representative image is shown.

      In all analyzed cases, except in the case of colocalization of FIT and PIF4 fusion proteins, the ca. 30 cells had the same localization and/or colocalization patterns. This information has also been added in the figure legends. Each experiment was repeated at least 2-3 times, or as indicated in the figure legend.

      2) Do semi-quantitative co-localization analysis by eyes, on FIT NB with known NB makers in the A. thaliana root. For now, all the nicely described molecular mechanism is shown in N. benthamiana which makes this story a bit weak since all the iron transcriptional machinery is localized in the root to activate IRT1.

      Authors:

      The described approach has been very optimal, and we were able to screen co-localizing marker proteins in FIT NBs in N. benthamiana to better identify the nature of FIT NBs. This has been successful as we were able to associate FIT NBs with speckles. The N. benthamiana system allowed optimal microscopic observation of fluorescence proteins and quantification of FIT NB characteristics in contrast to the root hair zone of Arabidopsis where Fe uptake takes place. FIT is expressed at a low level in roots and also in leaves, whereby fluorescence protein expression levels are insufficient for the here-presented microscopic studies. The tobacco infiltration system is also well established to study FIT-bHLH039 protein interaction and nuclear body markers. We discuss this point in the discussion, see line 489-500.

      3) The authors need to provide data clearly showing that the blue light induce NB in A. thaliana and N. benthamiana.

      Authors:

      *For tobacco, see Figure 1B (t = 0, 5 min) and Supplemental Movies S1. For Arabidopsis, please see Figure 1A (t = 0, 90 and 120 min) and Supplemental Figure S1A. We provide an additional image of pFIT:cFIT-GFP Arabidopsis control plants, showing that NB formation is not detected in plants that were grown in white light and not exposed to blue light before inspection (Supplemental Figure S1B). We state, that upon blue light exposure, plants had FIT NBs in at least 3-10 nuclei of 20 examined nuclei in the root epidermis in the root hair zone (in three independent experiments with three independent plants). White-light-treated plants showed no NB formation unless an additional exposure to blue light was provided (in three independent experiments, three independent plants per experiment and with 15 examined nuclei per plant). *

      4) Direct conclusion in the manuscript:

      • Line 170: At this point of the paper the author cannot claim that the formation of FIT condensates in the nucleus is due to the light as it might be indirectly linked to cell death induced by photodamaging the cell using a 488 lasers for several minutes. This is true especially with the ELYRA PS which has strong lasers made for super resolution and that Cell death is now liked to iron homeostasis. The same experiment might be done using a spinning disc or if the authors present the data of the blue light experiment mentioned above this assumption might be discarded. Alternatively, the author can use PI staining to assess cell viability after several minutes under 488nm laser.

      Authors:

      As stated in our response to comment 3, we have included now a white light control to show that FIT NB formation is not occurring under the normal white light conditions. Since the formation of FIT NBs is a dynamic and reversible process (Figure 1A), it indicates that the cells are still viable, and that cell death is not the reason for FIT NB formation.

      • Line 273: I don't agree with the first part of the authors conclusion, saying that "wild-type FIT had better capacities to localize to NBs than mutant FITmSS271AA, presumably due its IDRSer271/272 at the C-terminus. This is not supported by the data. In order to make such a claim the author need to compare the FA of FIT WT with FITmSS271AA by statistical analysis. Nonetheless, the value seems to be identical on the graphs. The main differences that I observed here are, 1) NP value for FITmSS271AA seems to be lower compared to FIT-WT, suggesting that the Serine might be important to regulate protein homedimerization partitioning between the NP and the NB. 2) To me, something very interesting that the author did not mention is the way the FA of FITmSS271AA in the NB and NP is behaving with high variability. The FA of those is widely spread ranging from 0.30 to 0.13 compared to the FIT-WT. To me it seems that according to the results that the Serine 271/272 are required to stabilize FIT homodimerization. This would not only explain the delay to form the condensate but also the decreased number and size observed for FITmSS271AA compared to FIT-WT. As the homodimerization occurs with high variability in FITmSS271AA, there is less chance that the protein will meet therefore decreasing the time to homodimerize and form/aggregate NB.

      Authors:

      We fully agree. We meant to describe this result it in a similar way and thank you for help in formulating this point even better. Rephrasing might make it better clear that the IDRSer271/272 is important for a proper NB localization, lines 272-278:

      “Also, the FA values did not differ between NBs and NP for the mutant protein and did not show a clear separation in homodimerizing/non-dimerizing regions (Figure 3D) as seen for FIT-GFP (Figure 3C). Both NB and NP regions showed that homodimers occurred very variably in FITmSS271AA-GFP.

      In summary, wild-type FIT could be partitioned properly between NBs and NP compared to FITmSS271AA mutant and rather form homodimers, presumably due its IDRSer271/272 at the C-terminus.”

      • Line 301: According to my previous comment (line 273), here it seems that the Serine 271/272 are required only for proper partitioning of the heterodimer FIT/BHLH039 between the NP and NB but not for the stability of the heterodimer formation. However, it might be great if the author would count the number of BHLH039 condensates in both version FITmSS271AA and FIT-WT. To my opinion, they would observe less BHLH039 condensate because the homodimer of FITmSS271AA is less likely to occur because of instability.

      Authors:

      bHLH039 alone localizes primarily to the cytoplasm and not the nucleus, and the presence of FIT is crucial for bHLH039 nuclear localization (Trofimov et al., 2019). Moreover, bHLH039 interaction with FIT depends on SS271AA (Gratz et al., 2019). We therefore did not consider this experiment for the manuscript and did not acquire such data, as we did not expect to achieve major new information.

      5) To wrap up the story about the requirements of NB in mediating iron acquisition under different light regimes, provide data for IRT1/FRO2 expression levels in fit background complemented with FITmSS271AA plants. I know that this experiment is particularly lengthy, but it would provide much more to this nice story.

      Authors:

      Data for expression of IRT1 and FRO2 in FITmSS271AA/fit-3 transgenic Arabidopsis plants are provided in Gratz et al. (2019). To address the comment, we did here a NEW experiment. We provide gene expression data on FIT, BHLH039, IRT1 and FRO2 splicing variants (previously reported intron retention) to explore the possibility of differential splicing alterations under blue light (NEW Supplemental Figure S6 and S7, lines 454-466). Very interestingly, this experiment confirms that blue light affects gene expression differently from white light in the short-term NB-inducing condition and that blue light can enhance the expression of Fe deficiency genes despite of the short 1.5 to 2 h treatment. Another interesting aspect was that the published intron retention was also detected. A significant difference in intron retention depending on iron supply versus deficiency and blue/white light was not observed, as the pattern of expression of transcripts with respective intron retentions sites was the same as the one of total transcripts mostly spliced.

      Minor comments

      In general, I would suggest the author to avoid abbreviation, it gets really confusing especially with small abbreviation as NB, NP, PB, FA.

      Authors:

      *We would like to keep the used abbreviations as they are utilized very often in our work and, in our eyes, facilitate the understanding. *

      Line 106: What does IDR mean?

      Authors:

      Explanation of the abbreviation was added to the text, lines 105-108:

      “Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) are flexible protein regions that allow conformational changes, and thus various interactions, leading to the required multivalency of a protein for condensate formation (Tarczewska and Greb-Markiewicz, 2019; Emenecker et al., 2020).”

      Line 163-164: provide data or cite a figure properly for blue light induction.

      Authors:

      We have removed this statement from the description, as we provide a white light control now, lines 157-158:

      “When whole seedlings were exposed to 488 nm laser light for several minutes, FIT became re-localized at the subnuclear level.”

      Line 188: Provide Figure ref.

      Authors:

      Figure reference was added to the text, lines 184-185:

      “As in Arabidopsis, FIT-GFP localized initially in uniform manner to the entire nucleus (t=0) of N. benthamiana leaf epidermis cells (Figure 1B).”

      Line 194: the conclusion is too strong. The authors conclude that the condensate they observed are NB based on the fact the same procedure to induce NB has been used in other study which is not convincing. Co-localization analysis with NB markers need to be done to support such a claim. At this step of the study, the author may want to talk about condensate in the nucleus which might correspond to NB. Please do so for the following paragraph in the manuscript until colocalization analysis has not been provided. Alternatively provide the co-localization analysis at this step in the paper.

      Authors:

      We agree. We changed the text in two positions.

      Lines 176-178: “Since we had previously established a reliable plant cell assay for studying FIT functionality, we adapted it to study the characteristics of the prospective FIT NBs (Gratz et al., 2019, 2020; Trofimov et al., 2019).”

      Lines 192-193:We deduced that the spots of FIT-GFP signal were indeed very likely NBs (for this reason hereafter termed FIT NBs).”

      Line 214: In order to assess the photo bleaching due to the FRAP experiment the quantification of the "recovery" needs to be provided in an unbleached area. This might explain why FIT recover up to 80% in the condensate. Moreover, the author conclude that the recovery is high however it's tricky to assess since no comparison is made with a negative/positive control.

      Authors:

      In the FRAP analysis, an unbleached area is taken into account and used for normalization.

      We reformulated the description of Figure 1F, lines 212-214:

      “According to relative fluorescence intensity the fluorescence signal recovered rapidly within FIT NBs (Figure 1F), and the calculated mobile fraction of the NB protein was on average 80% (Figure 1G).”

      Line 220-227: The conclusion it's too strong as I mentioned previously the author cannot claim that the condensate are NBs at this step of the study. They observed nuclear condensates that behave like NB when looking at the way to induce them, their shape, and the recovery. And please include a control.

      Authors:

      Please see the reformulated sentences and our response above.

      Lines 176-178: “Since we had previously established a reliable plant cell assay for studying FIT functionality, we adapted it to study the characteristics of the prospective FIT NBs (Gratz et al., 2019, 2020; Trofimov et al., 2019).”

      Lines 192-193:We deduced that the spots of FIT-GFP signal were indeed very likely NBs (for this reason hereafter termed FIT NBs).”

      Line 239: It's unappropriated to give the conclusion before the evidence.

      Authors:

      Thank you. We removed the conclusion.

      Line 240: Figure 2A, provide images of FIT-G at 15min in order to compare. And the quantification needs to be provided at 5 minutes and 15 minutes for both FIT-G WT and FIT-mSS271AA-G counting the number of condensates in the nucleus. Especially because the rest of the study is depending on these time points.

      Authors:

      *This information is provided in the Supplemental Movie S1C. *

      Line 241: the author say that the formation of condensate starts after 5 minutes (line 190) here (line 241) the author claim that it starts after 1 minutes. Please clarify.

      Authors:

      In line 190 we described that FIT NB formation occurs after the excitation and is fully visible after 5 min. In line 241 we stated that the formation starts in the first minutes after excitation, which describes the same time frame. We rephrased the respective sentences.

      Lines 185-188: “A short duration of 1 min 488 nm laser light excitation induced the formation of FIT-GFP signals in discrete spots inside the nucleus, which became fully visible after only five minutes (t=5; Figure 1B and Supplemental Movie S1A).”

      Lines 239-242: “While FIT-GFP NB formation started in the first minutes after excitation and was fully present after 5 min (Supplemental Movie S1A), FITmSS271AA-GFP NB formation occurred earliest 10 min after excitation and was fully visible after 15 min (Supplemental Movie S1C).”

      Line 254: Not sure what the authors claim "not only for interaction but also for FIT NB formation ". To me, the IDR is predicted to be perturbed by modeling when the serines are mutated therefore the IDR might be important to form condensates in the nucleus. Please clarify.

      Authors:

      The formation of nuclear bodies is slow for FITmSS271AA as seen in Figure 2. Previously, we showed that FITmSS271AA homodimerizes less (Gratz et al., 2019.) Therefore, the said IDR is important for both processes, NB formation and homodimerization. We have added this information to make the point clear, lines 253-255:

      “This underlined the significance of the Ser271/272 site, not only for interaction (Gratz et al., 2019) but also for FIT NB formation (Figure 2).”

      Line 255: It's not clear why the author test if the FIT homodimerization is preferentially associated with condensate in the nucleus.

      Authors:

      We test this because both homo- and heterodimerization of bHLH TFs are generally important for the activity of TFs, and we unraveled the connection between protein interaction and NB formation. We state this in lines 228-232.

      Line 269-272: It's not clear to what the authors are referring to.

      Authors:

      We are describing the homodimeric behavior of FIT and FITmSS271AA assessed by homo-FRET measurements that are introduced in the previous paragraph, lines 256-268.

      Line 309: This colocalization part should be presented before line 194.

      Authors:

      We find it convincing to first examine and characterize the process underlying FIT NB formation, then studying a possible function of NBs. The colocalization analysis is part of a functional analysis of NBs. We thank the reviewer for the hint that colocalization also confirms that indeed the nuclear FIT spots are NBs. We will take this point and discuss it, lines 516-522:

      “Additionally, the partial and full colocalization of FIT NBs with various previously reported NB markers confirm that FIT indeed accumulates in and forms NBs. Since several of NB body markers are also behaving in a dynamic manner, this corroborates the formation of dynamic FIT NBs affected by environmental signals.”

      “In conclusion, the properties of liquid condensation and colocalization with NB markers, along with the findings that it occurred irrespective of the fluorescence protein tag preferentially with wild-type FIT, allowed us to coin the term of ‘FIT NBs’.”

      Line 328: add the ref to figure, please.

      Authors:

      Figure reference was added to the text, lines 330-332:

      “The second type (type II) of NB markers were partially colocalized with FIT-GFP. This included the speckle components ARGININE/SERINE-RICH45-mRFP (SR45) and the serine/arginine-rich matrix protein SRm102-mRFP (Figure 5).”

      Line 334: It seems that the size of the SR45 has an anormal very large diameter between 4 and 6 µm. In general a speckle measure about 2-3µm in diameter. Can the author make sure that this structure is not due to overexpression in N. benthamiana or make sure to not oversaturate the image.

      Authors:

      Thank you for this hint. Indeed, there are reports that SR45 is a dynamic component inside cells. It can redistribute depending on environmental conditions and associate into larger speckles depending on the nuclear activity status (Ali et al., 2003). We include this reference and refer to it in the discussion, lines 557-564:

      “Interestingly, typical FIT NB formation did not occur in the presence of PB markers, indicating that they must have had a strong effect on recruiting FIT. This is interesting because the partially colocalizing SR45, PIF3 and PIF4 are also dynamic NB components. Active transcription processes and environmental stimuli affect the sizes and numbers of SR45 speckles and PB (Ali et al., 2003; Legris et al., 2016; Meyer, 2020). This may indicate that, similarly, environmental signals might have affected the colocalization with FIT and resulting NB structures in our experiments. Another factor of interference might also be the level of expression.”

      Line 335: It seems that the colocalization is partial only partial after induction of NB. The FIT NB colocalize around SR45. But it's hard to tell because the images are saturated therefore creating some false overlapping region.

      Authors:

      The localization of FIT with SR45 is partial and occurs only after FIT has undergone condensation, see lines 335-338.

      Line 344-345: It's unappropriated to give the conclusion before the evidence.

      Authors:

      We explain at an earlier paragraph that we will show three different types of colocalization and introduce the respective colocalization types within separate paragraphs accordingly, see lines 314-321.

      Line 353: increase the contrast in the image of t=5 for UAP56H2 since it's hard to assess the colocalization.

      Authors:

      This is done as noted in the figure legend of Figure 6.

      Line 381-382: "In general" does not sound scientific avoid this kind of wording and describe precisely your findings.

      Authors:

      We rephrased the sentence, line 387-388:

      Localization of single expressed PIF3-mCherry remained unchanged at t=0 and t=15 (Supplemental Figure S5A).

      Line 384-385: Provide the data and the reference to the figure.

      Authors:

      We apologize for the misunderstanding and rephrased the sentence, line 389-391:

      After 488 nm excitation, FIT-GFP accumulated and finally colocalized with the large PIF3-mCherry PB at t=15, while the typical FIT NBs did not appear (Figure 7A)

      Line 386: The structure in which FIT-G is present in the Figure 7A t=15 is not alike the once already observed along the paper. This could be explained by over-expression in N. benthamiana. Please explain.

      Authors:

      Thank you for the hint. We discuss this in the discussion part, see lines 555-568.

      Line 393: Explain and provide data why the morphology of PIF4/FIT NB do not correspond to the normal morphology.

      Authors:

      Thank you for the valuable hints. Several reasons may account for this and we provide explanations in the discussion, see lines 555-568.

      Line 396-398: It seems also from the data that co-expression of PIF4 of PIF3 will affect the portioning of FIT between the NP and the NB.

      Authors:

      We can assume that residual nucleoplasm is depleted from protein during NB formation. This is likely true for all assessed colocalization experiments. We discuss this in lines 492-494.

      The discussion is particularly lengthy it might be great to reduce the size and focus on the main findings.

      Authors:

      *We shortened the discussion. *

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      All good for me, I think that the comments/suggestions from Reviewer #2 are valid and fair. If they are addressed they will improve considerably the manuscript.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      This manuscript is describing an unprecedent very precise cellular and molecular mechanism in nutrition throughout a large set of microscopies technics. Formation of nuclear bodies and their role are still largely unexplored in this context. Therefore, this study sheds light on the functional role of this membrane less compartment and will be appreciated by a large audience. However, the fine characterization is only made using transient expression in N. Bentamiana and only few proofs of concept are provided in A. thaliana stable line.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The manuscript of Trofimov et al shows that FIT undergoes light-induced, reversible condensation and localizes to nuclear bodies (NBs), likely via liquid-liquid phase separation and light conditions plays important role in activity of FIT. Overall, manuscript is well written, authors have done a great job by doing many detailed and in-depth experiments to support their findings and conclusions.

      However, I have a number of questions/comments regarding the data presented and there are still some issues that authors should take into account.

      Major points/comments:

      1) Authors only focused on blue light conditions. Is there any specific reason for selecting only blue light and not others (red light or far red)?

      Authors:

      There are two main reasons: First, in a preliminary study (not shown) blue light resulted in the formation of the highest numbers of NBs. Second, iron reductase activity assays and gene expression analysis under different light conditions showed a promoting effect under blue light, but not red light or dark red light (Figure 9). This indicated to us, that blue light might activate FIT, and that active FIT may be related to FIT NBs.

      2) Fig. 3C and D: as GFP and GFP-GFP constructs are used as a reference, why not taking the measurements for them at two different time points for example t=0 and t=5 0r t=15???

      Authors:

      Free GFP and GFP-GFP dimers are standard controls for homo-FRET that serve to delimit the range for the measurements.

      3) Line 27-271: Acc to the figure 3d, for the Fluorescence anisotropy measurement of NBs appears to be less. Please explain.

      Authors:

      FA in NBs with FITmSS271AA is variable and the value is lower than that of whole nucleus but not significantly different compared with that in nucleoplasm. We describe the results of Figure 3D in lines 272-275.

      4) Figure 4: For the negative controls, data is shown at only t=0, data should be shown at t=5 also to prove that there is no decrease in fluorescence in these negative controls when they are expressed alone without bhlh39 as there is no acceptor in this case.

      Authors:

      Neither for FIT/bHLH039 nor the FITmSS271AA/bHLH039 pair, there is a significant decrease in the fluorescence lifetime values between t=0 and t=5/15. FIT-G is a control to delimit the range. The interesting experiment is to compare the protein pairs of interest between the different nuclear locations at t=5/15.

      5) Line 300-301: In Figure 4D and 4E. Fluorescence lifetime of G measurement at t=0 seems very similar for both FIT-G as well as FITmSS but if we look at the values of t=0 for FIT-G+bhlh039 it is greater than 2.5 and for FITmSS271AA-G+bhlh039 it is less which suggests more heterodimeric complexes to be formed in FITmSS271AA-G+bhlh039. Similar pattern is observed for NBs and NPs, according to the figure 4d and E.

      Therefore, heterodimeric complexes accumulated more in case of FITmSS271AA-G+bhlh039 as compared to FIT-G+bhlh039 (if we compare measurement values of Fluorescence lifetime of G of FITmSS271AA-G+bhlh039 with FIT-G+bhlh039).

      Please comment and elaborate about this further.

      Authors:

      These conclusions are not valid as the experiments cannot be conducted in parallel. Since the experiments had to be performed on different days due to the duration of measurements including new calibrations of the system, we cannot compare the absolute fluorescence lifetimes between the two sets.

      6) Figure 4: For the negative controls, data is shown at only t=0, data should be shown at t=5 also to prove that there is no decrease in fluorescence in these negative controls when they are expressed alone without bhlh39 as there is no acceptor in this case.

      Authors:

      Please see our response to your comment 4).

      7) Line 439-400: As iron uptake genes (FRO2 and IRT1) are more induced in WT under blue light conditions and FRO2 is less induced in case of red-light conditions. So, what happens to Fe content of WT grown under blue light or red light as compared to WT grown under white light. Perls/PerlsDAb staining of WT roots under different light conditions will add more information to this.

      Authors:

      We focused on the relatively short-term effects of blue light on signaling of nuclear events that could be related to FIT activity directly, particularly gene expression and iron reductase activity as consequence of FRO2 expression. These are both rapid changes that occur in the roots and can be measured. We suspect that iron re-localization and Fe uptake also occur, however, in our experience differences in metal contents will not be directly significant when applying the standard methods like ICP-MS or PERLs staining.

      Minor comments:

      Line 75-76: Rephrase the sentence

      Authors:

      We rephrased the sentence, lines 73-74:

      “As sessile organisms, plants adjust to an ever-changing environment and acclimate rapidly. They also control the amount of micronutrients they take up.”

      Line 119: Rephrase the sentence

      Authors:

      We rephrased the sentence, line 118-119:

      “Various NBs are found. Plants and animals share several of them, e.g. the nucleolus, Cajal bodies, and speckles.”

      Line 235-236: rephrase the sentence

      Authors:

      We rephrased the sentence, line 232-234:

      “In the work of Gratz et al. (2019), the hosphor-mimicking FITmS272E protein did not show significant changes in its behavior compared to wild-type FIT.”

      Line 444: Correct the sentence “Fe deficiency versus sufficiency”

      Authors:

      We corrected that, line 449-451:

      “In both, the far-red light and darkness situations, FIT was induced under iron deficiency versus sufficiency, while on the other side, BHLH039, FRO2 and IRT1 were not induced at all in these light conditions (Figure 9I-P).”

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      I agree with R1 suggestions/comments and i think manuscript quality will be much better if authors carry out the experiments suggested by R1. I believe this will also strengthen their conclusions.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      Overall, manuscript is well written, authors have done a nice job by doing several key experiments to support their findings and conclusions. However, the results and manuscript can be improved further by addressing some question raised here. This study is interesting for basic scientists which unravels the crosstalk of light signaling in nutrient signaling pathways.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We thank all three reviewers for their positive comments on the value of our work and for and for their helpful suggestions.

      *Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity:

      This manuscript reports the development of a new bright fluorescent reporter that allows to label neighbouring cells. The system is based on upon secretion and uptake of s36GFP, a positively supercharged fluorescent protein. The authors also develop a Halo tag that will allow for straight forward colour exchange, as well as a customisable single plasmid construct with modular components.

      There are some minor suggestions that the authors may want to consider: 1) The authors conclude that "PUFFIN labelling is transferred rapidly between cells within minutes". They report in their time lapse experiments (Figure 2A,C) that sGFP can be detected within neighbours of secretors after 30 minutes when the cells are plated in a 50:1 non-labelled/secretor cell ratio, whereas it can be detected after 15 minutes when the cells are plated in a 1:9 ratio. Is there any synergistic effect on the signal when the proportion of secretors is increased or is this difference just because there is more signal, making it easier to visualise. *

      We have addressed this point with new experiments (new data shown in Figure 2E and Supp Figure S2A,B). This makes it clear that labelling can indeed be detected earlier when the proportion of secretors is higher. This is likely to be because higher secretor:acceptor ratios result in stronger labelling, which in turn makes it easier to detect labelled neighbours at very early time points - even within as early as 15 minutes. We also confirm that, even when secretors are very sparse (1:50 ratio), label becomes detectable in neighbours within 60 minutes.

      1. *Is there any reason why the main Figure legends lack a title, but the supplementary figures have one? 2. In Figure 3, it may be helpful to label each option as A, B, C.. 3. In Figure 4E, the legends + JF646 and -JF646 may be switched around. Shouldn't the orange box should be (+) and the grey box should be (-)?

        *

      We have modified / corrected the labelling as suggested and added titles to the main figure legends.

      *Reviewer #1 (Significance):

      This is a very valuable tool to address how cells change the behaviour of those in their environment. It will be very valuable for those interested in cell non-autonomous effects within a cell population or tissue. It will be especially valuable for live cell imaging; pulse chase experiments as well as omics approaches to understand cell behaviour in niches. *

      We thank this reviewer for their positive comments on the value of our work.

      *Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The authors describe a new method, Positive Ultra-bright Fluorescent Fusion For Identifying Neighbours (PUFFFIN), to label with Fluorescent Proteins, neighboring cells. In brief, specific cells that express a nuclear mCherry are engineered to secrete a supercharged fluorescent protein (36GFP) fused to the ultra-bright green-fluorescent mNeonGreen (mNG) (s36GFP). Neighboring cells uptake s36GFP and can be easily visualized. The authors added the human serum albumin signal peptide which is efficiently cleaved to create s36GFP. The PUFFFIN system can also be customized for color-of-choice labelling using HaloTags. A shortcoming of the paper is that it is a method paper established in tissue culture cells with no biological applications. A test of the system in an in vivo model would improve the study. The authors should at least describe specific examples of how the method can be used to answer biological questions. *

      We agree that the paper would be improved by demonstrating a biological application of our system. We are currently working on experiments to address a biological question, and will be submitting a revised manuscript containing these data.

      *Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      This straightforward and elegant approach is an improvement of current methods that are based on synthetic receptor-ligand interactions as it does not require genetic modification of both 'sender' cells and 'responding' cells. The approach should prove to be an effective and flexible tool for illuminating cellular neighborhoods. An interesting potential application of the method is to effectively deliver proteins fused to s36GFP.

      A shortcoming of the paper is that it is a method paper established in tissue culture cells with no biological applications. A test of the system in an in vivo model would improve the study. The authors should at least describe specific examples of how the method can be used to answer biological questions.*

      We thank this reviewer for their positive comments on the value of our work. We agree that the paper would be improved by demonstrating a biological application of our system. We are currently working on experiments to address a biological question, and will be submitting a revised manuscript containing these data

      *Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In this manuscript, the authors introduced a novel cell-neighbor-labeling system named PUFFFIN. PUFFFIN, as well as 'PUFFHalo', offers an elegantly simple method for distinguishing between secretors and receivers, providing users with a versatile tool to label proximate neighbors through the uptake of s36GFP, subsequently permitting their isolation via FACS for subsequent analysis. In addition, this system could be very useful considering of its customizability by exchanging elements, such as tissue-specific promotors, color-of-choice (HaloTag), and genes of interest to cater to the diverse requirements of secretors. Overall, this system is well-designed and characterized, and the claims in this study are mostly supported by the data. However, this neighbor-labeling approach is not efficiently used to obtain biological insights. The following comments are intended to enhance the overall quality of the study:

      Major comments: *

      1. * In Vidio1, it appears that certain nuclear mCherry+ cells did not secrete s36GFP-mNG during 19hrs recording window. However, in Figure1D and E, these GFP-mCherry+ cells were reported as having a 0% occurrence. This may be the result of either a delay in GFP secretion, or possible mCherry leakiness in unmodified cells. Please provide clarification. *

      There is indeed one mCherry+ cell in video 1 that fails to generate s36GFP-mNG signal. This cell, unlike most other cells in the movie, fails to divide or actively migrate during the 19h recording period, but instead is being passively “pushed around” by surrounding cells, and therefore looks to us very much like a dead or dying cell (levels of cell death to tend to be slightly higher than usual during live imaging). We have looked through our other videos and identified only one other example of an mCherry+ GFP-negative cell: this cell is clearly dying because the nucleus disintegrates over the course of the movie.

      We considered the possibility that some proportion of secretors may fail to generate signal even if they are healthy. We examined all our FACS analysis data. We detected at most 0.15% of such ‘failed secretors’, and most usually none. We conclude that any mCherry+ GFP- cells exist at extremely low frequencies and/or tend to be dying cells. Either way, they are very unlikely to interfere with interpretation of experimental data.

      *Additionally, including representative images of the co-culture experiment in Figure 1.E would enhance the presentation of the data. *

      These data have now been added to Supplemental Figure S1 C

      *Since the authors mention that s36GFP-mNG labeling was not detectable beyond four cell diameters, it would be helpful to include statistical data regarding the average distances or cell layers that GFP can travel, thus describing the permeation and labeling limit of s36GFP-mNG, adjacent to Figure2C. *

      We’ve now quantified the data and provide this information in a new panel (Figure 2D).

      *Please comment on the application prospect of this system utilizing in vivo. In addition, comment should be made on the difference of PUFFFIN system and recent reported CILP (PNAS 2023). *

      We have added discussion on prospects for using the system in vivo (new text lines 65-67). We have also described the CILP system in the revised introduction, explaining that it is an inducible version of the Cherry Niche system that we describe in our introduction (new text lines 291-294).

      *Minor comments: 1. Please include the percentage of GFP+ and GFP- cells in Figure2.D, similar to what is provided in Figure S1.B. *

      This is a great suggestion so we have decided to add this information to all flow cytometry histograms within the paper, Figure 2D.

      *The '+' and '-' marks in Figure3.E appears to be mismatched with the results, please double-check and correct. *

      This has now been corrected.

      *I am curious about the interactions between secretors and 'receivers.' As the authors claim 'unbiased labeling' with this system, it's important to investigate whether the uptake abilities of receivers vary among different cell types. In other words, does the system exhibit cell-type preferences among receiver cells? This question could be optionally addressed through co-culture experiments involving secretors, receiver type A, and receiver type B. *

      We will perform additional experiments to address the reviewer’s question by directly comparing labelling efficiency across different receiver cell-types.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      *This study reported a simple and sensitive system for labeling neighboring cells in vitro, which can be customized by replacing exchangeable components for customized need. With promising application in vitro, this system could be further developed and tested in vivo. Fluorescent protein labeling in neighboring cells has been a topic of study recently, and this manuscript introduced a new tool that is added to such resources, offering a user-friendly and customizable alternative. Overall, this system will be of interest to researchers working on neighbor-cell labeling and study of cell-cell communications. *

      We thank this reviewer for their positive comments on the value of our work.

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      This manuscript reports the development of a new bright fluorescent reporter that allows to label neighbouring cells. The system is based on upon secretion and uptake of s36GFP, a positively supercharged fluorescent protein. The authors also develop a Halo tag that will allow for straight forward colour exchange, as well as a customisable single plasmid construct with modular components.

      There are some minor suggestions that the authors may want to consider: 1. The authors conclude that "PUFFIN labelling is transferred rapidly between cells within minutes". They report in their time lapse experiments (Figure 2A,C) that sGFP can be detected within neighbours of secretors after 30 minutes when the cells are plated in a 50:1 non-labelled/secretor cell ratio, whereas it can be detected after 15 minutes when the cells are plated in a 1:9 ratio. Is there any synergistic effect on the signal when the proportion of secretors is increased or is this difference just because there is more signal, making it easier to visualise. 2. Is there any reason why the main Figure legends lack a title, but the supplementary figures have one? 3. In Figure 3, it may be helpful to label each option as A, B, C.. 4. In Figure 4E, the legends + JF646 and -JF646 may be switched around. Shouldn't the orange box should be (+) and the grey box should be (-)?

      Significance

      This is a very valuable tool to address how cells change the behaviour of those in their environment. It will be very valuable for those interested in cell non-autonomous effects within a cell population or tissue. It will be especially valuable for live cell imaging; pulse chase experiments as well as omics approaches to understand cell behaviour in niches.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this manuscript, Hoskins et al describe analyses of the effects of sequence variation on RNA levels, protein levels, and ribosome loading for the COMT gene. They use multiple experimental approaches to assay these levels and report on how sequence differences affect expression. Overall, the paper is interesting in that it presents a very deep dive into the effects of sequence variation on gene expression, including in coding sequences. However, there are some issues with the polysome loading assay technique and there are substantial issues with the figure presentation, which is often confusing.

      __Response: __Thanks for the positive assessment of our manuscript and the constructive feedback regarding the issues with the figure presentation. We have addressed all of these below and they have significantly improved the clarity.

      • Major comments:*

      • 1) Figures:*

      • --Fig 1C needs a cartoon description to show where the UTRs are. Y-axis should say "Ribo-seq CPM"*

      __Response: __Fig 1C now includes a schematic and the y-axis is updated. Locations of the uORFs are also now included in Fig 1A.

      • --Sup Fig 1A confusing, what is "start" what is the point of this panel?*

      __Response: __We apologize for the confusing labeling of the panels in Sup Fig 1. “Start” refers to the MB-COMT start codon. We removed this annotation as it is irrelevant to the figure. We included Supplementary Figure 1A to show RNA probing data for the entire transcript. Figure 1A and B only show the regions that encompass the variants assayed in our study.

      • --Sup Fig 1B what is PCBP del?*

      Response: “PCBP del” refers to deletion of PCBP1/PCBP2 RNA binding protein motifs. The legend now specifies this.

      • --Sup Fig 1C what is "uORF B restore"? The description in the figure legend is not interpretable. Draw diagrams of the mutations that tell the reader what was assayed and why it was assayed. Why are there multiplication factors listed (e.g. 1.33X)? The data are depicted on a log scale, which makes it difficult to appreciate the fold-effects of the mutations (e.g. does uORFA mutation increase expression 1.5-fold?). Please calculate median expression values and report them on a bar graph or something like that so readers can interpret the results.*

      Response: “uORF B restore” refers to restoration of the endogenous uORF B frame with a silent variant in the Flag tag of the transgene. The multiplication factors listed were the fold change in median fluorescence between each mutant and the template (wild-type) transgene. We retained the figures as they show the raw distribution of fluorescence in each cell line, but in response to the reviewer’s suggestion we included a new figure displaying the effects as a bar graph (Supplementary Figure 1E).

      • --Fig 2A. It's hard to understand the cartoon diagram of the expression reporter construct. Why is +Dox shown here? Does that induce transcription?*

      __Response: __The reviewer is correct. “+Dox” indicated addition of Doxycycline to induce transcription before the data collection step. We agree that there may have been too much detail in this diagram and have now removed this for simplicity and indicated this in the Methods section.

      • --Fig 2B. What's on the x-axis? is it Log2(RNA/gDNA) from sequencing? is it Log2 or Log10 or Ln?*

      __Response: __Variant effects in each figure were derived from ALDEx2 analysis, which reports effect size as the median standardized difference between groups. The effect size is not directly interpretable as a log fold change; it takes into account the difference between groups as well as the dispersion. This analysis strategy has been previously demonstrated for analysis of SELEX experiments (Fernandes et al. 2014), which are used to select small populations of cells with specific phenotypes.

      ALDEx2 is a robust and principled choice for the analysis of count-compositional datasets, particularly after selection (e.g. sorted cell populations or low-input RNA fractions arising from polysome profiling). While we understand that this choice leads to less easily interpretable effect sizes, the mathematical advantages make ALDEx2 a more appropriate choice for this type of data. In the past, we had used other methods to analyze log frequencies (limma, a frequency based normalization-dependent analysis, as previously employed in Hoskins et al. 2023. Genome Biology) that directly reported fold changes. In our experience, the ALDEx2-derived effect sizes are well-correlated with those estimates (Pearson correlation 0.93 for variants significant at a FDR

      • --Fig 2C. What's on the y-axis (same question). I think it's LogX(mutant/wt)RNA level?*

      __Response: __For consistency with other figures, we replaced Figure 2C to report the effect size statistic as described above.

      • --Fig 2D. What's on the y-axis now? Fold-difference (not log transformed)?*

      __Response: __Please see our response above.

      • --Fig 2E. The scale bar is flipped vs. normal convention. This is also log transformed, but it's not labeled. Please label as log(whatever) and put the negative values on the left side of the bar (red on the left, blue on the right).*

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion, we have now updated the scale bar.

      --Fig 2F y-axis should say Ribo-seq CPM.

      __Response: __Done

      • --Fig 3A - please separate the graphs more. Did you sort cells from ROI2 into populations, or just cells from ROI1?*

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion, we now separate the graphs further. Cells were sorted for both ROI 1 and ROI 2 libraries.

      • --Fig3C-F What's the "effect size" mean on these graphs?*

      __Response: __Please see the response above regarding the effect size estimate from ALDEx2.

      • --Fig3D It looks like the colors have switched for positive / negative "effects" on the heat map*

      • compared to Figure 2E. Please define what "median effect" means and be consistent with*

      • comparison to figure 2E.*

      __Response: __We intentionally inverted colors for Figure 3. The rationale is that a variant causing low protein abundance corresponds to enrichment in P3 compared to gDNA, as opposed to depletion in P3. On the other hand, for effects on RNA abundance and ribosome load, a variant leading to low abundance for these measures is depleted.

      • --Figure 4 what does effect size mean, what's the log-transformed scale (log2, 10, etc) same issues from earlier figures.*

      __Response: __Please see response above.

      • --Figure 5 "effect size"*

      __Response: __The same definition of effect size was used with the exception that effect sizes are multiplied by -1 so that color schemes are consistent for deleterious effects.

      • 2) "Codon stability" should always be "Codon Stability Coefficient", maybe use "CSC". Otherwise it's confusing.*

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. This has been updated throughout the manuscript.

      3) Flow cytometry section talks about "RNA fluorescence", which is confusing. You need to explain that it's IRES-driven mCherry as a proxy for the level of RNA first. It would also help to state explicitly that you sorted the cells into four populations, and define them all first before describing the results.

      __Response: __We apologize for the use of imprecise language with respect to this reporter. We revised the text to emphasize that mCherry is a proxy for RNA abundance and described the populations first as suggested.

      4) What are DeMask scores? How are they related to conservation or amino acid properties? If you define these, you can help the reader interpret the result.

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. We now include a conceptual interpretation of the DeMask score in the relevant section. We also include a comparison to a recent large language model for variant effect prediction (ESM1b, Brandes et al. 2023) which is now reported in Supplementary Figure 5C.

      5) There are several issues with the Polysome gradient fractionation. The gradients did not separate 40S, 60S, and monosomal fractions, so it's hard to tell how many ribosomes correspond to each peak on the gradient graph in Figure S5. This is probably because the authors used a 20-50% gradient instead of a lower percentage on top. More significantly, variations in the coding region of COMT are likely affecting the polysome association in ways the authors didn't consider. Nonsense codons will simply make the orf a lot shorter, hence fewer ribosomes. This may have nothing to do with NMD. Silent and missense variants may have unpredictable effects because they may make translation faster (fewer ribosomes) or slower (more ribosomes) on the reporter. This could lead to more ribosomes with less protein or fewer ribosomes with more protein. The reporter RNA also has an IRES loading mCherry on it, which probably helps blunt or dampen the effects of the COMT sequence variants on polysome location distribution. Overall, the design of the polysome assay is probably very limited in power to detect changes in ribosome loading (four fractions, limited separation by 20-50 gradient, IRES loading, etc). This is partially addressed in the limitations section, but these issues could be discussed in more detail.

      __Response: __Given high polysomal association of endogenous COMT and our COMT transgene (Supplementary Figure 2B, Supplementary Figure 5B-C), we chose a 20-50% sucrose gradient to better resolve changes in ribosome load among heavy polysomes.

      We thank the reviewer for offering another valid explanation regarding the depletion of nonsensense variants. We have now included a sentence in the discussion to indicate lower ribosome load for nonsense variants may be due to a shorter ORF as opposed to NMD. We further include the potential limitation of the assay due to the presence of the IRES-mCherry.

      We agree that variants may have unpredictable effects due to effects on the dynamics of translation elongation. To address this potential limitation, we attempted to devise a selective ribosome profiling strategy by immunoprecipitating N-terminal Flag tagged peptides to enrich ribosomes translating COMT. However, we were unable to achieve significant enrichment, limiting our ability to measure variant effects on elongation in a high-throughput manner.

      Significance

      The study is novel in that it assays both 5' UTR and a wide range of protein coding sequence variants for effects on RNA and protein levels from a clinically important gene, COMT. The manuscript reports that most protein coding variants have modest effects on RNA levels, and that the minority of variants that do affect RNA levels are not predictable due to their affect on codon usage. The work also determines the distribution of effects of variants on protein levels, finding a variety of effects on expression. Interestingly, the authors found SNPs that affect ribosome loading generally affect RNA structure of the COMT coding region, rather than affecting codon usage.

      This should appeal to many different communities of biologists - gene expression experts, geneticists, and clinical neurobiologists who focus on COMT. So there is a potential for fairly broad interest. The main limitations to the work are in a lack of clarity in the figures and perhaps in the underdeveloped nature of the discussion section. The discussion section reports new results (SNP associations that affect expression). These would make more sense in the results section, such that the discussion could do a better job relating the impact of sequence variants on expression levels to prior work to highlight the novelty.

      __Response: __We thank reviewer #1 for their positive assessment of the broad significance of our study. We also thank them for constructive suggestions that led to increased clarity in the presentation. We have moved the analysis of gnomAD variants to the Results section and expanded the discussion.

      Reviewer #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      Hoskins and colleagues expressed a reporter containing all silent, missense, and nonsense codons at 58 amino acid positions in the human COMT gene in HEK293T cells and measured levels of DNA, bulk RNA, and pooled polysomal mRNA. They included a C-terminal translational GFP fusion and a downstream transcriptional mCherry fusion in the reporter in order to also bin variants by their relative protein and mRNA levels by flow cytometry. They hypothesized that RNA structure, in-part by mediating uORF translation, influences COMT gene expression. The authors conclude by identifying previously-uncharacterized COMT variants that, in this reporter system, affect RNA abundance and ribosome load. We generally found the results of this paper convincing and clear. We do not have major comments, but have many minor comments that we hope the authors can address. These comments mostly deal with clarification on analysis metrics and giving recommendations on data presentation.

      __Response: __Thanks for highlighting the strengths of our study and the constructive suggestions to improve the presentation.

      Minor comments:

      In Figure 2C, the vertical axis reads "Median between-group difference". How was this metric calculated and normalized? We also agree that nonsense mutations having consistently-detrimental effects on RNA abundance is reassuring, but recommend more explanation as to why the difference in the effects of silence and missense mutations between regions may be biologically relevant.

      __Response: __Variant effects in each figure derive from ALDEx2 analysis, which reports effect size as the median standardized difference between groups. In particular, to avoid any distributional assumptions for standardization, ALDEx2 uses a permutation based non-parametric estimate of dispersion. The effect size is not directly interpretable as a log fold change; it takes into account the difference between groups as well as the max dispersion of the groups. We have now provided explicit references to the specific R functions that were used to calculate the effect size.

      ALDEx2 is robust for analysis of count-compositional datasets, particularly after selection and bottlenecking (e.g. sorted cell populations or low-input RNA fractions arising from polysome profiling). While we have used other methods to analyze log frequencies (limma, a frequency based normalization-dependent analysis, as previously employed in Hoskins et al. 2023. Genome Biology), we opted for the less-interpretable but more robust ALDEx2 analysis to report variant effects between varying nucleic acid inputs.

      We currently lack a mechanistic interpretation for the difference in RNA abundance effects between ROI 1 and 2. However, we observed consistent results using a different analysis framework, which makes use of variant frequencies (as in Hoskins et al. 2023 Genome Biology) instead of the centered log ratios used in ALDEx2 analysis, further supporting a biological difference between the two.

      In Figure 3, we believe that the authors are claiming that lower RNA abundance causes lower protein abundance in some variants. However, this data only reports on protein abundance relative to transcript abundance, not absolute protein abundance. We think the claim should be revised to (1) clarify that the authors are measuring protein per mRNA, and (2) express that lower mRNA amounts are more likely to co-occur with lower protein amounts, but that this data does not support any causative model.

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. We have now included an explicit description of the experimental design in the results section and noted that we are unable to assign protein abundance effects to underlying RNA abundance effects. In the current setup, we did not sort cells based on the ratio of moxGFP/mCherry fluorescence (protein per mRNA), but rather we defined gates based on the 2D plot of moxGFP versus mCherry. This is explicitly marked in Figure 3A.

      On page 9, the authors claim that their data supports a model that rs4633 increases RNA

      abundance, leading to higher COMT expression. Can the authors rule out a model whereby rs4633 facilitates translation initiation, as suggested by Tsao et al. 2011, leading to both an increase in mRNA and protein abundance?

      __Response: __Thanks for this question and opportunity to clarify. We have now added a sentence to the Discussion and included the following paragraph in the Supplementary Note:

      “Importantly, our study does not rule out a model where rs4633 facilitates translation initiation. Nevertheless, our data suggest a potential concurrent mechanism where rs4633 leads to higher protein abundance in human cell lines and in an in vitro translation assay (Tsao et al. 2011) by increasing RNA abundance. We note that Tsao et al did not directly measure RNA abundance in their study. In Supplementary Figure 3A of Nackley et al 2006, the APS haplotype containing rs4633 C>T showed slightly higher total RNA abundance compared to the LPS haplotype (in our study, the wild-type template). However, this was not statistically significant and was only observed for the S-COMT isoform. It is possible that our observations are compatible with the conclusions in Tsao et al. 2011. For example, increased translation of rs4633 C>T may lead to stabilization of the RNA.”

      The paper references "effect size" at multiple points (e.g. "polysome effect size") but we could not find this term explicitly defined (for example: for the polysome effect size, were RNA counts for each polysome fraction divided by the relative abundance of that RNA in total RNA?)

      __Response: __We apologize for this confusion. Please see our response above. We have also stated the definition of effect size explicitly in the revised manuscript.

      Could you elaborate on how you define "protein abundance and "effect size: in Figure 5G? How is enrichment in P3 or P1 calculated?

      __Response: __Effect size is defined as described above. Enrichment in P3 or P1 is calculated with respect to the abundance in gDNA (unsorted cells).

      Were 3396 variants considered for all readouts in this paper? How many of these variants were present in each ROI? It may be worth clarifying sample sizes.

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. The reviewer is correct: 3396 variants were present in all biological replicates and all readouts (after excluding polysome metafractions 1 and 2 and flow cytometry population 4). The Methods were updated to include all readouts that were dropped. The number of variants in each ROI are now included in this section of the main text.

      How did Twist generate these mutagenized sequences? We assumed that they used error-prone PCR due to the mention of multiple nucleotide polymorphisms, but couldn't find an explicit answer.

      __Response: __Twist generates these mutagenized inserts using degenerate primers. This allows all alternate codons to be assayed (all silent, missense changes). This is now noted in the Methods.

      https://www.twistbioscience.com/resources/technical-note/solid-phase-dna-synthesis-allows-tight-control-combinatorial-library

      In the methods, it may be worth elaborating on the composition of the HsCD00617865 plasmid. For example: this COMT reporter is under the control of a constitutively-expressed T7 promoter, correct?

      __Response: __The HsCD00617865 plasmid was only used as a template for PCR amplification and generation of the transgene. The transgene is cloned into a vector containing attB sites for recombination into the landing pad cell line (Matreyek et al 2020). Transcription is induced by Doxycycline from the landing pad locus. Plasmid maps used for transfection into the landing pad line are now included in the GitHub repository.

      In Supplementary Figures 4 and 5, it would be helpful to explicitly say that you are reporting Pearson correlations between biological replicates.

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. The legends have been updated accordingly.

      "After summarizing biological replicates (N=4) for each readout...": how did the authors summarize biological replicates? Were counts averaged?

      __Response: __Biological replicates were summarized using the median. This is now clarified in the Methods.

      The authors used pairwise correlations between flow cytometry fractions, polysome fractions, and total RNA/gDNA as indications of data quality. Do the authors expect for these counts to be strongly correlated? We would not necessarily expect to see a strong correlation between ribosome load and RNA/gDNA.

      __Response: __We used replicate correlation as an indicator of data quality. Our readouts of ribosome load reflect the abundance of a variant in a particular polysome fraction. Given that variants that are highly abundant in the RNA pool will on average be more highly represented in polysome fractions, we would expect a correlation between the abundance of a variant in total RNA and in polysome fractions.

      The authors may need to check that their standard deviations on fold changes are properly reported.

      __Response: __iIn the Figures and the main text, we specified the confidence intervals as calculated by ALDEx2 method instead of reporting standard deviations on fold changes,. Specifically, the confidence intervals were determined by Monte Carlo methods that produce a posterior probability distribution of the observed data given repeated sampling. Variants in which the confidence intervals do not cross 0 are considered true discoveries (section 5.4.1 of the ALDEx2 vignette on Bioconductor).

      https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/devel/bioc/vignettes/ALDEx2/inst/doc/ALDEx2_vignette.html#541_The_effect_confidence_interval

      We would expect standard deviation bounds to be symmetric for log fold changes, but not on unlogged fold changes - for example see page 8, for the sentence "our point estimate for nonsense variant effects on COMT RNA abundance was approximately a two-fold decrease relative to the gDNA frequency (fold change of 0.43 +/- 0.13; mean +/- standard deviation; Methods)."

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. To avoid any confusion about the symmetry, we replaced the +/- notation, and explicitly noted the mean and standard deviation. To help the reader gain an intuition of the magnitude of variant effects, we conducted a frequency based normalization-dependent analysis using limma (as previously employed in Hoskins et al. 2023. Genome Biology). We now report a fold change (unlogged) for RNA abundance compared to gDNA abundance. The point estimate is the mean and s.d. across all nonsense variants.

      On page 10, the authors say that their data suggests that hydrophobicity in the early coding region of COMT may be important for COMT folding. If this is the case, would we expect to see this effect in flow cytometry data (which is affected by protein degradation) and not polysome profiling (which is unaffected by post-translational protein degradation)?

      __Response: __We apologize as we are uncertain about the reviewer’s intended question. The section that refers to the importance of hydrophobicity indeed refers to the flow cytometry data. While there are specific instances in which the amino acid properties encoded by the mRNA influences translation dynamics, these are not universally true. Consequently, we did not expect these impacts to be observed at the level of polysome profiling.

      We believe that we would have some trouble replicating the analysis from this paper from the raw data, given that the bulk of the analysis on GitHub is presented as a single R Markdown file, with references to local files to which we do not have access. We recommend that the authors add additional documentation to their repository to facilitate re-analysis.

      __Response: __Thanks for the opportunity to address this issue of critical importance. To facilitate replication, we have now deposited all analysis files to Zenodo and refactored the code to enable replication by simply running a markdown file.

      In Figure 1B, indicating that more signal indicates less structure (in the legend or the figure itself) may assist readers who are unfamiliar with DMS-seq.

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. This is now updated.

      Figure 1C does a great job presenting evidence for the translation of uORFs, but does not seem to flow with the overall argument of the paper, so may fit better in the supplement.

      __Response: __We considered this suggestion, and opted for keeping its placement as it gives evidence that our transgene is translated primarily as the MB-COMT isoform. This ensures that, for variants upstream of the S-COMT isoform, we can assay effects on ribosome load that are tied to mechanisms of translation elongation and codon stability.

      We believe there is a typo in the Figure 1 legend that should read "K562" instead of "H562".

      __Response: __Thank you, this was indeed a typo.

      You also gated to separate into P1-P4, correct? Can you also show the bounds of that gating

      strategy in Figure 3A?

      __Response: __This has been updated. We also added the gating strategy in response to comments from reviewer #1.

      We find Figure 3F very compelling. Do you have any theories as to why mutating I59-H66 to

      nonpolar, uncharged residues leads to increased COMT expression?

      __Response: __We do not have any theories for why this may be. However, we noted that with the exception of V63, residues I59-H66 are not evolutionarily constrained (based on DeMask entropy values). This suggests mutational tolerance for nonpolar, uncharged residues in this region (with the exception of V63 and H66; see Figure 3D).

      There appears to be a non-negligible proportion of di- and tri- nucleotide polymorphisms in Supplementary Figure 4. Were these excluded in downstream analyses?

      __Response: __These variants are expected from the Twist mutagenesis strategy and included in analysis. We believe they are at lower frequency compared to SNPs due to less favorable annealing of the degenerate primers.

      A minor typo in the discussion reads "fluoresce".

      __Response: __Done

      Significance

      Describe the nature and significance of the advance (e.g. conceptual, technical, clinical) for the field.

      This work investigated the regulatory effects of thousands of coding variants in the COMT gene, focusing on two regions with clinical significance, by using high-throughput reporter assays. The results from this will be useful for clinical scientists interested in understanding the impacts of COMT mutations and be a useful framework for other systems/computational biologists to understand the impacts of coding mutations across different levels of regulatory function. Mutations in protein regions, if having a function, are classically known to interfere with protein function. There are fewer large-scale efforts to understand the impacts of coding mutations affecting expression through potentially changing of RNA structure or codon optimization - this work has contributed towards that frontier.

      Place the work in the context of the existing literature (provide references, where appropriate). This is (as far as I am aware) the first paper that has integrated high-throughput screens massively parallel reporter assays from RNA degradation, ribosomal load, and flow cytometry. Previous papers have tended to measure on expression regulation on only one dimension (i.e. Greisemer et al. 2023 on RNA degradation, Sample et al. 2019 on ribosomal load, and de Boer at al. 2020 on protein expression).

      __Response: __Thanks for highlighting the novelty of our approach compared to existing strategies in the literature.

      State what audience might be interested in and influenced by the reported findings.

      Clinicians/researchers interested in COMT, computational biologists, geneticists and potentially structural biologists interested in understanding the consequences of amino acid mutations on RNA/protein expression

      __Response: __Thanks for noting the broad significance of our study.

      Define your field of expertise with a few keywords to help the authors contextualize your point of view. Indicate if there are any parts of the paper that you do not have sufficient expertise to evaluate.

      Genomics, Massively parallel reporter assays, High-throughput regulatory screens.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      *This manuscript reports on transcript sequence variants that affect expression of the gene COMT. Targeted analysis of SNPs identifies 5' UTR variants that affect COMT, leading to the identification of translated uORFs. Common coding sequence SNPs do not affect COMT expression, however. Massively parallel analyses of mRNA abundance, protein abundance, and translation are combined to look more broadly at coding sequence variants. These analyses focus on regions of predicted structure in the COMT transcript. Both silent and missense mutations that increase mRNA abundance are identified. Protein abundance is then measured and many missense mutations are found to change protein levels. To address translation directly, analysis of polysome loading is performed and significant differences are identified, although technical challenges limit data quality in these experiments. These different experiments are then analyzed jointly to classify mutation effects and identify a class of silent mutations with expression effects, leading to a proposal that these act through structure. *

      *The joint, integrative analysis of COMT variants through a range of methods allows clearer insights into interconnected post-transcriptional effects. The massively parallel experiments generate high-quality data, although targeted validation of key results would strengthen the work. The findings advance our understanding of silent variant effects, which remains an open question, and technical innovations could find broader applications. *

      __Response: __Thanks for the positive assessment of the quality of the data generated and the potential for the broader application of the technical innovations.

      *I do have concerns with the present version of this work. *

        • There is no validation presented for high-throughput experimental data. I would say that validating the effects of M152T and V63V variants from Figure 2B would substantially strengthen the work and support key conclusions. * __Response: __Our experiments collectively enabled nearly 10,000 measurements of variant effect (summed over three layers of gene expression). The goal of our study was to identify broad mechanisms of variant effect. While we are excited about the specific variants uncovered, targeted experimental methods for validating changes to RNA abundance, such as RT-qPCR, are unlikely to be sufficiently sensitive. For example, RNA abundance effects in our study had a median effect size of 1.47 for variants up in RNA, and 0.4 for variants down in RNA. This likely corresponds to less than one Ct difference between the variant and the reference allele. Indeed, previous studies such as Findlay et al., 2018 Nature that reported similar effect sizes (FGF7 and FOS, respectively (Figure 4B).

      Thus, for time and cost concerns, we respectfully suggest that targeted experiments involving V63V and M152T are beyond the scope of our study. Nevertheless, to further strengthen our conclusions, we have computationally confirmed our findings using a different analysis framework. We found 75/76 of the variants significant by ALDEx2 analysis were also significant by limma analysis (a frequency based normalization-dependent analysis, as previously employed in Hoskins et al. 2023. Genome Biology) using the same FDR (0.1).

      • In the fluorescent reporter scheme, it seems that variants reducing mRNA abundance should be enriched in the "P2" gate region relative to "P1", as they would have lower mRNA abundance and correspondingly lower protein abundance. However, this analysis is not performed, and instead P1 and P3 are compared (Figure 3G), which would seem to focus on protein-level effects. *

      __Response: __Our initial hesitation in comparing P2 to P1 is that the P2 population may be enriched for cells that underwent inefficient induction of transcription with Doxycycline. Hence technical factors as opposed to the effect of the variants may dominate this comparison. In response to the reviewer’s comments, we carried out the suggested analysis (new Supplementary Figure 5B). We found that variants that are down in RNA are enriched in P2 relative to P1 as expected. This is now noted in the Results section.

      • In general the work classifies variants in several different ways and it would help to be a little clearer in naming these classes. For instance, in describing the FACS-based analysis of variant expression it is written, "protein fluorescence conditioned on RNA fluorescence" which is confusing at best-it's a fluorescence-based measurement that is used indirectly to measure COMT reporter abundance. *

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. We agree that our initial word-choice was imprecise. We rewrote this section to indicate mCherry fluorescence is an indirect proxy for RNA abundance.

      • Likewise, the populations with shifted GFP/mCherry ratio in this assay are described as "uncorrelated" populations, which is opaque and somewhat inaccurate-there seems to be a correlation in this group but at a different ratio. *

      __Response: __We have revised the language in the manuscript. We opted for “low or high RNA/protein abundance” to indicate the relationship between GFP and mCherry fluorescence in populations P3 and P4.

      • In the same way, "deleterious variants" is used to describe protein abundance changes, but this term implies a fitness effect and is not very specific. *

      __Response: __We apologize for the confusing word choice. We did away with this term in favor of “variants with low protein abundance”.

      • In discussing the effects of missense COMT variants on protein levels, there is an implicit assumption that degradation of mis-folded protein (or perhaps properly-folded protein with excess hydrophobic exposure?) explains these effects. This is plausible, but it would help to lay out this reasoning more clearly. *

      __Response: __Thanks for the suggestion. We have added a sentence at the end of the section that specifies this assumption and cites a recent study reporting that rare missense variants in COMT may be misfolded and degraded by the proteasome (Larsen et al. 2023).

      • It is written that,"In line with codon stability as a predictor of translational efficiency (Presnyak et al., 2015), variants with low codon optimality were depleted from polysomes compared to variants with optimal codons". However, this mis-states the conclusions of the cited study, which notes, "Importantly, under normal conditions the ribosome occupancy of the HIS3 opt and non-opt constructs was determined to be similar (Fig. 6B)". *

      __Response: __We apologize for mis-stating the conclusions of Presnyak et al. 2015. We have now revisited the relevant literature to more accurately place our conclusions in the context of literature. While Presnyak et al. and several other studies (Bazzini et al., 2016; Mauger et al., 2019) have clearly linked the association between codon choice and mRNA stability. We now reference Mauger et al. 2019 who used elegant experiments to demonstrate that mRNA secondary structure is a driver of increased protein production and synergizes with codon optimality (Figure 5B). Their results further support the role of codon optimality on RNA stability while providing evidence of additive impact on translation efficiency.

      • It is written that, "One intriguing possibility is to develop multiplexed assays of variant effect on RNA folding, using mutational profiling RNA probing methods (Weng et al., 2020; Zubradt et al., 2017)." How would this differ from the "Mutate and Map" approach in doi://10.1038/nchem.1176 and subsequent work from the same group? *

      __Response: __Thanks for pointing out the more recent work following the initial papers in 2010-2011. We have missed the work from the Das lab that extended the Mutate and Map approach to utilize mutational profiling (Cheng and Kladwang et al., 2017). We updated our Discussion to indicate that the proposed assay has been pioneered and is a viable approach for high-throughput determination of variant effects on RNA folding.

      Because mutational profiling methods leverage reverse transcriptase readthrough and mismatch incorporation, they enable deeper and more uniform coverage of sequencing reads, particularly for longer transcripts. A key design principle of the proposed assay is to mutagenize only certain types of variants in the library such that they do not overlap RT mismatch signatures arising from the RNA probing reagent/RT enzyme. For example, readthrough of DMS base adducts largely generates A>N or C>N mismatches, so a variant library would be designed to only contain variants at G or T bases. This ensures variants in the library can be differentiated from signals of the RNA probing method.

      ***Referees cross-commenting** *

      *I generally agree with the other reviewers and found that many small points on the figures were confusing, and in some cases the values being computed and displayed were under-specified. *

      *I agree with Reviewer 1 that the polysome fractionation probably has limited power due to experimental design, and that the interpretation of changed ribosome loading is subtle. *

      __Response: __In response to these helpful comments, we have clarified the points highlighted by the reviewers and expanded the limitations section related to the ribosome loading assay. Thanks for these constructive suggestions to strengthen our study.

      *Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)): *

      *The joint, integrative analysis of COMT variants through a range of methods allows clearer insights into interconnected post-transcriptional effects. The massively parallel experiments generate high-quality data, although targeted validation of key results would strengthen the work. The findings advance our understanding of silent variant effects, which remains an open question, and technical innovations could find broader applications. *

      __Response: __Thanks for pointing out the high-quality of the generated data and the broad significance of our study. The goal of our study was to identify broad mechanisms of variant effect instead of focusing on differential expression for any specific variants.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We thanks the reviewers for their critique of our report and our responses to all of their comments are given below.


      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular parasite. Intracellular survival critical depends on secretory vesicles named dense granules. These vesicles are predicted to contain >100 different proteins that are released into PV, PV membrane and the host cell to control the parasites intracellular environment and host cell gene expression and immune response. How and where these vesicles are released from the parasite is a long-standing question in the field because T. gondii, and other apicomplexan parasites contained a complex pellicular cytoskeletal structure called the IMC which limits dense granule access to the plasma membrane. In this manuscript by Chelaghma, Ke and colleagues demonstrates for the first time that dense granules are secreted from the parasite at pore structures called the apical annuli. The authors used their previously generated HyperLOPIT data set and identified a plasma membrane protein that is specifically enriched at the apical annuli. Using BioID the authors then identify three SNARE proteins that also localize at the apical annuli. The localization of these proteins is determined using excellent super-resolution structured illumination microscopy. Conditional protein knockdowns for all four proteins were created and both proteomics and microscopy used to demonstrate a reduction in dense granule secretion in the absence of these proteins. Collectively, these data make new and substantial contributions to our understanding of mechanisms of dense granule secretion. Major comments: Overall, these data is convincing and well-described. The text is clear and well written. There are a few instances (see below) where the authors doesn't adequately describe the data or over state the strength of the results. These issues could all be addressed editorially or by process existing data.

      Comment 1.1

      The authors use proteomics and IFA to show that there is a reduction (rather than an inhibition of) in dense granule secretion. However, from the phase images in figure 5, the vacuoles of KD parasites look normal and so not have the phenotypes that one would expect after a significant reduction in dense granule secretion, such as the "bubble" phenotype described for GRA17 and GRA23 knockouts (Gold et al 2015; PMID: 25974303). Authors should describe their findings in the context of the expected phenotypes based on the published literature. The statement on line 369-371 is too strong and should imply a reduction rather than an inhibition of dense granule secretion.

      Authors’ response: It is difficult to compare our results to individual dense granule protein mutants described in the literature because such phenotypes are the result of the loss of only a single protein being exported to the host, whereas we are observing the effects of the reduction of secretion of up to 120+ different proteins. Furthermore, we agree with this reviewer that none of the protein knockdowns appear to completely prevent dense granule secretion, which we implied by ‘inhibition’, and this could be either due to incomplete knockdown of each of these proteins with some residue function, or some redundancy where other proteins can contribute to secretion. We have changed the statement flagged by this reviewer to: ‘Depletion of all four of these proteins affects dense granule secretion*’ to avoid the interpretation of complete loss of function. We now further state that residual secretion may still occur and consider this in the light of possible reasons for this (Discussion, paragraph 4). In any case, none of these considerations change our conclusion that these proteins, at the site of the apical annuli, are implicated in dense granule secretion. *

      __Comment 1.2 __

      The more severe phenotype observed in the AAQa iKD and the additional localizations of AAQa and AAQc suggests an additional role for these protein in protein trafficking that is supported by the authors data. In both AAQa and AAQc there appears to be an accumulation of GRA1 in a post-Golgi compartment and is less vesicular in appearance than the phenotype observed in the AAQb iKD parasites. Additionally, I disagree with the authors assessment that KD of these proteins does not effect microneme localization. In both AAQa and AAQc there appears to be increased number of micronemes at the basal end of the parasites compared with controls. Although this is not a direct focus of the authors papers, a description of these findings should be included in the results and discussion sections.

      Authors’ response: We have included a more complete discussion that considers the differences in phenotypes of the four mutants, including additional locations of two SNAREs, all of which is consistent with known SNARE biology (Discussion, fourth paragraph). These considerations, however, have no impact on our conclusions where all four proteins, including two that are exclusive to the apical annuli, have equivalent effects on dense granule exocytosis.

      Concerning the effects on microneme and rhoptries of the different knockdowns, we have modified and limited our interpretation to overall IFA staining strength and protein organelle protein abundance by proteomics, where we see no differences. This addresses if there is a major post-Golgi trafficking defect that could affect biogenesis of all of micronemes, rhoptries and dense granules, for which we see no evidence. Whether there are subtle differences in the location of these organelles, which are known to show some variability, is beyond the scope or relevance to our central questions. Given that growth phenotypes are seen for all mutants, it is quite possible that secondary effects of retarded cells might present as some disorder within the cell, although we saw nothing conspicuous of this nature in many hundreds of examples observed.

      __ Comment 1.3__

      Presentation of the data in Figure 5. This figure contains images where the fluorescent dense granule signal is overlaid on phase images. However, in some cases (AAQb, AAQc, AAQa, GRA1 KD) the merged imaged looks like a straight merges of the two images, whereas in the rest of the images it looks like a thresholded fluorescent image is merge with phase. Authors need to process the images in consistent manner and provide a description of the image processing in the figure legend and materials and methods.

      Authors’ response: Thank you for this suggestion, we have now processed all of these merges the same way (ImageJ -> merge channels -> Composite Sum). While the merges are only intended to aid in aligning the fluorescence signal with the phase image, we agree that it is better to present them the same way.

      Minor comments:

      Comment 1.4

      The discussion is overly long and could be shorted in some places. Lines 373 and 388 in particularly don't seems directly relevant to the manuscript.

      Authors’ response: The paragraph identified by this reviewer considers the LMBD protein that is the first, and currently only, trans plasma membrane protein specific to the apical annuli that implies that this structure is exposed to the exterior of the cell. It is, therefore, of considerable significance to how we interpret the function and behaviour of these annular structures. We believe that it is very relevant to our study to consider what else is known about these relatively mysterious, but widely conserved, eukaryotic proteins, which is the subject of this paragraph. The other reviewers highlight the relevance of LMBD3 to the interpretation of this structure. This reviewer hasn’t identified any further superfluous discussion elements, and we believe that the current length is not excessive and is justified.

      Comment 1.5

      Line 184 - Remove question mark from this sentence

      Authors’ response: The question mark has been removed.

      Comment 1.6

      Line 321. Should read Figure 7A, not figure 6A.

      Authors’ response: Thank you, corrected.

      Comment 1.7

      Line 139 - should read Figure 1B instead of 2C

      Authors’ response: Thank you, corrected (although to 1C, which is in fact correct).

      Comment 1.8

      Figure 3- Column labels for early, mid, or late endodyogeny would help with the clarity of this figure, especially for readings who are unfamiliar with the field.

      Authors’ response: We have labelled the figure as suggested.

      Comment 1.9

      Figure S2 - the letter n is missing from knockdown labels. And the number 3 from LMBD 3 is covering the word knockdown in the last panel.

      Authors’ response: Thank you, corrected.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      The manuscript provides, for the first time, insight into the mechanism of dense granule secretion in Toxoplasma and identifies the sites on parasite pellicle where these vesicles can traverse the IMC to reach the plasma membrane. This is a significant conceptual advance in our understanding of this cellular vital process, one that is required for T. gondii intracellular survival. This paper would have broad interest from other research groups studying parasitology, secretion and protein trafficking.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: This manuscript reports on characterizing the function of the long-known apical annuli, which are pores embedded in the membrane skeleton of Toxoplasma gondii. Since their function has remained long elusive, this manuscript is a major breakthrough.

      Comment 2.1

      It is of note, however, that this breakthrough, using the same three SNAREs, was recently, in parallel, also reported by Fu et al in PLoS Pathogens (PMID 36972314), which work is cited here. The additional novelty here is the finding of LMDB3 in the plasma membrane at the site of the annuli. This is a widely conserved protein for which little function is known except roles in signaling, The connection between LMDB3 and the SNAREs is through BioID, but they are preys quite far down the list. Furthermore, the function of LMDB3 is not explored here. As such, the additional advance compared to the Fu et al report is limited. The function of the SNAREs in dense granule exocytosis is much more robustly done here through the proteomics data displaying an accumulation of DG proteins.

      Authors’ response: While it is true that the discovery of the three SNAREs at the apical annuli was made and reported in parallel by Fu et al (2023), a major difference in their conclusions is that they suggest that dense granules are not secreted at this site (this reviewer has mistakenly thought that this was their conclusion — “In our experiments, none of the SNAREs were shown to be related to the exocytosis of GRAs. Therefore, the mechanism that mediates exocytosis of GRAs at the plasma membrane remains to be elucidated.” Fu et al (2023)*). The failure of Fu et al to detect this was almost certainly because they only tested for dense granule secretion defects by inducing depletion of the apical annuli SNAREs after the parasites had invaded the host cells. It is known that dense granule protein secretion happens rapidly in the initial moments after invasion, so apical annuli perturbation in their assay would have only occurred after these secretion events. We directly discuss this experimental difference in our revised discussion and how it accounts for their different conclusions (Discussion, fourth paragraph). We independently tested for this effect by quantitative proteomics which further supported our conclusions. *

      As this reviewer indicates, we additionally discovered that a protein (LMBD3) also spans the plasma membrane at these structures, and this implicates signalling or events at the cell surface. We show that this protein is also required for normal dense granule secretion. While we have not identified an explicit mechanistic role for LMBD3 in this process, such insight is also lacking for all LMBD proteins, including those in humans where they are implicated in disease. While we continue to pursue this interesting question of LMBD3 function, we are by no means alone in cell biology for these answers to be outstanding still.

      Comment 2.2

      The presentation of the data is very clean and convincing, and the broader evolutionary context is well-presented as well. The discussion on whether maintaining the IMC during cell division is an innovation or ancestral is an open debate where the authors seem to come down on the side of innovation, but the evidence could go either way, so I would caution a bit more.

      Authors’ response: We are puzzled by this reviewer’s comment because we do not make reference to the maintenance of the IMC during cell division in this evolutionary context — ancestral or a recent innovation. We describe the case of Toxoplasma and its close relatives maintaining the maternal IMC during division as ‘unusual’, not ancestral (second sentence of the last paragraph of the Discussion), and this is the only statement that we think might have elicited this query from the reviewer. But this does not imply what the ancestral state might have been which is not a subject of any of our considerations here.

      Major comments: - Are the key conclusions convincing?

      Comment 2.3

      The identification of the three SNARE proteins through BioID is not very convincingly represented in Table S1. These SNAREs were not showing significant changes and were not detected universally across the three bio-reps, and thyn were also present in the controls. Although this does not diminish the message of the work, this appears to be quite Cherry-picked, while other top hits in the BioID were overlooked, e.g. Nd6 and Nd2 are right in the top ten, which have a demonstrated role in rhoptry exocytosis. This certainly piqued my interest, but is not even discussed.

      *Authors’ response: We have used BioID as a protein discovery strategy, not to directly measure protein proximity for which it is an imperfect measure for many technical reasons. Accordingly, discovered ‘candidates’ for proteins that might occur at the annuli were all independently verified by protein reporter tagging. We focused our efforts on discovering apical annuli plasma membrane-tethered proteins and, therefore, parsed our BioID data for those shown previously to be in the plasma membrane by LOPIT spatial proteomics (Barylyuk et al, 2020). It is true that the SNARE proteins were not favoured over many other proteins in the BioID signal, but their verified location at these sites justified our pursuit of them as new apical annuli proteins. *

      Other proteins, including the previously identified apical proteins Nd6 and Nd2 that are implicated in rhoptry secretion, similarly piqued our interest! But when we reporter-tagged them they were revealed as BioID false positives, consistent with published work on these proteins, and other ‘top hits’ included some other false positives. Table S1 is included as a further recourse for the field, but it only served as a first step in functional protein discovery in our study.

      Comment 2.4

      TgAAQa, TgAAQb and TgAAQc were recently also reported to localize to the annuli by Fu et al 2023 (PMID: 36972314; this report is even cited in this manuscript for Rab11a accumulation), who gave them different names: TgStx1, TgStx20, and TgStx21 (not in this order). I see no reason to adopt a new nomenclature here, which will be very confusing in the future literature. Please adopt the Stx names in this manuscript.

      *Authors’ response: We agree that where there is precedent in naming it is better to use the earliest used names. Naming of proteins is also best done to reflect orthologues found between species so that consistent names indicate common functions. The naming system proposed by Fu et al for the Qa, Qb and Qc SNAREs unfortunately does not fulfil this second important criterion. They based their names on ‘Syntaxin’ which was first used for an animal SNARE of the nervous system that is almost exclusively used for Qa paralogues. Furthermore, in animals Stx1-4 are all vertebrate-specific Qa paralogues that have arisen only in this group. So, to name the Qa SNARE of Toxoplasma according to one of these animal-specific nerve proteins (Stx1) implies an evolutionary inheritance that is very unlikely (i.e., lateral gene transfer from an animal) and is unsupported by published phylogenies. Furthermore, Fu et al also give the Qb and Qc SNAREs the animal Qa name ‘syntaxin’, and arbitrarily number them Stx21 and Stx20. So, while they have named these proteins first, we think that the names given provide confusing and misleading labels for these proteins. *

      We initially proposed a simpler system according to the location of the SNARE in Toxoplasma (AA = Apical Annuli) and the Q domain type (Qa, Qb, Qc), e.g., AAQa. But on reflection we propose using precedent and orthology and adopt the existing orthologue names as the most useful solution. Klinger et al (2022) have resolved the phylogeny of the three Toxoplasma SNAREs, and they group with strong phylogenetic support with known eukaryote-wide orthogroups with previous names: Qa=StxPM (Syntaxin Plasma Membrane); Qb=NPSN (Novel Plant ‘Syntaxin’); and Qc=Syp7 (a Qc SNARE family originally thought to be specific to plants). These SNARE types are all known to operate at the plasma membrane, and accordingly the names TgStxPM, TgNPSN, and TgSyp7 would indicate their orthology and similar functional location known in other eukaryotes. We have justified this preferred naming system in the text of our report (Discussion, third paragraph), but making it clear which Fu et al names correspond to these more universally consistent names so that these can be easily cross-referenced.

      Comment 2.5

      No knock-down of LMBD3 is pursued: how would this impact SNARE distribution and/or other annuli proteins? The fitness score is very severe, -4.07, so this is somewhat puzzling. Lower comment is related. This could provide tantalizing insights in the architecture of the annuli, and/or their function as a secretory conduit.

      LMBD3 relative to the SNAREs is not explored: co-IPs or detergent extraction to see if they are all in a physically interacting complex. What keeps them together. Is LBCDR3 interfacing with any annuli proteins Cen2 is suggested through the image in Fig 2A, though there appears to be some separation in some images: AAP2, 3 and 5 were previously shown to have smaller diameters than Cen2 and therefore appear better positioned.

      Authors’ response: LMBD3 knockdowns were pursued in so far as identifying that they also have a phenotype of reduced dense granule secretion as for the SNAREs, but it will indeed require further studies of this intriguing molecule to define its specific function. Our central questions of this study were what is the association of the apical annuli with respect to the IMC and plasma membrane, and what is the overall significance and function of these structures. These core questions have been answered in our study. The questions that this review raises here are further and logical questions specifically related to LMBD3 that we are now pursuing as an independent follow-on study.

      • Should the authors qualify some of their claims as preliminary or speculative, or remove them altogether?

      Comment 2.6

      The discussion on whether maintaining the IMC during cell division is an innovation or ancestral is an open debate where the authors seem to come down on the side of innovation, but the evidence could go either way, so I would caution a bit more.

      Authors’ response: This comment (2.2) is already made and addressed above.

      • Would additional experiments be essential to support the claims of the paper? Request additional experiments only where necessary for the paper as it is, and do not ask authors to open new lines of experimentation.

      Comment 2.7

      The heavy focus on the LMBD3 in Fig 1 and the evolutionary discussion would warrant a more direct functional dissection. Either through an LMDB3 known-down, or its interface with the SNAREs or annuli more directly.

      Authors’ response: This reviewer has not made it clear that further work on LMBD3 is necessary to support the conclusions of the paper or address the questions that we have asked, only that they would like to see more insight into LMBD3. We would also! But we do present knock-down studies and show that there are functional consequences for dense granule secretion. The question of if LMBD3 is involved in the maintenance of apical annuli structure and/or integrity is an interesting one, but a further question to those that we have presented in this first study. LMBD proteins have poorly characterised molecular functions throughout eukaryotes, and while we are also motivated to understand their role more, this has not proven a straightforward task in other systems also.

      Comment 2.8

      The claim that the annuli are the conduits though which the dense granules travel to get exocytosis is not directly supported by any of the experiments as it is solely based on co-localization studies, not even direct interactions.

      Authors’ response: We agree that we have not directly observed dense granules in the act of secretion at the apical annuli. Dense granules are known to be very mobile in the cell and traffic dynamically on actin networks. So, they do not accumulate at any one site, and their fusion and exocytosis is likely a rapid, transient event. Multiple lines of evidence for them pausing and fusing with the plasma membrane, while indirect, independently support this conclusion:

      • SNARE proteins restricted to the apical annuli in the plasma membrane are required for normal dense granule secretion
      • When these SNAREs are depleted dense granule proteins accumulate in the parasite
      • Rab11A is a further vesicle-tethering molecule that has been shown to be attached to dense granules and its mutation also leads to inhibition of dense granule proteins (Venugopal et al, 2020)
      • When the apical annuli SNAREs are depleted Rab11A accumulates at the annuli (Fu et al, 2023) Collectively, we believe that the claim that the apical annuli are the sites of dense granule secretion is very strongly supported, particularly by the very molecules that would be required for vesicle docking and fusing at these sites, and is justified to be noted in the title. We have, however, made it clear in our report now that these data are indirect and that dense granules are yet to be captured in the act of secreting their contents at these sites (Discussion, paragraph five).

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      The consolidating themes I see (and value) in the reviews:

      Comment 2.9

      1. functional follow up of role of LMDB3 Authors’ response: This work is already part of a follow-up project.

      Comment 2.10

      adopt nomenclature of Fu et al, to avoid confusion in literature

      Authors’ response: Please see our response to Comment 2.4

      Comment 2.11

      better integrate the findings in light of the Fu et al publication throughout this manuscript

      *Authors’ response: We have further acknowledged and compared our findings to those of the parallel study of Fu et al with additional text in the discussion. *

      Comment 2.12

      no direct evidence of dense granules at annuli; attenuate the claims (in title etc), or include supportive data

      Authors’ response: Please see our response to the equivalent Comment 2.8 above.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      • Describe the nature and significance of the advance (e.g. conceptual, technical, clinical) for the field.

      Comment 2.13

      The presented manuscript reports on a novel protein, LMBD3, embedded in the plasma membrane of Toxoplasma gondii at the site of the apical annuli, which are pores across the inner membrane complex (IMC) skeleton. This provides a novel, putative connection between the cytoplasm and plasma membrane, although this is not directly explored here. Through LMDB3 proximity biotinylation, three SNAREs are identified that were recently reported to be involved in dense granule exocytosis, which is is confirmed here through robust proteomic experiments.

      Authors’ response: This reviewer has made an error here in stating that the parallel study of Fu et al implicated the apical annuli SNAREs with dense granule exocytosis. See our response to Comment 2.1 where we describe why the experimental design used for Fu et al was unlikely to test this question effectively.

      • Place the work in the context of the existing literature (provide references, where appropriate). The annuli were first reported in 2006, and understanding of their proteomic composition has expanded over the years, however, a function has remained long elusive. This report, together with another parallel performed work, now uses three SNAREs, named TgAAQa, TgAAQb and TgAAQc in this report but previously named TgStx1, TgStx20, and TgStx21 (not in this orthologous order), localizing to the annuli as tool to assign the function of the annuli to exocytosis of the dense granules during intracellular parasite multiplication. The evolutionary context and concepts of the new findings are very well-embedded in the existing literature and insights.

      • State what audience might be interested in and influenced by the reported findings. The audience comprises people with a specific interest beyond apicomplexan biology, basically all Alveolates as they all share a similar membrane skeleton. Assigning a putative function to widely conserved LMBD3 will be of high interest to this completely different audience as well.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In the submitted work "Apical annuli are specialised sites of post-invasion secretion of dense granules in Toxoplasma", the authors explore the role of the apical annuli in T. gondii. They identify a number of proteins that localize to the membranes at the annuli, including SNARE proteins that are known players in vesicle fusion. They also shown that knockdown of several annuli localized proteins blocks replication and secretion of dense granule cargo into the parasitophorous vacuole. Overall, the work is well done and an important contribution to the field.

      Major comments

      Comment 3.1

      1. In the title and throughout the manuscript the authors claim that the apical annuli are sites of dense granule secretion (e.g. "firmly implicating the apical annuli as the site of dense granule docking and membrane fusion." or "that the apical annuli are sites of vesicle fusion and exocytosis"). However, there does not appear to be direct evidence of the dense granules docking and fusing at these sites.

      It would be ideal to see vesicles docked via EM at the annuli, either in wildtype or knockdown parasites. This may not be possible - if not, I recommend toning down the conclusions on docking (or "specialized sites of secretion" as this has not been shown) and instead stating that these structures play a critical role in dense granule secretion. Authors’ response: Please see our response to Comments 2.8 & 2.12, and we have toned down this conclusion as requested to make it clear that direct observations of dense granule fusion are yet to be made. Capturing the transient event of dense granule docking by EM would indeed be a very challenging ambition.

      Comment 3.2

      The authors should discuss earlier (in the results) the findings of Fu et al. which:

      Authors’ response: The parallel study of Fu et al (2023) has indeed generated some similar data, but there are also multiple points of difference including their conclusions. We discuss all of these relevant points in the Discussion, and believe that it would make the Results narrative confusing to introduce this element of discussion there. Our study has not been performed in response to theirs, but rather was conducted in parallel.

      • show the localization of some of the same SNAREs at the apical annuli. Fu et al also see localization to the plasma membrane separate from the annuli for some of these proteins. Do you see plasma membrane spots as well upon longer exposures? Can differences be explained by the position or type of tag used?

      Authors’ response: Fu et al have indeed used different reporters and expressed the SNARE fusion proteins with different non-native promoters. They used a very bulky reporter which combined 12 HA tags as well as the large Auxin-Inducible Degron (AID), and together it is possible that they observe some mistargeting artefacts. For our location studies we used the small epitope 3xV5 only. We did not see the additional locations that they report, and this may be due to the larger modification that they made to these proteins.

      • Fu et al also shows similar plaque defects in the knockdowns and loss of trafficking of plasma membrane proteins to the periphery. In general, the studies from this group are very complementary - they should be better acknowledged.

      Authors’ response: We have included more frequent reference and comparison to the Fu et al study now in our Discussion.

      • Fu et al see an invasion defect but no defect in GRA secretion - Do you see an invasion defect? These differences should be discussed

      Authors’ response: See our response to Comments 2.1 & 2.13 regarding why the Fu et al could not detect the GRA secretion defect. We discuss this in our Discussion now (Discussion paragraph four). We also consider the Fu et al study of an invasion defect as flawed. Both our and their study show that depletion of apical annuli SNAREs has a strong replication phenotype of parasites within the host vacuole. Given induced SNARE depletion must occur during this growing stage of the parasites, to ask if apical annuli could be involved directly in invasion processes requires testing for invasion competence of already very sick cells. It is, therefore, not possible to control for secondary effects on invasion incompetence due to general cell malaise. Furthermore, Fu et al report on invasion efficiency using an assay that relies on SAG1 presentation on the cell surface. However, they conclude independently in their study that SAG1 delivery to the surface is inhibited in their SNARE knockdowns. This further confounds any attempt to reliable measure invasion and any role for these SNAREs in this process. Therefore, for biological as well as technical reasons, we have not tested for a possible role of annuli in invasion.

      • It would be helpful for the field to use the same nomenclature whenever possible. Is it possible to use the naming described earlier?

      Authors’ response: Please see our response to Comment 2.4.

      Comment 3.3

      Fig 1C - The authors use trypsin shaving to demonstrate plasma membrane localization of LMBD3. They are probably correct - but it is important to definitively distinguish between plasma membrane and IMC membrane localization. a. The western blot bands for GAP40 should be quantified. It appears that GAP40 is also reduced and it could be reduced to a similar extent as SAG1 without quantification. In addition, this protection from digestion could be confirmed with a second marker in the space between the PM and IMC membranes like GAP45 (whereas cytoplasmic/mito markers like profilin and Tom40 are likely further protected by the IMC membranes and are thus less relevant here).

      Authors’ response: Quantitation of Western blots is notoriously inaccurate and, rather, we use it here as a qualitative indication of trypsin sensitivity of proteins in intact cells. The LMBD3 protein is completely transformed within the first time point (1 hour) to stable products of proteolysis of this polytopic membrane protein — presumably to those now protected within the cell. Known GPI-anchored surface protein SAG1 shows similar immediate sensitivity, although it is known that internalised SAG1 pools are constantly recycled to the surface and hence gradual elimination of the residual SAG1 band over 4 hours. The internal protein markers (GAP40, PRF, TOM40) show no discernible change in the first hour and little if any beyond that (within the variation common to Western blotting). GAP40 shares an equivalent polytopic membrane topology to LMBD3 except it occurs in the IMC membrane directly below the plasma membrane, so we think this is the more suitable control. Thus, this trypsin shaving experiment gives a binary output: sensitive or insensitive. This conclusion is further supported by the published spatial proteomics study (Barylyuk et al. 2020) which shows that LMBD3 segregates with other integral membrane proteins specific to the plasma membrane and not with the IMC proteins. Our super resolution imaging of LMBD3 relative to inner membrane complex markers (Centrin2, GAP45, IMC1) also show it as peripheral to them, further corroborating the plasma membrane location.

      1. Is it possible to N-terminally tag LMBD3 and then examine plasma membrane localization by detection of the tag without permeabilization? (this would also confirm the proposed topology) Authors’ response: We have tried to N-terminally tag LMBD3 with an epitope reporter but this integration was not tolerated by the cell, presumable because it interferes with membrane insertion of this protein that is essential for cell viability. So, this experimental option is not available.

      Comment 3.4

      I think it is important to make clear for the reader what is happening here. The paper sounds as though the dense granules directly dock at the annuli for release. It also seems possible from this work and Fu et al that secretion at the annuli occurs via small vesicles that originate from the dense granules. Perhaps a diagram or model would help the reader here (and discuss why DGs or other vesicles are not routinely seen at the annuli if this is the critical portal - and perhaps why the organelles are not clustered in the apical end of the cell if this is where they are needed)

      Authors’ response: This comment is related to that of review 2 (Comments 2.8/12), although we note again that Fu et al did not conclude that dense granules are exocytosed at this site. It is also unclear why this reviewer envisages that small vesicles arise from the dense granules, rather than the dense granule itself fusing at the annuli to the plasma membrane. Indeed, the occurrence of Rab11A on the dense granules, and the accumulation of this protein at the annuli with SNARE knockdown, supports that it is the dense granules that dock at this site. Why dense granules don’t otherwise cluster at their sites of secretion but are instead motile in the cell, their movement driven by Myosin F on actin filaments, is not known. Perhaps these otherwise bulky organelles would create too much cellular crowding that could interfere with other processes. We have addressed all of these points in additions to the discussion so that these interesting unknowns are transparent to the reader (Discussion paragraph 5).

      Comment 3.5

      Figure 5. The authors state the knockdown results in "strong phenotypes of reduced plaque development" - The plaque assays should be quantified.

      • Are there no plaques or just very small ones here?

      Authors’ response: The reviewer provides no rationale for this request or states what questions could be addressed by doing so. Indeed, none of our conclusions would be affected. We use the plaque assays to test whether each of the proteins tested are independently necessary for some facet of normal parasite growth where the result is binary — no difference in plaque size versus near or complete absence of plaque development. The interpretation of differing plaque sizes between different knockdown mutations is a very inexact science with assumptions of equal rates of protein depletion, sensitivity of relative protein abundance, modes of action of mutation, and kinetics of plaque growth very difficult to validate for meaningful comparisons to be made. Therefore, we don’t see any useful role for plaque quantification in the research questions that we’ve addressed or the conclusions that we present.

      Comment 3.6

      Figure 6 a. Fig 6A - The use of digitonin for semipermeabilization requires controls as there is typically a lot of variability across the monolayer. This is ideally done with something to show that the host plasma membrane has been permeabilized (e.g. host tubulin) and the PVM has not been permeabilized (e.g. SAG1). Otherwise, perhaps the authors could state what percent of cells showed the data like the representative images shown or describe further how selective permeabilization was assessed? (or wider fields with many cells and vacuoles?)

      *Authors’ response: As requested, we have included a supplemental figure showing wider fields of view where multiple vacuoles are seen. These data show that the vacuoles are similarly stained with no evidence of variability of digitonin permeabilization. The reduction in GRA5 secretion shown by microscopy is further supported by this protein being quantified using proteomics as enriched in the parasites when the apical annuli proteins are depleted (Fig 7). *

      Comment 3.7

      1. Fig 6B - "the GRA signal seen within the parasite was increased compared to the control" This is not clear from the AAQb image shown as it appears more is also present in the vacuole (or perhaps residual body?) Can this be clarified? Authors’ response: Yes, in this image it appears that the ‘residual body’, which is also an integral internal compartment of the growing parasite rosette, is a site of dense granule accumulation. We have modified the text to make it clear that the observations of IFA images showing ‘apparent’ increase in dense granule staining were then directly tested by quantitative proteomics. These subsequent data (Fig 7) provided a clear measure of the increase in dense granule proteins in the parasites when apical annuli function was perturbed.

      Minor comments

      Comment 3.8

      1. Line 215-217 The authors state that "Collectively these data imply that the apical annuli provide coordinated gaps in the IMC barrier that forms at the earliest point of IMC development and that they maintain access of the cytosol to these specialised locations in the plasma membrane."
      2. However, their data shows that LMBD3 only recruits once daughters are emerging (not earliest point of IMC development). Please clarify? Is this just referring to Centrin2 or LMBD3 as well? Authors’ response: Yes, the other AAPs indicate that these structures form early, and they were mentioned as such in the sentences preceding this statement — hence ‘collectively’.

      Comment 3.9

      Fig 5. Regarding growth arrest. AAQa appears to show an arrest but is it possible the others just grow slower? Do they arrest later and hence fail to form a plaque? Is there incomplete knockdown which enables a few parasites to persist?

      *Authors’ response: It is true that it is difficult to discern complete growth arrest from *

      *very retarded growth. However, neither alternative would affect our conclusions where we use these phenotypes as an indication of apical annuli participating in process required for normal growth. All plaque assays show strong growth phenotypes. Nevertheless, we have removed the use of the term ‘growth arrest’ with respect to these phenotypes (including in the Abstract) and replaced it with growth impairment. *

      Comment 3.10

      Line 132, Fig 1 A-C. For clarity it may be better for the reader if LMBD3 is named earlier, or if Fig 1 refers to the gene ID for panels A-C before its named.

      Authors’ response: This is a good idea and we have made this change, making note of the rationale for this name when we present the phylogeny.

      Comment 3.11

      Line 30 - "represent a second structure in the IMC specialised for protein secretion" this is confusing - do the authors mean in addition to the micronemes/rhoptries at the apical complex? Maybe "a second structure in the parasite" would be clearer

      Authors’ response: To clarify we have reworded as follows: ‘The apical annuli, therefore, represent a second type of IMC-embedded structure to the apical complex that is specialised for protein secretion

      Comment 3.12

      Line 440 - the author states that "these pre- and post-invasion secretion processes are also biochemically separated because both microneme and rhoptry secretion are SNARE-independent" Is this from the Cova and Dubios papers cited a line later? I took a quick scan of these papers and neither appear to show this? Cova claims still this is still unclear and Dubios says SNAREs are likely involved?

      Authors’ response: While both microneme and rhoptry secretion use distinctive molecular machineries for controlling membrane fusion for exocytosis, it is true that it is not formally known that these processes completely lack SNARE involvement, and neither paper cited here can eliminate this possibility. We have therefore, removed this short part of the discussion where we consider that dense granules might be unique amongst these three compartments in relying on SNAREs.

      Text editing

      Comment 3.13

      1. Line 94 - plasma membrane or cell surface. Clarify here - do you mean plasma membrane or under the membrane at the periphery? Authors’ response: We have modified as: ‘plasma membrane including the cell surface’.

      Comment 3.14

      Line 321 refers to Fig 6A but should say 7A. Panel 7B is never referenced in the text.

      Authors’ response: Thank you, we have corrected this and only sited Fig7 because A and B are both relevant to the statement made in the text.

      Comment 3.15

      Line 347-242 and fig 4A - the discussion of Q-SNARES and diagram could use some references for the reader

      Authors’ response: Thank you for this suggestion, we have acted on this request.

      Comment 3.16

      The methods says plaque assays were 7 days, fig 5 legend says 8 days

      Authors’ response: Thank you, this is corrected as 8 days.

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      • I completely agree with Rev 2
      • I also think examining invasion given Rev1 comment on the micronemes and the data from Fu et al would be worthwhile and straightforward to do

      Authors’ response: Please see our response to Comment 3.2 where the validity of measuring invasion competence of poorly growing, and/or arrested, parasites is scientifically questionable. It would require controls of similarly unhealthy parasites where the apical annuli are unaffected, but it is difficult to imagine how one would deliver such a control.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      This is an excellent study that assesses the role of apical annuli in parasite secretion. It is an important addition to the field (and outstanding imaging that provides a high level of detail to the study). The study could be improved by better integrating a recent similar study noted by the authors and in the review

      Authors’ response: We have provided more direct discussion of the Fu et al paper in our Discussion section.

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In the submitted work "Apical annuli are specialised sites of post-invasion secretion of dense granules in Toxoplasma", the authors explore the role of the apical annuli in T. gondii. They identify a number of proteins that localize to the membranes at the annuli, including SNARE proteins that are known players in vesicle fusion. They also shown that knockdown of several annuli localized proteins blocks replication and secretion of dense granule cargo into the parasitophorous vacuole. Overall, the work is well done and an important contribution to the field.

      Major comments

      1. In the title and throughout the manuscript the authors claim that the apical annuli are sites of dense granule secretion (e.g. "firmly implicating the apical annuli as the site of dense granule docking and membrane fusion." or "that the apical annuli are sites of vesicle fusion and exocytosis"). However, there does not appear to be direct evidence of the dense granules docking and fusing at these sites.

      It would be ideal to see vesicles docked via EM at the annuli, either in wildtype or knockdown parasites. This may not be possible - if not, I recommend toning down the conclusions on docking (or "specialized sites of secretion" as this has not been shown) and instead stating that these structures play a critical role in dense granule secretion.<br /> 2. The authors should discuss earlier (in the results) the findings of Fu et al. which: - show the localization of some of the same SNAREs at the apical annuli. Fu et al also see localization to the plasma membrane separate from the annuli for some of these proteins. Do you see plasma membrane spots as well upon longer exposures? Can differences be explained by the position or type of tag used? - Fu et al also shows similar plaque defects in the knockdowns and loss of trafficking of plasma membrane proteins to the periphery. In general, the studies from this group are very complementary - they should be better acknowledged. - Fu et al see an invasion defect but no defect in GRA secretion - Do you see an invasion defect? These differences should be discussed - It would be helpful for the field to use the same nomenclature whenever possible. Is it possible to use the naming described earlier? 3. Fig 1C - The authors use trypsin shaving to demonstrate plasma membrane localization of LMBD3. They are probably correct - but it is important to definitively distinguish between plasma membrane and IMC membrane localization. - a. The western blot bands for GAP40 should be quantified. It appears that GAP40 is also reduced and it could be reduced to a similar extent as SAG1 without quantification. In addition, this protection from digestion could be confirmed with a second marker in the space between the PM and IMC membranes like GAP45 (whereas cytoplasmic/mito markers like profilin and Tom40 are likely further protected by the IMC membranes and are thus less relevant here). - b. Is it possible to N-terminally tag LMBD3 and then examine plasma membrane localization by detection of the tag without permeabilization? (this would also confirm the proposed topology) 4. I think it is important to make clear for the reader what is happening here. The paper sounds as though the dense granules directly dock at the annuli for release. It also seems possible from this work and Fu et al that secretion at the annuli occurs via small vesicles that originate from the dense granules. Perhaps a diagram or model would help the reader here (and discuss why DGs or other vesicles are not routinely seen at the annuli if this is the critical portal - and perhaps why the organelles are not clustered in the apical end of the cell if this is where they are needed) 5. Figure 5. The authors state the knockdown results in "strong phenotypes of reduced plaque development" - The plaque assays should be quantified. - Are there no plaques or just very small ones here? 6. Figure 6

      a. Fig 6A - The use of digitonin for semipermeabilization requires controls as there is typically a lot of variability across the monolayer. This is ideally done with something to show that the host plasma membrane has been permeabilized (e.g. host tubulin) and the PVM has not been permeabilized (e.g. SAG1). Otherwise, perhaps the authors could state what percent of cells showed the data like the representative images shown or describe further how selective permeabilization was assessed? (or wider fields with many cells and vacuoles?)

      b. Fig 6B - "the GRA signal seen within the parasite was increased compared to the control" This is not clear from the AAQb image shown as it appears more is also present in the vacuole (or perhaps residual body?) Can this be clarified?

      Minor comments

      1. Line 215-217 The authors state that "Collectively these data imply that the apical annuli provide coordinated gaps in the IMC barrier that forms at the earliest point of IMC development and that they maintain access of the cytosol to these specialised locations in the plasma membrane."
      2. However, their data shows that LMBD3 only recruits once daughters are emerging (not earliest point of IMC development). Please clarify? Is this just referring to Centrin2 or LMBD3 as well?
      3. Fig 5. Regarding growth arrest. AAQa appears to show an arrest but is it possible the others just grow slower? Do they arrest later and hence fail to form a plaque? Is there incomplete knockdown which enables a few parasites to persist?
      4. Line 132, Fig 1 A-C. For clarity it may be better for the reader if LMBD3 is named earlier, or if Fig 1 refers to the gene ID for panels A-C before its named.
      5. Line 30 - "represent a second structure in the IMC specialised for protein secretion" this is confusing - do the authors mean in addition to the micronemes/rhoptries at the apical complex? Maybe "a second structure in the parasite" would be clearer
      6. Line 440 - the author states that "these pre- and post-invasion secretion processes are also biochemically separated because both microneme and rhoptry secretion are SNARE-independent" Is this from the Cova and Dubios papers cited a line later? I took a quick scan of these papers and neither appear to show this? Cova claims still this is still unclear and Dubios says SNAREs are likely involved?

      Text editing

      1. Line 94 - plasma membrane or cell surface. Clarify here - do you mean plasma membrane or under the membrane at the periphery?
      2. Line 321 refers to Fig 6A but should say 7A. Panel 7B is never referenced in the text.
      3. Line 347-242 and fig 4A - the discussion of Q-SNARES and diagram could use some references for the reader
      4. The methods says plaque assays were 7 days, fig 5 legend says 8 days

      Referees cross-commenting

      • I completely agree with Rev 2
      • I also think examining invasion given Rev1 comment on the micronemes and the data from Fu et al would be worthwhile and straightforward to do

      Significance

      This is an excellent study that assesses the role of apical annuli in parasite secretion. It is an important addition to the field (and outstanding imaging that provides a high level of detail to the study). The study could be improved by better integrating a recent similar study noted by the authors and in the review

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We have thoroughly revised the manuscript, taking into account all comments from all four reviewers. We have added new data (Supplemental Figure 2 and Supplemental Figure 4) in response to these comments.

      Reviewer 1

      The assessment of data reproducibility is currently uncertain due to the absence of replication and statistical analysis in the dataset. It is essential to provide explicit information regarding sample sizes or replicates for all data and figures, data should be presented as mean +/- SD/SEM, and the interpretation of results should be grounded in rigorous statistical analysis. The lack of experimental replicates and statistical analysis in most of the figures presented raises major concerns regarding the validity of the result.

      We have now added error bars for the graphs in Figure 3D, E, F, G, H; Figure 4 D, F, G, H, I, J; Figure 5 B, C, D, E, F, G; and Figure 6B, C, D. All GTPase assays have repeated three times. The mean ± S.D. (n = 3) is plotted for each condition. For high-speed pelleting assays, all assays have been conducted three times, and a representative assay is shown.

      Why was only one of the MiD proteins, specifically MiD49, studied, while MiD51 was not includedin the investigation?

      This is an excellent point. In our previous work (doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551267), we found that MiD49 and MiD51 were strikingly similar in their abilities to activate Drp1 after their own activation with fatty acyl-CoA. We feel that the demonstration here with MiD49 suggests that a similar effect would occur with MiD51. Due to time constraints for the lead author, preparing more MiD51 protein was out of the scope of what could be done. We now add a line in the Discussion that results for MiD51 may be different.

      The author suggestion of Drp1 phosphorylation, based on the mobility of protein observed in SDS-PAGE gel (fig 4A, 5A, 6A), is not a sufficiently valid assessment. While western blot analysis is a valid method to assess Drp1 phosphorylation, it is essential to include replicates for semi-quantitation and demonstrate the reproducibility of the results. Moreover, it is recommended to incorporate Western blot analyses to provide additional support for the findings presented in Figures 5 and 6.

      • We agree with the reviewer that additional information on the phosphorylation state of these proteins should be provided. We now include phospho-proteomic analysis for Erk2 phosphorylation of WT Drp1 and Drp1-S600D (Supplemental Table 1), showing that S579 is by far the predominant phosphorylation site. For WT Drp1, three lines of evidence now suggest efficient Erk2 phosphorylation of S579:
      • Western blot using anti-phosphoS579
      • Phosphoproteomic analysis
      • Gel shift

      For the Drp1-S600D phosphorylation, we have phosphoproteomic and gel shift analysis. For isoform 6, we regrettably only have gel shift. However, given the fact that the effect of Erk2 treatment on actin-stimulated GTPase activity mimics what we found for WT-Drp1 and for Drp1-phosphoS579/S600D, we think it is highly likely that the equivalent phosphorylation (S629 in this case) has been affected.

      Data on phosphorylated peptides with replicates experiments should be presented.

      We now present these data, which have been significantly expanded since the initial submission (new Supplemental Table 1). While non-phophorylated S579 is still detected in both the WT and S600D phosphorylation reactions, the phosphorylated peptide is 2.2 and 2.3-fold more abundant, respectively. Our conclusion is that Erk2 efficiently phosphorylates S579, although stoichiometric phosphorylation was not obtained here. We have added statements in the relevant sections of the Result, and in the Methods. We have also added Supplemental Table 1 to show the spectral counts obtained from phospho-proteomic analysis, and have deposited the raw data files with the PRIDE consortium (access information in the Methods).

      Please provide additional context or specific details about the GFP-tagged Drp1 protein, such as the protein site where GFP was attached, as well as whether this tag could potentially impact the Drp1 GTPase activity and oligomerization. Figure 7C and D appear to suggest an increase in the GTPase activity of the GFP-Drp1 protein.

      We have now added these details to the Methods section, and have also added the complete amino acid sequence for the final purified construct in Supplemental Figure 4. We have also added that a previous study (PMID: 32901052) found that inclusion of GFP strongly inhibited Drp1 GTPase activity. We do not observe this effect here or in a previous study (PMID: 27559132), and provide possible reasons for this difference in the Methods. The reviewer points out that the activity of GFP-Drp1 appears higher than that of un-tagged Drp1 (comparing 7C with 7D). We find that the GTPase activity of Drp1 alone varies between 1 and 2 uM/min/uM protein depending on the preparation. This variation occurs for both untagged and GFP-tagged Drp1. This difference in basal activity from prep-to-prep might relate to differences between protein preparations, or exact amount of time required to freeze the aliquots of purified protein (we freeze small aliquots ( An optional experiment that would significantly enhance the biological relevance of the findings presented in the current study is to assess the morphology of mitochondria in cells expressing the phospho-mimetic mutant Drp1 proteins. This experiment would provide valuable insights into the functional consequences of Drp1 S579 and S600 phosphorylation on mitochondrial structure and dynamics.

      We fully agree that these would be valuable experiments. The issue is that a large number of experiments using phospho-mimetic mutants in cells have already been conducted, with varying results (Taguchi et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Strack et al., 2013; Kashatus et al., 2015; Serasinghe et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020, Chang and Blackstone, 2007; Cribbs and Strack, 2007; Cereghetti et al., 2008; Wikstrom et al., 2013, Han et al., 2008,Wang et al., 2012 Jhun BS, Sheu, 2018, J Physiol). To conduct more targeted tests examining specific forms of Drp1 activation in cells (for example, through Mff, MiD proteins, actin, or cardiolipin) will require extensive work that is outside the scope here. Our feeling is that S579 phosphorylation is likely to recruit another molecule (probably a protein) that has an activating effect. We tried to test one possibility (NME3, mentioned in the Discussion) but failed to produce useable NME3 protein for these tests and, given time constraints for the lead author, could not address this further.

      Provide reference for method on actin polymerization.

      We have now added a reference in the ‘Actin preparation for biochemical assays’ section of the Methods (PMID 16472659).

      Rectify the error in referencing figure 3 panels within the figure legends of Supplemental Fig S1.

      Thank you, we have changed this.

      The inclusion of full length isoform 6 is commendable. However, there is no mentioned of isoform6 in the method section.

      Thank you for pointing this out. We have added description of the construct and referenced our previous paper that used it.

      Since papers deposited in bioRxiv have not undergone peer review, reference #7 should not becited as references in scholarly work.

      Reference 7 has so far been reviewed by a peer-review journal. e are addressing reviewers’ concerns and will re-submit soon. We do not know how to rectify the issue of referencing this work, because it describes an extensive amount of groundwork for the MiD proteins. Our hope is that this work will be in press by the time the work reviewed here is ready for publication.

      Please provide details about the calculation of GTPase activity and the distinctions between the specific GTPase activity and total GTPase activity shown in figure 8D-F.

      We now describe these calculations in the “GTPase assay” section of the Methods.

      Reviewer 2

      Overall, the experiments described here are carried out with rigor and the conclusions drawn are of significance to understanding how phosphorylation regulates Drp1 functions.

      Thank you for these kind comments!

      Phosphorylation of both the serine residues appears to elicit a common effect in that they inhibitDrp1's stimulated GTPase activity. This would suggest that phosphorylation affects Drp1's self-assembly as tightly packed helical scaffolds. Instead of sedimentation analysis, an EM analysis of helical scaffolds on cardiolipin-containing membrane nanotubes or in the presence of soluble adaptors causing Drp1 to form filaments would provide a direct readout for defects in self-assembly.

      This is an excellent point, and we would love to conduct this work. Given our current EM infrastructure and expertise, these experiments would take extensive time for us to do. We do have a collaborator who could carry these out, but feel that the time it would take even for them to do this correctly is beyond that which we have (the lead author is transitioning to their next career phase). We have added the point that further EM studies of this type are necessary to test the effect on Drp1 assembly more directly.

      I am not sure of the rationale for experiments reported in Fig. 7 and 8. If the idea was to test if hetero oligomerization with WT Drp1 rescues defects associated with phosphorylated Drp1 then this could be stated explicitly in the manuscript. GFP-Drp1 is used as a WT mimic but a previous report (PMID: 30531964) indicates that this construct is severely defective in stimulated GTPase assays, much like the K38A mutant. But the rationale of using these constructs is not quite apparent. Is the intention to test if defects seen in the phospho-mimetic mutants of Drp1 can be rescued by the presence of a 'seed' of WT Drp1. If so, then this could be stated explicitly in the manuscript. But regardless, I am not quite sure what this data set achieves in terms of addressing mechanism.

      We apologize for not being clearer in our explanation of these experiments. Our goal was to test the effects of partial Drp1 phosphorylation on overall Drp1 activity, which likely mimics more accurately the cellular situation (wherein only a portion of the Drp1 population is likely to be phosphorylated even upon kinase activation). We now discuss these experiments in a clearer manner. For the GFP-Drp1, we do not observe the effect on GTPase activity shown in that previous manuscript by another laboratory, either here or in previous studies (eg, PMID: 27559132). In the Methods, we now provide a discussion of these differences and possible reasons for them, as well as providing the complete amino acid sequence of our GFP-fusion construct in Supplemental Figure 4.

      Finally, it would have been nice to see if the phospho-mimetic mutants of Drp1 produce the same effects on mitochondrial structure as those reported earlier. Reanalyzing their effects in a cellular assay becomes important because it would consolidate this work for the readers to evaluate the'true' effects of phosphorylation on Drp1 functions. If the phospho-mimetic mutants fare in a manner like those previously reported, then it signifies that stimulation in GTPase activity is not a readout that directly correlates with Drp1 functions. If not, then the results presented here would establish a comprehensive analysis of in vitro biochemical activities and in vivo functions of the phospho-mimetic mutants.

      We fully agree that these would be valuable experiments. The issue is that a large number of experiments using phospho-mimetic mutants in cells have already been conducted, with varying results (Taguchi et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Strack et al., 2013; Kashatus et al., 2015; Serasinghe et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020, Chang and Blackstone, 2007; Cribbs and Strack, 2007; Cereghetti et al., 2008; Wikstrom et al., 2013, Han et al., 2008,Wang et al., 2012 Jhun BS, Sheu, 2018, J Physiol). To conduct more targeted tests examining specific forms of Drp1 activation in cells (for example, through Mff, MiD proteins, actin, or cardiolipin) will require extensive work that is outside the scope here. Our feeling is that S579 phosphorylation is likely to recruit another molecule (probably a protein) that has an activating effect. We tried to test one possibility (NME3, mentioned in the Discussion) but failed to produce useable NME3 protein for these tests and, given time constraints for the lead author, could not address this further.

      Previous work reports that the effect of actin on the GTPase activity of Drp1 is biphasic but the binding to actin is not. This is quite confounding, and the authors could perhaps explain why this is the case.

      The reviewer makes an excellent point, which we now explain further in the manuscript. We have also discussed this in doi:10.1101/2023.07.31.551267 (see Figure 2D in that work). Our interpretation is that it is the density of Drp1 bound to the actin that provides the activation, by positioning the GTPase domains in close proximity. As the amount of actin increases, the Drp1 becomes more dispersed on the filaments, and activation decreases. We observe the same effect for MiD49 and MiD51 oligomers (see the above-mentioned reference).

      The manuscript cites PMID: 23798729 for expression analysis of slice variants but PMID:29853636 provides a more compressive analysis. The authors could cite this work.

      Thank you for this reference. We were unaware of it, but are very glad to know of it now. We now include this reference. In particular, in the legend to Figure 1C (table of splice variants), we now state that this table is for human Drp1, and that additional splice variants have been identified for murine Drp1 (PMID 29853636).

      Reviewer 3

      The splendid results of the manuscript willbe interesting to the researchers in the related fields.

      Thank you for this nice comment!

      The manuscript provided well-organized biochemistry results for comparisons between phosphorylation of Drp1 S579 and S600. It is the reviewer's comments that the authors may include experiments that manipulate Drp1 phosphorylation at different amino acids in cells. Such experiments will provide strong support for this manuscript.

      • We fully agree that these would be valuable experiments. The issue is that a large number of experiments using phospho-mimetic mutants in cells have already been conducted (Taguchi et al., 2007; Qi et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2011; Strack et al., 2013; Kashatus et al., 2015; Serasinghe et al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016; Brand et al., 2018; Han et al., 2020, Chang and Blackstone, 2007; Cribbs and Strack, 2007; Cereghetti et al., 2008; Wikstrom et al., 2013, Han et al., 2008,Wang et al., 2012 Jhun BS, Sheu, 2018, J Physiol). To conduct more targeted tests examining specific forms of Drp1 activation in cells (for example, through Mff, MiD proteins, actin, or cardiolipin) will require extensive work that is outside the scope here. Our feeling is that S579 phosphorylation is likely to recruit another molecule (probably a protein) that has an activating effect. We tried to test one possibility (NME3, mentioned in the Discussion) but failed to produce useable NME3 protein for these tests and, given time constraints for the lead author, could not address this further.

        The authors discussed the known factors that involved in Drp1 activation, such as its receptors, actin and cardiolipin. Recent JCB paper (J. Cell Biol. 2023 Vol. 222 No. 10 e202303147) indicates that intermembrane space protein Mdi1/Atg44 may play a role in coordinating mitochondria fission with Dnm1 (Drp1 in yeast cells). It will be valuable if the manuscript could also discuss the potential factor.

      • Thank you for this comment. We now include Mdi1/Atg44 as a possible factor that might be influenced by Drp1 phosphorylation. Two points we would like to make here are: there doesn’t seem to be an Mdi1 homologue in mammals, so the equivalent factor must be identified before testing; and Mdi1 is an inter-membrane space protein, so any effect of Drp1 phosphorylation on coordinated functioning with Mdi1 would either require an intermediary factor or exposure of the IMS in some way.

        Keywords cannot represent the manuscript. It is recommended that the authors use other words to for the current manuscript.

      We have removed K38A from this list. The other key words are not mentioned in the Abstract.

      Reviewer 4

      The authors showed that the binding of Drp1 to actin depends on salt concentrations (Fig. 2Band C). In the presence of 65 mM NaCl, the phosphomimetic mutants showed decreased binding to actin. The GTPase assay is performed with 65 mM KCl, in which actin did not stimulate GTP hydrolysis of the phosphomimetic mutants. In contrast, with 140 mM NaCl, the S579D Drp1 exhibits slightly enhanced actin binding compared to WT Drp1. Could the authors assess the actin-activated GTPase activity in the 140 mM salt condition to test if actin activates GTP hydrolysis ofS579D Drp1 more potently than WT?

      This is a good point by the reviewer. However, with limited time for the first author, we chose to focus on the reviewer’s other comments (see below).

      Both phosphomimetic mutants show reduced activation for GTP hydrolysis in the presence of cardiolipin, Mff, and MiD49. Is this because the mutants have a lower affinity for these interactors? Or do they bind with the same affinity but experience diminished activation? The data suggests the latter scenario, potentially resulting from decreased oligomerization properties. Can the authors provide more insights on this, for example, by measuring their interaction in the presence of GMP- PCP, which fully induces oligomerization in all three forms of Drp1?

      • These are interesting ideas, and we conducted experiments similar to what the reviewer described: co-sedimentation experiments with combinations of Drp1 and Mff under three nucleotide states: no nucleotide, GMP-PCP, and GTP. We used Mff for these experiments because we have this protein in abundance, and have previously characterized this construct as a trimer in PMID 34347505. We use a high concentration of Mff (50 mM) versus Drp1 (1.3 mM) because of the relatively low affinity between the two proteins (shown in PMID 34347505). We find the following:
      • In the absence of nucleotide, Mff does not cause an increase in pelletable Drp1 for any of the Drp1 constructs.
      • In the GTP state, the presence of Mff greatly increases the amount of Drp1 in the pellet, suggestive of increased Drp1 oligomerization. This effect occurs for all Drp1 constructs (WT, S579D and S600D mutants), but the amounts of both Drp1 and Mff in the pellets are about 50% less for both mutants than for the WT construct. This result suggests a decrease in oligomerization for the mutants, but not necessarily a decrease in Mff binding.

      I'm curious what happens to oligomerization if GTP is added instead of nonhydrolyzable GMP-PCP (Fig. 1D). Does this lead to higher oligomerization in the mutants compared to WT since the mutants seem to have lower GTPase activity? This might explain why phosphorylation increases mitochondrial localization of Drp1 in cells seen in some studies.

      This is another interesting thought, and we describe the new experiments we conducted in the response to the previous comment. Essentially, while GTP does cause a slight increase in pelletable Drp1, the increase is somewhat similar for all constructs. As described in the last comment, the addition of Mff causes a substantial increase in pelletable Drp1 for both WT and the mutants. This result suggests that, while the basal oligomeric state of Drp1 (in the absence of nucleotide) is reduced for the mutants (our original analytical ultracentrifugation data), the mutants appear to be capable of responding to GTP and Mff in a similar manner to WT. We acknowledge that the assay used here (pelleting) lacks the precision required to draw detailed conclusions on oligomerization or interaction with Mff, and we try to reflect this in our discussion of the data. We do feel, however, that these data are useful to report, in guiding future study.

      Please include the number of experimental repeats and error bars where applicable.

      We have now added number of experimental repeats and error bars for the graphs in Figure 3D, E, F, G, H; Figure 4 D, F, G, H, I, J; Figure 5 B, C, D, E, F, G; and Figure 6B, C, D.

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary

      The present study aims to delineate the effect of S579 and S600 phosphorylation on Drp1 oligomerisation and GTPase activity. Using phospho-mimetic mutant Drp1 proteins, in conjunction with GTPase activity and phosphorylation assays, as well as size exclusion chromatography, the authors conclude that phosphorylation of residue S579 does not activate Drp1 directly. Notably, the authors did not perform cell-based assays to assess mitochondrial fission. The abstract concludes by stating, "our results suggest that nearest neighbour interactions within the Drp1 oligomer affect catalytic activity". However, this assertion appears to lack clarity and direct support from the presented results. Further clarification or evidence linking the observed data to this conclusion would enhance the overall comprehensibility and validity of the study's findings.

      Major comments

      • The assessment of data reproducibility is currently uncertain due to the absence of replication and statistical analysis in the dataset. It is essential to provide explicit information regarding sample sizes or replicates for all data and figures, data should be presented as mean +/- SD/SEM, and the interpretation of results should be grounded in rigorous statistical analysis. The lack of experimental replicates and statistical analysis in most of the figures presented raises major concerns regarding the validity of the result.
      • Why was only one of the MiD proteins, specifically MiD49, studied, while MiD51 was not included in the investigation?
      • The author suggestion of Drp1 phosphorylation, based on the mobility of protein observed in SDS-PAGE gel (fig 4A, 5A, 6A), is not a sufficiently valid assessment. While western blot analysis is a valid method to assess Drp1 phosphorylation, it is essential to include replicates for semi-quantitation and demonstrate the reproducibility of the results. Moreover, it is recommended to incorporate Western blot analyses to provide additional support for the findings presented in Figures 5 and 6.
      • Data on phosphorylated peptides with replicates experiments should be presented.
      • Please provide additional context or specific details about the GFP-tagged Drp1 protein, such as the protein site where GFP was attached, as well as whether this tag could potentially impact the Drp1 GTPase activity and oligomerisation. Figure 7C and D appear to suggest an increase in the GTPase activity of the GFP-Drp1 protein.
      • An optional experiment that would significantly enhance the biological relevance of the findings presented in the current study is to assess the morphology of mitochondria in cells expressing the phospho-mimetic mutant Drp1 proteins. This experiment would provide valuable insights into the functional consequences of Drp1 S579 and S600 phosphorylation on mitochondrial structure and dynamics.

      Minor comments

      • Provide reference for method on actin polymerisation.
      • Rectify the error in referencing figure 3 panels within the figure legends of Supplemental Fig S1.
      • The inclusion of full length isoform 6 is commendable. However, there is no mentioned of isoform 6 in the method section.
      • Since papers deposited in bioRxiv have not undergone peer review, reference #7 should not be cited as references in scholarly work.
      • Please provide details about the calculation of GTPase activity and the distinctions between the specific GTPase activity and total GTPase activity shown in figure 8D-F.

      Significance

      The current investigation holds promise for advancing our understanding of the impact of post-translational modifications, specifically those occurring at the S579 and S600 sites, on Drp1 activity. Nevertheless, the absence of experimental replication and comprehensive statistical analysis introduces notable concerns regarding the credibility and replicability of the findings.

      Audience: Basic research that focus on mitochondrial morphology and Drp1 biology.

      I lack expertise in velocity analytical ultracentrifugation and, as a result, am unable to provide an assessment regarding the validity and accuracy of the assay.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      1. General Statements

      We thank the reviewers for their time and both thoughtful and constructive comments. Their specific points are addressed below but a general point that we would like to comment on is that in the original version it appears we did not make our model clear enough. The dogma in the field is that Rab7 is recruited to endosomes from a cytosolic pool via exchange with Rab5 (mediated by Mon1/Ccz1). Our work instead indicates that the majority of Rab7 is delivered to Dictyostelium phagosomes by fusion with other endocytic compartments. It was not our intention to imply there was no canonical recruitment of Rab7 from a cytosolic pool, and indeed we provide data to show this happens at a low level and discuss this in the manuscript. Nonetheless, we clearly over-stated the exclusivity of Rab7 recruitment to phagosomes via fusion at several points and our original model cartoon, and have tried to better explain or more nuanced model with multiple routes for Rab7 acquisition in this revision, including a completely redrawn model figure (Fig. 7).

      2. Description of the planned revisions

      Reviewer 1:

      1. The observation that macropinosomes undergo retrograde fusion with newly formed phagosomes to facilitate phagosome maturation is an interesting notion that challenges the traditional model. However, not all phagocytes exhibit a high level of macropinocytosis, and axenic Dictyostelium cells used in the study may be an exception. Thus, it remains unclear whether fusion with macropinosomes is universally required for phagosome maturation. WT Dictyostelium cells or axenic cells cultured under SorMC/Ka condition (Paschke et al., PLoS One, 2018) exhibit significantly reduced macropinocytosis. The authors could examine whether the accumulation of Rab7 and V-ATPase on large-sized phagosomes is delayed in these cells. These experiments may help broaden the applicability of the authors’ finding.

      As our previous work (Buckley et al. PloS pathogens 2019) demonstrated that bacterially-grown PIKfyve mutants are also defective in bacterial killing and growth it is highly likely that cells also are defective in V-ATPase and Rab7 acquisition. However, we agree that formally testing this will further support our conclusions and improve the paper and should be quite straightforward.

      We will therefore co-express GFP-V-ATPase and RFP-Rab7 in both Ax2 and non-axenic cells grown on bacteria and repeat our analysis of recruitment to phagosomes – with the caveat that non-axenic cells do not phagocytose large particles such as yeast (Bloomfield et al. eLife 2015), so the imaging and quantification will be more challenging in this case.

      PIKfyve seems to play a specific role in the maturation of phagosomes but not macropinosomes. The differences may be driven by signaling from phagocytic receptors, as the author suggested. Alternatively, the large size of the yeast-containing phagosomes may require additional steps for efficient lysosomal delivery. The authors should consider examining whether PIKfyve is needed for the delivery of Rab7 and V-ATPase to phagosomes of comparable size to regular macropinosomes, such as those containing K. aerogenes or small beads. In addition, whether the process also involves fusion between phagosomes and macropinosomes should be verified.

      Whilst it is possible that large size of yeast-containing phagosomes requires additional mechanisms to process them, our previous data demonstrate that PIKfyve is also required to kill much smaller bacteria such as Klebsiella and Legionella (Buckley et al. PloS pathogens 2019). Furthermore, in this paper we also showed that loss of PIKfyve disrupts phagosomal proteolysis using 3um beads, and showed that V-ATPase recruitment was reduced on purified phagosomes containing 1um beads. We therefore find consistent defects on phagosomes of different size, with different cargos. Nonetheless, the experiments above, observing V-ATPase and Rab7 in cells grown on bacteria should directly address this point.

      As suggested, we will also perform a dextran pulse-chase prior to addition of bacteria to test if we can observe macropinocytic delivery to bacteria-containing phagosomes - perhaps using E. coli as their elongated shape may help phagosome visualisation.

      In the previous study from the authors' group (Buckley et al., PLoS Pathog, 2019), it was shown that the accumulation of V-ATPase on phagosomes begins immediately after internalization in both PIKfyve mutant and WT, although V-ATPase accumulation reaches only half of the levels seen in WT. This partial accumulation of V-ATPase differs from the almost complete absence of Rab7 recruitment found in this study, which raises the question of whether there exists yet another population of fusogenic vesicles that are positive for V-ATPase but negative for Rab7. This could be checked by simultaneously examining the dynamics of V-ATPase and Rab7 during yeast phagocytosis in the PIKfyve mutant.

      We agree with the referee that there are multiple pools of V-ATPase, and we show that there is both a very early PIKfyve-independent recruitment of both V-ATPase and Rab7 as well as a later and more substantial pool delivered in a PIKfyve-dependent manner. It is clear that V-ATPase and Rab7 do not always co-localise however - the clearest example being on the contractile vacuole, which has lots of V-ATPase but no Rab7 (the large bright magenta structure in Fig 2G.).

      We suspect that the dramatically reduced, but not completely absent levels of both V-ATPase and Rab7 recruitment in the absence of PIKfyve are similar, but the challenges with imaging these very small low levels means we cannot formally exclude that there is a pool of V-ATPase vesicles that lack Rab7 which fuse to very early phagosomes. Nonetheless, as we will already be looking at V-ATPase and Rab7 in PIKfyve KO's in the experiments above will also attempt to unequivocally differentiate a pool of V-ATPase positive/Rab7 negative vesicles fusing with phagosomes.

      Reviewer 2:

      (1) The authors show that deletion of PIKfyve results "in an almost complete block in Rab7 delivery to phagosomes" (page 17) indicating that the delivery of Rab7 depends on fusion with Rab7-positive structures. This would suggest that the Rab7-GEF Mon1-Ccz1 is not localized to the membrane of the phagosomes. Could the authors test for the presence of Mon1-Ccz1 in either fluorescence microscopy experiments or on purified phagosomes to exclude the possibility of a "canonical" Rab7 recruitment by its GEF? If the GEF is found on phagosomal membranes it would indicate that a Rab-transition from Rab5 to Rab7 occurs on the phagosome during maturation, but on a low level. The later fusion event might be a homotypic fusion of two Rab7-positive compartments. The observed fusion events could still deliver the bulk of Rab7 and other endolysosomal proteins to the phagosome. If the Rab7-GEF is not found on phagosomes how do the authors envision that the organelle keeps its identity? Is it solely dependent on PI(3,5)P2? What is the fate of the Rab7-negative phagosome in ∆PIKfyve cells if Rab7 is not delivered to the membrane, is there degradation happening over longer periods of time?

      This is an excellent suggestion, for which we thank the reviewer. Mon1 and Ccz1 are highly conserved, with clear Dictyostelium orthologues that have never been studied. Our model is that there is a small proportion of Rab7 driven by this canonical pathway so would expect Ccz1/Mon1 to coincide with loss of Rab5 and be unaffected by loss of PIKfyve - although subsequent Rab7 delivery would be lost. This is easy to test by cloning and expressing GFP-fusions of both Ccz1 and Mon1 and would be highly informative. Note we do not exclude canonical Rab7 recruitment in our model (see discussion), our data just indicate this has a minor contribution.

      Reviewer 3:

      The focus is on their manuscript is loading of Rab7 on phagosomes, but there's no indication about Rab7 activation (GTP-loading). Would the RILP-C33 probe work in Dictyostelium? If not possible, the activation state of Rab7 should still be discussed. Despite Rab7 on other organelles in PIKfyve-inhibited cells, is this active or not?

      The GTP-loading status of Rab7 is a good question, although the general dogma is that membrane-localised Rabs are active. We will try the RILP-C33 probe in Dictystelium as suggested, but as these cells lack an endogenous RILP orthologue there is a high chance it will not work. Sadly, reliable tools to asses active Rab status are a general limitation for the field, so if the RILP-C33 probe does not work we will add this caveat to the discussion.

      The authors need to better address the confusing kinetics of early Rab7 recruitment, followed by SnxA (Fig. 4G, same for VatM - Fig. 4I ) - which is counterintuitive if PIKfyve activity is required to recruit Rab7. How do the authors explain this? Are phagosomes prevented from acquiring Rab7 in PIKfyve deficient cells because of a defect on phagosomes or the endo-lysosomes loaded with Rab7 (but not active).

      We believe this again relates to the over-simplification of our model. Our data indicate both PIKfyve dependent and independent Rab7 recruitment. In contrast to the abrupt recruitment of SnxA at ~120 seconds (Vines et al. JCB 2023), both Rab7 and VatM accumulate gradually over time starting from almost immediately following engulfment (Buckley et al. 2019, and Figure 2F). Our data indicate that the first stage of this is PIKfyve independent, and is responsible for ~10% of the total Rab7/V-ATPase accumulation by both the imaging in this paper, and Western blot for V-ATPase on purified phagosomes in Buckley et al. PLoS pathogens 2019. The arrival of some Rab7/V-ATPase prior to PI(3,5)P2 therefore supports our model where there are multiple sources of Rab7.

      As the reviewer quite rightly points out, interpretation of the defects observed in the absence of PIKfyve becomes complex and we cannot completely differentiate between a defect on the phagosome, or the Rab7 compartments that fuse with them (or indeed both). In fact, we already note that small Rab7 compartments that we observe in wild-type cells are much more sparse in PIKfyve mutants. Therefore whilst the requirement for PI(3,5)P2 in the clustering and fusion of macropinosomes with phagosomes is clear, additional effects on the PI(3,5)P2-independent Rab7 compartments cannot be excluded.

      The experiments above using the RILP-C33 active Rab7 biosensor as well as observation of the Mon1/Ccz complex should further clarify this, but we will also add further discussion of these points.

      3. Description of the revisions that have already been incorporated in the transferred manuscript

      Reviewer 1:

      Minor comments.

      1. It is unclear how the experiment in Figure 3G was conducted. If microscopic analysis was involved, the corresponding images should be included.

      We apologise that we overlooked this and have now added a full description in the materials and methods (P8 L16-21). Fluorescence measurements were performed using a plate reader, so there are no images.

      Page 11-Line 2, the sentence "there was no obvious clustering around the nascent phagosome (Figure 2D)." It is Figure 2E, not Figure 2D.

      Corrected.

      There is an inconsistency regarding the description of fluorescent fusion proteins. For example, both GFP (RFP)-2xFyve and 2xFyve-GFP (RFP), as well as GFP-Rab5 and Rab5-GFP, were used. Typically, placing GFP (or RFP) before a gene suggests N-terminal tagging, while placing it after the gene implies C-terminal tagging. The authors should clarify the position of the fluorescent tag and ensure consistency in their descriptions.

      We apologise for this oversight, and have been through and corrected all fusion protein references accordingly.

      One of the videos was not referred in the manuscript or described in the Video legends. This video seems to correspond to Figure 5A, albeit with a different pseudo-color scheme.

      This has been corrected. Video 7 does correspond to Fig 5A, and we have corrected the colour scheme to match and added references to the video in the text and figure legend.

      Reviewer 2:

      (2) In their abstract, the authors state that they "...delineate multiple subpopulations of Rab7-positive endosomes that fuse sequentially with phagosomes" (page 2, line 14,15). However, the data provides only evidence for V-ATPase or PI(3,5) P2-containing structures and the authors conclude to my understanding that macropinosomes are the main source for vesicular structures fusing with phagosomes. I would ask the authors to please be clear on the identity of the "Rab7-donor"-structures throughout the manuscript. Saying that they delineate multiple subpopulations of endosomes seems to be overstated.

      We identify that macropinosomes are one source (subpopulation) of Rab7/PI(3,5)P2 vesicles but our data clearly show that they are the only source of Rab7 - there is clearly an additional early Rab positive / PI(3,5)P2-negative subpopulation of vesicles that cluster and fuse too at earlier stages. For example, in Figure 4F we co-express Rab7a/SnxA and show that whilst all the SnxA vesicles also contain Rab7 (and dextran), there is a clear separate population of small and early-fusing population of Rab7-containing vesicles that do not possess PI(3,5)P2. This is further validated in Figure 5B and C. To our mind this clearly demonstrates and defines different Rab7 endosomal populations, although we do not yet know the origins of the initial Rab7-positive/PI(3,5)P2 negative population - as discussed in our response to their point (3) below.

      Minor points:

      (1) The sentence "...which both deactivates and dissociates Rab5, and recruits and activates Rab7 on endosomes" is at least problematic as it suggests that Mon1-Ccz1 directly drives GTP-hydrolysis of Rab5 and dissociates it from the membrane. Indeed, Mon1-Ccz1 is shown to interfere with the positive feedback loop of the Rab5-GEF by interacting with Rabex (Poteryaev et al., 2010), so a rather indirect effect of Mon1-Ccz1. A GAP and the GDI are needed for Rab5 deactivation and dissociation from the membrane. How both are involved in the endosomal Rab-conversion is not clarified.

      We have changed the text to better represent this complexity (P4 L4-6)

      (2) Signals of RFP-labeled proteins are difficult to interpret throughout the experiments. What are the structures that show a strong accumulation of red signal in Fig. 1A,B, Fig 2G and Fig4A (20sec.) If these are fluorescently labeled proteins it would suggest that most of the proteins cluster/accumulate in the cell. Can the authors provide better images?

      We appreciate that some of these reporters with multiple localisations can be difficult to interpret. This is major challenge for these sort of studies and main reason we use the large and easily-identified yeast containing phagosomes for quantification. In Fig. 1 the large structure is the large peri-nuclear cluster of Rab5 previously reported (Tu et al. JCB 2022). In Fig. 2G the bright structure is the recruitment of V-ATPase on the CV. Both these large structures easily distinguished from the phagosomal pool we are interested in. Whilst we would love to provide better images, this is simply not possible - both these other structures are unavoidable and we are already using some of the best microscopy methods available. We have however clarified the additional localisations seen in these images in the revised figure legends.

      (3) On page 11 the authors state "...macropinosomes in ∆PIKfyve cells still appeared much larger. Quantification of their size and fluorescence intensity demonstrated that although macropinosomes started off the same size,...". This statement is not reflected in the data depicted in Fig. 3A,B. The size of the single labeled macropinosome appears to be larger in wildtype than in ∆PIKfyve cells from the beginning on. However, the quantification in Fig 3F is clear. So, are these bad examples in 3A,B, are they swapped or is this due to the additional expression of GFP-Rab7A? Could you please comment on the effect that the (over-)expression of GFP-tagged Rab-GTPases might have on the observations described in this paper in the discussion part?

      As you can see from the error bars in Figure 3F, macropinosomes are extremely variable in size - ranging from ~0.2-5 microns in size in axenic Dicytostelium. The image in Figure 3B is therefore indicative of this heterogeneity, rather than being a "bad example". This is why we designed the experiment to quantify several hundred vesicles in order to make any conclusions - as well as doing it in the absence of any GFP-fusion expression.

      Although we have not noticed any issues (enlarged vesicles are also clear in GFP-Rab7 expressing cells in Figure 1B), we do of course accept that GFP-Rab7 expression itself may have some detrimental effects on maturation and this is why we quantified macropinosome size in untransformed cells. We have clarified this in the results section (P12 L28).

      (4) In Fig. 6E it is hard to distinguish if the dextran is accumulating inside the phagosome. I would suggest conducting a 3D reconstruction of these images to allow judging if macropinosomes fused with the phagosomes or if they cluster around the neck of the phagosome.

      This would be nice, but not possible as these images are from single confocal sections, rather than a complete high-resolution Z-stack. We have however added an enlargement of both Figure 6D and E which we feel now more clearly shows the presence of dextran within the bounding PI(3)P membrane of the phagosome.

      (5) In the discussion, the authors state that the small pool of "PIKfyve-independent Rab7" is "insufficient to for subsequent fusion with other Rab7A-positive compartments, further Rab7 enrichment, and lysosomal fusion." What is the rationale for this conclusion? Is it shown how many Rabs are necessary to induce a tethering and fusion event? It would be good to revise this part of the discussion also in respect of the first major point of my comments above.

      Our data show that in the absence of PIKfyve, phagosomes still remove Rab5 and gain a small pool of Rab7 but progress no further. This is consistent with some block in the HOPS-mediated homotypic fusion of Rab7 compartments. However, we accept that this is not necessarily due to simply not having enough Rab's so have rephrased the discussion accordingly.

      (6) The intention of the paragraph about phagosomal ion channels is for this reviewer somehow out of context. It is not clear to me how the authors relate this to their findings. It would be could to bring this into a broader context.

      __ __We mention ion channels in the background as they represent the main class of PI(3,5)P2 effectors known so far. We feel this is important background context, even if our studies do not directly relate to this.

      Reviewer 3:

      Their disclosure and use of statistics is incomplete and/or inconsistent, and potentially wrong in some cases. For example, the authors disclose the number biological repeats in a few experiments (Fig. 3C, F) but not in the majority. Instead, they state the number of phagosomes without indicating biological repeats (eg. Fig. 2 and others). So, it is not possible to know if their data are reproducible. Despite not indicating independent experiments in some cases, they speak of SEM, which applies to mean of means from biological repeats. In other cases, none of this is disclosed (eg Fig. 3G). Often there is no indication of what statistical test was done OR if a statistical test was done (eg. Fig. 3G, Fig. 4, etc). I would recommend the authors review the excellent resource paper published in JCB on SuperPlots to better follow statistical expectations. This is essential to improve reproducibility and confidence in their observations.

      We apologise if this was unclear for the referee, but we have tried to be clear in each case. The confusion likely lies in the definition of a biological repeat, which depends on the type of experiment. For quantification of phagocytic events over time, we feel it reasonable to take each individual event (each from an individual organism) as a biological repeat. This is because events are relatively rare and taken from multiple different movies, and it is not technically possible to film both mutants and controls simultaneously. In all these sort of experiments (e.g. Figure 2) we have shown standard deviation, which indicates the reproducibility between phagocytic events. We have clarified that these events are from movies obtained on at least 3 independent days in the methods.

      In other cases, such as Figure 3C and F and Figures 5-6, we are able to take measurements across multiple cells simultaneously at each timepoint. It is therefore appropriate to average over multiple independent experimental repeats rather than individual cells. We have therefore used SEM in our analysis, and both the number of individual cells and independent repeats are stated on the graphs and legend. This was incomplete in a few cases but has now been clarified in all cases.

      Regarding statistical tests, which ones were used now been clarified in each figure legend. Note that in Fig 3G, we do not apply any test as both lines essentially overlap and it is clear there would not be any convincing differences. In Figure 4, the graphs all compare co-expression of different reporters rather than different mutants or conditions and are from single events. We therefore feel statistical tests are unnecessary and inappropriate. Comparison of the same reporters between strains averaged across multiple events, with statistical analysis is shown in Fig 2 instead. All these points have now been added to the statistics section of the methods (P9 L1-6)

      Minor Comments

      It is interesting that 2FYVE-GFP stays on phagosomes for 50 min or more - this is distinct from macrophages. Please comment. Have the authors tried other PI(3)P probes to see if the same (PX-GFP).

      We have not used other probes but we have no reason to believe 2xFYVE does not behave as predicted as it is the same probe used for most macrophage studies (FYVE domain from human Hrs), and gets removed from macropinosomes exactly as expected. We did not originally comment in this manuscript but PI3P dynamics are even more interesting as our previous data indicate that latex-bead containing phagosomes lose PI3P after 10 minutes (Buckley et al 2019, Figure 4F-G) This indicates phagosome maturation can be regulated by the cargo (under further investigation). Importantly however, both bead and yeast-containing phagosomes have comparable defects in the absence of PIKfyve. This is more fully discussed in our previous paper (Vines et al. JCB 2023) where we characterise PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2 dynamics in more detail.

      Fig. 7 model: the macropinosome in the diagram seems like a dead end as depicted - is there any arrow or change that could be added to show that it doesn't just sit there in the middle? Also, the light green on yellow hurts the eyes!

      We apologise, there was actually supposed to be an arrow there but it was lost somewhere in the drafting process. The whole figure has now been updated to more clearly describe our full and more complex model.

      Fig. 3F, could be converted to volume assuming macropinosomes are spheres.

      This is true, however as these images are taken from single planes we cannot know where in the sphere the slices are and therefore what the maximum diameter would be. We therefore prefer to keep it as area so as not to confuse and over-interpret the data.

      Pg. 10, line 10 - Vps34 is Class III PI3K, not Class II.

      Corrected.

      4. Description of analyses that authors prefer not to carry out

      Please include a point-by-point response explaining why some of the requested data or additional analyses might not be necessary or cannot be provided within the scope of a revision. This can be due to time or resource limitations or in case of disagreement about the necessity of such additional data given the scope of the study. Please leave empty if not applicable.

      • *

      Reviewer 2:

      (3) ("OPTIONAL") Optionally, the authors could also try to clarify these structures' identity by including further colocalization studies with additional early and late endosomal marker proteins. Are they for example positive for early or late endosomal markers like EEA1, ESCRT or Retromer? How about organelle-specific SNAREs? This would give further insights into the character of the "Rab7-donor" structures and would allow to clarify if multiple subpopulations are contributing to phagosome maturation in a sequential order as stated in the abstract. As I am not an expert on Dictyostellium I can`t estimate the effort that would go into such an experimental setup. However, since the time scale of the events in the cell is nicely worked out in this study, these colocalization studies would not need to be conducted as live-cell microscopy experiments.

      This is a sensible suggestion that would in theory help define these populations. However many of these markers are poorly defined with respect to phagosomes and/or Dictyostelium. Dictyostelium does not posses an EEA orthologue, but our data also indicate that these vesicles do not possess PI3P so cannot be canonical early endosomes. We have previously characterised WASH/retromer and whilst it is recruited to phagosomes at around the time of Rab5/7 transition Retromer appears to be recruited from the cytosol and drive recycling rather than being delivered on endosomes that fuse (see King et al. PNAS 2016). We have also previously looked at ESCRT (Lopez-Jimenez et al. PLoS Pathogens 2018) which also does not appear to have any recruitment to early phagosomes that would be consistent with a Rab7-sub-population. The SNAREs are yet to be studied in any detail, as they are often too divergent to assign a direct mammalian orthologue.

      Therefore, whilst this is a sensible suggestion, and something we would like to follow up in the future, this is not straight-forward and we feel outside the scope of the current study. We have however included additional discussion of this in the revised manuscript (P20 L21-26).

      Reviewer 3:

      Major Comments:

      1. Based on the current data, I am not entirely convinced that Rab7 is delivered mostly by fusion with other compartments. At least the data as provided cannot exclude other models. For example, Rab7-containing organelles that cluster with phagosomes may form contact sites that provide a local environment to load cytosolic Rab7. There's also a possibility that some of their Rab7 clusters are membrane sub-domains and not vesicles. Or perhaps, there is a first wave of cytosolic Rab7 recruitment, which then initiates fusion with Rab7 compartments, i.e., there is a two-phase Rab7 recruitment. While this last possibility is consistent with recruitment of Rab7 by fusion (the second phase), the authors present a model that is too simplistic and conclusive based on the data. The authors may be right, but they need to strengthen their evidence towards their claim. Maybe EM could help determine some of these issues. Perhaps better would be the use of FRAP, photo-activation, or optigenetics of Rab7. For example, if Rab7 is acquired on phagosomes after photobleaching clusters of Rab7, this would suggest a cytosolic Rab7 contribution, and if not, this would support their model. I recognize that these experiments are not necessarily trivial, but either the authors augment their data (as suggested or with other approaches) or significantly pare down their conclusions.

      We agree with the Referee that we cannot completely exclude other models, and as we talk about in the discussion, we do not wish to do so. We apologise if the role of fusion was over-stated but the model we propose is as the referee suggests: there is likely an early first wave of canonical Rab7 recruitment from the cytosol that is independent of PIKfyve before the majority of Rab7 is subsequently delivered by fusion in a PIKfyve-dependent manner. Our data indicate that the second wave is both quantitively and functionally more significant (see functional data in Buckley et al. 2019).

      We do however agree with the referee that we cannot formally exclude things such as contact-site mediated recruitment from the cytosol or sub-domains but not fusion however there is no data to support these either. In contrast, the hypothetical clustered Rab7 contacts/subdomains often (but not always) contain the transmembrane V-ATPase complex (Figure 2G) which must be delivered by fusion.

      However we do not wish to over-simplify our conclusions and as we state in the discussion, we do think there is probably a small amount of Rab7 recruited from the cytosol by the canonical pathway. We accept that our cartoon in Figure 7 is over-focussed on fusion so we have substantially revised this, as well as the discussion to give a more balanced and complex view.

      Regarding the proposed experiments, unfortunately, the imaging required to acquire these movies is already at the very limit of what is possible so we do not believe it would be technically feasible to employ methods such as FRAP and optogenetics on these relatively fast-moving phagosomes with the temporal resolution required. Furthermore, to differentiate recruitment from a cytosolic pool, every GFP-Rab7 cluster would need to be photobleached, which could not be reliably achieved.

      However, this point will be largely addressed by the suggestion of Reviewer 2 to look at the Mon1/Ccz complex. The presence or absence of this will give strong evidence for canonical Rab5/7 transition and Rab7 recruitment from the cytosol which would significantly clarify our model and define the two different mechanisms of Rab7 recruitment to phagosomes.

      Early macropinosomes fuse with early phagosomes more readily than 10-min old macropinosomes. Do 10-min old macropinosomes not fuse with older phagosomes? Is this not an issue of mismatched age?

      This is an interesting point that we have clarified in the text. We agree with reviewer that it appears the ages of the macropinosomes and phagosomes must match but our data indicate this only occurs when both parties possess PI(3,5)P2 as macropinosome fusions appears to happen in a single burst at about 240 seconds (Figure 6F) rather than as a continuous process. We also do not start to see any fusion of these older macropinosomes when the phagosomes get past the initial first 10 minutes of maturation (Figure 6G).

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      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      PIKfyve/Fab1, a kinase responsible for phosphorylating PI3P to produce PI(3,5)P2, regulates phagosome maturation across various organisms. A previous work from the authors' group demonstrated that disrupting PIKfyve in Dictyostelium inhibits the delivery of V-ATPase and hydrolase, thus dramatically reducing the ability of cells to acidify newly formed phagosomes and digest their contents. The current manuscript further dissects the function of PIKfyve and PI(3,5)P2. Using live cell imaging, the authors show that nascent phagosomes acquire Rab7 by fusion with multiple populations of Rab7-positive vesicles, and the loss of PIKfyve abolishes this event. One of these fusogenic vesicle populations was identified as PI(3,5)P2-positive macropinosomes, which dock and fuse with phagosomes in a PIKfyve-dependent manner. Based on these findings, the authors propose that PIKfyve contributes to phagosome maturation by promoting heterotypic fusion between phagosomes and macropinosomes, which help deliver regulatory components necessary for phagosome acidification and digestion. This study provides fresh insights into the process of phagosome maturation. The work was well designed, performed and presented, and the manuscript is clearly written. However, there are several questions that should be addressed to strengthen the conclusions of the manuscript.

      Major points:

      1. The observation that macropinosomes undergo retrograde fusion with newly formed phagosomes to facilitate phagosome maturation is an interesting notion that challenges the traditional model. However, not all phagocytes exhibit a high level of macropinocytosis, and axenic Dictyostelium cells used in the study may be an exception. Thus, it remains unclear whether fusion with macropinosomes is universally required for phagosome maturation. WT Dictyostelium cells or axenic cells cultured under SorMC/Ka condition (Paschke et al., PLoS One, 2018) exhibit significantly reduced macropinocytosis. The authors could examine whether the accumulation of Rab7 and V-ATPase on large-sized phagosomes is delayed in these cells. These experiments may help broaden the applicability of the authors' finding.
      2. PIKfyve seems to play a specific role in the maturation of phagosomes but not macropinosomes. The differences may be driven by signaling from phagocytic receptors, as the author suggested. Alternatively, the large size of the yeast-containing phagosomes may require additional steps for efficient lysosomal delivery. The authors should consider examining whether PIKfyve is needed for the delivery of Rab7 and V-ATPase to phagosomes of comparable size to regular macropinosomes, such as those containing K. aerogenes or small beads. In addition, whether the process also involves fusion between phagosomes and macropinosomes should be verified.
      3. In the previous study from the authors' group (Buckley et al., PLoS Pathog, 2019), it was shown that the accumulation of V-ATPase on phagosomes begins immediately after internalization in both PIKfyve mutant and WT, although V-ATPase accumulation reaches only half of the levels seen in WT. This partial accumulation of V-ATPase differs from the almost complete absence of Rab7 recruitment found in this study, which raises the question of whether there exists yet another population of fusogenic vesicles that are positive for V-ATPase but negative for Rab7. This could be checked by simultaneously examining the dynamics of V-ATPase and Rab7 during yeast phagocytosis in the PIKfyve mutant.

      Minor points:

      1. It is unclear how the experiment in Figure 3G was conducted. If microscopic analysis was involved, the corresponding images should be included.
      2. Page 11-Line 2, the sentence "there was no obvious clustering around the nascent phagosome (Figure 2D)." It is Figure 2E, not Figure 2D.
      3. There is an inconsistency regarding the description of fluorescent fusion proteins. For example, both GFP (RFP)-2xFyve and 2xFyve-GFP (RFP), as well as GFP-Rab5 and Rab5-GFP, were used. Typically, placing GFP (or RFP) before a gene suggests N-terminal tagging, while placing it after the gene implies C-terminal tagging. The authors should clarify the position of the fluorescent tag and ensure consistency in their descriptions.
      4. One of the videos was not referred in the manuscript or described in the Video legends. This video seems to correspond to Figure 5A, albeit with a different pseudo-color scheme.

      Significance

      Disruption of PIKfyve results in severe defects in phagosomal maturation across different organisms, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study demonstrates that PIKfyve plays a specific role in phagosome maturation by promoting heterotypic fusion between macropinosomes and newly formed phagosomes. These fusion events provide a means for the rapid delivery of lysosomal components to early phagosomes. The study challenges the conventional model of phagosome maturation and provides novel insights into the complex dynamics involved. Nonetheless, further investigations are needed to elucidate the exact role of PIKfyve/PI(3,5)P2 in regulating vesicle fusion and to explore whether the proposed model can be applied to other endocytic pathways or cell types.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Review Commons - Revision Plan

      Manuscript number: RC-2023-02228

      Corresponding author(s): Gatfield, David

      1. General Statements

      We are grateful to the three Reviewers for their detailed assessment of our manuscript and are delighted about their very constructive and positive evaluations, highlighting the study’s novelty and rigor.

      Briefly, the main points raised by Reviewers 1 and 3 do not involve additional experiments and are mostly about rethinking manuscript structure (e.g. moving data/analyses to the supplement or removing them altogether, as they distract from the main thrust of the story) and making the text overall less dense and more readable.

      Reviewer 3 also raises a number of additional interesting points that we should discuss in our manuscript, which would allow us placing our findings more effectively into the context of the existing literature.

      All these points are very well taken and will be implemented (see below, under 2).

      Reviewer 2 is overall also rather positive – speaking of “a very careful and detailed study that addresses an important issue” and the study being “really rigorous and the logic […] very well explained”; moreover, this Reviewer also shares the view of both other Reviewers that parts of the manuscript (i.e., in particular its beginning) should be shortened.

      Importantly, this Reviewer remarks in addition under “Significance”: “Without additional mechanistic insights suggesting that there is something particular different about the regulation of these mRNAs the manuscript is not of extremely high significance.” – an important point of criticism that we wish to address in our revision, as detailed below.

      2. Description of the planned revisions

      In the following, we detail how we plan to address the points raised by the Reviewers. The order in which we treat the points follows their – in our view – relative importance according to the Reviewers’ feedback. In particular the first item below, under (A), is the main point of criticism that we feel we should address carefully for the future revised version.

      (A) Major point raised by Reviewer 2: “However, the study falls short on addressing the mechanism of this regulation and if it is different of other feeding regulated mRNA oscillations. This diminishes the significance of the study unless additional mechanistic details are provided.” , which is cross-commented both by Reviewer 1: “More importantly, clues to the mechanism (e.g. iron, heme) regulating the rhythmic translation of IRP1 and IRP2 IRE-mRNAs in liver would increase the significance of the work.” as well as by Reviewer 3: “Reading the comment from Reviewer #2 over the lack of a mechanism to explain why only four transcripts with IREs amongst a larger pool are subject to circadian regulation by IRPs somehow reduces the significance of the study, one has to agree that a discovery - likely another component in the system - is wanting. I remain of the view that the present work exposes this "weakness" of the entire field in a global as opposed to a partial manner and in doing so, makes a significant contribution, especially by further sub-classifying the IRE-containing transcripts according to their responsiveness in the diurnal occupancy of their IREs.”

      Our response and revision plan: Indeed, in the original version of our manuscript we established the link to feeding, yet we did not pinpoint the precise molecular cue that could underlie the rhythmic regulation observed on certain IRE-containing mRNAs. We did discuss the molecular candidates quite extensively in the Discussion section of the manuscript (Fe2+; oxygen; reactive oxygen species), and it remains quite obviously the main question whether the observed diurnal control could be mediated directly by changes in intracellular iron availability.

      Of note, the preprint by Bennett et al., for which we cite the initial biorXiv version in our manuscript, was updated very recently (https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.07.539729 – see version submitted December 18, 2023). It now includes new data that analyses around-the-clock iron levels also in liver. Briefly, the preprint shows, first, that serum iron is rhythmic with a peak during the dark phase at ZT16 (Figure 1D in Bennett et al.) yet loses rhythmicity when feeding is restricted to the light phase (Bennett et al., Figure 2E), indicating both feeding-dependence and circadian gating. Moreover, liver total non-heme iron – quantified using a method that measures both ferrous Fe(II) and ferric Fe(III) – shows low-amplitude diurnal variations which, however, do not meet the threshold for rhythmicity significance (Bennett et al., Figure 3G). Still, the difference between timepoints ZT4 (lower iron; light phase) and ZT16 (higher iron; dark phase) is reported as significant, with a fold-change that is not very pronounced (not compatible with the observed direction of regulation of Tfrc mRNA, whose higher abundance in the dark phase would rather be in line with lower *cytoplasmic iron levels, as pointed out by the authors.

      Thus, at first sight the analyses by Bennett et al. would appear to answer part of the Reviewer’s question and point towards other mechanisms of regulation than iron levels themselves. However, it should be pointed out that the particular methodology for iron measurements used by the authors includes the use of reducing reagents and hence quantifies the sum of Fe2+ and Fe3+ iron. Large amounts of iron are stored in the liver in the form of ferritin-bound Fe3+, yet the bioactive, low-complexity iron that is considered relevant for IRP regulation is in the Fe2+ form. Therefore, the question whether bioactive ferrous iron levels follow a daily rhythm, compatible with the observed IRP/IRE rhythms described in our manuscript, still remains an open question and warrants a dedicated set of experiments that we are proposing to conduct in response to the Reviewers’ comments.

      Briefly, for the revision we propose to use liver pieces from the two relevant timepoints of our study (i.e., ZT5 and ZT12) and apply a method that allows the separate quantification of Fe2+ and Fe3+ (Abcam iron assay ab83366; this assay can be adapted to liver iron measurements, see e.g. PMID31610175, Fig. 4A). This experiment will provide novel and decisive data on the molecular mechanism that may regulate the IRP/IRE system in a rhythmic fashion and therefore add to the significance of our findings, as requested by the reviewers.

      Moreover, we believe that the outcome of the experiment would be very interesting either way, i.e. if we find rhythms in Fe2+ that are compatible with rhythmic IRP/IRE regulation, we would be able to provide excellent evidence in term of likely molecular mechanism and rhythmicity cue. If, by contrast, we find that Fe2+ is not rhythmic, it will point towards a mechanism that is distinct from simple Fe2+ concentrations.

      In the latter case, collecting additional evidence on relevant alternative molecular cues would be beyond our capabilities for this particular manuscript, as it would require quite sophisticated methodological setup and preparation. For example, one could imagine that measuring around-the-clock liver oxygen levels in vivo – another candidate cue – would be highly interesting, yet we would not be able to conduct these experiments in a reasonable time frame (to start with, we would first need to request ethics authorisation from the Swiss veterinary authorities, which would in itself take ca. 4-6 months before we could even start an experiment). Thus, in the case of non-rhythmic iron levels, we would leave the question of other responsible cues open, but still think that with a balanced discussion of the resulting hypotheses we could provide significant added value to our work.

      (B) Major comment raised by Reviewer 1: “Alas2 is expressed mainly in erythroid cells and not liver, whereas Alas1 is ubiquitously expressed. Therefore, it is possible that Alas2 in this study may originate from red cells/reticulocytes in the liver, and not from hepatocytes.”

      Our response and revision plan: We would like to thank the Reviewer for the comment that is indeed pertinent. It is well established that Alas1 is the main transcript encoding delta-aminolevulinate synthase activity in hepatocytes, and Alas2 is about 10-fold less abundant in total liver RNA-seq data (quantified form own RNA-seq data, not shown).

      We are nevertheless relatively sure that the Alas2 signal comes from low expression in hepatocytes; the best argument in support of this hypothesis is the analysis of single-cell RNA-seq data, as shown in the following Revision Plan Figure 1, which we would be happy to include in a revised version of the manuscript if the reviewers wish:

      (C) Minor comment raised by Reviewer 1: “The paper is dense and not easy to read. For example, the section on Tfrc regulation and NMD regulation is lengthy and perhaps not necessary for the paper and the section on "Previous observations in IRE-IRP regulation...." could be included in the discussion rather in than in the Results section. Some figures could be included in a supplement.” continued in Referee cross-commenting “I agree with Reviewer 2 that the first sections in the manuscript are lengthy and not needed.”; moreover, Reviewer 2: “Also, the manuscript first sections (which mainly describe negative results) seem too long and descriptive.”

      Our response and revision plan: We shall reorganize the paper accordingly, with the aim of making it an easier, shorter, clearer read. Many thanks for the input.


      (D) Minor comment raised by Reviewer 1: “A description of the new anti-IREB2 antibody is needed. What IRP2 sequence was used to generate antibodies?”

      Our response and revision plan: The following information will be included in the manuscript: “Rat monoclonal antibodies against ACO1/IRP1 and IREB2/IRP2 were generated at the Antibodies Core Facility of the DKFZ. Briefly, full-length murine ACO1/IRP1 and IREB2/IRP2 proteins, fused to a poly-histidine tag, were expressed in E. coli and purified on Ni-NTA columns using standard protocols. Purified His-tagged proteins were used to immunize rats and generate hybridomas. Hybridoma supernatants were first screened by ELISA against His-tagged ACO1/IRP1 and His-tagged IREB2/IRP2. As an additional control, supernatants were tested against full-length His-tagged murine ACO2 (mitochondrial aconitase), which shares 27 and 26% identity with ACO1/IRP1 and IREB2/IRP2, respectively. Supernatants reacting specifically with ACO1 or IREB2 were validated by western blotting using extracts from wild-type versus ACO1- or IREB2-null mice.”

      (E) Minor comment raised by Reviewer 1: “A model summarizing the data would be useful.”

      • *Our response and revision plan: Thank you for the suggestion – this will be done.

      (F) “Optional” idea raised by Reviewer 3: “One nuance in the field of circadian biology is that a rhythm is deemed to be genuinely "circadian" when it continues in the absence of zeitgebers. In this sense, although all experiments are valuable, the "collapse" of the rhythm in the paradigms where dietary rhythms have been disrupted makes the phenomenology a candidate "epiphenomenon" rather than being closer related to the biological clock(s). Likewise, in the manuscript we never learn how the liver IRE-binding activity behaves in constant darkness.”

      Our response and revision plan: This is an important aspect that we can clarify more specifically in our manuscript. It is true that constant (darkness) conditions are used to call a phenomenon circadian. We would nevertheless argue that for a rhythmic feature that is specifically found in liver, the constant darkness definition to distinguish circadian from non-circadian is not fully valid because even in constant darkness, the liver clocks are not in a free-running state but continue to be entrained by the SCN clock (it is only the latter that is free-running under these conditions).

      In our manuscript, we actually suggest that the observed rhythms are not a core output of the circadian machinery (Fig. 6 of our manuscript), but indirectly engendered through feeding rhythms, which are coupled to sleep-wake cycles and thus connect in an indirect way to the central circadian clock activity in the SCN.

      In wild-type mice we would therefore expect that irrespective of constant darkness or light-dark entrainment (and assuming ad libitum feeding), the hepatic rhythms of the relevant IRE-containing transcripts would persist in a similar fashion.

      (G) “Optional” idea raised by Reviewer 3: “Where the authors mention in a parenthesis "moreover, there are documented links between iron and the circadian timekeeping mechanism itself", I invite them to take a closer look to the paper Konstantinos Mandilaras and I coauthored in 2012 "Genes for iron metabolism influence circadian rhythms in Drosophila melanogaster". In that work, we showed that RNA interference of genes that are required for iron sulfur cluster formation (including on IRP1) in the central clock neurons of the fly result in loss of the circadian rhythm when flies were kept at constant darkness (not so when they were kept under light:dark oscillation). So this point should probably remain open..”

      Our response and revision plan: We would like to thank the Reviewer for pointing out this interesting connection that would fit well into the context of our manuscript. It should be cited in the context of our current Figure 3, where we measure in vivo and in tissue explants whether IRP-deficiency affects the clock itself.

      To follow Reviewer 3’s idea, we have gone a little further in our analyses of around-the-clock expression data to see if any of the components of the Fe-S assembly machinery is rhythmic itself, which could have the potential to add novel information.

      Briefly, we have used for this purpose our around-the-clock RNA-seq and ribo-seq data from PMID 26486724. In summary, we find that the expression at RNA and/or footprint level is non-rhythmic for the vast majority of genes involved in FeS biogenesis, assembly or transport, with the exception of low-amplitude rhythms for Glrx5 and Iba57 (Revision Plan Figure 2).

      By contrast, all of the following other genes are non-rhythmic throughout (list of Fe-S-relevant genes from PMID34660592): Cytoplasmic/nuclear, all non-rhythmic: Cfd1=Nubp2, Nbp35=Nubp1 , Ciapin1, Ndor1, Iop1=Ciao3=Narfl, Ciao1, Ciao2b=Fam96b, Mms19, Ciao2a=Fam96a; mitochondrial, all non-rhythmic: Iscu, Nfs1, Isd11=Lyrm4, Acpm=Ndufab1, Fdx1, Fdx2=Fdx1l, Fxn, Hspa9 Hsc20=Hscb, Abcb7, Alr=Gfer, Isca1, Isca2, Nfu1

      As these are mainly “negative results”, and as we are also unable to propose a solid possible mechanistic connection between the Glrx5 and/or Iba57 rhythms and the rest of the story of our manuscript, we do not intend to include such data in our manuscript, but are only putting it for the record into this rebuttal.

      3. Description of the revisions that have already been incorporated in the transferred manuscript

      NONE

      4. Description of analyses that authors prefer not to carry out

      NONE – we think we can address all points as described above.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      We would like to thank our reviewers for their constructive criticism and for their appreciation and enthusiasm for our study. Some reviewers expressed opposing views, particularly when it came to the function and identity of the Cdt1-related protein in Toxoplasma gondii. To avoid redundancy in our response, we would like to make a brief statement. Toxoplasma gondii and other apicomplexan parasites utilize unique and highly unusual modes of cell division; numerous studies suggest that multiple phases can run concurrently in apicomplexan cell cycles. The best-known examples include the asynchronous S/M cycles in schizogony and concurrent mitosis and budding in Toxoplasma endodyogeny. These overlapping phases are not a feature exclusive to apicomplexans, since in budding yeast, cytokinesis initiates in G1 phase by marking the location of budding on the surface of the mother. Based on years of previous research and from our experience, we adjusted our approach by focusing on the processes that are associated with each cell cycle phase rather than on their temporal order. While the model of a conventional cell cycle guides our studies, we “follow the breadcrumbs” that we discover and the published studies to create a more accurate model of apicomplexan cell cycle instead of relying on the traditional cell cycle map employed by distantly related eukaryotes. Below are point-to-point responses to reviewers’ comments.

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: Hawkins et al. employ a reverse genetic approach to analyze the molecular function of the Toxoplasma gondii kinase Crk4 and the Toxoplasma gondii cyclin 4. The authors combine inducible depletion with imaging, (phospho-)proteomics, molecular modeling, and protein-protein interaction studies.

      Major comments: - The major conclusion of the manuscript is that TgCrk4/TgCyc4 regulate entry into mitosis and that the primary role of TgCrk4 is to suppress DNA re-replication and chromosome re-duplication (lines 105-106). The authors also provide evidence that TgCrk4 interacts with TgCdt1, a DNA licensing factor ("TgCdt1" is missing in line 107). (had been corrected) By sequence homology, the authors found homologues of TgCrk4 only in apicomplexan parasites with binary division and concluded that the dominant division mode, presumably schizogony, is repressed in these organisms in favor of binary division. Indeed, internal budding and daughter cell formation is defective in the inducible depletion mutants of TgCrk4 and most experiments focus on this developmental stage. However, the analysis of preceding events, such as DNA replication is rather brief. If G2 is indeed regulated by TgCrk4/TgCyc4, one would assume that the parasites are post-S phase and the nucleus contains two copies of the genome, as indicated in Fig. 2C. The data shown in Fig. 3H and 7A, however, show that the TgCrk4 and TgCTD1 depletion induces a developmental arrest pre-S phase. This contradicts the main conclusions of the manuscript.

      *We agree that the G2 location is odd for a conventional cell cycle model. Given the high possibility that cell cycle phases can overlap in apicomplexans, we determined the relative position of G2 phase in Toxoplasma endodyogeny by instead focusing solely on the processes that are attributed to a specific cell cycle phase (such as DNA replication for S phase, DNA re-replication for G2 phase, DNA segregation for mitosis). Our approach shows that Toxoplasma G2/M checkpoint operates upstream of SAC, which led to enrichment of parasites with replicated DNA (Fig. 3H and Fig. 7A), which places G2 at the end of S-phase. Our focus in the present study is on the G2 functions, the control of centrosome and chromosome reduplication, but we appreciate the suggestion to examine DNA replication in Toxoplasma, which could be investigated in future studies. *

      Indeed, many data of this manuscript could support an alternative conclusion, i.e., that TgCrk4 regulates entry into S-phase (similar to Plasmodium falciparum Crk4: PMID: 28211852). This alternative conclusion is supported by the data showing that TgCyc4 is in the nucleus during S-phase (Fig. 1H) and that TgCrk4 interacts with TgCdt1, which has a well-known role in origin of replication licensing and loading of the MCM complex. MCM subunits were less phosphorylated in absence of TgCrk4, which could also suggest a role for TgCrk4 in S phase. Together, it seems more parsimonious to interpret the data as a DNA replication phenotype rather than a phenotype in G2.

      *We understand some confusion from prior data, but PfCrk4 is not orthologous to TgCrk4 (Alvarez & Suvorova, 2017); The true TgCrk4 ortholog had not been found in Plasmodium genomes. Our understanding is that nuclear accumulation of TgCyc4 in S-phase activates TgCrk4, which leads to repression of the DNA reduplication. One of the possible mechanisms involves interfering with loading of the MCM complex on chromatin mediated by hyper-phosphorylated TgiRD1 (former TgCdt1), which has been reported in other eukaryotes. We also believe that increased MCM phosphorylation indicates entry into or active S-phase, while the reduced phosphorylation that was detected in Crk4-depleted cells supports a block at the end of S-phase (G2). *

      • *

      The currently provided data on the DNA content are, however, clearly insufficient to draw firm conclusions. The gating strategy (dotted lines in Figs. 3H, 7A) is unclear. Why are populations, e.g., not separated at the lowest part of the depression in the histogram, but shifted towards lower DNA content? This seems to overestimate the percentage of cells that have a higher DNA content and the statement in lines 269-271, i.e., that TgCrk4 deficient parasites break the "once and only once" rule, is not supported by data.

      *We corrected the gating of the FACScan plots to separate G1, S, G2+M, and parasites with over-duplicated DNA. Please note that, in general, the cell cycle gating of FACScan data is relative and somewhat subjective when it comes to the gaussian curve. Independent of the chosen gates, our data show that removal of either TgCrk4 or TgiRD1 led to substantial decrease of the G1 population (reduction of 1N peak) accompanied by increase of parasites in the process of replication, completed replication (increase of 1.8 N peak), as well as undergoing DNA re-replication, which supports our claim in lines 269-271. In the case of TgiRD1, the number of parasites with re-duplicated DNA nearly doubled upon 8h of factor deficiency. *

      • *

      It is also unclear how may biological replicates are represented by these data (Figs. 3H, 7A), a critical wild type control at t = 4 h is missing, as well as a statistical analysis. Alternatively, the authors could use microscopy to quantify the DNA content of individual nuclei, which would yield a direct read out on whether a nucleus is in pre-S phase, S-phase or post-S phase. Defining the onset of S-phase indirectly by the number of centrosomes per cell seems imprecise, given the small size of the structure and the resolution of the microscope. Without solving these issues, the major conclusions and several minor statements throughout the manuscript are in question.

      *Thank you for your point, we performed a minimum of three independent experiments to evaluate the DNA content of TgCrk4- or TgiRD1- (former TgCdt1) depleted tachyzoites and have now indicated this in the figure legends. The 0h time point is a “wild type” control, since the parasites that expressed factors were incubated without auxin (mock treated) for 4h. The DNA content of Toxoplasma has been thoroughly studied and we are thus confident our 0h data is a good representation of asynchronous healthy populations. Although the parental strain had been examined, due to the data density mentioned in the reviews, we included only relative results (control and two experimental points) for clarity. Our concern with using microscopy to analyze DNA content is that it can be highly subjective, hinging on the quality of staining and imaging, while flow cytometry produces more unbiased datasets. We have considered the concern that the start of centrosome duplication can be difficult to identify, but the centrin-positive centrosomes move apart by the middle of S-phase. The independent structures are then distinct and easy to resolve, providing a popular means of marking G1/S transition in Toxoplasma. *

      • Lines 187-189: The mentioned checkpoint is unclear and so is the "specific cell cycle population". Fig. 2B analyses budding, but as the final step in the cell cycle, the knock down parasites may have arrested at various other stages of the cell cycle. In addition, it is unclear on which primary data Fig. 2B is based. It appears these may be at least partially shown in Fig. 3. If so, please reorganize as this is highly misleading.

      *“A checkpoint” in the indicated lines refers to G2/M and SAC, which are regulated by TgCrk4 and TgCrk6, respectively. We refer to “specific cell cycle population” since each transgenic parasite that is subject to G2/M or SAC arrest can allow us to isolate very different cell cycle stages. TgCrk6-dependent arrest had been confirmed by the presence of unresolved centrocone (not shown but was previously reported in Hawkins et al., 2022), while we thoroughly examined the novel TgCrk4-dependent block by focusing on many parameters, such as joint centrosomes, single-bud assembly, or unresolved apicoplast. Fig. 2 and Fig. S2 summarize our rigorous quantifications of these phenotypes. For convenience, we used budding efficiency as a readout to compare arrest and release of G2/M and SAC, which was incorporated in Fig. 2B. Table S4 contains the primary data used in all figures in the manuscript, including Fig. 2B. *

      • Line 246-254: It is unclear how many biological replicates were performed and how many cells were analyzed to conclude that TgCrk4 deficient parasites cannot form a bipolar spindle (Fig. 2H, S3B). This, together with the possibility that the developmental arrest occurs pre-S phase (Fig. 3H), does not support the statement, that the G2/M transition is regulated by the novel TgCrk4-TgCyc4 complex.

      We have indicated our replicates in the M&M. As addressed for Fig. 3H above, these IFA experiments were performed in at least three independent experiments.

      * * Minor comments: - Throughout the manuscript, please reorganize and present the figures in order of appearance in the text. Also, Fig. 1G summarizes data that are only presented in Fig. 1H. Please reorder. Similarly, Fig. 2C appears to summarize data that are only presented later.

      *Thank you for the suggestion, however we must abide by the standards of the publishers. The order of the figures must be maintained, but there is a substantial degree of freedom in organizing panels within figures. Fig. 1G summarizes data shown in Fig. 1F, H, while Fig. 2C summarizes many panels including preceding Fig. 2B and Fig. S2. Most of our schematics are placed at the top of figures to provide guidance for the relevant experiments. *

      • Why was only the "G1" timepoint quantified in Fig. 1H? Do the other images shown in F and H represent the majority of cells analyzed?

      *You are correct, we indicated the percentage of factor-positive parasites only when the factor emerges during a specific cell cycle phase. For example, the TgCyc4-positive parasites with 1 centrin dot were quantified to show that TgCyc4 emerges in the middle of G1 phase. The lack of a number indicates that the image represents all the parasites progressing through this phase; we have added this explanation to the figure legends. *

      • Several micrographs lack scale bars (Fig. 1B, D; 2E, F, H, I; 6D; 7F, H and S2G, S3A, B; S5A, B, D).

      *Thank you, we have added the scale bars to indicated images.

      *

      • Lines 83-85 and 93-95: Recently several publications investigated the cell cycle of the apicomplexan parasite Plasmodium and data are accumulating, showing that there may be a gap between the last S phase and segmentation (e.g., PMID: 35731838; PMID: 35353560), which may be interpreted as a G2 phase. Thus, these statements could be revised to reflect the current literature.

      *The studies mentioned provide very valuable insights into S-phase dynamics; the gap that was detected between S-phase and segmentation includes mitotic events such as prophase, metaphase, and anaphase prior to telophase (karyokinesis to segmentation). However, studies using means like stage-specific markers could help resolve the composition and order of events in the apicomplexan cell cycle. We used processes specific to G2 (repression of DNA and centrosome reduplication) and identified TgCrk4/TgCyc4 as the first G2 markers in apicomplexans. *

      • Fig. 4 shows the effect on protein abundance and phosphorylation upon TgCrk4 depletion. Fig. 4B seems somewhat redundant as a more detailed analysis with two timepoints is shown in the rest of the figure.

      *Fig. 4B is provided in contrast to the plot in Fig. 4A. It demonstrates that TgCrk4 depletion results in a far more pronounced effect on global phosphorylation rather than on proteolysis. While Fig. 4B highlights the checkpoint arrest, panels C and D are dedicated to the search for TgCrk4 substrates: the phospho-sites that immediately lost intensity of phosphorylation and remained low during the 4h block. *

      *

      *

      • Lines 146-148: This statement is confusing in light of the expression data in Fig.1 F and H. If they stabilize each other, how is TgCrk4 stabilized in G1, when TgCyc4 is absent?

      We believe that multiple mechanisms contribute to the stability and function of TgCrk4. We tested one and found that depleting the cyclin partner led to reduced expression of TgCrk4, and were able to conclude that the complex is stable when both subunits are expressed. Please note that we probed the mixed cell cycle populations by WB, and our proteomics data show that TgCrk4 interacts with many partners (Fig. 1E). Thus, it is likely that G1 stability may have been mediated by other partners, or by a higher transcription/translation rate, which could be evaluated in further experiments that focus on the regulation of TgCrk4/TgCyc4 complex.

      • *

      • Fig. 2D, and G: Please provide representative images of what has been quantified, as E/F and H/I are apparently UxEM images.

      The corresponding images are included in Fig. S2.

      • Line 236-243: This statement seems to be based on a single IFA shown in Fig. 2K. If so, the manuscript would benefit from clearly stating that this is a singular observation.

      *Thank you, we have provided clarification as described in previous points. *

      *

      *

      • Lines 301-304: In the cited publication, the TgOTUD3A knockout could not be complemented, which raises the possibility that other factors are involved. Thus, this statement would benefit from revision.

      *The lack of TgOTUD3A KO complementation is an example of the unappreciated complexity of apicomplexan cell cycle regulation by controlled proteolysis. We highlighted the similarity of TgCrk4 and TgOTUD3A deficiencies, which indirectly confirms their partnerships in the G2 network. Fig. 8A shows that, in addition to TgOTUD3A, the G2 network contains numerous factors. *

      *

      *

      • Lines 421-422: PfCdt1 was annotated in PlasmoDB some time ago and this statement needs to be revised.

      *Please see our response to comments made by Reviewer 2. Briefly, we agree with Reviewer 2 comment that TgCdt1 does not function as conventional DNA replication licensing factor CDT1. Therefore, we named TGME49_247040 TgiRD1 – inhibitor of DNA and centrosome ReDuplication 1. *

      • *

      • Lines 448-450 and Fig. 6F: Are these data from a single biological replicate and how many cells were analyzed for the different time points? Given the insufficient data on the DNA content, the paper would benefit form more conservative conclusions on the role of TgCdt1. The numbers of biological replicates were added throughout the text, also please refer to our response to Reviewer 2 and the comment above.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      • This manuscript investigates the role of TgCrk3, TgCyc4 and TgCdt1s and provides a large amount of data.
      • These data will contribute to our understanding of the unusual division modes of Apicomplexa, a field of research that recently gained momentum.
      • These data will be interesting to the community of cell and molecular biologist, which work on the fundamental biology of eukaryotic microorganisms.
      • My field of expertise is the cell biology of Apicomplexa.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: In this Manuscript, Hawkins et. al. describe advances in the apicomplexan parasite cell cycle, which is reminiscent but distinct from mammalian cell cycle regulation. These differences include a presumed lack of G2 phase and the ability to replicate in either a multinuclear (schizogony) or binary (endodyogeny) manner. Using Toxoplasma gondii (TG) as a model, the authors seek to expand the current understanding of how these highly variable parasitic cell cycles are regulated by describing a previously unreported G2 phase. Building on the authors earlier work, this manuscript defines the function of TgCrk4 and identifies a novel binding partner, TgCyc4. Crk4 and Cyc4 control a G2/M checkpoint by regulating centrosome duplication and separation.

      The authors also identify 247040, a protein with previously no known function, as a binding partner and substrate of TgCrk4/TgCyc4 and several replication fork proteins such as MCM and PCNA. Results indicate that the protein negatively regulates replication and centrosome duplication. The authors propose to rename this protein TgCDT1 despite "low sequence similarity" and having a completely opposite function to eukaryotic CDT1. Using Swiss-Prot modeling the authors claim 247040 bears a "partial resemblance" to mammalian CDT1. Indeed, both of these proteins show high intrinsic disorder and have 2 folded domains. While 247040, like hCDT1, does contain cyclin interacting motifs (Cy), a collection degrons (not all shared with other CDT1 orthologs), and an NLS, the list of nuclear cell cycle proteins that also contain Cy and degron motifs would be very long. Further, 247040 is regulated in an opposite manner to all other CDT1 orthologs because it is absent in TG G1 and present in TG S phase; eukaryotic CDT1 is either degraded or relocalized to the cytoplasm in S phase, and evidence for degradation via APC/C is minimal. Crucially, loss of 247040 resulted in inappropriate replication ("re-replication"), whereas all other eukaryotic CDT1 orthologs are essential for replication. Re-replication in eukaryotic cells can be caused by excess or hyper-active CDT1, not by loss of CDT1 activity as shown here for 247040. Clearly 247040 is a negative regulator of DNA replication, and as such, is not a candidate for the TgCDT1 ortholog. If anything, it is functionally analogous to metazoan geminin, the negative regulator of metazoan CDT1; of note, geminin also has centrosome-related phenotypes. We cannot support naming 247040 TgCDT1 because it will cause confusion in the field.

      Aside from this major issue, the study is well-executed, rigorous, quantitative, and thorough; it has many strengths from the unbiased interaction screens. The authors' sequence analysis also suggests broader possibilities for cyclin structures than had previously been appreciated. We appreciate the legend in Figure 2 to the organism-specific terminology.

      Major comments: The spatiotemporal dynamics of 247040, its role in repressing TG DNA replication, lack of PIP motif and winged helix domain indicate that some other nomenclature, other than TgCdt1 will be a better name for this protein of previous unknown function.

      We would like to thank Reviewer 2 for this highly insightful comment. We agree that TGME49_247040 functions as a CDT1 inhibitor rather than as CDT1 itself, so conserving the name would produce confusion in the cell cycle field. Based on TGME49_247040 protein function we decided to name this factor TgiRD1 – inhibitor of DNA and centrosome ReDuplication 1. We revisited our data, looked deeper into the protein structure, and adjusted our conclusions. Our new Figure S5 shows differences in the predicted folding of HsCDT1 and TgiRD1. We could not ignore the fact that TgiRD1 is phylogenetically related to CDT1 in ancestral branches and metazoans (Fig. 6B), but we identified substantial differences that may indicate a selective loss (or inheritance) of protein features. For example, TgiRD1 does not interact with ORCs that are critical for the licensing step, but TgiRD1 retained an MCM binding domain (winged helix-turn-helix) that plays a role in licensing and firing. Rather than CRL4Cdt2 degrons, TgiRD1 contains APC/C degrons that would be activated late in mitosis (similar to regulation of Geminin). Together with the lack of DNA licensing control in G1 and its opposing expression profile, we concluded that TgiRD1 represents a Cdt1-related protein that controls DNA and centrosome reduplication in S and G2 phases.

      Minor comments:

      1. For clarity, please include the number of replicates in the figure legends where appropriate. We added the requested information.

      For microscopy/imaging, how were representative cells/images chosen? The representative images constituted the most common phenotype of the feature we aimed to highlight, and most are accompanied by quantifications.

      In addition to the ELM analysis, the authors could also employ fold recognition software (such as Promal) to analyze 247040 structural models to show similarity to known protein structures.

      We use a variety of folding prediction software, including AlphaFold2, PyMol, and template-based SWISS-PRO module to examine protein structures in our study, indicated in the text and figure legends. Our new TgiRD1 (former TgCdt1) analysis is based on an AlphaFold2 prediction (Fig. S5). All the software we used is listed in the M&M section.

      Line 107: missing words "TgCdt1"

      *We corrected the sentence.

      *

      Line 141: the interpretation that the C terminus is "unstable" is misleading if it is simply that the protein cannot tolerate a fusion to the C-terminus.

      *We successfully incorporated a tag at the C-terminus (confirmed by sequencing across the recombinant gene) but could not detect protein expression. If our protein could not tolerate a recombinant tag, the transgenic parasites would not survive because TgCyc4 is essential protein. Therefore, since the parasites survived, we concluded that the lack of TgCyc4-AID-HA expression was due to native truncation at the C-tail (instability). *

      Line 221: word choice "reminisced" We have changed the wording.

      Line 348 refers to Orc4 expression in Figure 4A, but the data point is not labelled. Fig. 4A references GO group (DNA replication/licensing factors), and the raw data is included in Table S6, which is now indicated in the text.

      Lines 407-8 and 510-11: Reference Fig 1E We added the reference.

      Line 408: please define what is meant by "dominant interactor" We meant that TgiRD1 is the most prominent interactor of TgCrk4 and TgCyc4. To clarify the confusion, we changed the wording to “primary interactor”.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      This manuscript makes great strides in defining apicomplexan cell cycle control and genome replication. These strides include defining a previously unrecognized G2/M checkpoint controlled by TgCrk4 and the novel TgCyc4. Further, the authors identify a binding partner and substrate of the novel Crk4/Cyc4 kinase complex, 247040 that acts as a repressor of replication.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary The present study Hawkins et al have described the important role of Cyclin-CDK complex in an apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma(Tg) which exhibit binary mode of cell division like many other eukaryotes. In the apicomplexan field it is generally shown that G2 phase of cel cycle is either absent or has very little role. The authors here demonstrate that the combination of Tg CRK4 and Tg Cyclin4 works during the G2 phase of cell cycle such as chromosome rereplication and centrosome reduplication. In order to show the function of Cyclin-CRK function they used Auxin degradation system to down regulate or deplete the protein and study parasite growth during cell cycle as well as they used tagged parasite to identify the protein complex with these two molecules. In the study they showed that these two molecules Cyc4 and cRK4 formed the complex in protein pulldown method and show identical function in the cell cycle. In addition to thiese two proteins they also found another interacting partner Cdt1 that was further analysed to be involved in controlling Chromosome rereplication and centrosome. So overall the study is nicely performed and three molecules of Cyclin4-CRk4-Cdt1 and their role is illustrated in the binary mode of cell division in Toxoplasma.

      Comments 1.Though no new experiments need to be performed but it will be good if some details are given as to which stage of tachyzoite cycle the protein complex were performed and if there is difference in the various phases of cell cycle especially the s phase and the M phase. Are these period changed. Since G2 is suppose to be absent in many apicomplexan do the authors suggest that G2 phase is only coupled to binary mode of cell division. Please discuss how it is then linked to the other part of cell cycle.

      *You are correct, we propose that the presence of G2 phase is linked to binary division in apicomplexans and our hypothesis is supported by the overall evolution of the cell cycle (see Discussion section). We also entertained the hypothesis that G2 operates in multinuclear division since all apicomplexans encode TgiRD1 orthologs (please, see the Discussion section). For the first time, we identified the major functions of G2 functions (repression of the DNA and centrosome reduplication) in the apicomplexan cell cycle. However, given the unresolved organization of the Toxoplasma (or any apicomplexan) cell cycle, it is currently impossible to define the boundaries of G2. According to our study, TgCrk4 and TgCyc4 control G2/M transition or the end of G2 phase, and we still lack markers of G2 entry. In our comparative synchronization study (Fig 2), we uncovered the temporal link between G2/M and SAC regulatory points, which is discussed in the results section. *

      Ganter et al have studied CRK4 in Plasmodium previously and they do find in their phosphoproteome study the similar association with the DNA replication machinery with CRK4 but no cyclin was identified in their study. In the cyclin study by Roques et al it has been shown that no cell cycle cyclins are found in Apicomplexan so can the author discuss more how these complex can be different in two apicomplexan species. They describe that Crk4 is novel cell cycle kinase though this has been studied earlier. Authors have almost not discussed these previous finding with respect to their in this study.

      *We would like to clarify this confusion. We have not discussed Ganter et al. studies because PfCRK4 is not orthologous to TgCrk4, but rather it is related to TgCrk6. Unfortunately, the Plasmodium and Toxoplasma Crk nomenclature was published almost concurrently. Our previous (Alvarez & Suvorova, 2017) and current study show that Plasmodium and other apicomplexans that divide by multinuclear division do not encode TgCrk4 orthologs (and/or TgCyc4). Additionally, the mentioned studies by Roques and Ganter were released prior to newer genome annotations that include additional cyclin-domain proteins, including 10 Toxoplasma cyclins (5 new) that we categorized in our recent publication (Hawkins et al., 2022). Although the newly annotated cyclins are not related to conventional cell cycle cyclins, we had proven empirically that TgCyc1 together with TgCrk6 controls SAC, and now, the specific interaction of TgCyc4 with TgCrk4 controls G2 processes. Lastly, we call TgCrk4 “a novel” kinase only in the meaning that it is a novel cyclin-dependent kinase that is not related to known CDKs in other eukaryotes. The identification of TgCrk4 in our previous study (Alvarez & Suvorova, 2017) is described in the Introduction section and at the opening of the Results. *

      The manuscript is too dense, in terms of both figures and text. At times loses the focus and hence can be organised with most important finding in the figure and text. Especially Fig2, Fig4 and Fig7. Fig5 does not give too much in terms of the real finding an in fact take away from the focus. Some parts of these figures can be simplified or moved to supplementary. Some of the figures in Fig2 and 7 are missing the scale bars.

      We respectfully disagree with some conclusions made by the Reviewer. Our study contains ample material that is intended to guide the reader through the complexity of the Toxoplasma cell cycle and the intricate structures contained in the parasite. We have also introduced a few novel approaches that require additional schematics and dedicated discussions.

      • Fig 2*. The G2/M block, as well as the G2 phase, had never been detected in apicomplexans. We created a new approach to determine the timing of the G2/M checkpoint, which involves comparison to a known cell cycle block. Panels A, B, and C provide visuals and summarize our findings. The main events are highlighted with arrows (Panel C), while graphs (panel B) show differences in responses. The rest of the figure is devoted to quantification of the primary events caused by TgCrk4 deficiency, since the G2 block had never been examined. While the U-ExM images of the entire vacuole (2-4 parasites) may seem overwhelming, they represent that the deficiency is consistent. *
      • Fig 7* is devoted to the major Crk4/Cyc4 interactor TgiRD1 (former TgCdt1). This is one of the first mechanistic studies of central cell cycle regulators in Toxoplasma. This Cdt1-related protein was examined at the molecular level to support the main claims of its control of G2 Nevertheless, we moved two panels from Fig. 7 into the supplement. *
      • 4* is organized as follows. Top row: panels A, B visualize the G2/M checkpoint block at the protein level. Middle row: panels C, D, and E represent the workflow to find TgCrk4 substrates. Bottom row: panels F, G highlight TgCrk4 substrates of interest that are discussed in the paper. *
      • 5* is an in-depth analysis of the central cell cycle regulators across Apicomplexa phylum, a key figure of the study. Its comparative nature supports our main message: binary division is regulated by TgCrk4/TgCyc4, which are only expressed in a subgroup of apicomplexans that divide in a binary mode. *

      May be bit more discussion of ORC in relation to their Cyclin-CRK complex as they did find upregulation of the ORC in their genome profiling. So may be instead of CDT1 these are more important in the licencing of DNA replication.

      *Our choice to focus on Cdt1-related protein was driven by the fact this protein is a major component of the TgCrk4/TgCyc4 complex, while the ORCs act downstream (as TgCrk4 substrates). Shifting focus to ORCs opens an entire new project, which will be explored in the future. *

      5 The model in Fig8B does not take Cyc4 into consideration and I feel is bit oversimplified as there are many factors that may be responsible for centrosome non separation. The S and G2 are no separated in the Cell cycle as given in this Fig.

      Referring to comment 3, we focused on empirically supported, central findings and created the first model of centrosome cycle regulation in T. gondii. We intentionally drew focus to TgCrk4, which was extensively studied, while TgCyc4 received less attention due to difficulties in modulating its expression. We have used transcriptional downregulation to evaluate TgCyc4 (tet-OFF model), which is unfavorable for cell cycle studies because it exceeds the duration of the cell cycle. The unclear cell cycle borders are addressed in the introduction to this response. Briefly, the organization of apicomplexan cell cycle is currently unclear, thus most of the schematics are approximate.

      It is not clear from the data with CDt1 if this linking the inner and outer centrocone or its down regulation breaks the bipartite centrosome. May be some reflection it will be useful.

      *Our model suggests that both TgCrk4 and TgiRD1 (former TgCdt1) affect only the inner core of the centrosome, which we propose is comprised of two types of linkers. The arrows in Fig. 8 point specifically to the linkers whose stability depends on the expression of TgCrk4 or TgiRD1. *

      Minor comments

      I what is SAINT analysis as it is not described in methods.

      *We added the description of our SAINT analysis to M&M.

      *

      How was budding quantified

      *We supplemented the figure legend with the required information. *

      Western blot can have predicted size

      *Due to density of the figures, we did not supply the predicted MW of the proteins when they display the proper PAGE motility. *

      what does red star mean in Blot 1C

      *We added the description to the figure legend.

      *

      What does the number in Fig1H means please explain in the legends and same for Fig6F. In fig 1, removing the inhibition for 5 hours led to very less budding, but in fig 3, removing inhibition showed increased budding (50% in 2 hours). Please explain

      *Please see our response to the reviewer 1 minor comment regarding Fig. 1H and 6F. *

      *We presume that there is some confusion regarding figure numbers. Perhaps the Reviewer refers to Fig. 2B. Indeed, the 4h block at G2/M led to reduced budding (Fig. 2B), while release from the block for 2 hours (Fig. 3C, post-recovery) allows parasites to continue cell cycle progression and reach the next stage –budding. The numbers over the Fig. 3A, B, and C panels are from the plots in Fig. 2B to help give a comprehensive representation of the analyzed timepoint. *

      Fig2 has no scale bars -please add- this figure is too dense. May be fig2A, B,C can be in supplementary, legend in the figure can be in the figure legend.

      Please see our response to comment 3. We have included scale bars.

      Also this figure2 H and I in not quoted in line 231. Also this figure2 has no panel J but goes directly from I to K

      *The alphabetical order was corrected, and the reference added. *

      Fig3 the FigG can be more relevant in the Figure 8 while describing about the Crk4 and Cyc4 and CDt1 in binary mode of cell division. Also please define what stars mean either in legend or methods section in terms of significance.

      *Thank you for the suggestion. The Fig. 3G schematics summarize the overall findings of the Figure and acts as an intermediate conclusion in this study. We added the meaning of the stars in the M&M section. *

      Line 107 the sentence is incomplete

      We have corrected the sentence.

      Line 217 may be the figure could be referred as then it is not cleat about the description.

      Due to the density of the figures and well-established dynamics of the centrocone and basal rings, we included the reference to a publication rather than as a figure panel.

      **Referees cross-commenting**

      The study is quite rigrous and with analyses of CRK4-CYC4 and CDT. However it will be better if authors please revisit their conclusions on G2 phase of cell cycle in Toxoplasma based on their findings. The study will have important bearing on the community studying apicomplexan parasites and DNA replication as well as who work on eukaryotic cell cycle.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Significance In the manuscript by Hawkins etal have illustrated that in the apicomplexan parasite that have binary mode of cell division present a Cyclin-Crk complex with detailed analysis of Tg Crk4-Cyc4 that are novel in these group pf parasite infect humans and animal alike like malaria parasite and ones affecting cattle and chicken. So these finding are novel as very little is known about this interaction. The significant finding is to show how the G2 phase of cell cycle may be regulated in these parasites and how DNA licencing factor Cdt1 is highly divergent but part of this CRK-Cyclin complex.

      So though it discusses more on the Toxoplasma but it may be of interest to the scientist working on eukaryotes with divergent mode of cell cycle.

      General Assessment - The findings are novel but the manuscript is too dense and at time loses the focus. May be both text and Figures could be made less dense so that important finding are revealed in better way.

      Advance - It does give important insight into the cell cycle in apicomplexan parasite and how even though there are no cell cycle cyclin in Apicomplexa. The findings here suggest how different complexes can substitute for the function. It does extend the knowledge in the field of Cell division in divergent parasites both in terms of mechanistic, functional and technical way.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility, and clarity (Required)):

      1. In this manuscript, Imoto et al. analyze the specific role of the Dynamin1 splice variant Dyn1xA in so-called ultrafast endocytosis, an important mechanism of synaptic vesicle recycling at synapses. In a previous publication (Imoto et al. Neuron 2022), some of the authors had shown that Dyn1xA, and not the other splice variant Dyn1xB, is essential for ultrafast endocytosis. Moreover, Dyn1xA forms clusters around the active zone for exocytosis and interacts with Syndapin 1 in a phosphorylation dependent manner. However, it was unclear which molecular interactions underlie the specific role of Dyn1xA. Here, the authors provide convincing evidence with pull down assays and CSP that Dyn1xA PRR interacts with EndophilinA1/2 with two binding sites. The first binding site lies in the part common to xA and xB, was previously characterized. The second site was previously uncharacterized, is specific for Dyn1xA, and is regulated by phosphorylation (phosphobox 2). The location of these splice variants and mutated forms at presynaptic sites correlate with the prediction made by the biochemical assays. Finally, the authors perform rescue experiments ('flash and freeze' and VGLUT1-pHluorin imaging experiments) to show that Dyn1xA-EndophilinA1/2 binding is important for ultrafast endocytosis. I find the results interesting, providing an important step in the understanding of the interplay between dynamin and the endocytic proteins interacting with it (endophilin, syndapin, amphiphysin) in the context of synaptic vesicle recycling. The manuscript is clearly written and for the most part the data supports the authors' conclusions (see specific comments below). However, there are some issues which need to be clarified before this manuscript is fully suitable for publication.

      We thank the reviewer for noting the importance of our study. Indeed, our previous study has raised the question as to why only the Dyn1xA splice variant mediates ultrafast endocytosis, and our current manuscript now resolves this issue.

      Introduction: the dynx1B Calcineurin binding motif is written PxIxIT consensus but actual sequence is PRITISDP. Is this a typo?

      The sequence is correct. One thing we failed to mention is that the last amino acid in this motif can be either threonine or serine for calcineurin binding, as we demonstrated previously [Jing, et al., 2011 JBC; PMC3162388]. We have amended the text as follows.

      1. calcineurin-binding motif (PxIxI[T/S]) 19.

      Figure 1: the difference between the constructs used in panels C and D is not clear. In D, is it a truncation without residues 796 and 845? If so, it should be labelled clearly in the Western blots. In Panel E, Dyn1xA 746-798 should be labeled Dyn1x 746-798 because it is common to both splice variants.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out. Both C and D used the full-length PRRs of Dyn1xA-746 to 864 and xB-746 to 851. To make the labeling clear, we changed Dyn1xA PRR to “Dyn1xA PRR (746-864)” and Dyn1xB PRR to “Dyn1xB PRR 746-851” in Figure 1. In the main text, we made the following changes.

      1. 4: “To identify the potential isoform-selective binding partners, the full-length PRRs of Dyn1xA746-864 and xB746-851 (hereafter, Dyn1xA-PRR and Dyn1xB-PRR, respectively).”

      Figure 1: For amphiphysin binding the authors write that "No difference in binding to Amphiphysin 1 was observed among these peptides (Figure1D-F)." They should write that Dyn1x 746-798 does not bind Amphiphysin1 SH3 domain, confirming the specificity of binding to the 833-838 motif.

      We edited the sentence as suggested.

      1. “Dyn1x 746-798 does not bind Amphiphysin1 SH3 domain (Figure 1G), confirming the specificity of binding to the 833-838 motif as reported in previous studies 29,30. (Figure 1D-F).”

      Figure S2. The panels are way too small to see the shifts and the labelling. Please provide bigger panels

      As suggested, we have now provided bigger panels in Figure S2, and amended the text and Figure legend accordingly.

      We also removed Figure S2B as it was not referred to in the text in any way. (It was the reverse experiment – HSQCs of 15N-labelled SH3 titrated with unlabelled dynamin).l

      Figure 2 panel B. There is a typo in the connecting line between the sequence and the CSP peaks. It is 846 instead of 864 (after 839).

      Corrected.

      Figure 3 panel E. In the text, the authors write that "Western blotting of the bound proteins from the R838A pull-down experiment showed that R838A almost abolished both Endophilin and Amphiphysin binding in xA806-864 (Figure 3D), and reduced Endophilin binding to xA-PRR (Figure 3E)." I think they should write "only slightly reduced Endophilin binding..." it is more faithful to the result and consistent with the conclusion that Endophilin A1 has two binding sites on Dyn1xA PRR.

      We have now provided quantitative data for R838A and R846A (Fig. 3F and G). Endophilin binding is significantly reduced with R846A.

      It is unclear why the R846A mutant affects binding of Dyn1xA 806-864 but not Dyn1xA-PRR-.

      The reviewer asks why the R846A mutant affects binding of Dyn1xA 806-864, but not so much of Dyn1xA-PRR. The explanation is simply that there are two endophilin binding sites in Dyn1xA-PRR. The first is not present in the xA806-864 peptide, while both are present in Dyn1xA-PRR (the full length tail). When doing pull-down experiments, the binding tends to saturate – even when the second site is blocked by R846A. The first site is still able to bind, and the binding appears as normal. The same applies to the R838A mutant.

      Moreover, it affects binding to endophilin as well as amphiphysin, and therefore it is not specific. It is thus not correct to write that "R846 is the only residue found to specifically regulate the Dyn1 interaction with Endophilin as a part of an SDE". In the Discussion (page 11), the authors refer to the R846A mutation as specifically affecting Endophilin binding. This should be toned down, as it also affects Amphiphysin binding. For this important point, the data on quantification of Endophilin binding should be presented.

      The reviewer’s concern is about our claims of specificity of Endophilin A binding in Dyn1xA R846 mutation experiments. The reviewer is correct, and we have now defined specific parameters for those claims. Specifically, we have added new quantitative data from the Western blots in Fig 3E (full-length Dyn1aX-PRR) as Fig 3F-G. We used full-length Dyn1aX-PRR rather than the xA806-864 peptide because the subsequent transfection experiments use full length Dyn1xA. In the new figures 3F and 3G, we quantified Endophilin A, Amphiphysin and Syndapin1 amounts from the multiple Western blots such as Figure 3E (now n=14, 6 experiments, each in with 2-4 replicates for Dyn1xA PRR). R846A mutated in Dyn1xA-PRR significantly reduces the binding to Endophilin A, but it does not significantly affect the binding to Amphiphysin 1and Syndapin1 (Fig 3G). Therefore, this particular Dyn1xA-PRR mutation specifically affects Endophilin A binding, in the context of the full-length tail Dyn1aX-PRR. To make these results clear, we modified the text as below.

      P7. “R838A and R846A caused smaller reductions in Endophilin binding compared to wild-type Dyn1xA-PRR, (Figure 3E, 3F, R838A, median 68.5 ; Figure 3G, R846A, median 59.3 % : R838A reduced the Dyn1/Amphiphysin interaction (Figure 3E, 3F, median 14.2 % binding compared to wild-type Dyn1xA-PRR). By contrast, R846A did not affect Amphiphysin and Syndapin binding to Dyn1xA-PRR (Figure 3E, 3G). Therefore, R846, being part of an SDE, is the only residue we found to specifically regulate the Dyn1 interaction with Endophilin in the context of the full length tail (DynxA-PRR)”.

      Additionally, the reviewer notes that “the authors refer to the R846A mutation as specifically affecting Endophilin binding. This should be toned down, as it also affects Amphiphysin binding.” In the light of the above data and new quantitative analysis (Fig 3F-G), we have clarified the conclusion. However, to be clear that this statement is only correct in the context of the full-length DynxA-PRR, we amended texts as follows:

      P7. “By contrast, R846A did not affect Amphiphysin and Syndapin binding to Dyn1xA-PRR (Figure 3E, 3G). Therefore, R846, being part of an SDE, is the only residue we found to specifically regulate the Dyn1 interaction with Endophilin in the context of the full length tail (DynxA-PRR)”.

      New legends for Figure 3F and G have now been added as follows.

      “(F) The binding of Endophilin A, and Amphiphysin 1 and Syndapin1 to Dyn1xA-PRR (wild type) or R838A mutant quantified from Western blots in (E). n=14 (6 experiments with 2-4 replicates in each). Median and 95% confidential intervals are shown. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test (**p (G) The binding of Endophilin A, and Amphiphysin 1 and Syndapin1 to Dyn1xA-PRR (wild type) or R846A mutant quantified from Western blots in (E). n=14 (6 experiments with 2-4 replicates in each). Median and 95% confidential intervals are shown. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn’s multiple comparisons test was applied (*p

      Figure 3F-G (which are now 3H and 3I in the revised text): what do the star symbols represent in the graphs? I guess the abscissa represents retention time. Please write it clearly instead of a second ordinate for molecular mass, which does not make much sense if this reflects the estimate for the 3 conditions.

      The “stars” are crosses (x) and represent individual data points. The figure legends have been updated for clarity. The reviewer is correct that the X-axis is retention time (min). The second Y-axis is needed to define the points in the curve marked with crosses (x’s). The legends for Figure 3H and I are now changed as follows.

      “(H) SEC-MALS profiles for Dyn1xA alone (in green), Endophilin A SH3 alone (in red) and the complex of the two (in black) are plotted. The x-axis shows retention time. The left axis is the corresponding UV absorbance (280 nm) signals in solid lines, and the right axis shows the molar mass of each peak in crosses. The molecular weight of the complex was determined and tabulated in comparison with the predicted molecular weight. x represent individual data points.

      (I) SEC-MALS profiles for a high concentration of Dyn1xA-PRR/Endophilin A SH3 complex (0.5 mg) (in dark blue) and a low concentration of Dyn1xA-PRR/endophilin A SH3 complex (0.167 mg) (in blue). The x-axis shows retention time. The left axis is the corresponding UV absorbance (280 nm) signals in solid lines, and the right axis shows the molar mass of each peak in crosses. The molecular weight of the complex was determined and tabulated in the table. x represent individual data points.”

      Figure 4: The statement that "By contrast [to Dyn1xA], Endophilin A1 or A2 formed multiple clusters (1-5 clusters)" is not at all clear on the presented pictures. The authors should provide views of portions of axons with several varicosities, for the reader to appreciate the cases where there are more EndoA clusters than Dyn1 clusters.

      In the revised Figure S4, we added additional STED images for a region of axons with more EndoA1/2 clusters than Dyn1xA clusters. The locations of Dyn1xA and EndoA1/2 clusters are annotated in each image based on the local maximum of intensity, which is determined using our custom Matlab analysis scripts (Imoto, et al., Neuron 2022; for the description of the methods, please refer to the Point #14 below). We also added Figure S3 to describe our analysis pipelines. In the Dyn1xA channel, outer contour indicates 50% of local maxima (boundary of Dyn1xA cluster) while inner contour indicates 70% of local maxima of the clusters. In the EndoA1/2 channel, local maxima of the clusters are indicated as points. To reflect these changes, we modified text as below.

      P 9. “By contrast, Endophilin A1 or A2 formed multiple clusters (1-5 clusters) (Figure S4)”

      The legends for Figure S4 are now as follows.

      “Figure S4. Additional STED images for Figure 4.

      (A) The top image shows an axon containing multiple boutons. Signals show overexpression of GFP-tagged Dyn1xA (Dyn1xA) and mCherry-tagged Endophilin A1 (EndoA1). The bottom images show magnifications of four boutons in the top image. Red hot look-up table (LUT) images on the right side of Dyn1xA and EndoA1 images are enhanced contrast images. Outer and inner contours represent 50% and 70% of local maxima of the Dyn1xA, respectively. Black circles represent local maxima of Endophilin A1. In these boutons, multiple EndophilinA1 puncta are present.

      (B) The top image shows an axon congaing multiple boutons. Signals show overexpression of mCherry-tagged Dyn1xA (Dyn1xA) and GFP-tagged Endophilin A1 (EndoA1). The bottom images show magnifications of four boutons in the top image. Red hot LUT images on the right side of Dyn1xA and EndoA2 images are enhanced contrast images. Outer and inner contours represent 50% and 70% of local maxima of the Dyn1xA, respectively. Black circles represent local maxima of Endophilin A2. In these boutons, multiple EndophilinA2 puncta are present.

      (C) STED micrographs of the same synapses as in Figure 4E with an active zone marker Bassoon (magenta) visualized by antibody staining. GFP-tagged Dyn1xA, Dyn1xA S851D/857D or Dyn1xA R846A (green) are additionally stained with GFP-antibodies. Local maxima of Dyn1xA, Dyn1xA S851D/857D or Dyn1xA R846A signals and minimum distance to the active zone boundary are indicated by dark blue lines.”

      Moreover, overexpression of EndophilinA1/2-mCherry is not sufficient to assess its localization. Please consider either immunofluorescence or genome editing (e.g. Orange or TKIT techniques).

      We agree with the reviewer that overexpression obscures the endogenous localization of proteins. To address this point in our previous publication, we titrated the amount of plasmids for Dyn1xA-GFP and transfected neurons just for 20 hours – this protocol allowed us to uncover the endogenous localization of Dyn1xA despite the fact that it was overexpressed in wild-type neurons (Imoto, et al., 2022). We also confirmed this localization by ORANGE-based CRISPR knock-in of GFP-tag in the endogenous locus of Dyn1 just after the exon 23 and confirm the true endogenous localization of Dyn1xA (Imoto, et al., 2022). Similar approaches were taken by the Chapman lab to localize Synaptotagmin-1 and Synaptobrevin 2 in axons (Watson et al, 2023, eLife, PMID: 36729040). We did not emphasize this in the first submission, but we took the same approach for the EndoA1/2 localization. This does not mean that they also unmask the endogenous localization, and the reviewer is correct that additional evidence would strengthen the data here. Thus, as suggested, we have looked at the endogenous EndophilinA1 localization by antibody staining. As the reviewer is likely aware, EndophilinA1 also localizes to other places including dendrites and postsynaptic terminals, making it difficult to analyze the data. However, we observe colocalization of Dyn1xA with endogenous EndoA1. Thus, we believe that our major conclusion here drawn based on EndoA1/2-mCherry overexpression is valid (Reviewer’s Figure 1). Since the Endophilin signals in neighboring processes obscures its localization in synapses-of-interest, repeating this localization experiments with ORANGE-based knock-in would be ideal. However, with the lead author starting his own group and many validations needed to confirm the knock-in results, this experiment would require us at least 4-6 months, and thus, it is beyond the scope of our current study. We will follow up on this localization in the near future, but given that endophilin is required for ultrafast endocytosis (Watanabe, et al., Neuron 2018, PMID: 29953872) and these proteins need to be in condensates at the endocytic sites for accelerating the kinetics of endocytosis (Imoto, et al., Neuron 2022, PMID: 35809574), we are confident that endogenous

      EndoA1/2 are localized with Dyn1xA.

      The analysis of the confocal microscopy data is not explained. How is the number of clusters determined? How far apart are they? Confocal microscopy may not have the resolution to distinguish clusters within a synapse.

      We apologize for the insufficient description of the method. We had provided a more thorough description of the methods in our previous publication (Imoto, et al., Neuron 2022, PMID: 35809574). To make this more automated, we improved our custom Matlab scripts. Please note that all the analysis for the cluster location is performed on STED images, not on normal confocal images. To determine the cluster, first, presynaptic regions (based on Bassoon signals or Dyn1xA signals within boutons) in each STED image are cropped with 900 by 900 nm (regions-of-interest) ROIs. Then, our Matlab scripts calculate the local maxima of fluorescence intensity within the ROIs. To determine the distance between the active zone and the Dyn1xA or EndoA1/2 clusters, the Matlab scripts perform the same local maxima calculations in both channels and make contours at 50% intensity of the local maxima. The minimum distance reflects the shortest distance between the active zone and Dyn1xA/EndoA1/2 contours. To make these points clearer, we modified the main text and the Methods section. In addition, we have added workflow of these analysis as Figure S3.

      P9. Main. “Signals of these proteins are acquired by STED microscopy and analyzed by custom MATLAB scripts, similarly to our previous work23.”

      P20. Methods. “All the cluster distance measurements are performed on STED images. For the measurements, a custom MATLAB code package23 was modified using GPT-4 (OpenAI) to perform semi-automated image segmentation and analysis of the endocytic protein distribution relative to the active zone marked by Bassoon or relative to Dyn1xA cluster in STED images. First, the STED images were blurred with a Gaussian filter with radius of 1.2 pixels to reduce the Poisson noise and then deconvoluted twice using the built-in deconvblind function: the initial point spread function (PSF) input is measured from the unspecific antibodies in the STED images. The second PSF (enhanced PSF) input is chosen as the returned PSF from the initial run of blind deconvolution62. The enhanced PSF was used to deconvolute the STED images to be analyzed. Each time, 10 iterations were performed. All presynaptic boutons in each deconvoluted image were selected within 3030-pixel (0.81 mm2) ROIs based on the varicosity shape and bassoon or Dyn1xA signals. The boundary of active zone or Dyn1xA puncta was identified as the contour that represents half of the intensity of each local maxima in the Bassoon channel. The Dyn1xA clusters and Endophilin A clusters were picked by calculating pixels of local maxima. The distances between the Dyn1xA cluster and active zone boundary or Endophilin A clusters were automatically calculated correspondingly. For the distance measurement, MATLAB distance2curve function (John D'Errico 2024, MATLAB Central File Exchange) first calculated the distance between the local maxima pixel and all the points on the contour of the active zone or Dyn1xA cluster boundary. Next, the shortest distance was selected as the minimum distance. Signals over crossing the ROIs and the Bassoon signals outside of the transfected neurons were excluded from the analysis. The MATLAB scripts are available by request.”

      In the legend of Figure S3,

      “Protein localization in presynapses is determined by semi-automated MATLAB scripts (see Methods).

      (A) Series of deconvoluted STED images are segmented to obtain 50-100 presynapse ROIs in each condition.

      (B) Two representations of the MATLAB analysis interface are shown. The first channel (ch1, green) is processed to identify the pixels of local maxima within this channel. The second channel (ch2, magenta) is normally an active zone protein, Bassoon. Active zone boundary is determined by the contour generated at 50% intensity of the local maxima of ch2. The contours outside of the transfected neurons are manually selected on the interface and excluded from the analysis. Minimum distances from each pixel of the local maxima in ch1 to the contour in ch2 are calculated and shown in the composite image. The plot “Distance distribution” shows all the minimum distance identified in this presynapses ROI (unit of the y axis is nanometer). The plot “Accumulated distance distribution” shows the accumulated distance distribution from the initial to the current presynapses ROI. The plot “Histogram of total intensity” shows the intensity counts around individual local maxima pixels in ch1.”

      For the STED microscopy, a representation of the processed image (after deconvolution) and the localization of the peaks would be important to assess the measurement of distances. If Dyn1xA S851/857D is more diffuse, are there still peaks to measure for every synapse?

      We thank the reviewer for bringing up this important question. In Figure S4C, we have added the position of the local maxima of wild-type and mutant Dyn1xA shown in the main Figure 4E. As the reviewer pointed out, when a protein is more diffuse, it is difficult to find the peak intensity by STED. However, since these proteins are still found at a higher density within a very confined space of a presynapse and synapses are packed with organelles like synaptic vesicles and macromolecules, signals from even diffuse proteins can be detected as clusters, and local maxima can be detected in these images.

      To illustrate this point better, we added Reviewer’s Figure 2 below. In this experiment, we transfected neurons with a typical amount of plasmids (2.0 µg/well) or ~10x lower amount (0.25 µg/well). When the density of cytosolic proteins is high (Reviewer’s Figure 2A), the depletion laser has to be strong enough to induce sufficient stimulated emission and resolve protein localization. Insufficient power would produce low resolution images, leading to inappropriate detection of the local maxima (Reviewer’s Figure 1A). Thus, we set our excitation and depletion laser powers to resolve the protein localization to ~40-80 nm at presynapses. Furthermore, to avoid mislocalization of proteins due to the overexpression, we use 0.25-0.5 ug/well (in 12-well plate) of plasmid DNA for transfection, which is around 10 times lower than the amount used in the typical lipofectamine neuronal transfection protocol (Imoto, et al., Neuron 2022). We also change the medium around 20 hours after the transfection instead of the typical 48 hours (Imoto, et al., Neuron 2022). With these modifications and settings, we can obtain the location of the local maxima of the diffuse signals (Reviewer’s Figure 1B and Figure 4E and Figure S4). We modified the Method section to make these points clearer.

      P 17, “Briefly, plasmids were mixed well with 2 µl Lipofectamine in 100 µl Neurobasal media and incubated for 20 min. For Dyn1xA and Endophilin A expressions, 0.5 µg of constructs were used to reduce the overexpression artifacts23. The plasmid mixture was added to each well with 1 ml of fresh Neurobasal media supplemented with 2 mM GlutaMax and 2% B27. After 4 hours, the medium was replaced with the pre-warmed conditioned media. To prevent too much expression of proteins, neurons were transfected for less than 20 hours and fixed for imaging.”

      P 20, “Quality of the STED images are examined by comparing the confocal and STED images and measuring the size of signals at synapses and PSF (non-specific signals from antibodies).”

      Legends for Figure S4C,

      “(C) STED micrographs of the synapses shown in Figure 4F with an active zone marker Bassoon (magenta). GFP-tagged Dyn1xA, Dyn1xA S851D/857D or Dyn1xA R846A are visualized by antibody staining of GFP (green). Local maxima of Dyn1xA, Dyn1xA S851D/857D or Dyn1xA R846A signals and minimum distance to the active zone boundary are overlaid.”

      Figures 5 and 6: No specific comment. The data and its analysis are very nice and elegant. The comment on the lack of rescue of Dyn1xA on endosome maturation may be a bit overstated, because many "controls" (shRNA control Figure S5 or Dyn3 KO in Imoto et al. 2022) have a significant number of endosomes 10 s after stimulation.

      We thank the reviewer for noting the strength of our data and pointing out this issue on endosomal resolution. In particular, the reviewer is concerned about our interpretation of the ferritin positive endosomes present at 10 s in time-resolved electron microscopy experiments. Indeed, the number of ferritin positive endosomes in Dyn1 KO, Dyn1xA OEx neurons (0.1/profile) is similar to the control conditions: scramble shRNA control (0.1/profile, Figure S5) and Dyn3KO neurons (0.2/profile) in our previous study (Imoto et al. 2022). Although we do not consider Dyn3 KO as a control, given the presence of abnormal endosomal structures, we agree with the reviewer that scramble shRNA control in Figure S5 does indicate that some ferritin-positive endosomes even at 10 s after stimulation. We would like to note that this result is in stark contrast to our previous studies where we observed the number of ferritin positive endosomes returning to the basal level in both wild-type neurons and many scramble shRNA controls (Watanabe et al. 2014, 2018, Imoto et al 2022). Thus, the majority of the data we have indicate that the number of ferritin positive endosomes returns to basal level by 10 s, suggesting that endosomes are typically resolved into synaptic vesicles by this time. However, given that we do not know the nature of the inconsistency here and we cannot exclude the possibility of overexpression artifact of Dyn1xA as an alternative, we changed the following lines.

      P. 10, “Interestingly, the number of ferritin-positive endosomes did not return to the baseline (Figure 5E, F) as in previous studies3,35,36, suggesting that Dyn1xA may not fully rescue the knockout phenotypes or that overexpression of Dyn1xA causes abnormal endosomal morphology.”

      By the way, why did the authors use Dyn1 KO in this study, and not Dyn1,3 DKO as in Imoto et al. 2022?

      This is simply because Dyn3KO displayed an endosomal defect in our previous study (Imoto et al 2022), and we wanted to focus on endocytic phenotypes of Dyn1 KO and mutant rescues in this study.

      In the Discussion, the authors present the binding sites (for endophilin and amphiphysin SH3 domains) as independent. However, these proteins form dimers or even multimers as they cluster around the neck of a forming vesicle. Even though they provide evidence in vitro (Figure 3) that in these conditions of high concentration one dyn1xA-PRR binds one SH3 domain, in cells multiple binding sites on the PRR to these proteins may involve avidity effects, as discussed for example in Rosendale et al. 2019 doi 10.1038/s41467-019-12434-9. For example, the high affinity binding of Dyn1-PRR to amphiphysin cannot be explained only by the sequence 830-838.

      The reviewer suggests “In the Discussion, the authors present the binding sites (for endophilin and amphiphysin SH3 domains) as independent.” However, we do not claim these interactions are functionally independent, except in the context of in vitro experiments where they are sequence-independent.

      They also suggest “However, these proteins form dimers or even multimers as they cluster around the neck of a forming vesicle”. However we do not agree with this in the context of our Discussion, because the evidence of multimers and clustering is convincing but is entirely in vitro data.

      Thirdly they comment that “For example, the high affinity binding of Dyn1-PRR to amphiphysin cannot be explained only by the sequence 830-838.” We fully agree with the statement and felt we had addressed this in the manuscript. To explain, it’s important to point out our relatively new concept here and previously reported by us (Lin Luo et al 2016, PMID: 26893375) of the existence and importance of SDE and LDE for SH3 domains (Endophilin here, syndapin in our previous report). These elements act at a distance from the so-called core PxxP motifs and they provide much higher affinity and specificity than the core region alone. We had further mentioned this in the p11 discussion “Although this is a previously characterized binding site for Amphiphysin and is also present in Dyn1xB-PRR, the extended C-terminal tail of Dyn1xA contains short and long distance elements (SDE and LDE) essential for Endophilin binding, making it higher affinity for Endophilin.” Because the NMR identified F862 as a chemical shift for dynamin, we performed a pulldown with this mutant in the xA746-798 construct (which only contains the higher affinity site) and found that indeed “.F862A reduced Endophilin binding 29% (pOverall, the reviewer correctly points out that “multiple binding sites on the PRR to these proteins may involve avidity effects*” could play a role in vivo. We agree that avidity is an additional possibility, not examined in our study. Therefore, as suggested, we added the following sentence to the discussion on the SDE and LDE impacts.

      P. 11. “Our pull-down results showed that R846A abolished endophilin binding to xA806-864 (which contains only the second and higher affinity binding site and the associated SDE (A839) and LDE (F862)) and reduced about 40% of endophilin binding to the Dyn1xA-PRR (which contains both binding sites) without affecting its interaction with Amphiphysin, providing important partner specificity, although we cannot exclude the possibility that avidity effects may additionally come in play in vivo 42

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      This study provides a significant advance on the mechanisms of dynamin recruitment to endocytic zones in presynaptic terminals. The work adds a significant step by experienced labs (Robinson, Watanabe) who have provided important insight in the mechanisms by many publications in the last years.

      We thank the reviewer for the careful read of our manuscript and positive outlook of our work.

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      1. This is a compelling study that reports a key discovery to understand the molecular mechanism of ultrafast endocytosis. The authors demonstrate that the Dynamin splice version 1xA (Dynamin 1xA) uniquely binds Endophilin A, in contrast to Dynamin splice version 1xB (Dynamin 1xB) that does not bind Endophilin A and it is not required for ultrafast endocytosis. In addition, the Endophilin A binding occurs in a dephosphorylation-regulated manner. The study is carefully carried out and it is based on high quality data obtained by means of advanced biochemical methodologies, state-of-art flash-freezing electron microscopy analysis, superresolution microscopy and dynamic imaging of exo-and endocytosis in neuronal cultures. The results convincingly support the conclusions.

      We thank the reviewer for supporting the conclusions of our study.

      1. Although additional experiments are not essential to support the claims of the paper there is room, however, for improvement within the pHluorin experiments. These experiments, that are clearly informative and consistent with the rest of experimental data, do not apply the useful approach to separate endo- from exocytosis. The use of bafilomycin or folimycin to block the vesicular proton pump allows the unmasking the endocytosis that is occurring during the stimulus, that should correspond to ultrafast endocytosis. It would be very elegant to demonstrate that such a component, as expected according to the electron microscopy data, requires the binding of Endophilin A to Dynamin 1xA. If the authors have the pHluorin experiments running, the suggested experiments are very much doable because the reagents and the methodology is already in place and the new data could be generated in around six weeks.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. The reviewer is concerned that vGlut1 pHluorin experiment in Figure 6 may not correspond to ultrafast endocytosis. We agree that bafilomycin/folimycin treatment will reveal the amount of endocytosis that takes place while neurons are stimulated. However, we are not certain that endocytosis during this phase would fully correspond to ultrafast endocytosis because reacidification of endocytosed vesicles typically takes 3-4 s (Atluri and Ryan, 2006, PMID: 16495458; although see https://elifesciences.org/articles/36097) and thus, the nature of endocytosis cannot be fully determined by this assay. To claim that endocytosis measured by pHluorin assay during stimulation all correspond to ultrafast endocytosis, we would need to perform very careful work to track single pHluorin molecules at the ultrastructural level and corelate their internalization to pHluorin signals. Perhaps, a rapid acid quench technique used by the Haucke group would also be appropriate to estimate the amount of ultrafast endocytosis (Soykan et al. 2017 PMID: 28231467), but we are not set up to perform such experiments here. Also, our lead author, Yuuta Imoto, is leaving the lab to start up his own group, and it will take us months rather than weeks to get the requested experiments done. Since the point of this experiment was to test whether the interaction of Dyn1xA and EndoA is essential for protein retrieval regardless of the actual mechanisms and the reviewer acknowledges that this point is sufficiently supported by the experiments, we will set this experiment as the priority for the next paper.

      Instead of the bafilomycin or rapid acid quenching experiments, we have now added data from vglut1-pHluorin experiment with a single action potential. With a single action potential, all synaptic vesicle recycling is mediated by ultrafast endocytosis in these neurons (Watanabe et al, 2013 PMID: 24305055; Watanabe et al. 2014, PMID: 25296249). Our electron microscopy experiments in Figure 5 is also performed with a single action potential. As with 10 action potentials, 20 Hz experiments, re-acidification of vglut1-pHluorin is blocked when Dyn1 and EndophilinA1 interaction is disrupted (Figure 6 F-I). We added a description of this result as below.

      P 11. “Similar defects were observed when the experiments were repeated with a single action potential – synaptic vesicle recycling is mediated by ultrafast endocytosis with this stimulation paradigm25 (S851/857 recovery is 73.3% above the baseline; R846A, recovery is 30.0% above the baseline) (Figure S9 A-D). Together, these results suggest that the 20 amino acid extension of Dyn1xA is important for recycling of synaptic vesicle proteins mediated by specific phosphorylation and Endophilin binding sites within the extension.”

      The methods are carefully explained. Some of the experiments are only replicated in two cultures and the authors should justify the reasons to convince the audience that the approaches used have enough low variability for not increasing the n number. The pHluorin experiments, however, are performed only in a single culture; they should replicate these experiments in at least 3 different cultures (three different mice).

      The reviewer is correct. The variability is very low in our ultrastructural studies and STED imaging, and thus, in all our previous publications, two independent cultures are used. We do agree that in the ideal case, we would like to have three independent cultures, but given the nature of ultrastructural studies (control, mutants, and multiple time points), triplicating the data would add another year to our work. We are currently developing AI-based segmentation analysis, and once this pipeline is established, we will be able to increase N. However, please note that for these experiments, we examine around 200 synapses from each condition in electron microscopy studies (Table S2)– these numbers are far more than the gold standard in the field. Likewise, 50-100 synapses are examined for STED experiments (Table S2). To examine variability of our analysis results, we compared a significance between the dataset using cumulative curves and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (Figure S11). As shown in the summarized data and p value in each condition, there are no significant difference between the datasets.

      For pHluorin analysis, the reviewer is correct. We repeated the experiments twice to increase the N after the initial submission. The data are consistent, and the conclusions are not changed by the additional experiments (Figure 6 and Figure S9). We also changed the Statistical analysis section in Methods as below.

      P. 19. “All electron microscopy data are pooled from multiple experiments after examined on a per-experiment basis (with all freezing on the same day); none of the pooled data show significant deviation from each replicate (Table S2).”

      p 19, “All fluorescence microscopy data were first examined on a per-experiment basis. For Figure 4, the data were pooled; none of the pooled data show significant deviation from each replicate (Figure S11 and Table S2). Sample sizes were 2 independent cultures, at least 50-100 synapses from 4 different neurons in each condition..”

      Legends for Figure S11

      Figure S11. Data variability in Figure 4.

      Cumulative curves are made from each dataset of (A) distance of Endophilin A1 puncta from the edge of Dyn1xA puncta, (B) distance of Endophilin A2 puncta from the edge of Dyn1xA puncta, distance distribution of Dyn1xA from active zone edge in (C) neurons expressing wild-type Dyn1xA-GFP, (D) Dyn1xA-S851/857-GFP and (E) Dyn1xA-R846-GFP. n > 4 coverslips from 2 independent cultures. Kolmogorov–Smirnov (KS) test, p values are indicated in each plot.

      Minor comments: 4. Prior studies referenced appropriately and the text and figures are clear and accurate.

      We thank the reviewer for the careful read of our manuscript.

      The authors should discuss about the mediators (enzymes) responsible for dephosphorylation of phosphor-box 2 that is key for the Dynamin 1xa-Endophilin A interaction.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. We added a discussion on a potential mediator, Dyrk1, as below.

      P. 12. ”What are the kinases that regulate Dyn1? The phosphorylation of phosphobox-1 is mediated by Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3ß) and Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5)17, while phosphobox-2 is likely phosphorylated by Trisomy 21-linked dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Mnb/Dyrk1)44,45 since Ser851 in phosphobox-2 is shown to be phosphorylated by Mnb/Dyrk1 in vitro32. Furthermore, overexpression of Mnb/Dyrk1 in cultured hippocampal neurons causes slowing down the retrieval of a synaptic vesicle protein vGlut146. Consistently, our data showed that phosphomimetic mutations in phosphobox-2 results disruption of Dyn1xA localization, perturbation of ultrafast endocytosis, and slower kinetics of vGlut1 retrieval. However, how these kinases interplay to regulate the interaction of Dyn1xA, Syndapin1 and Endophilin A1 for ultrafast endocytosis is unknown.”

      It would be very helpful to include a final cartoon depicting the key protein-protein interactions regulated by dephosphorylation (activity) and the sequence of molecular events that leads to ultrafast endocytosis

      As suggested, we made a model figure, (new Figure 7) showing how Dyn1xA and its interaction with EndoA and Syndapin1 increases the kinetics of endocytosis at synapses. Regarding the sequence of molecular events, we think that there are already dephosphorylated fraction of Dyn1xA molecules sitting on the endocytic zone at the resting state and they mediate ultrafast endocytosis. However, it is equally possible that activity-dependent dephosphorylation of Dyn1xA also may play a role (Jing et al. 2011, PMID: 21730063). However, we have no evidence about the sequence of activity dependent modulation of Dyn1xA and its binding partners during ultrafast endocytosis yet. This is much beyond what we have reported in this work and therefore, excluded from the model figure. We added the following to the end of the discussion:

      p13, “Nonetheless, these results suggest that Dyn1xA long C-terminal extension allows multivalent interaction with endocytic proteins and that the high affinity interaction with Endophilin A1 permits phospho-regulation of their interaction and defines its function at synapses (Figure S7)”.

      Figure legend Figure 7,

      “Figure 7. Schematics depicting how specific isoforms Dyn1xA and Endophilin A mediate ultrafast endocytosis.

      A splice variant of dynamin 1, Dyn1xA, but not other isoforms/variants can mediate ultrafast endocytosis. (A) Dyn1xA has 20 amino acid extension which introduces a new high affinity Endophilin A1 binding site. Three amino acids, R846 at the splice site boundary, S851 and S857, act as long-distance element which can enhance affinity of proline rich motifs (PRM) to SH3 motif from outside of the PRM core sequence PxxP. (B) At a resting state, Dyn1xA accumulates at endocytic zone with SH3 containing BAR protein Syndapin 123 and Endophilin A1/2. When phosphobox-1 (Syndapin1 binding) and phosphobox-2 (Endophilin A1/2 binding, around S851/S857) within Dyn1xA PRD are phosphorylated, these proteins are diffuse within the cytoplasm. A dephosphorylated fraction of Dyn1xA molecules can interact with these BAR domain proteins. Loss of interactions including Dyn1xA-R846A or -S851/857D mutations, disrupts endocytic zone pre-accumulations. Consequently, ultrafast endocytosis fails.”

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      This is a remarkable and important advance in the field of endocytosis. The study reports a key discovery to understand the molecular mechanism of ultrafast endocytosis. Scientist interested in synaptic function and the general audience of cell biologist interested in membrane trafficking will very much value this study. The mechanism reported will potentially be included in textbooks in the near future.

      My field of expertise includes molecular mechanisms of presynaptic function and membrane trafficking.

      I have not enough experience to evaluate the quality of the NMR experiments, however, I do not have any problem at all with, in my opinion, elegant results reported.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive outlook of our manuscript.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Hippo pathway activity is required for pancreas morphogenesis, but its role in endocrine pancreas function remains elusive. The author aims to study the function of the TEAD1 gene in b-cells.

      Strengths:

      The authors generated TEAD1 conditional knockout animals by crossing the TEAD1f/f mice with three Cre strains (RIP-Cre, Ins1-Cre, and MIP-CreERT). In all of them, the KO animals showed progressive loss of insulin secretion with normal beta cell mass. Further characterization of the animals indicated glucose-induced insulin secretion defect and increased beta cell proliferation rate. RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq experiments identified Pdx1, MafA, and Glut2, etc. as direct targets of TEAD1, which might be responsible for the insulin secretion defect in the animals. Of interest, the authors also uncovered the cell cycle-related gene p16 as a direct target of TEAD1. Reduction of p16 is likely to drive the beta cell proliferation in the TEAD1 knockout model. Thus, they proposed that TEAD1 is a regulator of the proliferative quiescence process in beta cells. Overall, the evidence provided by the authors is highly relevant and supports their conclusion.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) The authors don't explicitly mention that some results appeared in a previous publication (https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac1063) from them.

      (2) The authors begin their story by introducing TEAD1 as part of the Hippo pathway. They showed Taz expression data in Figure 1. Did they do any experiments to detect Taz in their TEAD1 model? Did the authors detect any expression changes in CTGF following TEAD1 knockout? I could not see this changed. The phenotype characterization data presented here contrasts with what has been shown in TAZ b-cell knockout mice (https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.05.31.494216). Based on the data presented here, Hippo is not involved, which should at least be discussed in length.

      (3) Figure 1B - TAZ staining looks different in the three-month age group.

      (4) TEAD ChIP-seq data doesn't look very convincing to me. It's hard to tell whether those highlighted regions in Figures 3A and 5J were signals or background noise. Although the authors also performed ChIP-qPCR in MIN6, it's unclear whether these binding events occur in vivo. The analysis of ChIP-seq dataset is limited as well. How many peaks called? What proportion of differentially expressed genes are bound by TEAD1? Was TEAD1 also detectable at NGN3 and NEUROD1 gene regions? If acquiring enough cells is not possible, the authors could try CUT&RUN or CUT&Tag to improve the data quality.

      (5) The authors should perform RNA-seq or gene expression studies in MIP-CreERT to confirm, which could help narrow down the actual targets of TEAD1 as well.

      (6) Figure 6 - the experiment lacks a control: Ezh2 beta cell KO. In addition to p16, Ezh2, and PRC2 have other targets in beta-cells, the authors could not rule out the contribution of those to the phenotype, so the implication of this experiment is vague.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Ewing sarcoma is an aggressive pediatric cancer driven by the EWS-FLI oncogene. Ewing sarcoma cells are addicted to this chimeric transcription factor, which represents a strong therapeutic vulnerability. Unfortunately, targeting EWS-FLI has proven to be very difficult, and a better understanding of how this chimeric transcription factor works is critical to achieving this goal. Towards this perspective, the group had previously identified a DBD-𝛼4 helix (DBD) in FLI that appears to be necessary to mediate EWS-FLI transcriptomic activity. Here, the authors used multi-omic approaches, including CUT&tag, RNAseq, and MicroC to investigate the impact of this DBD domain. Importantly, these experiments were performed in the A673 Ewing sarcoma model where endogenous EWS-FLI was silenced, and EWS-FLI-DBD proficient or deficient isoforms were re-expressed (isogenic context). They found that the DBD domain is key to mediating EWS-FLI cis activity (at msat) and to generating the formation of specific TADs. Furthermore, cells expressing DBD-deficient EWS-FLI display very poor colony-forming capacity, highlighting that targeting this domain may lead to therapeutic perspectives.

      Strengths:

      The group has strong expertise in Ewing sarcoma genetics and epigenetics and also in using and analyzing this model (Theisen et al., 2019; Boone et al., 2021; Showpnil et al., 2022).

      They aim at better understanding how EWS-FLI mediated its oncogenic activity, which is critical to eventually identifying novel therapies against this aggressive cancer.

      They use the most recent state-of-the-art omics methods to investigate transcriptome, epigenetics, and genome conformation methods. In particular, Micro-C enables achieving up to 1kb resolved 3D chromatin structures, making it possible to investigate a large number of TADs and sub-TADs structures where EWS-FLI1 mediates its oncogenic activity.

      They performed all their experiments in an Ewing sarcoma genetic background (A673 cells) which circumvents bias from previously reported approaches when working in non-orthologous cell models using similar approaches.

      Weaknesses:

      The main weakness comes from the poor reproducibility of Micro-C data. Indeed, it appears that the distances/clustering observed between replicates are typically similar or even larger than between biological conditions. For instance, in Figure 1B, I do not see any clustering when considering DBD1, DBD2, DBD+1, DBD+2.

      Lanes 80-83: "KD replicates clustered together with DBD replicate 1 on both axes and with DBD replicate 2 on the y-axis. DBD+ replicates, on the other hand, clustered away from both KD and DBD replicates. These observations suggest that the global chromatin structure of DBD replicates is more similar to KD than DBD+ replicates."

      When replacing DBD replicate 1 with DBD replicate 2, their statement would not be true anymore.

      Additional replicates to clarify this aspect seem absolutely necessary since those data are paving the way for the entire manuscript.

      Similarly:<br /> - In Figure 1C, how would the result look when comparing DBD2/KD2/DBD+2? Same when comparing DBD 1 with KD1 and DBD+1. Would the difference go in the same direction?<br /> - Figure 1D-E. How would these plots look like when comparing each replicate to each other's? How much difference would be observed when comparing, for instance, DBD1/DBD2 ? or DBD1/DBD+1?<br /> - Figure 2: again, how would these analyses look like when performing the analysis with only DBD1/DBD+1/KD1 or DBD2/DBD+2/KD?

      Another major question is the stability of EWS-FLI DBD vs EWS-FLI DBD+ proteins. Indeed, it seems that they have more FLAG (i.e., EWS-FLI) peaks in the DBD+ condition compared to the DBD condition (Figure 2B). In the WB, FLAG intensities seem also higher (2/3 replicates) in DBD+ condition compared to the DBD condition (Figure S1B).

      Would it be possible that DBD+ is just more expressed or more stable than DBD? The higher stability of the re-expressed DBD+ could also partially explain their results independently of the 3D conformational change. In other words, can they exclude that DBD+ and DBD binding are not related to their respective protein stability or their global re-expression levels?

      Surprisingly, WB FLI bands in DBD+ conditions are systematically (3/3 replicates) fainter than in DBD conditions (Figure S1B). How do the authors explain these opposite results between FLI and FALG in the WB?

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary Maintenance of the histone H3 variant CENP-A at centromeres is necessary for proper kinetochore assembly and correct chromosome segregation. The Mis18 complex recruits the CENP-A chaperone HJURP to centromeres to facilitate CENP-A replenishment. Here the authors characterise the Mis18 complex using hybrid structural biology, and determine complex interface separation-of-function mutants.

      Major Comments The SAXS and EM data on the full-length Mis18 components must be included in the main Figures, either as an additional figure or by merging/rearranging the existing figures. The authors discuss these results in three whole paragraphs, which are a very important part of the paper.

      We thank the reviewer for this constructive suggestion. We have now included an additional figure (new Fig. 2, attached below), that highlights the fit of the integrative model against the SAXS and EM data.

      Could the authors also compare the theoretical SAXS scattering curves generated by their final model(s) with the experimental SAXS curves? This would provide some additional evidence for the overall shape of their complex model beyond the consistency with the Dmax/Rg.

      We acknowledge the importance of this suggestion. We have now compared the theoretical SAXS scattering curve of the Mis18a/b core complex (named Mis18a/b DN), which lacks the flexible elements (disordered regions and the helical region flexibility connected to the Yippee domains). The theoretically calculated SAXS scattering curve of the model matches nicely with the experimental data with c2 value of 1.36. This data is now included in new Fig. 2 (Fig. 2f) and is referenced on page 9 line 21.

      Minor Comments

      While the introduction is clearly written, an additional cartoon schematic, representing the system/question would be helpful to a non-specialist reader to interpret the context of the study.

      We have now included a cartoon in the revised Fig. 1 to support the introduction on centromere maintenance and the central role of the Mis18a/b/BP1 complex in this process. Please find the new Fig. 1 below.

      No doubt the authors had a reason for choosing their figure allocation, but I wonder if more material couldn't be brought from the supplementary into the main figures?

      As addressed in our response to one of the major comments, we have now moved key CLMS, SAXS and EM data from the supplemental figure into the main figure, new Fig. 2.

      Page 6 "Mis18-alpha possesses an additional alpha-helical domain" - please make it clear in addition to what (I assume it's in addition to Mis18-beta).

      Apologies for the lack of clarity. We have now rephrased this sentence to highlight that this difference is in comparison with Mis18b on page 6 line 15.

      Page 7 - Report the RMSD of the Pombe vs. Human Mis18-alpha yipee structures?

      The S. pombe Mis18 Yippee structure superposes on to the Human Mis18a Yippee domain with an RMSD of 0.92 angstroms with is now mentioned on page 7 line 9.

      Page 7 - "We generated high-confidence structural models...." is there a metric for the confidence as reported by RaptorX? Perhaps includinging the PAE plots in the supplementary for the AlphaFold generated models would be useful?

      We thank the reviewer for the valid suggestion. We have now included the PAE plot corresponding to the AlphaFold model in the supplementary Fig. S1d and reference on page 7 line 18. RaptorX ranks models based on estimated error. We have now included this information in the new figure legend for Supplementary Fig. S1.

      Figure 1 - Perhaps label figure 1b as being experimentally determined, with the R values (as for Figure 1d), and 1c being a predicted model.

      We have included Rfree and Rwork values for the Mis18a Yippee homo dimer structure and labelled Mis18a/b Yippee hetero-dimer as the predicted model in Fig. 1c and 1d.

      Page 8 "This observation is consistent with the theoretically calculated pI of the Mis18alpha helix" This is a circular argument, of course this region has a low pI due to the amino acid composition. Please remove this statement.

      We have now removed this statement as suggested.

      Page 8 "...reveals tight hydrophobic interactions" these are presumably shown in Figure 1d rather than in the referenced 1e.

      We apologise for the oversight. We have now referred to the correct figure (Fig. 1f in the revised Fig. 1).

      Page 8 - The authors should briefly somewhere discuss why there is a difference between their results and those in Pan et al 2009. As I understand it, the Pan et al paper was based in part on modelling with CLMS data as restraints.

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. According to Pan et al., 2009, the model shown by them was generated using CCBuilder, and their CLMS data could not differentiate the two models with the 2nd Mis18a C-terminal helix in either parallel or anti-parallel orientation. We now briefly discuss this on page 8 and line 22 as follows: "Although the Pan et al., 2019 model presented the 2nd Mis18a in a parallel orientation, they did not rule out the possibility of this assembling in an anti-parallel orientation within the Mis18a/b C-terminal helical assembly (Pan et al., 2019)."

      Figure 1 - The labelling of the residues for Mis18-alpha in Figure 1d is problematic, they are black on dark purple (might be my printer/screen/eyes) suggest amending.

      We have now rearranged the label positions to overcome this issue. For clarity, the labels that could not be moved appropriately are shown in white.

      Figure S3a - Do the authors have some data to show the mass of the cross-linked complex that was loaded onto grids is consistent with what is expected?

      Unfortunately, the amount of material that we recover after performing GraFix is not sufficient enough to determine the molecular weight of the crosslinked sample by techniques such as SEC-MALS. However, GraFix fractions were analysed by SDS PAGE, and fractions that ran around the expected molecular weight were selected for EM analysis. We have now included the corresponding SDS-PAGE showing the migration of the crosslinked sample analysed by EM (Supplementary Fig. S3a).

      Figure S3b - scale bar

      Revised Fig. 2d now includes the scale bar shown.

      Figure S3c - Could the authors show or explain the differences between these different 3D reconstructions?

      The models mainly differ in the relative orientations of the bulkier structural features that are referred to as 'ear' and 'mouth' pieces of a telephone handset. This has been mentioned in the text, but we note that the figure is not referenced right next to this statement. We have now amended this (Page 9 line 19), and to make it clear, we have also highlighted the difference using an arrowhead in Fig. 2e and S3b. The different orientations are also stated in the corresponding figure legends.

      Page 9 - The use of "AFM" for AlphaFoldMultimer" is a little confusing since AFM is the established acronym for Atomic Force Microscopy. Perhaps AF2M?

      We have now replaced AFM with AF2M on page 9 to avoid confusion.

      Figure S4a - Control missing for Mis18-alpha wild-type

      Apology for the confusion, this control is present in Fig. 4a. We have now stated this in the figure legend of S4a for clarity.

      Figure S4 d and e - The contrast between the bands and the background is very bad (at least in my copy).

      We have now adjusted the contrast of the blots in Fig. S4d and S4e response to this comment.

      Page 13 "Our structural analysis suggests that two Mis18BP1 fragments.....". How did you arrive at this conclusion? Is this based on the AlphaFold/RaptorX model? What additional evidence do you have that the positioning of the Mis18BP1 is correct? Does the CLMS data support this?

      We confirm that this statement is based on AlphaFold model. We have now explicitly highlighted this on page 14, line 5. As noted in the same paragraph (page 14, line 19), this model agrees with the contacts suggested by the cross-linking mass spectrometry data presented here.

      Figure 4a - Would the authors like to consider using a different colour for Mis18BP1? The contrast is not great, especially in the electrostatic surface inset.

      In response to this suggestion, the Mis18BP1 helix is now shown in grey in the inset of Fig. 5a.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      General Assessment The paper is extremely clearly written. Likewise the figures are beautifully presented and the data extremely clean and fully supportive of the authors conclusions. Indeed it is seldom that one sees the depth of the structural approaches (X-ray, CLMS, EM, SAXS) in one paper which is a huge strength of the manuscript. In addition the translation of this data into very clean cell biological experiments, makes the paper truly outstanding.

      Advance The authors provide the first model of the Mis18 complex, with extensive evidence to back up this model. The authors provide additional evidence as to how the deposition/renewal of CENP-A might be mediated by the Mis18 complex. The advance comes from both the level of clarity, detail, and scope achieved in this paper.

      Audience This will likely be of great interest to anyone with an interest in chromosome biology, plus be of interest to structural biologists as an outstanding example of hybrid structural biology.

      Expertise I am a biochemist with a background in structural biology with some familiarity with centromere biology

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: The manuscript "structural basis for Mis18 complex assembly: implications for centromere maintenance" by Thamkachy and colleagues describes a study that uses structural analysis to test essential candidate residues in Mis18 complex components in CENP-A loading. For chromosomes to faithfully segregate during cell division, CENP-A levels must be maintained at the centromere. How CENP-A levels are maintained is therefore important to understand at the mechanistic level. The Mis18 complex has been found to be important, but how exactly the various Mis18 complex components interact and how they regulate new CENP-A loading remains not fully understood. This study set out to characterize the critical residues using X-ray crystallography, negative staining EM, SEC analysis, molecular modeling (Raptorx, AlphaFold2, and AlphaFold-multimer) to identify the residues of Mis18a and Mis18b that are critical for the formation of the Mis18a/b hetero-hexamer and which residues are important for Mis18a and Mis18BP1 interactions. A complex beta-sheet interface dictates the Mis18a and Mis18b interactions. Mutating the Mis18a residues that are important for the Mis18a/b interactions resulted in impaired pull-down of Mis18b and reduced centromeric levels of mutated Mis18a. The functional consequences of mutating residues that impair Mis18a/b interactions is that with reduced centomeric levels of Mis18a, also impaired new CENP-A loading. Interestingly, mutated Mis18b did not impact centromeric Mis18a levels and only modestly impaired new CENP-A loading. These data were interpreted that Mis18a is critical for new CENP-A loading, whereas Mis18b might be involved in finetuning how much new CENP-A is loaded. Overall, it is a very well described and well written study with exciting data.

      Major comments:

      • Overall, the structural data and the IF data support the importance of Mis18a residues 103-105 are critical for centromeric localization and new CENP-A loading, whereas Mis18b residues L199 and I203 are critical for centromeric localization, but only very modestly impair centromeric Mis18a localization and new CENP-A loading. In the discussion the authors argue that the N-terminal helical region of Mis18a mediate HJURP binding. This latter is postulated based on published work, but not tested in this work. This should be clarified as such.

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. Our very recent study aimed at understanding the licencing role of Plk1, independent of the work reported here, serendipitously has now validated this suggestion and demonstrates that a Plk1-mediated phosphorylation cascade activates the Mis18a/b complex via a conformational switch of the N-terminal helical region of Mis18a, which facilitates a robust HJURP-Mis18a/b interaction (Parashara et al. bioRxiv 2024). An independent study from the Musacchio lab (Conti et al. bioRxiv, 2024) also reports similar findings, mutually strengthening our independent conclusions. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of the critical structural insights into the Mis18 complex this study reports. We now explicitly discuss the validation of our original hypothesis by citing our recent work along with that of the Musacchio lab. The corresponding section of the last paragraph now reads as follows (page 17 line 10): "Previously published work identified amino acid sequence similarity between the N-terminal region of Mis18a and R1 and R2 repeats of the HJURP that mediates Mis18a/b interaction (Pan et al., 2019). Deletion of the Mis18a N-terminal region enhanced HJURP interaction with the Mis18 complex (Pan et al., 2019). Here, we show that the N-terminal helical region of Mis18a makes extensive contact with the C-terminal helices of Mis18a and Mis18b, which had previously been shown to mediate HJURP binding by Pan et al., 2019. Collectively these observations suggest that the N-terminal region of Mis18a might directly interfere with HJURP - Mis18 complex interaction. Two independent recent studies (Parashara et al., 2024, Conti et al., 2024) reveal that this is indeed the case and a Plk1-mediated phosphorylation cascade involving several phosphorylation and binding events of the Mis18 complex subunits relieve the intramolecular interactions between the Mis18a N-terminal helical region and the HJURP binding surface of the Mis18a/b C-terminal helical bundle. This facilitates robust HJURP-Mis18a/b interaction in vitroand efficient HJURP centromere recruitment and CENP-A loading in cells. Overall, these studies also highlight the importance of the critical structural insights into the Mis18 complex we report here."

      • Overall, the authors clearly describe their data and methodology and use adequate statistical analyses. The structural data of the Mis18a/b complex being a hetero-hexamer is convincing, but the validation in vivo is missing. As structural experiment are not performed under physiological conditions, it is important to establish the stoichiometry in vivo to further support the totality of the findings of the structural experiments and modeling. The data for the hierarchical assembly of Mis18a and Mis18b at the centromere and its importance in new CENP-A loading is convincing. An additional open question is whether "old" centromeric CENP-A or HJURP:new CENP-A complex is needed to recruit Mis18a to the centromere and whether the identified residues have a role in Mis18a centromeric localization. These data would provide a solid link between the Mis18 complex and how it is directly linked to new CENP-A loading.

      We agree that establishing the stoichiometry of Mis18 subunits of the Mis18 complex in vivo would be insightful. However, considering that the Mis18 complex assembles in a specific window of the cell cycle (late Mitosis and early G1), we think characterising the stoichiometry in cells is extremely difficult and technically challenging. However, consistent with our structural model, several lines of independent evidence (Pan et al., 2017 and Spiller et al., 2017) using different biophysical methods (Analytical Ultra Centrifugation (Pan et al., 2017), SEC-MALS (Spiller et al., 2017)) showed that recombinantly purified Mis18 complex (irrespective of the expression host, from both E. Coli or insect cells) is a hetero-octamer made of a hetero-hexameric Mis18a/b (4 Mis18a and 2 Mis18 b) complex bound to two copies of Mis18BP1. These observations suggested that hetero-hexamerisation of the Mis18a/b complex may be needed to bind and dimerise Mis18BP1 in cells. Previously published cellular studies support the in vivo requirement of the hetero-octameric Mis18 assembly as: (i) Perturbing the hetero-hexamerisation of the Mis18a/b complex (by introducing mutations at the Mis18a/b Yippee dimerisation interface, which while did not disrupt Mis18a/b complex formation, perturbed its hetero-hexamerisation and resulted in a hetero-trimeric Mis18a/b complex made of 2 Mis18aand 1 Mis18b) abolished Mis18BP1 binding in vitro and in cells, consequently abolished CENP-A deposition (Spiller et al., 2017) and (ii) artificial dimerisation of Mis18BP1, by expressing Mis18BP1 as a GST-tagged protein, enhanced the centromere localisation of Mis18BP1 highlighting the requirement of Mis18a/b hexameric assembly mediated dimerization of Mis18BP1 in cells (Pan et al., 2017). While these studies highlighted the importance of maintaining the right stoichiometry (hetero-octamer of 4 Mis18a, 2 Mis18b and 2 Mis18BP1), lack of structural information on how this essential biological assembly is established remained a major knowledge gap. Our work presented here fills this critical knowledge gap by showing that a segment of Mis18BP1 (aa 20-51) also binds at the Yippee dimerisation interface. To highlight this, we have included the following statements in the introduction on page 5 and 20 "Perturbing the Yippee domain-mediated hexameric assembly of Mis18a/b (that resulted in a Mis18a/b hetero-trimer, 2 Mis18a and 1 Mis18b) abolished its ability to bind Mis18BP1 in vitro and in cells (Spiller et al., 2017), emphasising the requirement of maintaining correct stoichiometry of Mis18a/b subunits. Consistent with this, artificial dimerisation of Mis18BP1, by expressing Mis18BP1 as a GST-tagged protein, enhanced the centromere localisation of Mis18BP1 (Pan et al., 2017)." and in the Results section on page 14 line 12: "Mis18BP120-51 contains two short b strands that interact at Mis18a/b Yippee interface extending the six-stranded-b sheets of both Mis18a and Mis18b Yippee domains. This provides the structural rationale for why Yippee domains-mediated Mis18a/b hetero-hexamerisation is crucial for Mis18BP1 binding (Spiller et al., 2017)."

      Regarding the question "whether 'old' centromeric CENP-A or HJURP:new CENP-A complex is needed to recruit Mis18a centromere localisation and whether identified residues have a role in Mis18a centromere localisation": According to the published literature, the Mis18 complex associates with centromeres through interaction with CCAN components CENP-C and CENP-I (Shono et al., 2015, Dambacher et al., 2012, Moree et al., 2011, Hoffmann et al., 2020). Considering CCAN assembles on CENP-A nucleosomes, and HJURP:new CENP-A centromere recruitment depends on the Mis18 complex, it will be reasonable to argue that the 'old' centromeric CENP-A contributes to the centromere localisation of the Mis18 complex. Amongst the components of the Mis18 complex, Mis18BP1 and Mis18bhave previously been suggested to interact with CENP-C. Within the Mis18 complex, we (Spiller et al., 2017) and others (Pan et al., 2017) have shown that Mis18a can directly interact with Mis18BP1, but it does so more efficiently when Mis18a hetero-oligomerises with Mis18b via their Yippee domains. Here, our structural analysis mapped the interaction interfaces and showed that Mis18a residues E103, D104 and T105 contribute to Mis18BP1 binding, as mutating these residues abolishes centromere localisation of Mis18a (Fig. 5c and 5d). To accentuate our findings, we have now included the following paragraph in the discussion section (page 17 line 26): "One of the key outstanding questions in the field is how does the Mis18 complex associate with the centromere. Previous studies identified CCAN subunits CENP-C and CENP-I as major players mediating the centromere localisation of the Mis18 complex mainly via Mis18BP1 (Shono et al., 2015, Dambacher et al., 2012, Moree et al., 2011), although Mis18b subunit has also been suggested to interact with CENP-C (Stellfox et al., 2016). Within the Mis18 complex, we and others have shown that the Mis18a/b Yippee hetero-dimers can directly interact with Mis18BP1. Here our structural analysis allowed us to map the interaction interface mediating Mis18a/b-Mis18BP1 binding. Perturbing this interface on Mis18a completely abolished Mis18a centromere localisation and reduced Mis18BP1 centromere levels. These observations show that Mis18a associates with the centromere mainly via Mis18BP1, and assembly of the Mis18 complex itself is crucial for its efficient centromere association, as previously suggested. Future work aimed at characterising the intermolecular contact points between the subunits of the Mis18 complex, centromeric chromatin and CCAN components and understanding if the Mis18 complex undergoes any conformational and/or compositional variations upon centromere association and/or during CENP-A deposition process, will be crucial to delineate the mechanisms underpinning the centromere maintenance."

      Minor comments:

      • The bar graphs shown ideally also show the individual data points for the authros to appreciate the spread of the data. These figures can be replicated in the Supplemental to avoid making the main figures look too busy.

      We thank the reviewers for this suggestion. Reviewer #3 made a similar comment and suggested we use Superplot, which allows visualisation of individual data points of independent experiments. We have now revised all bar graphs using Superplot to address both reviewers' suggestions.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)):

      • This study uses a broad range of structural techniques, including molecular modeling which were subsequently validated by in vitro pull-down assays, co-IP, and IF. This combination of these techniques is important because many structural techniques cannot be performed under physiological conditions. Validating the main findings of the structural results by IF and co-IP is therefore critical.
      • This work greatly advances our structural understanding how Mis18a, Mis18b, and Mis18BP1 form the Mis18 complex and how the critical residues in especially Mis18a help the Mis18 complex localize to the centromere and influence new CENP-A loading. This study also provides the first strong evidence in hierarchical assembly of the Mis18 complex.
      • How centromere identity is maintained is a critical question in chromosome biology and genome integrity. The Mis18 complex has been identified as an important complex in the process. Several structural and mutational studies (all adequately cited in this manuscript) have tried to address which residues guide the assembly and functional regions of the Mis18 complex. This work builds and expands our understanding how especially Mis18a holds a pivotal role in both Mis18 complex formation and its impact on maintaining centromeric CENP-A levels.
      • This work will be of interest to the chromosome field in general and anyone studying the mechanism of cell division.
      • Chromatin, centromere, CENP-A, cell division. This reviewer has limited expertise in structural biology.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Centromere identity is defined by CENP-A loading to specific sites on genomic DNA. CENP-A loading is known to rely on the Mis18 complex, and several regulators are known; yet how the Mis18 complex achieves this complex process has remained puzzle. By elucidating the structural basis of Mis18 complex assembly using integrative structural approaches the authors show that multiple homo and heterodimeric interfaces of Mis18alpha, beta and Mis18BP1 are involved in centromere maintenance. The authors show that Mis18alpha can associate with centromeres and deposit CENP-A independent of Mis18 β. Mis18α functions in CENP-A deposition at centromeres independent of Mis18β. Mis18β is required for maintaining a specific level of CENP-A occupancy at centromeres. Thus, using structure-guided and separation-of-function mutants the study reveals how Mis18 complex ensures centromere maintenance. Major comments: This is an excellent study on centromere inheritance, combining structural and cell biology techniques. The comments here primarily refer to Cell biology aspect of the work.

      Figures show that new CENP-A deposits in Mis18βL199D/I203D mutants, but the level was reduced moderately. Based on this observation, the authors make a strong conclusion that Mis18β licenses the optimal levels of CENP-A at centromeres. Mis18α may be essential for both CENP-A incorporation and depositing a specific amount of CENP-A, as Mis18α and CENP-A levels are both reduced in Mis18βL199D/I203D mutants which failed to form the triple helical assembly with Mis18α as shown in Figure 3B and 3C. The authors may want to qualify some of these claims as preliminary or speculative.

      We thank the reviewer for this suggestion. We agree that although the reduction in CENP-A levels upon replacing WT Mis18b with Mis18b L199D/I203D is more prominent than the reduction in centromere localised Mis18a, one cannot completely rule out the contribution of reduced Mis18a on CENP-A loading. This also raises an interesting possibility where Mis18b ensures the correct amount of CENP-A deposition by facilitating the optimal level of Mis18a at centromeres. We now explicitly discuss this in the discussion as follows (page 16 line 26): "Whilst proteins involved in CENP-A loading have been well established, the mechanism by which the correct levels of CENP-A are controlled is yet to be thoroughly explored and characterised. The data presented here suggest that Mis18b mainly contributes to the quantitative control of centromere maintenance - by ensuring the right amounts of CENP-A deposition at centromeres - and maybe one of several proteins that control CENP-A levels. We also note that the Mis18b mutant, which cannot interact with Mis18a, moderately reduced Mis18a levels at centromeres, and hence, it is possible that Mis18b ensures the correct level of CENP-A deposition by facilitating optimal Mis18a centromere recruitment. Future studies will focus on dissecting the mechanisms underlying the Mis18b-mediated control of CENP-A loading amounts along with any other mechanisms involved."

      This work and others show that phosphorylation of Mis18BP1 by CDK1 can interfere with complex function (Spiller et al., 2017, Pan et al., 2017). Does the structure provide any insight into PLK1-mediated phosphorylation surfaces for activation of the complex? If yes, a brief discussion would help to link CDK1 and PLK1 mediated opposing actions will strengthen the work.

      As described in our response to the first major comment of Reviewer 2, our very recent study aimed at understanding the licencing role of Plk1, independent of the work reported here, identified and evaluated the functional contribution of Plk1 phosphorylation on the subunits of the Mis18 complex (Parashara et al., bioRxiv 2024). Serendipitously, this recent work has now validated our hypothesis proposed based on the structural characterisation reported here and demonstrates that a Plk1-mediated phosphorylation cascade activates the Mis18a/b complex via a conformational switch of the N-terminal helical region of Mis18a which facilitates a robust HJURP-Mis18a/b interaction (Parashara et al. bioRxiv 2024). An independent study from the Musacchio lab (Conti et al., bioRxiv 2024) also reports similar findings, mutually strengthening our independent conclusions. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of the critical structural insights into the Mis18 complex this study reports. We now explicitly discuss the validation of our original hypothesis by citing our recent work along with that of the Musacchio lab. The corresponding section of the last paragraph now reads as follows (page 17 line 10): "Previously published work identified amino acid sequence similarity between the N-terminal region of Mis18a and R1 and R2 repeats of the HJURP that mediates Mis18a/binteraction (Pan et al., 2019). Deletion of the Mis18a N-terminal region enhanced HJURP interaction with the Mis18 complex (Pan et al., 2019). Here, we show that the N-terminal helical region of Mis18a makes extensive contact with the C-terminal helices of Mis18a and Mis18b, which had previously been shown to mediate HJURP binding by Pan et al., 2019. Collectively these observations suggest that the N-terminal region of Mis18a might directly interfere with HJURP - Mis18 complex interaction. Two independent recent studies (Parashara et al., 2024, Conti et al., 2024) reveal that this is indeed the case and a Plk1-mediated phosphorylation cascade involving several phosphorylation and binding events of the Mis18 complex subunits relieve the intramolecular interactions between the Mis18a N-terminal helical region and the HJURP binding surface of the Mis18a/b C-terminal helical bundle. This facilitates robust HJURP-Mis18a/b interaction in vitro and efficient HJURP centromere recruitment and CENP-A loading in cells. Overall, these studies also highlight the importance of the critical structural insights into the Mis18 complex we report here."

      I am happy with the way cell biology data and the methods are presented so that they can be reproduced. The experiments are adequately replicated and the statistical analysis adequate. It will help to include sample size of cells or centromeres used for building the graphs.

      We have now included this information in figure legends of Fig. 3a, 3c, 4b, 4c, 5b, 5c and 5d.

      This is a strong interdisciplinary study using a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques. Can the authors discuss if they expect chromatin associated Mis18 complex to host a similar structure as the soluble one? In other words, are they able to comment on any key differences between chromatin and non-chromatin associated Mis18 complexes.

      We thank the reviewer for the suggestion. We agree that one cannot rule out the possibility of the Mis18 complex undergoing compositional and/or conformational variations during the processes of CENP-A loading at centromeres. We now explicitly discuss this possibility in the last paragraph of the discussion section (page 18 line 10): "Future work aimed at characterising the intermolecular contact points between the subunits of the Mis18 complex, centromeric chromatin and CCAN components and understanding if the Mis18 complex undergoes any conformational and/or compositional variations upon centromere association and/or during CENP-A deposition process, will be crucial to delineate the mechanisms underpinning the centromere maintenance."

      Minor comments: -

      In cell biology experiments, fluorescence intensities could be presented as a superplot for added value across cells and repeats (instead of bar graphs). More on superplot:https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202001064.

      We thank the reviewers for this kind suggestion. We have now included graphs made using 'superplot' as suggested.

      In general, ACA levels do not appear to change significantly between WT and mutant expressing cells although new CENP-A loading is significantly absent in the presence of a few mutants - please comment if ACA used here can recognise CENP-A. Would this mean that old CENP-A remains normally?

      We thank the reviewer for this comment. While new CENP-A incorporated at centromeres is selectively labelled using the SNAP-tag, the ACA antibody used in these experiments can recognise CENP-A, CENP-B and CENP-C, with CENP-B being the primary target (Kallenberg, Clinical Rheumatology,1990). We would also like to note that ACA has commonly been used to locate the centromere in CENP-A loading assays where new CENP-A levels are assessed via selective labelling (e.g. McKinley 2014).

      It is unclear whether any of the mutant acted in a dominant negative fashion in the presence of endogenous Mis18 proteins. It would have been useful to test this particularly in the context of mis18alpha mutants that seem to fully abolish new CENP-A recruitment.

      As Mis18 subunits oligomerise (homo and hetero), we thought expressing these mutants in the presence of endogenous proteins might interfere with endogenous protein in a heterogenous manner and might make the interpretation difficult. Hence, we did not test this. Instead, as described in the manuscript we have tested these mutants in siRNA rescue experiments (Fig. 3, 4 and 5).

      In figure 3a, GFP panel (input lane, 1) is shown to mark a band corresponding to GFP. Is this expected? Please comment.

      Yes, as a control, an empty vector was transfected to express just GFP along with Mis18a-mCherry. These were used to show that there was no unspecific interaction between the beads used for IP or Mis18a-mCherry and GFP tag, and that any interaction seen was due to Mis18b. A similar control was used in S4b, where mCherry was expressed along with Mis18b-GFP. We have now clarified this in the corresponding legends of Fig. 4a and S4b.

      Would be useful to have the scale for the cropped images presented as insets. Figure 4B should read YFP and not YPF.

      We apologise for this typographical error. We have now corrected this.

      The authors may want to explain whether the tag differences matter for their study (Case in point: His-SUMO-Mis18a191-233 WT and mutant His-MBP-Mis18b188-229 proteins).

      The MBP tag was chosen to perform amylose pull-down assays, whereas the SUMO tag was chosen to increase the protein size. This is crucial as the C-terminal fragments of Mis18a and Mis18b are less than 50 amino acids long and are not easy to visualise by the band intensity in the Coomassie-stained SDS PAGE gels.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      This work elucidates the structural basis of Mis18 complex assembly and the intermolecular interfaces essential for Mis18 functions. This is a significant advance in the field as it helps researchers in the field better understand CENP-A deposition and mechanism underpinning the maintenance of centromere identity. This is a broad area of research benefitting those studying cell division, genome stability, centromere identity and epigenetics might all be interested in and influenced by these findings. Novelty and strength lies in combining structural and cell biology work. Strengths of the work are structural details of the Mis18 complex. Minor weakness is the link between Mis18 structure and Centromere inheritance is limited to one immunostaining assay (I have mentioned this as a minor comment because addressing this may not be within the scope of this manuscript and is likely to require a repeat of a vast majority of the work with additional reagents which may not directly add value to the current manuscript).

    2. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Centromere identity is defined by CENP-A loading to specific sites on genomic DNA. CENP-A loading is known to rely on the Mis18 complex, and several regulators are known; yet how the Mis18 complex achieves this complex process has remained puzzle. By elucidating the structural basis of Mis18 complex assembly using integrative structural approaches the authors show that multiple homo and heterodimeric interfaces of Mis18alpha, beta and Mis18BP1 are involved in centromere maintenance. The authors show that Mis18alpha can associate with centromeres and deposit CENP-A independent of Mis18 β. Mis18α functions in CENP-A deposition at centromeres independent of Mis18β. Mis18β is required for maintaining a specific level of CENP-A occupancy at centromeres. Thus, using structure-guided and separation-of-function mutants the study reveals how Mis18 complex ensures centromere maintenance.

      Major comments:

      This is an excellent study on centromere inheritance, combining structural and cell biology techniques. The comments here primarily refer to Cell biology aspect of the work.

      1. Figures show that new CENP-A deposits in Mis18βL199D/I203D mutants, but the level was reduced moderately. Based on this observation, the authors make a strong conclusion that Mis18β licenses the optimal levels of CENP-A at centromeres. Mis18α may be essential for both CENP-A incorporation and depositing a specific amount of CENP-A, as Mis18α and CENP-A levels are both reduced in Mis18βL199D/I203D mutants which failed to form the triple helical assembly with Mis18α as shown in Figure 3B and 3C. The authors may want to qualify some of these claims as preliminary or speculative.
      2. This work and others show that phosphorylation of Mis18BP1 by CDK1 can interfere with complex function (Spiller et al., 2017, Pan et al., 2017). Does the structure provide any insight into PLK1-mediated phosphorylation surfaces for activation of the complex? If yes, a brief discussion would help to link CDK1 and PLK1 mediated opposing actions will strengthen the work.
      3. I am happy with the way cell biology data and the methods are presented so that they can be reproduced. The experiments are adequately replicated and the statistical analysis adequate. It will help to include sample size of cells or centromeres used for building the graphs.
      4. This is a strong interdisciplinary study using a variety of in vitro and in vivo techniques. Can the authors discuss if they expect chromatin associated Mis18 complex to host a similar structure as the soluble one? In other words, are they able to comment on any key differences between chromatin and non-chromatin associated Mis18 complexes.

      Minor comments:

      In cell biology experiments, fluorescence intensities could be presented as a superplot for added value across cells and repeats (instead of bar graphs). More on superplot: https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202001064. In general, ACA levels do not appear to change significantly between WT and mutant expressing cells although new CENP-A loading is significantly absent in the presence of a few mutants - please comment if ACA used here can recognise CENP-A. Would this mean that old CENP-A remains normally?

      It is unclear whether any of the mutant acted in a dominant negative fashion in the presence of endogenous Mis18 proteins. It would have been useful to test this particularly in the context of mis18alpha mutants that seem to fully abolish new CENP-A recruitment.

      In figure 3a, GFP panel (input lane, 1) is shown to mark a band corresponding to GFP. Is this expected? Please comment. Would be useful to have the scale for the cropped images presented as insets.

      Figure 4B should read YFP and not YPF.

      The authors may want to explain whether the tag differences matter for their study (Case in point: His-SUMO-Mis18a191-233 WT and mutant His-MBP-Mis18b188-229 proteins).

      Significance

      This work elucidates the structural basis of Mis18 complex assembly and the intermolecular interfaces essential for Mis18 functions. This is a significant advance in the field as it helps researchers in the field better understand CENP-A deposition and mechanism underpinning the maintenance of centromere identity. This is a broad area of research benefitting those studying cell division, genome stability, centromere identity and epigenetics might all be interested in and influenced by these findings. Novelty and strength lies in combining structural and cell biology work.

      Strengths of the work are structural details of the Mis18 complex. Minor weakness is the link between Mis18 structure and Centromere inheritance is limited to one immunostaining assay (I have mentioned this as a minor comment because addressing this may not be within the scope of this manuscript and is likely to require a repeat of a vast majority of the work with additional reagents which may not directly add value to the current manuscript).

    1. MAC-tag-C

      DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00074-0

      Resource: RRID:Addgene_108077

      Curator: @olekpark

      SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_108077


      What is this?

    2. MAC-tag-N

      DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00074-0

      Resource: RRID:Addgene_108078

      Curator: @olekpark

      SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_108078


      What is this?

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      We appreciate the insightful feedback provided by the editors and reviewers who have recognized the novelty of our study. We have mapped the spatial distribution of six endogenous somatic histone H1 variants within the nuclei of several human cell lines using specific antibodies, which strongly suggest functional differences between variants. We are submitting a revised version of the manuscript to accommodate the reviewers comments and recommendations.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Minor Comments:

      (1) In Figure 1C, since H1.4 is uniformly distributed among the four sections (A1-A4), its levels are not expected to be significant among the four sections as depicted. Even the violin plots shown do not seem to be significantly different from each other. This requires an explanation.

      We agree with this reviewer that significant differences of H1.4 abundance within areas A1 to A4 seem to not exist, either looking at the images or the data violin plots, as discussed in the manuscript. Nonetheless, statistical testing gave this as significant, due to small differences and the elevated sample N of the analysis. It is clear that H1.4 does not show a relevant peripheral enrichment as shown for the other variants.

      (2) At the end, it would be better to include a figure panel depicting chart/table/pictorial representation, depicting the summary of the work done with respect to all the histone variants, as there are several histone H1 variants studied under different conditions and contexts.

      A table summarizing the location and characteristics of the different H1 variants has been included in the manuscript (Figure 6).

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) The authors may consider adding controls for the specificity of the antibodies used for the studies. While the antibodies used here are commercial, it does not guarantee the quality for immunofluorescence, especially considering their unreliability in the past. The authors may consider including peptide/ recombinant protein-based adsorption controls in addition to knockdown or knockout controls. Having these data will strengthen the exciting observations presented in this MS and significantly increase the impact of the presented findings.

      We totally agree with the reviewers that the use of commercially available antibodies does not guarantee their quality and specificity. As this issue was crucial for our studies, we extensively assayed performance and specificity of the antibodies, using different approaches. The validations were shown in our previous publications where these antibodies where successfully used for ChIP-seq (Serna-Pujol et al. 2022 NAR 50:3892; Salinas-Pena et al. 2024 NAR doi 10.1093/nar/gkae014). In summary, performance of H1.0 (05-629l, Millipore), H1.2 (ab4086, abcam), H1.4 (702876; Invitrogen), H1.5 (711912, Invitrogen) and H1X (ab31972; abcam) antibodies was tested by Western-Blot, ChIP and proteomic analyses (all the results are included in Supplem. Figure 1 in Serna-Pujol et al. 2022 NAR 50:3892). Concretely, we tested specificity using inducible KDs for the depletion of each of the somatic H1 variants in T47D. We also checked that the antibodies did not recognize additional H1 variants using recombinant proteins or cell lines naturally lacking some of the variants. All the experiments confirmed that antibodies were variant-specific. In addition, when the corresponding epitope was absent, the antibodies did not gain new cross-reactivity with other variants. More recently, validation of the specificicity of the H1.3 antibody (ab203948) was performed following the same experimental approaches described for the rest of antibodies (Supplem. Figure 1 in Salinas-Pena et al. 2024 NAR doi 10.1093/nar/gkae014).

      (2) Histone H1 is overexpressed in several cancers. While the authors do not use an overexpression strategy, the cells used in this study are all cancer cell lines. The study would benefit greatly if some of the findings- primarily regarding the spatial distribution of the H1 were to reproduce in non-tumorigenic, diploid cells.

      We have also studied and discussed the spatial distribution of H1 variants in nontumorogenic cell lines 293T and IMR-90, and we have added this in the revised manuscript (Figure 5D and Figure 5-figure supplement 3). The nuclear radiality of H1.4 in 293T cells is also shown (Figure 5-figure supplement 4A).

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      This is an interesting paper that provides convincing evidence of distinct distributions to individual histone H1 variants. There are several aspects of the study that leave me unconvinced that the study accurately captures histone H1 variant distributions.

      (1) Antibody accessibility: (see PMID: 32505195). One means to address this is to express a fluorescent protein-tagged version of histone H1 and demonstrate that the antibody can detect that tagged version of histone H1 independent of its location in the nucleus. In general, these FP-tagged H1s show a much more even distribution than what is observed here. Of course, that could reflect artifacts related to the fusion or the expression of the exogenous construct. However, even if all of the above are true, this will test the ability of the antibodies to recognize their epitopes in different chromatin environments. The fluorescent protein tag enables unambiguous knowledge of the presence or absence of the H1 histone.

      We have used cells expressing HA-tagged H1.0 variant and performed immunofluorescence with HA and H1.0 antibody to investigate co-localization, to test whether an H1 antibodiy recognize all the tagged protein in different chromatin environments or irrespective of its location in the nucleus. A very high correlation between the two antibodies has been found (Figure 1-figure supplement 1B).

      (2) At high concentrations, the fluorescence signal intensity can be quenched. For example, this is common with high-affinity histone H3 serine 10 phosphorylation antibodies in late interphase/prophase nuclei. The artifact can be minimized by serial dilution of the antibody and identifying the minimum usable concentration for immunofluorescence. While I am not certain that this is taking place here, the rate and manner that the intensity drops off from the periphery in the peripheral H1 variant distribution are very similar in appearance. There are biological explanations related to constraints on diffusion that one could imagine also explaining the data so I'm not stating that this must be an artefact. However, I am concerned that it might be. An improved staining may reveal the same result but more convincingly.

      We have performed immunofluorescence with serial dilutions of the H1.3 antibody to show that peripheral distribution was not due to fluorescence signal intensity quenching (Figure 1figure supplement 1A).

      (3) Histone H1 is highly mobile and there is some concern that they could reorganize during the relatively long period of time that it takes to fully fix the cells for both ChIP and immunofluorescence. This should be acknowledged in the manuscript.

      We have added this reviewer’ concern in the Discussion section.

      (4) The paper would benefit from a more rigorous quantification of histone H1 subtypes. Mass spectrometry would be ideal but more classical techniques such as 2D AU-SDS PAGE, HPLC, etc...would be an improvement over immunoblotting. The authors did not explain the quantification of the immunoblots and the assignment of relative contributions of H1 subtypes to the individual coommassie bands in the Image J section of methods, which is referred to as the method of quantification in the immunoblotting methods.

      We have further explained how the relative quantification of H1 variants in different cell lines was performed (Methods section). We agree that more sophisticated mass spectrometrybased quantification is desirable and we are collaborating to do this using internal H1 peptide controls (Parallel Reaction Monitoring), but this is out of the scope of this manuscript as the observed patterns of distribution of H1 variants do not depend on mild differences in variants abundance. Only the absence of H1.3 and H1.5 in some cell lines alters the distribution of other variants.

      Additional author responses to the Public Review comments made by some Reviewer:

      (1) Respect to the functional significance of the results presented here, we want to stress that as a consequence of the differential distribution and abundance of H1 variants among cell types, depletion of different variants has different consequences. For example, H1.2 depletion but not others has a great impact on chromatin compaction. Besides, cell lines lacking H1.3/H1.5 expression present a basal up-regulation of some Interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) and particular repetive elements, as it was previously described upon induced depletion of H1.2/H1.4 in a breast cancer cell line or in pancreatic adenocarcinomas with lower levels of replication-dependent H1 variants (Izquierdo et al. 2017 NAR 45:11622). So, our results reinforce the existing link between H1 content and immune signature. We have added this data in the revised manuscript (Figure 5-figure supplement 5).

      Moreover, we also analyzed the chromatin structural changes upon combined depletion of H1.2 and H1.4. Combined H1.2/H1.4 depletion triggers a global chromatin decompaction, which supports previous observations from ATAC-Seq and Hi-C experiments in these cells (Izquierdo et al. 2017 NAR 45:11622; Serna-Pujol et al. 2022 NAR 50:3892). Although H1 content is more compromised in these cells (30% total H1 reduction) compared to single H1 KDs, the phenotype observed could not be recapitulated when other H1 KD combinations, in which total H1 content was reduced similarly, were investigated (Izquierdo et al. 2017 NAR 45:11622), supporting that the deleterious defects were due to the non-redundant role of H1.2 and H1.4 proteins. Indeed, this manuscript supports this notion, as H1.2 and H1.4 show a different genomewide and nuclear distribution.

      (2) Our immunofluorescence data, together with ChIP-seq data, do not discard binding of H1 variants to a great variety of chromatin, but show enrichment or preferential binding to certain regions or chromatin types. Our data on the interphase nuclei does not suggest at all any type of quenching or saturation. Obviously, detection with antibodies depends on epitope accessibility, just like all immunofluorescence data ever published, and we have acknowledged that post-translational modifications of H1 may occlude antibody accessibility as some phospho-H1 antibodies give distribution patterns different than total/unmodified H1 antibodies. Thus, we cannot exclude that specific modified-H1s exhibit particular distribution patterns that are not being recapitulated in our data. This represents another layer of complexity in H1 diversity and we agree that exploration of the repertoire of H1 PTMs and their functional roles are an interesting matter of study that needs to be addressed. Still, our data is highly relevant as it demonstrates for the first time the unique distribution patterns of H1 variants among multiple cell lines and it does not use overexpression of tagged H1 variants that in our experience may produce mislocalization of H1s.

      (3) We do have investigated co-localization of H1 variants with HP1alpha protein and we have added this data in the revised version of this manuscript (Figure 1-figure supplement 1C-D).

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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2, SLC25A50) loss induces alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and energy utilization. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes are still unknown. The study employs temporal metabolomic and lipidomic analyses, uncovering heightened catabolism, increased lipid storage, and disrupted adipogenesis in MTCH2 KO cells. The manuscript provides a comprehensive metabolic profile, revealing ATP demand increase, oxidized cellular environment, and adaptive changes in MTCH2 KO cells. Notably, in line with the fundamental role of fatty acid biosynthesis and anabolism in adipogenesis, the authors demonstrates that MTCH2 loss inhibits adipocyte differentiation. This work offers novel insights into the broader metabolic consequences of MTCH2 depletion.

      Major comments:

      • The key conclusions of the paper align with the conducted experiments, but a few additional experiments are necessary to state some claims and provide more robust conclusions.
      • The paper could benefit from the inclusion of specific experiments, particularly those that address the following aspects:

      • Validate MTCH2 ablation in HeLa and NIH3T3L1 through sequencing of clonal lines, Western blot analysis to confirm the absence of the protein, and real-time PCR to assess whether the mechanism involves mRNA decay.

      • Provide a more detailed rationale for their temporal metabolomics approach, elucidating the choice of the media and the timepoints of cell collection. The method involves an initial culture of the cells in DMEM medium, followed by a switch to complete medium (CM) for overnight cell growth, and subsequent refreshment with CM for different timepoints before the metabolomics analyses. Authors should articulate the reasoning for opting for CM. Furthermore, authors should explicitly explain the rationale behind selecting specific timepoints for cell collection after the addition of the fresh medium.
      • In Figure 1, authors conclude that MTCH2 ablation stimulates oxidative metabolism and ATP production to fulfill increased cellular ATP demands. However, this conclusion is based only on metabolomic analyses of the ADP/ATP ratio. To comprehensively assess the impact on cellular respiration, the authors should monitor the Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) and report the Respiratory Control Ratio (RCR).
      • NAD+/NADH ratio: authors should measure NADH levels in both mitochondria and cytosol. This can be accomplished through NADH autofluorescence (recommended) or commercially available kits. This additional analysis would contribute to a more comprehensive interpretation of the observed changes in oxidative metabolism. They should also include measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential using TMRM. Suggested experiment: measuring NADH autofluorescence. The autofluorescence of mitochondrial NADH can be distinguished from cytosolic NADH by optimizing substrate consumption followed by the complete inhibition of electron feeding to the ETC. The redox state of NADH reflects the equilibrium between mitochondrial ETC activity and the rate of substrate supply. After acquiring basal autofluorescence levels through live imaging, max signal is obtained by stimulating maximal respiration (FCCP), and min signal is obtained by inhibiting respiration (NaCN or Rot+AA). Subsequently, "NADH redox indexes" are generated by expressing the basal NADH levels as a percentage of the difference between the oxidized and reduced signals. Furthermore, by examining the fluorescence signal increase after NaCN addition, the rate of NADH production can be monitored. This rate serves as a proxy of TCA efficiency.
      • Authors observe a reduction in the levels of various amino acids and TCA cycle intermediates, indicative of an increased flux through the TCA cycle. This proposition could be further supported by measuring the kinetics of NADH autofluorescence. Additionally, a decrease in metabolites associated with the urea cycle, such as citrulline and ornithine, is observed, yet this observation remains uncommented and warrants discussion. Intriguingly, an elevation in Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) and unsaturated acyl carnitines is noted, leading to the hypothesis of an increased transport and breakdown of fatty acids in the mitochondria to meet the heightened cellular demand for ATP in MTCH2 KO cells. To substantiate this, and to quantitatively measure mitochondrial fuel utilization in live cells, authors shall perform a Mitofuel Flex Test by measuring the Oxygen Consumption Rate (OCR) in cells treated with inhibitors of each mitochondrial oxidative pathway including etomoxir. This approach would enable the measurement of the dependency, capacity, and flexibility of cells concerning the pathway of interest in meeting ATP demand. It is also recommended to perform MitoStress test in cells supplemented with only one of the carbon sources (such as Glucose, Glutamine, Long chain and Short Chain Fatty acids).
      • In Fig 3, a reduction in membrane lipids, free fatty acids, and non-esterified fatty acids is observed, while there is an increase in esterified fatty acids, storage lipids like Triacylglycerols (TAG) and Cholesterol Esters (CE), and lipid droplet number and size. Notably, these lipid droplets are positioned closer to mitochondria in MKO cells. The authors propose that MKO results in enhanced transfer and metabolism of lipid moieties at the mitochondria to generate ATP. To provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the observed lipid changes in MTCH2 KO cells, the following experiments are recommended: Employ Western blot and real-time PCR to measure the levels of enzymes crucial in TAG and CE formation and accumulation (e.g., Long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (Acsl), Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) or others). Evaluate the enzymatic activity of these identified enzymes to understand their functional role in lipid metabolism in MTCH2 KO cells.
      • The suggested experiments are realistic in terms of time and resources, ensuring practical feasibility.
      • The data and methods are presented in a clear and reproducible manner.
      • The experiments appear adequately replicated, and the statistical analysis seems OK.

      Minor comments:

      • There are no specific experimental issues that require addressing.
      • Prior studies are appropriately referenced
      • In general, both the text and figures are clear and accurate. The significant alteration of metabolites found in their metabolomic dataset should be plotted using the online tool MetaboAnalyst to analyze metabolic pathways and generate better visualizations.
      • Overall, the presentation is satisfactory with only minor language adjustments recommended. A minor suggestion for improvement involves refining the language used in the text. Instead of consistently using the term "produce energy," please use "conversion of energy".

      Significance

      General Assessment: The study, through the integration of metabolomic and lipidomic data in MTCH2 KO cells, provide a comprehensive overview of the metabolic rewiring of these cells. This metabolic change is particularly interesting in the context of adipogenesis, offering valuable insights into the interconnectedness of a mitochondrial solute carrier, cellular metabolism and adipogenesis.

      Comparison and Advance: The current study significantly advances our understanding of the mitochondrial carrier homolog 2 (MTCH2) by uncovering its intricate roles in metabolism, and adipogenesis. While prior research identified MTCH2 as a regulator of apoptosis and mitochondrial dynamics, the present study expands our knowledge by elucidating its involvement in cellular metabolism and adipocyte differentiation. The major advance lies in the detailed exploration of MTCH2's impact on cellular metabolism through temporal metabolomic and lipidomic analyses. The study reveals that MTCH2 deletion leads to heightened ATP demand, an oxidized cellular environment, and alterations in lipid, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Additionally, the adaptive response in MTCH2 knockout cells involves a strategic decrease in membrane lipids and an increase in storage lipids. Furthermore, the study unveils a novel connection between the imbalance in energy metabolism triggered by MTCH2 deletion and the inhibition of adipocyte differentiation-a process that demands substantial energy and reductive biosynthetic activities. This mechanistic insight provides a conceptual advance, indicating how MTCH2, beyond its known role in apoptosis and mitochondrial dynamics, plays a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular metabolism and adipogenesis. Importantly, this work aligns with prior observations that hinted at MTCH2's involvement in fatty acid synthesis, storage, and use through his identified interactome. In summary, the study advances our knowledge of MTCH2 by providing a more comprehensive understanding of its roles in cellular metabolism and adipocyte differentiation, shedding new light on its multifaceted functions beyond its originally identified roles.

      Audience: This research will appeal to a broad audience, ranging from specialists in cellular metabolism to those with a general interest in mitochondrial dynamics and biochemistry.

    1. the ultimate endpoint

      this glossary entry should not tag "the" and should come under "u"

    2. nature of things

      This glossary entry should tag: true nature of things

    3. the holy life

      this glossary entry should not tag "the" and should come under "h": holy life

    1. eLife assessment

      This study presents two valuable new mouse models that individually tag proteins from the SMAD family to identify distinct roles during early pregnancy. Convincing evidence is provided that SMAD1 and SMAD5 target many of the same genomic regions as each other and the progesterone receptor. Given the broad effect of these signaling pathways in multiple systems, these new tools will most likely interest readers across biological disciplines.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Manuscript number: RC-2023-02232

      Corresponding author(s): Shinji, Saiki and Nobutaka, Hattori

      1. General Statements [optional]

      Thank you for the review of our paper entitled “Identification of novel autophagy inducers by accelerating lysosomal clustering against Parkinson's disease” (RC-2023-02232). We have carefully read the critiques and planed experiments. Below we include point-by-point responses to the questions raised by the reviewers. We have also carried out some experiments and highlighted the revised sentences in the transferred manuscript in red. The numbers of pages and lines are indicated based on the MS Word transferred manuscript. We believe this revision plans appropriately addresses the issues raised by Reviewers. Finally, all the authors would like to thank again the Editor and Reviewers for improving our manuscript by providing their invaluable comments and suggestions.

      Point-by-point description of the revisions

      • *

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      The manuscript by Date et al employed a cell model by stably expressing LGP120-mCherry and GFP-gamma-tubulin to carry out high-content screening in search of chemical compounds that enhance lysosomal clustering and autophagy. They found 6 clinically approved drugs categorized as topoisomerase II inhibitors and the benzimidazole class. They further validated these compounds by a set of well-designed experiments including autophagy flux assays and mTOR dependence. In the mechanistic study, they demonstrated the compounds induce lysosomal clustering in a JIP4-TRPML1-dependent manner. In a PD cell model, one of the compounds albendazole exhibited the effect on boosting the degradation of insoluble alpha-synuclein. The study is of interest, and the cell model and the approach generated by the authors would be transferable for future studies of other high-content imaging screening. Most of the data is clear and convincing.

      Major comment

      1) In addition to its role in facilitating a-syn turnover by autophagy, Is the chemical protective against a-syn toxicity?

      RESPONSE:

      As suggested by the Reviewer, we examined the cytotoxicity of aSyn aggregates in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing aSyn-GFP by LDH assay. As shown in the revised version of Fig. 1, aSyn aggregates induced by introducing aSyn fibrils into SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing aSyn-GFP did not exhibit any cytotoxicity. In addition, we observed no significant change in cell death after 8 hours of treatment with albendazole compared with DMSO.

      Previous studies have reported that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with PD with a triplication of the human SNCA genomic locus exhibited reduced capacity for differentiation into dopaminergic or GABAergic neurons, decreased neurite outgrowth, and lower neuronal activity compared with control cultures, albeit without showing cytotoxicity (Cell Death and Disease 6: e1994, Oliveira et al., 2015). Given this context, we were thus unable to conduct the suggested assessment due to technical limitations. Therefore, we consider the evaluation of the recovery of aSyn toxicity by drug treatment challenging in this cellular model using fibril aSyn.

      __Revised Fig 1. __

      SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing aSyn-GFP were transfected with aSyn fibril for 48 h and treated with the indicated albendazole concentrations for 8 h. The cytotoxicity was measured by using Cytotoxicity LDH Assay Kit-WST kit.

      2) Please elaborate why albendazole does not change the levels of soluble a-syn, but those of insoluble, as shown Fig 8D.

      RESPONSE:

      The unchanged aSyn-GFP levels in the soluble fraction (Fig. 8D) are likely due to the abundance of soluble aSyn-GFP. To evaluate the autophagic degradation of aSyn monomers, we used SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing aSyn-Halo and measured aSyn degradation by quantifying cleaved Halo. As shown in the revised version of Fig. 2, albendazole treatment induced a higher cleavage rate of Halo than DMSO treatment for 8 h, suggesting that albendazole degrades both aSyn monomers and aSyn aggregates. We have added the data in Fig. S7A, and the description of these experiments in the Results section (page 10, lines 359 to 364).


      __Revised Fig. 2. __

      SH-SY5Y cells expressing aSyn-Halo were labeled for 20 min with 100 nM of tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated ligand in a nutrient-rich medium. After washing with phosphate-buffered saline and incubating in normal medium for 30 min, the cells were treated with 10 µM albendazole for 8 h. The experiments were performed in triplicate. Cell lysates were separated by electrophoresis and analyzed by in-gel fluorescence detection (left). The HaloTMR band intensity was normalized by the sum of the band intensities of HaloTMR-aSyn and HaloTMR. The vertical axis of the graph represents the intensity multiplied by 100. Mean values of data from five or three experiments are shown. The graph data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. ****P 

      3) Fig 6A shows that some of the compounds (Teniposide, Amsacrine) affect the levels of JIP4. Can albendazole also reduce JIP4 levels. It might be interesting to test this, as JIP4 is important for lysosomal clustering.

      RESPONSE:

      As the Reviewer pointed out, JIP4 is essential for lysosome accumulation. However, our data showed decreased JIP4 levels with the addition of lysosomal-clustering compounds. We hypothesized that this response was caused by the autophagy-induced degradation of JIP4. The decrease in JIP4 levels was detected by western blot after 4 h of treatment with 10 μM of teniposide. Moreover, the decrease in JIP4 levels induced by teniposide was suppressed by co-treatment with bafilomycin A1, indicating that JIP4 was degraded by teniposide-induced autophagy, as shown in the revised version of Fig. 3. We have added the data in Fig. S6 and the related description of these experiments in the Results section (page 8, lines 289 to 293).

      __Revised Fig 3. __

      SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 10 µM teniposide and with or without 30 nM bafilomycin A1 for 4 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with anti-JIP4 and actin antibodies.

      Minor comments: The writing is good generally. Please tide up the text in a few occasions to make the expressions more formal.

      RESPONSE: We have revised our manuscript to adopt a more formal tone.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      Significance: The study generated a new approach for high-throughput screening of compounds to enhance lysosomal clustering. Audience: Basic and clinical research Expertise: Programmed cell death, neurodegenerative diseases

      • *

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In this study, the authors focused on lysosome positioning and autophagy activity to search for novel agents effective against Parkinson's disease. As a result, several compounds were successively identified, including Topoisomerase inhibitors and Benzimidazole. Authors showed that these agents regulate lysosomal positioning through different pathways but commonly require JIP4 to regulate lysosomal positioning and subsequent autophagy. They also showed that albendazole treatment promoted the degradation of insoluble ubiquitinated proteins and αSyn in cultured cells.

      Major Comments.

      1) Two compounds, for instance teniposide and albendazole both requires JIP4 and/or TRPML1 to regulate lysosomal positioning and autophagy but their action seems different. What is the actual mechanism by which these compounds require JIP4/TRPML1. How inhibition of Topoisomerase leads to increase of JIP4 phosphorylation? Do teniposide and albendazole both affect calcium release from TRPML1?

      RESPONSE:

      We previously reported that acrolein/H2O2 accelerates lysosomal retrograde trafficking by TRPML1 and phosphorylated JIP4. Mechanistically, JIP4 was phosphorylated by CaMK2G activated by Ca2+ released from TRPML1 (EMBO J 41: e111476, Sasazawa et al., 2022). TRPML1 acts as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensor in lysosomes (Nat Commun 7: 12109, Zhang et al., 2016). We concluded that acrolein induces ROS production, which then activates TRPML1. (EMBO J 41: e111476, Sasazawa et al., 2022). Therefore, topoisomerase inhibitors (topo-i) may induce ROS and stimulate TRPML1. We examined intracellular ROS levels in response to topo-i. As shown in revised Fig. 4A, the topo-i teniposide, etoposide, and amsacrine significantly increased ROS levels. Moreover, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, an ROS scavenger, partially attenuated lysosomal clustering induced by topo-i (revised Fig. 4B). In addition, Ca2+ imaging showed that teniposide, but not albendazole, upregulates Ca2+ flux (revised Fig. 4C). Based on the activity of CaMK2G siRNA as shown in Fig. 5D, 5E, and S5, topo-i may activate TRPML1 in a ROS-dependent manner and increase PI(3,5)P2 binding with TRPML1 (Nat Commun 1, 38, Dong et al., 2010). Consecutive Ca2+ release via TRPML1 activated CaMK2G and is followed by enhanced lysosomal transport toward the MTOC via JIP4 phosphorylation.

      We have added the revised Fig.4A and 4B data in Fig. S8A and S8B, and the related description of these experiments in the Discussion section (page 11, lines 401 to 409). We have also added the data in revised Fig. 4C to Fig. S6 and the related description of these experiments in the Results section (page 7, lines 266 to 267).

      Conversely, we showed that benzimidazoles, including albendazole, induce lysosomal clustering mediated by JIP4, TRPML1, ALG2, and Rab7. Moreover, benzimidazoles showed lysosomal clustering activity within a narrow concentration range, as shown in Fig. S7D. Benzimidazoles inhibit tubulin polymerization (Int J Paras 18:885–936. Lacey et al., 1988). We hypothesized that the effect of tubulin polymerization induced by benzimidazole plays a key role in the induction of lysosomal clustering as described in the Discussion section. To clarify this, we observed the behavior of tubulin filaments in response to various albendazole concentrations under confocal microscopy. As shown in revised Fig. 4D, conditions where albendazole was administered to induce lysosomal clustering, tubulin filaments were observed only near the MTOC, and the filaments in the cell periphery were disassembled. In contrast, when exposed to higher albendazole concentrations, tubulin filaments throughout the cell were disassembled, resulting in the inhibition of lysosomal clustering This would explain why benzimidazole exerts lysosomal clustering activity within a narrow concentration range. Under JIP4, TRPML1, ALG2 and Rab7 silencing, lysosomes may fail to interact with microtubules, resulting in the inhibition of lysosomal clustering. We postulated that albendazole-induced lysosomal clustering is not mediated by factors activated by specific stimuli in lysosomal transport but, rather, is induced by spatially constraining conventional lysosomal transport mediated by various adaptors (i.e., JIP4, TRPML1, ALG2, and Rab7) through tubulin disassembly. We have added the data in Fig. S9C and the related description of these experiments in the Discussion section (page 12, lines 428 to 436).

      A B

      C

      D

      __Revised Fig. 4. __

      1. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with the indicated compounds (10 µM) for 4 h. The amount of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) is examined by ROS Assay Kit -Highly Sensitive DCFH-DA (Dojindo) and the normalized pixels above threshold as measured using an INCellAnalyzer 2200 and ImageJ.
      2. SH-SY5Y cell lines were pretreated with 0.1 mM N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) for 24 h and then treated with the indicated compound (10 µM) for an additional 4 Cells were fixed and stained with anti-g-tubulin (green) and anti-LAMP2 (red) antibodies. Lysosomal distribution was examined using an INCellAnalyzer 2200 and quantified using ImageJ software.
      3. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with teniposide, amsacrine, etoposide, albendazole (1, 5, 10 µM), oxibendazole (0.1, 0.5, and 1 µM), or and mebendazole (0.5,1, and 5 µM) for 4 h, and stained with Fluo4-AM for 30 min. The fluorescence intensity was measured using a plate reader.
      4. SH-SY5Y cells were treated with albendazole (10 and 100 µM) or nocodazole (0.5 and 10 µM) for 4 h. Cells were fixed and stained with LAMP1 (red) and a-tubulin (green) antibodies.

        2) The authors should clarify the functional advantage of these drugs identified in this study as drugs for Parkinson's disease by comparing with known autophagy inducers such as Torin1 or rapamycin. 

      RESPONSE:

      To evaluate the functional advantage of lysosome-clustering compounds over Torin1, we evaluated the degradation activity of insoluble aSyn induced by the addition of aSyn fibrils to aSyn-GFP cells. Torin1 induced the degradation of insoluble aSyn by autophagy, as shown in revised Fig. 5A. However, the degradation activity of albendazole was more vigorous, as shown in revised Fig. 5B. In contrast, we observed that Torin1 exhibited more autophagic induction activity than albendazole, as assessed using Halo-LC3. Similar results were obtained with teniposide (revised Fig. 5C). These results suggest that albendazole, with its ability to concentrate lysosomes around the degradation substrate, facilitates more effective degradation of insoluble aSyn than Torin1. This presents a significant advantage in the development of therapeutics for Parkinson's Disease. Moreover, Torin1 acts on the upstream signals of autophagy by inhibiting mTORC1, potentially impacting diverse cellular responses. Conversely, compounds that induce lysosomal clustering target the final step of autophagic degradation, which may have fewer side effects. We have added the description of these experiments in the Results section (page 10, lines 366 to 380) and the Discussion section (page 11 lines 410 to 412) and presented the data in Fig. S7B–S7E and Fig. 6D.

      A____ ____B








      C











      __Revised Fig. 5. __

      1. SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing aSyn-GFP were transfected with aSyn fibril (0.2 µg/mL) using Lipofectamine 3000. After 48 h, the transfection reagent was washed out, and the SH-SY5Y cells were treated with 100 nM Torin1 with or without 100 nM bafilomycin A1 for 8 h (B). Cell lysates were separated into Triton X-100–soluble (soluble) and pellet fractions (insoluble), then subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting with the indicated antibody(left). The amount of insoluble aSyn was quantified using Image J software (C).
      2. SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing aSyn-GFP were transfected with aSyn fibril (0.2 µg/mL) using Lipofectamine 3000. After 48 h, and washing out the transfection reagent, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with albendazole (10μM) with or without 100 nM Torin1 for 8 h. Cell lysates were separated into Triton X-100–soluble (soluble) and pellet fractions (insoluble), then subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the indicated antibody (left). The amount of insoluble aSyn was quantified using Image J software.
      3. SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing Halo-LC3 were labeled for 20 min with 100 nM TMR-conjugated ligand in a nutrient-rich medium. After washing with PBS and incubating the cells in normal medium for 30 min, cells were treated with DMSO, teniposide (10 μM), albendazole (10 µM), and/or Torin1 (100 nM) for 8 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibody and analyzed by in-gel fluorescence detection (left). The HaloTMR band intensity was normalized by the sum of the band intensities of HaloTMR-LC3B and HaloTMR (right).

        3) Related to the previous question, in Fig.6A and B additional data comparing novel compounds with established autophagy inducers, such as torin1 and rapamycin, should be included and discussed.

      RESPONSE:

      As indicated in a previous response, we evaluated the autophagic induction activity of Torin1, and the results have been added to Fig. 6D. In addition, co-treatment with Torin1 and teniposide or albendazole induced autophagy more effectively than Torin1 treatment alone, without affecting mTOR inhibition activity (revised Fig. 4C). These findings indicate that the induction of autophagy by lysosomal clustering compounds is not caused by autophagosome formation but by the formation of autolysosomes. We have added a description of these experiments in the Results section (page 9, lines 316 to 322) and have added the data in Fig. 6D.

      4) The authors should examined whether increased degradation of insoluble proteins and αSyn are dependent on JIP4.  

      RESPONSE:

      As the Reviewer suggested, we have examined whether lysosomal accumulation through the JIP4-TRPML1 pathway is crucial for the degradation of aSyn aggregates. We evaluated the degradation activity of insoluble aSyn induced by the addition of aSyn fibrils to aSyn-GFP cells when JIP4, TMEM55B, or TRPML1 were knocked down. Interestingly, the insoluble fraction assay showed that JIP4 and TRPML1 knockdown regulated the decrease of aSyn-GFP and p-aSyn levels in the insoluble fraction for both DMSO and albendazole treatments. The results were particularly more pronounced with TRPML1 knockdown. However, the knockdown of TMEM55B did not produce such findings (revised Fig. 6). These data suggest that lysosomal clustering via the JIP4–TRPML1 pathway plays a significant role in aSyn degradation. We have added a relevant description in the Results section (page 10, lines 373 to 380) and have added the data in Fig. S7F and S7G.


      __Revised Fig. 6. __

      SH-SY5Y cells over-expressing aSyn-GFP were transfected with the indicated siRNAs for 24 h and then transfected with aSyn fibril (0.2 µg/mL) using Lipofectamine 3000 for 48 h. After washing out the transfection reagent, the SH-SY5Y cells were treated with dimethyl sulfoxide or albendazole (10 μM) for 8 h. Cell lysates were separated into Triton X-100–soluble (soluble) and pellet fractions (insoluble) and subjected to SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting with the indicated antibody. The bar graph presents the ratio of the insoluble aSyn-GFP to the soluble GAPDH or insoluble p-aSyn to the soluble GAPDH of the intensity of the data in panel F. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation.

      5) Authors only utilized. SH-SY5Y cells in this study. It is important to examine whether these compounds also regulate lysosomal positioning and autophagy in other cell lines.

      RESPONSE:

      As per the Reviewer’s suggestion, we evaluated the lysosomal-clustering activity induced by topo-i and benzimidazole in human adenocarcinoma HeLa cells. As shown in revised Fig. 7A and 7B compounds do not induce lysosomal clustering or autophagy in HeLa cells. Furthermore, in the case of benzimidazole, they transport lysosomes to the cell periphery. Previously, we found that oxidative stress accumulates lysosomes in a neuroblastoma-specific manner through the TRPML1–phosphoJIP4-dependent mechanism (EMBO J 41: e111476, Sasazawa et al., 2022). Since we have demonstrated that topo-i-mediated lysosomal trafficking is dependent on the TRPML1–phosphorylated JIP4 complex, we hypothesized that several molecules involved in lysosomal trafficking are absent in HeLa cells.

      In contrast, we showed that albendazole-induced lysosomal clustering is due to tubulin depolymerization. Therefore, we examined the relationships between tubulin depolymerization and lysosomal clustering induced by albendazole in HeLa cells and found that albendazole did not induce lysosomal clustering but rather inhibited it at higher concentrations (revised Fig. 7B). Interestingly, similar to SH-SY5Y cells, a low albendazole concentration (10 μM) induced tubulin depolymerization only at the cell periphery, whereas a high concentration (100 μM) depolymerized the entire cell (revised Fig. 7C). However, unlike SH-SY5Y cells, no characteristic accumulation of tubulin filaments was observed near the MTOC under low albendazole concentration (10 µM); instead, they were arranged around the nucleus. Concurrently, lysosomes were around these dispersed tubulin filaments. Therefore, the differences in the effects of benzimidazole in HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells lies in the dose-dependent effects on the state of tubulin filaments. We have added a relevant description in the Discussions section (page 12, lines 419 to 422, and 437 to 453).

      __ A__

      __ B__

      C D

      __Revised Fig. 7. __

      HeLa cells were treated with teniposide (10 μM), amsacrine (10 μM), etoposide (10 μM), albendazole (10 μM), oxibendazole (1 μM), or mebendazole (5 μM). Images were captured using an INCellAnalyzer2200. INCellAnalyzer2200 images were analyzed using ImageJ for lysosomal clustering. The graph presents the lysosomal clustering values (n > 30). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ****P HeLa cells were treated with teniposide (10 μM), amsacrine (10 μM), etoposide (10 μM), albendazole (10 μM), oxibendazole (1 μM), or mebendazole (5 μM) for 4 h. Cell lysates were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. The amount of LC3II was estimated using Image J software (bottom panel). HeLa cells were treated with albendazole at specified concentrations (in µM). After treatment, cells were fixed and stained with anti-g-tubulin (green) and anti-LAMP2 (red) antibodies, followed by imaging with an INCellAnalyzer2200. INCellAnalyzer2200 images were processed and analyzed using ImageJ for lysosomal clustering. The graph presents the lysosomal clustering values (n > 30). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *P  HeLa cells were treated with albendazole (10 and 25 µM) for 4 h. Cells were fixed and stained with LAMP1 (red) and a-tubulin (green) antibodies.

      6) The authors conclude that the six compounds do not mediate mTOR signaling in Fig. 3, but should more carefully describe in the manuscript why they performed this experiment and what the results mean for.

      RESPONSE: 

      As per the Reviewer’s advice, we have changed the description in the manuscript as follows:

      Previous studies have shown that lysosomal retrograde transport regulates autophagic flux by facilitating autophagosome formation by suppressing mTORC1 and expediting fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes (Kimura et al, 2008; Korolchuk et al, 2011). Conversely, we recent found that acrolein/H2O2 induces lysosomal clustering in an mTOR-independent manner (Sasazawa et al., 2022). In this study, we aimed to identify pharmacologic agents that act downstream rather than upstream in the autophagy pathway, with the goal of minimizing side effects. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of the compounds on the mTOR pathway. As shown in Fig. 3, these compounds induced lysosomal clustering without affecting mTOR activity, indicating their potential as promising candidates for PD therapy. We have added the description of these experiments in the Results section (page 6, lines 202 to 208 and line 217).

      Minor comments. 1) The name of the compound should be written in the red point of Fig.2A.

      RESPONSE:

      We have included the names of the six compounds identified and are listed in Fig. 2A.

      2) Regarding images of Fig.2B, the magnified images and quantitative data should be added.

      RESPONSE:

      We have included magnified images, as well as the quantitative results of lysosome clustering analysis using INCellAnalyzer2200 in Fig. 2B.

      3) The results of Fig.2C need to be explained more carefully. A quantitative data is missing.

      RESPONSE:

      We have included the quantitative results of western blot in Fig. 2B.

      4) Fig.S2, which compares autophagy activity with conventional agents, should be quantified and added to the Fig.3.

      RESPONSE:

      We have presented the results of RFP/GFP quantification performed by FACS analysis using SH-SY5Y cells stably expressing RFP-GFP-LC3 in Fig. S2, which is equivalent to the quantification of the data in the Fig. S2 image. These data are now presented as Fig. S2B. Since Fig. 3 focuses on mTOR signaling, we preferred to retain the figure number.

      5) In the statistical analysis of Fig.4B, the clustering value was increased by siRILP, which should be briefly described in the manuscript.

      RESPONSE:

      On the contrary, the enhancement of lysosomal retrograde transport in RILP knockdown cells in Fig. 4B suggests the potential involvement of RILP in anterograde transport. However, to the best of our knowledge, no reports have investigated this matter. We presume that negative feedback mechanisms may be present. We have added this description to the Results section (page 7 lines 238 to 241).

      6) In Fig.4A and B, it is possible that the knockdown efficiency of siRILP and siTMEM55B was not sufficient to observe the effect on lysosomes, and this concern should be described in the manuscript.

      RESPONSE:

      We established starvation conditions, which induce TMEM55B-dependent lysosomal retrograde transport, as a positive control and evaluated the lysosomal induction activity of compounds when TMEM55B was knocked down. As shown below, lysosome accumulation was suppressed only when subjected to starvation treatment, indicating sufficient knockdown efficiency of TMEM55B. These compounds induced lysosomal clustering independently of TMEM55B, unlike under starvation conditions. We have added a description of these experiments in the Results section and presented the data in Fig. S4A (page 7, lines 232 to 237).

      On the other hand, we were unable to establish a positive control for RILP knockdown experiments because conditions that regulate RILP-dependent lysosomal distribution dependent are not understood. While we cannot completely rule out the possibility of insufficient knockdown efficiency, considering that RILP knockdown appears to paradoxically enhance lysosomal induction, as mentioned above, it is reasonable to assume that the knockdown effect has occurred.

      __Revised Fig. 8. __

      SH-SY5Y cells were transfected with TMEM55B siRNA for 48 h and then treated with teniposide (10 μM), albendazole (10 μM), or starvation medium for 4 h. Cells were fixed and stained with anti-g-tubulin (green) and anti-LAMP2 (red) antibodies. Images were captured using an INCellAnalyzer2200. INCellAnalyzer2200 images were analyzed using ImageJ for lysosomal clustering. The graph presents the lysosomal clustering values (n > 30). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). ****P

      7) The authors should add the results of the WB experiment showing the amount of JIP4 protein in Fig.5G. 

      RESPONSE:

      We have added western blot data that introduce flag-JIP4 into JIP4KO SH-SY5Y cells, which are presented in Fig. 5G.

      8) In Fig.5F, images of JIP4KO cells that do not express FLAG-JIP4 should be added as controls, and further quantification should be done on cells in all three conditions.

      RESPONSE:

      We have added immunofluorescence data that do not express flag-JIP4 in Fig. 5F, which had been obtained simultaneously during the acquisition of other images. Furthermore, we quantified lysosomal distribution, which is shown in Fig. 5E. Using ImageJ, we automatically delineated approximately 70% of the cell area toward the cell center and designated the region excluded from this area as the cellular peripheral region (revised Fig. 9A). Subsequently, we quantified the proportion of lysosomes contained within that region in cells expressing flag-JIP4 (revised Fig. 9B). We have added this experimental data in Fig. 5E.

      A B

      __Revised Fig. 9. __

      1. Approximately 70% of the cell area toward the cell center was automatically delineated using ImageJ, with the region excluded from this defined as the cellular peripheral region.
      2. JIP4 KO cells were transfected with flag-tagged JIP4 (wild-type and T217A) for 24 h and treated with teniposide (10 μM) for 4 h. Cell lysates underwent SDS-PAGE and were immunoblotted with anti-JIP4 and anti-actin The graph displays the percentage of cells with peripheral lysosomes. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *P 20).

        9) In Fig.6A, the total amount of JIP4 seems to change in some agent treatments, which needs to be explained.

      RESPONSE:

      As per our response to Reviewer 1, we evaluated the decrease in JIP4 expression by WB after 4 h of treatment with 10 μM teniposide. The teniposide-induced decrease of JIP4 was suppressed by bafilomycinA1 co-treatment, indicating that JIP4 was degraded by teniposide-induced autophagy (revised Fig. 3). We have added the data in Fig. S6, and the related description of these experiments have been added to the Results section (page 8, lines 289 to 293).

      10) In Fig.7C and D, the effect of drug treatment on the amount of ubiquitinated proteins should also be checked.

      RESPONSE:

      We have included ubiquitin protein blots in Fig. 7C and 7D.

      11) In Fig.8B, it is described that lysosomes are more localized in αSyn by drug treatment, but more convincing images and quantitative data are needed.

      RESPONSE:

      . The colocalization of LAMP2 and aSyn-GFP aggregates was assessed by measuring the fluorescence values of lysosomes in contact within the aSyn-GFP aggregation area using ImageJ. We have added this quantified data in Fig. 8D.

      Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)): Although the reviewer appreciates the discovery of novel drugs to induce autophagy through regulating lysosomal positioning, the detailed action of these compounds and their superiority in the field are not clear.

      __Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):____ __ In this manuscript, Date et al. sought to identify compounds that promote protein aggregates clearance - in particular those formed by mutant alpha synuclein. Briefly the authors screened a library of clinically approved compounds for inducers of lysosomal clustering followed by a secondary screen for autophagy inducers. By this two-step procedure, the authors identified three topoisomerase inhibitors and three anthelmintics as hits. Next, the authors unveiled that lysosomal clustering induced by these compounds is independent of mTORC1 but requires TRPML1 and JIP4. Moreover, the topoisomerase inhibitors hits involved phosphorylation of JIP4 while the anthelmintics additionally required Rab7 and ALG2. Intriguingly, the authors found that lysosomal clustering was prerequisite to autophagy induction. Focusing on the class of anthelmintics (i.e. albendazole) the authors showed that these induce autophagy to degrade aggregates formed upon proteasome inhibition. Lastly, the authors demonstrated that albendazole also led to increased degradation of αSyn aggregates through autophagy induction.

      Major points 1) Most importantly, the authors need to tone down the significance of their findings throughout the manuscript. For examples, they should restrain from using "nullified" when it is really reduced only by 10-25 %.

      RESPONSE: 

      We have changed the description in the manuscript according to the Reviewer’s suggestion.

      2) The authors claim that the topoisomerase inhibitors led to JIP4 phosphorylation while Figure 5C actually shows the opposite (partially reduced phosphorylation compared to DMSO treatment) and the Jak3 inhibitor has no obvious effect. The authors should quantify the phostag results.

      RESPONSE:

      We agree with the Reviewer that the Phos-tag PAGE results of JIP4 in Fig. 5C is complicated, and the bands were not clear. We have replaced these with more robust data (Fig. 5C).

      3) Figure 6A/B: Why do all compounds except Mebendazole affect the abundance of JIP4?

      RESPONSE:

      As per our response to Reviewer 1, we evaluated the decrease in JIP4 expression by WB after 4 h of treatment with 10 μM teniposide. The teniposide-induced decrease of JIP4 was suppressed by bafilomycinA1 co-treatment, indicating that JIP4 was degraded by teniposide-induced autophagy (revised Fig. 3). We have added the data in Fig. S6, and the related description of these experiments have been added to the Results section (page 8, lines 289 to 293).

      4) Figure 7C: The blot is not convincing. The authors should quantify this effect.

      RESPONSE:

      We evaluated and confirmed the degradation of p62 by albendazole, as shown in Fig. 7C.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      Overall, the work of Date and colleague highlights the role of lysosomal clustering in clearing protein aggregates. Importantly, the identified classes of compounds might open new avenues for rationalizing treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases. However, several critical points remain.

      • *
    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      The following submission titled "Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri type III effector PthA4 directs the dynamical expression of a putative citrus carbohydrate-binding gene for canker formation" by Chen et al. provides evidence that PthA4 binds to PCs9g12620 to downregulate expression potentially for citrus canker disease development. They tackle a relevant, complicated problem about the timing and regulation of an S gene expression and its relationship to disease development. Most often research stops at an S gene that is upregulated. This study aims to define the complexity of TAL effector family proteins beyond their standard activation role. Cs9g12620 encodes a putative carbohydrate-binding protein, and downregulation of this occurs via PthA4-CsLOB1 direct interaction. Silencing of Cs9g12620 leads to reduced virulence of X. citri, highlighting its importance as an S gene target from PthA4-mediated CsLOB1 induction. The authors also hypothesize that PthA4 represses the expression of Cs9g12620, and it seems to depend not on DNA binding by PthA4 but rather CsLOB1 interaction. This provides an interesting mode of action for a TAL effector, which typically is described as a transcription factor. An overall curiosity is that TAL effectors like PthA4 induce gene expression for virulence activity, but the authors do not probe this question with artificial TAL effectors or PthA4 variants to define the domains required for this activity. These tools, which are widely used in TAL effector research, could help determine what domain is responsible for this repression and if it is unique to PthA4 or a general TAL phenomenon. Work is further needed to also demonstrate the repressive role of PthA4 over time because it is not explicitly clear that the time-related suppression is directly attributed to the PthA4-CsLOB1 interactions.

      (1) The authors show that both WT but not WT expressing AvrXa7 induce Cs9g12620 and CsLOB1. They performed an adjacent supportive experiment comparing a Tn5-disrupted pthA4 to WT and saw a similar induction. Do the authors have a southern blot or genome sequence to show this is the true mutation? Have the authors complemented the Tn5 strain with pthA4 and an artificial TAL effector?

      (2) Figure 2 and "The expression of Cs9g12620 depends on pthA4 during Xcc infection" section: Overall I cannot determine the biological importance as written in the text about examining an ortholog of Cs9g12620 that is not expressed. The title of Figure 2 is: "Cs9g12620 and Cs9g12650 show different profiles of expression owing to the genetic variation in promoter." What is the biological importance of showing that there is promoter variation when the RNA-seq pointed to this target? This is unclear. Now, an interesting experiment would be to create an artificial TAL that activates the expression of Cs9g12650, which was, yes, not expressed in Nicotiana, but this wasn't examined in citrus and could be with an artificial TAL effector. Moreover, if this is about how something is not expressed, this seems out of place in the story before we arrive at the repression aspect of the narrative. Is the lack of expression a typical state of this gene family and do TAL effectors induce this for virulence? Is it also possible that RT alone isn't sensitive enough to detect relevant Cs9g12650 expression? Could the authors rather build on their RNAseq data or maybe use qPCR, a more sensitive approach, to see if this gene is expressed. Overall, this seems like a non-issue still because it isn't clear why this is important to support their narrative. Finally "2 μg of total RNA extracted" seems to be an extremely high input for RT. In summary here, it would be nice to see the hypothesis they tested and how it supports their overall aim because this is unclear.

      (3) Figure 3C: The authors should include a 35S::GUS + 35S::pthA4 control. This control is missing to show that the suppression is not due to overexpressing the two proteins simultaneously.

      (4) Figure 3E&G are just the same but rotated. Please include a separate replicate as this would be more beneficial to examine. With this and concerns on some of the reporting, the raw data and images should be included as supplemental for each replicate and detailed as if they are a regular figure.

      (5) Figure 3G: What is low and high? There are quantifiable values (e.g. RLU) here that correspond to the intensity of the figure legend. There should be a water/buffer infiltrated control.

      (6) Figure 3F: The Y1H data demonstrate that PCs9g12620 is bound by PthA4. The second panel for the gel mobility shift is however lacking a complementary treatment with PCs9g12620 WT. These gel mobility shift assays are always relative to something, and there is no comparison here unfortunately to other treatments. An example to follow as a model for formatting and experimental design could include as seen in Figure 5 by Duan et al. MPP (DOI:10.1111/mpp.12667). These should be performed as a single experiment not separated by panel D. A GST-Tag only should always be an additional control.

      (7) Figure 4: CsLOB1 activates Cs9g12620. Figure 4C: A reasonable control would be to include 35S::GUS and 35S::PthA4.

      (8) Figure 5F: The purpose of this experiment to show the multiplication over time and increase is not clear. It would be expected to see an increase in growth over time during susceptibility; so why was this documented?

      (9) Figure 5: Cs9g12620 expression decreases along with expansion and pectin esterase expression. How do we know that this is not a general downregulation of gene expression more broadly due to cell death or tissue deformation at 10 dpi? To test if this is also PthA4-specific, an experiment needed would be to test a specific pthA4 mutant rather than the TAL effectorless strain, which is already pretty weak a pathogen and does not trigger expression of any tested genes to wild-type levels to see if this is a general trend or specific to PthA4 activity. Finally, why are the color bars switched for time points 5 & 10 dpi for the effectorless strain? This is the finding that led them to suggest the repression. According to the rest of the figure, the gray and black are typically 5 and 10 dpi, respectively, but they seem to be switched to fit the narrative.

      (10) Figure 6 nicely documents the interaction between PthA4 and CsLOB1, but why did the authors not take the additional step to define what domains are required for PthA4 interaction? This is an important curiosity of what mediates this interaction. Was it the repeats or C- or N-terminus? Is this general to TAL effectors or precise to PthA4? This seems like the crux of the story especially since there is a TAL effector binding cited in the promoter.

      (11) Figure 7: RNAi-mediated silencing of Cs9g12620 demonstrates that this gene is a susceptibility target for X. citri as seen by colonization (E). First, the symptoms are not quite clear in A, and the morphological changes are unclear. Are there additional images for these to showcase the difference reproducibly? They hypothesize that there is complexity in Cs9g12620 expression during infection as proposed in Figure 8. It seems pretty important to perturb this in the opposite direction with artificial TAL effectors that either target a) Cs9g12620 for induction and b) CsLOB1 in a 049E background. One would hypothesize that this would not allow for the CsLOB1 interaction because they demonstrate this is PthA4-specific and therefore Cs9g12620 expression would not decrease while CsLOB1 is induced.

      (12) Figure 8: It is unclear if this is an appropriate model. The impact of CsLOB1-PthA4 interaction is depicted as a late phenomenon based on Cs9g12620 expression. However, it is not clear from their data that the CsLOB1-PthA4 interaction does not happen at the early stages of infection. This is not defined by their experiments proposed. As mentioned above, an overall concern is that the authors do not test variants of PthA4 or domains that could examine specifically what permits this suppression. Is this a general TAL effector structure-mediated phenomenon or is it something unique about PthA4 in this family? Does it require both DNA binding and interaction with CsLOB1?

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Diaphorina citri is the primary vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), but the mechanism of how D. citri maintains a balance between lipid metabolism and increased fecundity after infection with CLas remains unknown. In their study, Li et al. presented convincing methodology and data to demonstrate that CLas exploits AKH/AKHR-miR-34-JH signaling to enhance D. citri lipid metabolism and fecundity, while simultaneously promoting CLas replication. These findings are both novel and valuable, not only have theoretical implications for expanding our understanding of the interaction between insect vectors and pathogenic microorganisms but also provide new targets for controlling D. citri and HLB in practical implications. The conclusions of this paper are mostly well supported by data, but some aspects of phrasing and data analysis need to be further clarified and extended.

      Key Considerations:

      There are specific instances where additional information would enhance comprehension of the results and their interpretation.

      There seem to be two inconsistencies related to some results depicted in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 5.

      Firstly, Figure 1 shows the effect on CLas infection (CLas+) compared to the control (CLas-), where results show an increase of TAG, Glycogen, lipid droplet size, oviposition period, and fecundity. In Figures 2, 3, and 5, the authors establish the involvement of the genes DcAKH, DcAKHR, and miR34 in this process, by showing that by preventing the function of these three factors the effects of CLas+ are lost. However, while Figure 1 shows the increase of TAG and lipid droplet size in CLas+, Figures 2, 3, and 5 do not show a significant elevation in TAG when comparing CLas- and CLas+.

      Secondly, in addition to the absence of statistical difference in TAG and lipid droplet size observed in Figure 1, Figures 2, 3, and 5 show an increase in TAG and lipid droplet size after dsDcAKH (Figure 2), dsDcAKHR (Figure 3) and agomiR34 (Figure 5) treatments. Considering that AKH, AKHR, and miR34 are important factors to CLas-induce increase in TAG and lipid droplet size, one might expect a reduction in TAG and lipid droplet size when CLas+ insects are silenced for these factors, contrary to the observed results.

    1. https://www.ebay.com/itm/374936561744

      Previously listed (late Summer 2023). Offered for bidding at $7,200 for a Jens Risom Library Card catalog on/around 2023-09-16. Local pickup from Pageland, SC. Ex-library from Davidson College Library in North Carolina tag number 01359.

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      2023-09-25: Relisted at https://www.ebay.com/itm/374948492633

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    1. Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

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      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      In this manuscript the authors are interested in understanding how fission yeast respond to a Nitrogen Signaling Factor (NSF) that has previously been shown to allow Leucine auxotrophs to grow in the presence of Leucine when Nitrogen Catabolite Repression (NCR) is triggered by the presence of a high quality Nitrogen source such as Ammonium Chloride (NH4Cl).

      The authors begin with a screen to identify genes that affect the ability of wild type cells grown near cells with leucine auxotrophy to enhance or abolish NCR phenotype. They screened the non-essential gene deletion library which they manipulate so that it only contains a leucine auxotrophy (unlike the original gene deletion library which contains additional auxotrophies). They identify 137 genes whose deletion allows growth of Leu auxotrophs in the presence of Leucine and Ammonia without the presence of WT cells. These genes are required for NCR. They further identify 203 genes which do not bypass NCR even in the presence of wild type cells, and are thus important for bypassing NCR in the presence of WT cells.

      They then conduct a second screen to identify which of these genes are important for bypassing NCR in response to the Synthetic NSF, 10(R)-hydroxy-8(Z)-octadecenoic acid, by looking for genes which grow in the presence of leucine when ammonia is not present, but do not grow in the presence of leucine when ammonia is present, even when NSF is added. This second screen identifies 117 strains carrying deletions in a gene set enriched for genes related to cellular respiration and mitochondria. They then show that the NSF bypass of NCR is linked to respiration by showing that it is abolished in the presence of the respiration inhibitor Antimycin A, that growth in low levels of glucose can bypass NCR in the absence of NSF< and that cells supplemented with NSF have a higher oxygen consumption rate.

      To gain insight into how the cell responds to NSF, the authors then gather RNA expression data from cells grown in high ammonium concentrations following treatment with NSF relative to a negative control treated only with Methanol (the vehicle into which NSF is dissolved). They argue that the gene expression pattern resembles gene expression data from cells undergoing respiration in glycerol relative to cells undergoing fermentation in glucose. They show that the upregulated genes relate to trehalose synthesis, detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species, and cellular fusion and the downregulated genes are related to cellular adhesion and flocculation.

      They validate their RNA-seq measurements by showing that the two most highly induced and two most highly repressed genes respond to NSF addition in a dose dependent manner and do not respond oleic acid which is chemically similar to NSF. The most highly responsive gene they identify is an uncharacterized gene, SPBPB2B2.01, which they suggest naming "NSF-responsive amino acid transporter 1" (nrt1). They also show that the nrt1 response is dependent on the culture density, and that the response is present (though the magnitude varies) in YES and in EMM under varying nitrogen concentrations, and that yfp driven by the nrt1 promoter is induced by NSF.

      The authors then investigate the 8 transcription factors that were present in their list of genes required for NSF-mediated adapted growth. They note that Hsr1 was the only one of these transcription factors, indeed the only gene, that was a hit in their screen for NSF-mediated adapted growth and whose expression was induced upon NSF treatment. To see if the activity of the other transcription factors changed in response to NSF treatment, the authors then gathered ChIP-seq data using 6 of these transcription factors as targets for IP. They saw that for Hsr1 and Php3, targets that had increased RNA-seq expression showed an increase in promoter occupancy while for Hsr1, Php3, Adn2, and Atf1, genes that had decreased RNA-seq expression showed a decrease in promoter activity.

      Finally the authors attempt to identify the mode of action of NSF by generating a functionalized NSF with an alkyne tag (AlkNSF) which they then use as a probe to identify NSF binding partners. They first show that AlkNSF does allow bypass of NCR, although at 30-fold higher concentration. Also AlkNSF induces nrt1 expression in a dose dependent manner, although the expression saturates at a lower level and requires a much higher concentration for induction. They then look for proteins that co-purify with AlkNSF compared to a control that was pre-incubated with NSF which was expected to compete off AlkNSF. The only significant protein they saw was Ayr1, which was not identified in their screen and which did not abrogate NSF bypass of NCR when deleted independantly. They saw that Ayr1 deletion actually increases the response of nrt1 and mei2 targets to NSF, and speculate that Ayr1 metabolises NSF and reduces the cell's ability to respond to NSF to bypass NCR.

      They then repeat the affinity purification / mass spec protocol in an Ayr1 delete cells to identify other interaction partners, this time incubating with a higher concentration of NSF, and also comparing to an experiment using Alkeyne Oleic Acid as a control for non-specific binding. The top two specific hits from this assay are Hmt2 and Gst3. NSF was still able to rescue NCR in gst3 deletes, indicating that it was not relevant for the phenotype. Cells lacking hmt2 did not grow in EMM, but did grow in YES when not supplemented with ammonium and when supplemented with ammonium did not grow, and addition of NSF did not rescue growth. They also see that nrt1 and mei2 gene induction in response to NSF is abolished when hmt2 is deleted. They then argue that hmt2, a sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase localized in the inner membrane of mitochondria is a direct target of NSF that triggers a switch to respiratory metabolism and allows bypass of NCR.

      Below are comments that I think ought to be addressed prior to publication (Major comments)

      1. In line 70, the authors state that "S. pombe cells rely on their own BCAA synthesis to sustain growth" when grown alongside Leucine when ammonium is supplied in the media. If prototrophs can inhibit NCR via NSFs in neighboring auxotrophic cells on the same plate, couldn't they also inhibit NCR within their own colony? How do we know that prototrophic cells grown in high quality nitrogen sources along with, say leucine, are not taking up leucine? The fact that leucine auxotrophs cannot grow in high quality nitrogen sources when leucine is present does not imply that wild type cells must use be synthesizing BCAAs rather than importing them. In a recent paper (Kamrad et al Nat. Microbiol. 2023, https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-022-01304-8), it was shown that S. cerevisiae cells grown in lysine and in high concentrations of ammonium uptake lysine rather than synthesize it as lysine concentrations in the media are increased. I am aware via unpublished results that this is the case for Leucine as well. I would be surprised if the same isn't true in S. pombe. The authors should caveat or remove this assertion.
      2. It is important for the authors to put their observation linking respiration to rescue from NCR in context with findings from a closely related study (Chiu et al 2022) which included some authors from this manuscript and which the authors cite. In that paper, it was shown that the siderefore ferrichrome can also rescue NCR in fission yeast. That paper stated "It is likely that ferrichrome increased mitochondrial activity, which enabled efficient utilization of glucose downstream of the glycolytic pathway" based on experiments in different concentrations of glucose. This evidence seems to support the link between respiration and rescue from NCR proposed by the authors of this manuscript. The authors should acknowledge this closely related and earlier work as it strengthen's the case they are trying to make. They could even test if ferrichrome addition makes cells sensitive to antimycin A (as in fig 1E), but that extra experiment would be optional in my opinion.
      3. In figure 1B for the second screen I do not understand what the photos represent. For the photos, two rows are meant to have no NH4 and also no NSF and the label on that image makes no mention of Leucine supplementation. In the diagram there are two rows that have NH4 and leucine and one row that has no NH4 but does have leucine. I assume the diagram is correct and the labels on the images are incorrect.
      4. It would be important for the authors to put their observation linking respiration to rescue from NCR in context with findings from Chiu et al 2022 which the authors cite. In that paper, it was shown that the siderefore Ferrichrome can also rescue NCR in fission yeast which the authors site which found that a siderephore rescues NCR. Also the authors of that paper stated "It is likely that ferrichrome increased mitochondrial activity, which enabled efficient utilization of glucose downstream of the glycolytic pathway." based on experiments in different concentrations of glucose. This evidence seems to support the link between respiration and rescue from NCR proposed by the authors of this manuscript.
      5. In line 133. The authors state that the 29 mutants that didn't grow under Leucine supplementation either without NH4CL or with NH4Cl whether or not NSF was present were "related to EMM Growth, leucine uptake, or utilization of ammonium as the sole nitrogen source." The first two make sense, but I can't see why a a strain with deletion of a gene related to utilization of ammonium as a sole nitrogen source wouldn't grow when supplemented with leucine. In fact for all the leucine auxotrophs in the screen, if one was to try to grow them with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source they would not grow, so it isn't clear that this screen can identify genes responsible for utilization of ammonium as a sole nitrogen source. The authors should clarify or remove this point.
      6. 203 strains are important for avoidance of NCR (because in the presence of Ammonium and Leucine, as well as a WT strain, they cannot grow). Of these 57 strains can't grow in the presence of a WT strain but they can grow in the presence of NSF. The authors conclude in line 138 that these strains are "likely to respond to a transmissible signal that is different from NSF". This is confusing because deletion of these genes still does allow cells to respond to NSF, however when these cells are growing in the presence of wild type cells (which in their model are releasing NSF), the cells don't grow. I am confused about the nature of the transmissible signal that the authors suggest. It would appear that when these genes are deleted and grown next to a wild type cell which sends the alternative signal and the NSF, the other transmissible signal would inhibits the ability of NSF to release NCR (as NSF can still rescue the gene). It is not clear how the other transmissible signal would work when the gene is present as it is clearly not necessary to rescue growth.

      A simpler explanation might be that there was contamination in the second screen, or that there was a threshold effect - perhaps in the first screen the strains grew just below a threshold and in the second screen it grew just above that level.

      The authors should clarify their interpretation for these strains, and acknowledge any alternative technical explanations.<br /> 7. The authors' efforts to removed confounding effects that might stem from additional auxotrophic alleles made the screen more convincing. However, Fig 1E, 1F, 5B, and 5E were done with EMM+Leu+Ade+Ura, while the initial strain was just done in the presence of additional Leucine. It is unclear why this was done from the text and captions, but I assume it was because they used a strain that was ade- and ura- in addition to being leu-. Given that they had strains without these additional mutations, this seems like a strange choice. The authors should acknowledge that there are possible confounding effects of adding adenine and uracil to the media, and, if they did have additional metabolic deletions, acknowledge that that could possibly be confounding.<br /> 8. Fig 1E, it appears that cells can grow without NSF in the presence of ammonium and additional amino acids after 10 days (although NSF is required for growth at 5 days). This is not a problem for the screen as that was taken at 5-6 days, but it appears as though NSF does not rescue growth so much as speed it up. The authors should acknowledge this when describing the phenotype. It also argues for a quantitative time course growth experiment to compare growth over the course of 10 days with and without NSF, although this would not be necessary to the paper's main argument.<br /> 9. In line 191 and 192, the authors suggest that the "downregulation of flocculation/adhesion related genes by NSF could serve to avoid undesirable mating during growth". If this is the case, I don't understand why mating genes and cellular fusion genes would be upregulated. What do the authors mean by undesirable mating? Wouldn't flocculation increase desirable mating as well? If all mating is undesirable, wouldn't upregulation of mating and cellular fusion genes be detrimental? 10. The authors mention that trehalose is an antioxidant, for which they reference Malecki 2019, however that paper shows no direct evidence of trehalose functioning as an antioxidant under respiratory conditions. It only shows that some trehalose synthesis genes are upregulated when cells are grown under glucose. The authors should identify primary literature to back this statement up, or soften the wording. Also trehalose is known to be a storage metabolite (which is mentioned in Malicki et al 2019, but not in this manuscript). In fact work in budding yeast has show that trehalose can be a shared metabolite that can be produced by respiring cells and used as a fermentable carbon source in communities of budding yeast cells that consist of fermenting and non-fermenting cells (Varahan et al, eLife 2019 https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.46735). It seems that this role should be considered as an alternative explanation for the induction of trehalose in respiratory cells.<br /> 11. Line 208: The stimulatory effect of NSF on NRT1 decreased with cell density, thus cell density is likely to be an important factor in terms of gene expression. The methods section, text and figure captions do not mention the density at which cells were inoculated/harvested for RNA-seq and other experiments. If that density was more than OD 0.1, then this would be inconsistent with the measurements from Fig 3. Also in fig 3D, The culture density is not mentioned in the figure or the caption, even though the text suggests that for that experiment cells were grown at low density (Lines 212-213). The authors should provide information on density for their experiments in order for them to be reproducible, as they show it is a key factor. 12. In suggesting a name for NRT1 (NSF-responsive amino acid transporter 1), the authors assume that the gene has a role in amino acid transmembrane transport, but they have no experiments showing this phenotype. They mention that it is Inferred from homology with other amino acid transporters. I presume this name has already been approved by Pombase and is not provisional, but it seems that including phenotypes inferred from homology, rather than from experiments is unwise. Do the authors have any other direct evidence that this is a bona fide Amino Acid Transporter? Perhaps a name like "NSF-responsive gene" would be more appropriate.

      Related to this, it appears that the expression level of Nrt1 may be very low (see Fig S2B in which the scale of the RNA-seq track is very small [-1,1] and the amount of expression is very small even when NSF is added). Looking at Fig 2A, the total transcript abundance did not appear to be very low in terms of counts per million (over 100) is this a discrepancy in fig S2B? Perhaps the large fold change is the result of counts very close to zero in the control condition? Also in Fig 3 the nrt1 expression levels did not appear to be especially low and they appeared repeatable. Is the RNA-seq data shown in fig S2B for nrt1 a fluke or am I misinterpreting it? <br /> 13. To show that their Chip-seq worked, the authors showed specific examples of Chip-seq reads for target genes Line 240, "Previously determined target genes of these TFs were significantly enriched in our data set, demonstrating that the experiment has worked (Figure S2A)." Is the significance here, the threshold from fig S2B? If so that threshold should be clearly stated here in the text. If it is the fact that asn1 shows up as "Fil1 bound" is strange as there are no genes that had significant changes in ChIP-seq signals for fig S2B. If there is another threshold the authors should describe it. While some of the examples they showed were convincing (e.g. php3-flag for the php3 regulated gene gln1 and the increased reads for srw1 for the reb1 target srw1), there were some targets that didn't seem to be especially enriched for their designated transcription factor. For example, the gene trx1 which was identified as an Hsr1 binding target had some binding from Hsr1, but more from Php3 and equivalent amounts for many of the other transcription factors. A clear description of how genes are chosen to be significant in the text, alongside references/selection criteria the authors used to select the specific genes shown should be provided to improve reproducability. <br /> 14. In lines 244-246 the authors state that "These differences in TF occupancy were positively correlated with target gene expression changes. That is, individual genes that were upregulated by NSF tended to be more strongly bound by the TFs, whereas downregulated genes were less occupied by the respective TFs (Figure 4A)." This is far from a general trend. The trend is not there for reb1 and fil1. In fact fil1 looks to the eye like it shows a decrease in occupancy for genes with increased expression, and I worry that the authors did a one sided test for significance that would have missed this, although the variability of the genes that don't change in this case is very high, so there could be no significant effect. The authors elaborate on some of the detail in following statements, but they should soften or remove this statement.

      Related to this, in line 254, the authors state: "These results imply that NSF exposure rewires the recipient cell's transcriptional program, for which the TFs Atf1, Adn2, Adn3, Fil1, Hsr1, Php3, Php5, and Reb1 are indispensable (Table S3)." While I am convinced from the RNA-seq evidence and some of the chip-seq evidence that NSF exposure rewires cell's transcriptional program, I am not convinced that the 8 transcription factors they mention are indespensable for rewiring the transcriptional program. While they may be indespensible for the phenotype itself, Reb1, and Fil1 show no no siginificant enrichment in occupancy of upregulated or downregulated targets (Fig 4A) and, along with Atf1, Reb1, and Fil1, have very few genes in which ocupancy is changed significantly (Fig S2B), while no chip-seq experiments were shown for Php5 and Adn3.

      The more specific summary of the data (Lines 250-253) from Fig S2B describing how hsr1 and adn2 have the strongest effects of the transcription factors required for NSF-mediated NCR bypass is a much stronger message for this section. 15. In line 335, the authors state that "in contrast to other communication systems, NSF does not induce noticeable changes in S. pombe's morphology", referring to changins in mating, filamentation, and bacterial biofilm formation. However they do show very clearly that NSF does cause a large decrease in expression in flocculation/adhesion genes. The fact that they do not see a change in morphology is likely due to the fact that the lab strain in the conditions used for this assay do not flocculate. We have recently identified conditions and strains which do exhibit flocculation in this preprint [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.15.571870v2]. It is likely that if they had a strain and conditions that did flocculate addition of NSF would break up flocculation and thus change the morphology based on their evidence. The authors should remove or caveat this point.<br /> 16. Line 270 Fig 5B: The concentration of NH4Cl listed in the text (374mM) does not match the concentration shown on the figure (748mM). I assume this is a typo but it should be corrected prior to publication.

      Also I have several minor comments to help improve the manuscript.

      m1: Lines 66-70- state that "uptake of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) isoleucine (Ile), leucine (Leu), and valine (Val) is suppressed in the presence of high-quality nitrogen sources such as ammonium or glutamate, because the expression of transporters or permeases that are needed for the uptake of poorer nitrogen sources are down regulated (Zhang et al, 2018)." This reference is for S. cerevisiae and is a review. The authors should cite original results in S. pombe if possible, and if that is not available, alert the reader that this result is from a different species.

      m2: It is unclear from the methods section how the images taken for the screens were analyzed. Were they analayzed and scored by hand, or using custom image analysis software. Either way, when publishing the authors should publish the scores for each deletion mutant in their screen. If there was custom image analysis, the authors should mention in their methods the cutoffs which they used to score growth, and consider plotting the data as a supplement so readers can get a sense of how sensitive the screen was.

      m3: The authors identify 137 mutants that did not require NSF signaling to bypass NCR and claimed these genes were required for NCR. It would be helpful and give more confidence in this screen to demonstrate the extent to which the genes identified in this study overlap with any previous genes required for NCR, and whether there was any GO-term enrichment in this set.

      m4: It would be interesting if the authors could speculate a bit in their discussion on why mitochondrial respiration counteracts NCR. Is there something about cells undergoing respiration that would make it easier for them to use BCAAs than to produce them, or conversely something about fermenting cells that makes it easier for them to produce BCAAs rather than importing them?

      m5: It is unclear why Figure 1F has 'MP biomedicals TM' listed in the figure. It doesn't seem to be listed in the caption or the methods. Is this different media than in other experiments? If so, the authors should add that information to the methods or the caption.

      m6: In Line 160, positively influenced is strange wording, do the authors mean "induced"?

      m7: In the section on gene expression change upon exposure to NSF, the authors use a + after each gene name. My understanding is that that notation is meant to refer to strains with the wild type genotype of that gene, and not the gene itself. Shouldn't the gene be italicised in lower case to represent the gene? See: Lera-Ramirez et al 2023 https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/iyad143.

      m8: In Fig 2A, genes are displayed on a plot that depicts level vs log2FC, but a comparison between the fold change and p-value would be more useful, and I believe DESeq2 should provide an adjusted p-value for these genes. A related issue is that it appears as though there were no biological replicates, though there was data gathered at different time points. In these genome wide experiments, replicates can give confidence to data and help distinguish true change from intrinsic variability of expression in specific genes. Though the authors did qPCR to validate specific results, it would have improved the quality of their systems-level data to have replicates for these and other key experiments (Chip-seq, affinity purification and even the screen).

      m9: Supp Fig S1: To show that similar gene expression profiles exist for other time points, it would be more convincing to show Log fold change 2h vs 4h and 2h vs 6h and show correlation, or else to make a heat map with all genes to see that genes that go up in one condition go up in the other conditions. It is not clear if the red and blue colors are defined for the 2h dataset and then mapped onto the 4 and 6h dataset, or if they are independently assigned for each plot.

      m10: Mbx2 is a key transcription factor related to flocculation and adhesion genes, and its expression is correlated with expression of its targets. If this transcription factor's expression levels decreased in response to NSF, that might strengthen and help explain the decrease in expression the authors observe in flocculation/adhesion genes when cells encounter NSF. If it it does not change, it might also be interesting for readers interested in these phenotypes.

      m11: In Fig 3D, The notation for the Ammonium concentrations for EMM and YES are inconcistent (+ vs parentheses), also the units (mM from the caption) are not on the figure, but the abbreviation "N" is which is confusing and inconsistent with the other plots in which NH4CL is not abbreviated. Additionally, the caption lists additional nutrients in the media for the EMM conditions (Leu, Ade, Ura) which ought to also be listed.

      m12: In lines 233-235, the authors say "One possibility is that they remain bound to their target genes but become activated or deactivated by NSF directly, or posttranslational modification, such as phosphorylation in the case of Atf1". I don't think the authors intend this, but this sentence could be taken to mean that Atf1 has been shown to be phorphorylated by NSF in the reference they site. I think the authors should clarify, i.e. by saying "..such as phophorylation which is known to regulate activity of Aft1 in response to oxidative and osmotic stress [Lawrence et al 2009]".

      m13: In Fig 4B and Fig S2A, there are grey and colored tracks for the chip-seq (- and + NSF), but they are very difficult to see. If grey is in front it is hard to tell how close the colored peak wehn the colored peak is lower. For example, grey is in front for pex7 while color is in front for yhb1. Could the authors add some transparancy so that the data for both conditions could be seen at once? Also there is little information on the control. My assumption for the input(ChIP) sample was that it was cross-linked and sonicated but not immunoprecipitated, but it is not clear what conditions it was in. I would assume it was done without NSF treatment in WT cells, but those details should be added in the caption or methods. In particular, in the input there is a large spike for Gsf2. Do the authors have any explanation for this and does it have anything to do with that gene's NSF responsiveness?

      m14: The authors might consider putting something like Fig S2B (or even a corresponding volcano plot) as a main figure for Fig 4 in addition to the other two panels, as the individual examples from fig 4B are nice to see, but do not give a broad overview of the data.

      m15: In line 348, the wording "Would score" might be better replaced by "would be identified."

      Significance

      Assessment:

      In general I find the authors arguments compelling and their experiments convincing. The initial and follow on screens were well designed and the authors linked respiration and the action of NSF in a convincing way. The analysis of RNA-seq data was also convincing, especially regarding the decreased expression of flocculation and adhesion genes, and the follow up of specific targets gives confidence in the data (though see Major point 12 below regarding the naming and expression levels of nsf1). The identification of hmt2 as a functional target of NSF was compelling and rigorous, and the authors offer an interesting hypothesis to connect this to respiration that could form the basis of future studies.

      At times I thought that some of the interpretation of the results was hard to follow, poorly worded, or off the mark (see comments below). The presentation of the CHiP seq data also felt incomplete, though the influence of Hsr1 and Adn2 on expression of NSF1 targets was convincing. The genome wide assays (RNA-seq, CHiP seq, screen and pull-down/mass spec) could have done with replicates which would have improved statistics and reliability of the results presented for those experiments, although for key messages, the authors followed up with convincing targeted experiments.

      The study represents an advance on recent work in NCR in fission yeast in linking this with the broad metabolic switch between fermentation and respiration, and in that sense makes this of interest to a broader swathe of the microbiology community, outside those interested in metabolic regulation in microbes. In addition to being of interest to applied researchers interested in producing metabolites with yeast and other microbes, the link to cell signaling and, via flocculation and adhesion genes, to microbial multicellular-like phenotypes would make this work of interest to those interested in microbial communities.

  8. Feb 2024
    1. The purported reason seems to be the claim that some people find "master" offensive. (FWIW I'd give that explanation more credence if the people giving it seem to be offended themselves rather than be offended on behalf of someone else. But whatever, it's their repo.)
    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Although the study by Xiaolin Yu et al is largely limited to in vitro data, the results of this study convincingly improve our current understanding of leukocyte migration.

      (1) The conclusions of the paper are mostly supported by the data although some clarification is warranted concerning the exact CCL5 forms (without or with a fluorescent label or His-tag) and amounts/concentrations that were used in the individual experiments. This is important since it is known that modification of CCL5 at the N-terminus affects the interactions of CCL5 with the GPCRs CCR1, CCR3, and CCR5 and random labeling using monosuccinimidyl esters (as done by the authors with Cy-3) is targeting lysines. Since lysines are important for the GAG-binding properties of CCL5, knowledge of the number and location of the Cy-3 labels on CCL5 is important information for the interpretation of the experimental results with the fluorescently labeled CCL5. Was the His-tag attached to the N- or C-terminus of CCL5? Indicate this for each individual experiment and consider/discuss also potential effects of the modifications on CCL5 in the results and discussion sections.

      (2) In general, the authors appear to use high concentrations of CCL5 in their experiments. The reason for this is not clear. Is it because of the effects of the labels on the activity of the protein? In most biological tests (e.g. chemotaxis assays), unmodified CCL5 is active already at low nM concentrations.

      (3) For the statistical analyses of the results, the authors use t-tests. Was it confirmed that data follow a normal distribution prior to using the t-test? If not a non-parametric test should be used and it may affect the conclusions of some experiments.

    1. Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons


      Reply to the reviewers

      Manuscript number: RC-2023-02270

      Corresponding author(s): Usha Vijayraghavan

      General Statements

      We thank all three Reviewers for their thorough assessment of our manuscript and their constructive feedback and comments.

      Point-by-point description of the revisions

      This section is mandatory. *Please insert a point-by-point reply describing the revisions that were already carried out and included in the transferred manuscript. *

      Reviewer #1

      We are encouraged by the very positive comments made on the significance of our study that it provides convincing insights on alternative modes of nuclear positioning and division which is an important question in cell biology. We also took all possible suggestions to improve the interpretation of our results, have also added some newer data to address the constructive points raised by the reviewer.

      Major comments:

      1. A) I am concerned about the lethal phenotype caused by slu7 deprivation. Slu7 deficiency causes defective nuclear positioning at the bud in late G2. This phenotype per se should not cause defective mitosis, so slu7 deficiency may also be interfering with other aspects of mitosis which might indeed impinge on cell viability.

      Response: Our data indeed show Slu7 knockdown has severe growth defect when grown on non-permissive media (YPD) where a two-fold difference in O.D. was seen by 12 hours (Supplementary figure 2.B).

      We agree with the reviewer that defective mitosis, arises from several aspects of cell cycle including those in mitosis. The data we present show G2 arrest, small-budded cells with unsegregated nuclei and large-budded cells with segregated nuclei, all which do not progress through cell cycle phases and contribute to the severe growth defect. Further, GO enrichment analysis of deregulated pathways on knockdown of Slu7 support the above findings as various cell cycle related pathways are abnormal in their expression levels. In this study, we have focused on an in depth analysis of the role of Slu7 in a particular window and uncover how it controls nuclear position for progress G2-M phase cell cycle progression. The likely targets and mechanisms by which Slu7 regulates other phases of the cell cycle which needs similar other deeper investigations in future. Our detailed analysis of nuclear movement in Slu7 knockdown cells grown in YPD for 12 hours showed no nuclear movement (Supplementary figure 3B) which is the terminal phenotype. To examine events that lead to nuclear mispositioning phenotype we investigated the dividing slu7kd cells grown in non-permissive media for only 6 hours; under these conditions Slu7 protein is still detected at lower amount (Supplementary figure 1D). From the studies of nuclear position, mitotic spindle position and dynein distribution in mother and daughter cell, we propose that in the dividing cells, the nucleus does not experience enough force to move inside the daughter bud during mitosis. Further, we delineate the role of Slu7 in the splicing of transcripts for PAC1 encoding a protein whose homolog in S. cerevisiae has a proven role in nuclear migration. In live imaging of slu7kd cells that show nuclear segregation at the start of live imaging, new bud was not formed till the end of 60 minutes, implying that are arrested after transition to mitosis. We could speculate a role for Slu7 through regulation of genes involved in mitotic exit or cytokinesis.

      1. B) Supp. Fig4 shows defective mitosis in TBZ, so TBZ may be exacerbating defective mitosis of slu7-deficient cells.

      __Response: __Studies with yeast and mammalian model systems have revealed that the mobility and repair of damaged DNA are compromised upon disruption of microtubules (Wu et al, 2008; Chung et al, 2015; Lottersberger et al, 2015; Lawrimore et al, 2017; Oshidari et al, 2018; Laflamme et al, 2019). These data point to reasons why the mutants in DNA damage checkpoint genes are sensitive to TBZ. In this context, we observed that CnSlu7 knockdown is also sensitive to MMS stress (shown below). In addition, recent work on human Slu7 in Hela cell lines has elucidated the its role in the maintenance of genome integrity by preventing the formation of R-loops (Jiménez et al, 2019). We suggest that TBZ may exacerbate the defective mitosis of Slu7 depleted cells, however, whether it is particular only to mitosis or to the other cellular processes where the microtubules are involved needs further investigation.

      Throughout the figures it can be observed uneven chromosome/nuclear segregation in cells deprived of slu7, however, these mitotic defects have not been mentioned or explored in depth. From Supp Figure 3C it can be inferred that CENP-A segregation is uneven. Is this correct? Is CENP-A-GFP segregation normal?

      __Response: __ It should be noted that in Cryptococcus, the kinetochore remains unclustered during the early phase of cell cycle, cluster to a single punctum at the end of G2 phase and then de-cluster at the end of mitosis. Since this is a highly dynamic process, its technically challenging to measure the intensity CENP-A in mother and daughter cell. In the fixed cell imaging or live imaging data, there are no appreciable differences in intensity of the GFP signal of the tagged proteins (H4 and CENPA). The uneven chromosome/nuclear segregation observed in certain panels images presented are due to technical issues in that particular stack while generating the montage. This has been re-examined and we infer that there are no major differences in the signals from GFP-H4 and GFP - CENPA through mitosis.

      Additionally, taking the cue from the reviewer’s comment, we examined the likelihood of improper chromosome segregation by evaluating if there are any appreciable cell populations that are aneuploid. We revisited our flow cytometry data, we found no significant difference in the population of aneuploid cells between the knockdown strain and wildtype strain grown in non-permissive condition for 12 hours. This data was assessed again in new experiments where we also analyzed by flow cytometry the ipl1 mutant where aneuploidy is reported (Varshney et al, 2019). It has been reported in Cryptococcus neoformans that aneuploid cells are resistance to anti-fungal drug fluconazole. Preliminary experiments showed that slu7kd cells were sensitive to fluconazole and in this assay were similar to wildtype cells. Hence, we speculate that chromosome segregation is normal in Slu7 depleted cells.

      If chromosome segregation is altered upon slu7 deprivation, this might also explain the drop in cell viability and slow growth rates of this condition.

      __Response: __ From live microscopy imaging and flow cytometry data, we believe that the chromosome segregation is normal in Slu7 depleted cells. Dilution spotting in permissive media after growth in non-permissive media revealed that slu7kd cells resumed growth without losing viability, indicating the arrest phenotype associated with the depletion of Slu7 is largely reversible and does not cause chromosome mis-segregation (figure is now added to manuscript as supplementary figure 2D). Prolonged arrest at various cell cycle phase might lead to cell death and hence drop in cell viability.

      The manuscript will improve if authors analyse chromosome segregation for example, by showing time-lapse images of chromosome dynamics during mitosis.

      __Response: __Chromosome dynamics during the mitotic phase is given below. We observe that the chromosome segregation is equal in both mother and daughter bud. The uneven chromosome/nuclear segregation observed in certain panels images presented in original manuscript were due to technical issues while generating the montage.

      The authors perform an RNA seq comparing wild-type cells with slu7 deficiency and detect changes in gene expression, however, they do not explore from this data the percentage of un-spliced introns genome-wide which might be very informative, even more than changes in gene expression, which many of them, might be an indirect consequence of Slu7 deficiency. Authors should re-analyze the RNA seq data looking for unprocessed mRNAs and provide information about the overall impact of slu7 in intron processing.

      __Response: __ A very detailed bioinformatic analysis of the impact on slu7 on global transcriptome and splice pattern, is an ongoing study in the laboratory. The findings are indeed giving good leads which are being validated by further experiments using mini-gene exon-intron constructs. These studies are extensive and form a future manuscript identifying and characterizing intronic features which predispose an intron towards Slu7 dependency. Therefore, it falls outside the scope for this study on the cell biological role of Slu7 on mitosis, specifically nuclear position to ensure faithful mitotic segregation.

      Minor comments:

      __ __1. "Previous studies of slu7 mutants in S. cerevisiae and the conditional knockdown of its S. pombe homolog". Consider replacing homolog with Ortholog.

      Response: The suggestion is well taken, and the word “homolog” has been replaced with word “ortholog”.

      1. A) Taking these results together, we conclude that the inability of the conditional mutant to grow in the non-permissive media is due to impaired progression through the G2-M phase of the cell cycle. Is the G2/M delay the cause of the slow growth phenotype of the Slu7 deficiency?

      Response: From the live microscopy, we note that even when the budding index for mitosis has been reached the nucleus in slu7kd cells is still in the mother cell and spends more time here rather than reaching the bud or bud neck. We present G2/M delay as ONE of the reasons for the slow growth of Slu7 depleted cells. Although we have showed that Slu7 depletion does not activate MAD2 dependent Spindle Assembly Checkpoint, we have not investigated the activation of other cell cycle checkpoints such as G2 DNA damage checkpoint. These are potential new leads as we infer from our RNA seq datasets that CHK1, TEL1, BDR1 and RAD51 show increased expression in Slu7 knockdown condition when compared to wildtype. It is therefore reasonable to conclude that Slu7 might play a role at various cell cycle phases through direct or indirect effect on genes involved in these phases. Delayed positioning of the nucleus during G2/M is one of the major effects that is investigated in depth in this study.

      1. B) If so, growth defects of slu7 deficiency could be suppressed by ectopic expression of G2/M activators.

      Response: We have not tested this possibility, but we predict that expression of G2/M activators would at best offer only partial rescue the growth defect of Slu7 depleted cells since multiple pathways are adversely affected in cells depleted of Slu7.

      In this line of investigation, we have tested the consequences of PAC1 overexpression, as PAC1 expression levels and splicing are affected by loss of Slu7. We report a partial rescue of nuclear position defect during mitosis, yet these cells were arrested at cytokinesis. Further, the unavailability of an array of suitable auxotrophic (or other) markers in this model system makes it technically challenging to do rescue experiments by overexpression of multiple candidate downstream genes.

      Supp Figure 3C, remove the drawing on the right. Adjust times relative to panels.

      Response: The drawing has been removed and the time points have been adjusted.

      1. Tracking the nucleus in wild-type cells with a small bud showed that the nucleus moved into the daughter bud, divided into two, and one-half migrated to the mother bud (Supplementary Figure 3B, top row).

      Please replace the sentence: "one-half" with "one of the daughter nuclei". Additionally, as this nuclear positioning occurring during late mitosis is due to spindle elongation, I would not use the term migrated but "positioned" or "moved". Nuclear movement into the bud, which is referred to as "moved", can indeed be named "migrated".

      Response: The word “migrated” in the above sentence has been replaced with the word “moved”.

      1. Indicates in Figure 2B the marker used (GFP-H4), as in Fig Supp 3B.

      Response: The marker has been indicated in the figure.

      1. Nuclear division initiates in the bud, and one of the divided nuclei with segregated chromosomes migrates back to the mother cell (Figure 2B, top panel, wildtype, quantified in Figure 2C grey bar).

      As mentioned before, I would not name this, nuclear migration as it is the result of spindle elongation, and it can be confusing or misleading for non-expert readers.

      Response: The word “migrate” in the above sentence has been replaced with the word “move”.

      1. These two conclusions should be revised and described in temporal/sequential order.
      2. Thus, we identify that the depletion of CnSlu7 severely affects the temporal and spatial sequence of events during mitosis, particularly nuclear migration and division.
      3. Together, these results confirmed that without affecting the kinetochore clustering, depletion of Slu7 affects nuclear migration during the G2 to mitotic transition in Cryptococcus neoformans.

      Response: We thank the reviewer for bringing out the clarity in the concluding statements. These has now been revised to read as follows:

      “Together, these results confirm that without affecting the kinetochore clustering, depletion of Slu7 affects nuclear movement during the G2 to mitotic transition in Cryptococcus neoformans. Thus, we identify that the depletion of CnSlu7 severely affects the temporal and spatial sequence of events during mitosis, particularly nuclear migration, and division.”

      1. In slu7d cells, in cells with small buds, numerous cMTs were nucleated from the MTOCs, and as the cell cycle progressed, they organized to form the unipolar mitotic spindle (Figure 3A, slu7kd GFP-TUB1 panel, time point 55 mins).

      Please, revise whether the term unipolar mitotic spindle is correct here.

      Response: The word unipolar has been removed.

      1. I suggest including page and line numbers in the manuscript to facilitate revision.

      Response: We regret missing out this formatting guideline. The Page and line numbers have provided.

      Reviewer #2

      We are thankful by the very positive comments on the significance of our work, its novelty and findings being of broad interest to microbiology; splicing; cell cycle and cell division communities. We respond to all comments raised below.

      1. The authors test the Mad2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint and show that it is not relevant for slu7-depletion. This is as expected if the defect is in nuclear positioning. They could test other checkpoint pathways that would monitor nuclear positioning in budding yeasts. Perhaps they have considered this: Bub2, Bfa1, Tem1, Lte1 mutants? I don't think this experiment is essential for publication, but it could strongly support their model.

      Response: We appreciate the comment on other checkpoints operating during mitosis. However, we have not done these experiments to examine role of components that arrest mitosis (Bub2, Tem1 etc.) in response to spindle or kinetochore damage. We hope the reviewer appreciates that this line of work would require the generation of bub2Δ strain and extensive characterization for their role in checkpoint in Cryptococcus before it can be brought into strains compromised for Slu7.

      __ Minor comments:__ 1. in Figure 3, Dyn1-GFP is imaged and in many of the cells in which Slu7 is depleted, nothing (or very little) can be seen. It is later argued that this is an indirect effect, due to defects in Pac1 and associated functions. Have the authors attempted a Dynein western blot (the 3xGFP tag should be quite sensitive)? It would be good to demonstrate that the Dynein motor complex hasn't simply fallen apart and Dynein been degraded in the slu7-depletion.

      Response: A study in S. cerevisiae has reported the dynein expression does not change in pac1Δ cells (Lee et al., 2003). Since the molecular weight of CnnDYN1 along with the tag is 630kDa, we did attempt the very challenging experiment of western blot to check for the expression levels this very large protein in wildtype and slu7kd cells. Based on the reviewer’s suggestion, we have attempted dot blot of protein lysates from wild type and from slu7kd cells probed with anti GFP antibody for estimating DYN-GFP levels. Untagged WT H99 strain was used as negative control. The same blot was stripped and re-probed for PSTAIRE which served as a loading control. This experiment revealed that dynein levels are same in both wildtype and slu7kd cells.

      in Figure 7: have any intronless genes been tested for rescue of the post-mitotic delay/arrest? This is not necessary for publication, but if any have been tested already, they could be listed here.

      Response: We have not tested intronless genes for their role in the rescue of post mitotic delay/arrest. From the RNA seq data, we observed that most of the genes involved in mitotic exit network (MEN) and cytokinesis were highly expressed in slu7kd cells as compared to the wildtype indicating and indirect role for Slu7 in their expression level. So, we had validated three candidates MOB2, CDC12 and DBF2 by qRT PCR (Supplementary 7.D) and found they were upregulated in slu7kd cells and hence speculate that deregulation of these transcript could contribute to the post mitotic arrest in slu7kd.

      In SFig2C legend make it clear that these cells are HU arrested at time zero. Are the cells in glucose or galactose during HU treatment.?

      Response: We regret the lack of clarity in the legend and the required details have been added. The cells were initially grown in non-permissive media for 2 hours to deplete Slu7 and then HU was added to the non-permissive media and the cell were allowed to grow for 4 hours.

      in SFig4, the TBZ sensitivity isn't very convincing as the slu7kd strain is struggling to grow at all on YPD.

      Response: We agree with the reviewer comment on the growth of slu7kd cells on media YPD containing TBZ. TBZ may exacerbate the defective mitosis of Slu7 depleted cells, however whether it pertains only to mitosis or any cellular processes where microtubules are involved requires further investigation.

      In SFig5 legend the volcano plot needs to be better explained. What are the dashed lines etc. ?

      Response: We regret missing these details on the volcano plot which has now been added to the legend.

      __Reviewer #3 __

      We appreciate the views that our work provides strong evidence to support out conclusions that Cryptococcus neoformans Slu7 controls mitotic progression by efficient splicing of cell cycle regulators and cytoskeletal elements. We have taken all comments of the reviewer into account to revise our manuscript with additional data, and by improving the presentation. The key additional data are summarized below.

      Major comments:

      1) The authors claimed that CnSlu7 is the most divergent among the fungal homologs and closer to its human counterpart (Fig. 1A, Supplementary Fig 1A). -Just based on the phylogenetic tree including limited members, as in Supplementary Fig. 1, it cannot be concluded that CnSlu7 is closer to its human counterpart since the basidiomycete yeast such as C. neoformans itself is more closely positions to humans compared to the ascomycete yeasts S. cerevisiae and Sch. pombe in phylogenetic tree analysis. It is strongly recommended to include other fungal species from the Basidiomycota, such as Ustilago maydis, in phylogenetic analysis in Supplementary Fig. 1. - Conservation analysis among diverse eukaryotes is more meaningful data that the conservation withing the fungi group, so that it is recommended that the data of Fig. 1 A would be replaced with the revised Supplementary Fig 1. -The analysis data on amino acid identities among Slu7 homologues should be presented to support the claim.

      Response: We agree with the reviewer that our data would be better served by an improved analysis of the phylogenetic relationship between various Slu7 homologs. We have therefore reconstructed the phylogenetic tree by including other fungal groups. This is presented here and also in the revised manuscript Supplementary Figure 1A. These data too, show that Cryptococcus (deneoformans and neoformans) Slu7 is the most diverged among its homologs from various fungal species with its closest homologs being other pathogens Puccinia graminis and Ustilago maydis.

      2) Despite that CnSlu7 is the main key subject, the comparative analysis of CnSlu7 to the previously reported Slu7 homologues, in the aspect of functional domain organization, is not provided in the present manuscript. - It was reported that Slu7 contains the four motifs that control its cellular localization and canonical function as a splicing factor, such as a nuclear location signal, a zinc knuckle motif, four stretches of leucine repeats and a lysine-rich domain. Notably, human Slu7 protein is 204 amino acids longer than S. cerevisiae homolog with only 24% identity in the zinc knuckle motif (Molecular Biology of the Cell Vol. 15, 3782-3795). Thus, it is strongly recommended to provide additional information on the conserved and diverged features of CnSlu7 compared to other Slu7 homologs as a part of revised Figure.

      Response: The multiple sequence alignment of Cryptococcus neoformans Slu7 with its fungal and higher eukaryote homologs such as human Slu7 and plant Slu7 proteins revealed that only the CCHC zinc finger motif is highly conserved. We do not detect conservation in the nuclear localization signal, stretch of leucine repeats and lysine rich domain except for leucine 3 stretch near the C terminal. This additional information is presented in revised Figure 1A.

      3) The manuscript clearly demonstrated that one of key targets of Slu7-mediated splicing is PAC1 in C. neoformans. Considering, Pac1 is also conserved from S. cerevisiae to human, it could be speculated that the defect of Slu7 can affect nuclear migration in other fungal species and human cells by inefficient splicing of PAC1, despite striking differences in their nuclear position during cell division. Please discuss this possibility or provide the qRT-PCR analysis data of PAC1 homologs in the available fungal Slu7 mutant strains.

      Response: Cell cycle arrest phenotypes of splicing factor mutants (studied largely in budding and fission yeast) results from inefficient pre-mRNA splicing of cell cycle-related genes. Slu7 is a well characterized second step splicing factor in S. cerevisiae where in vitro splicing assays with ACT1 minigene transcripts with a modified single intron showed ScSlu7 is dispensable for splicing when the branchpoint to 3'SS distance is less than seven nucleotides in the mini transcript (Brys and Schwer, 1996). In fission yeast we reported the effects of metabolic depletion of Slu7, which is an essential gene (Banerjee et al., 2013) and showed unexpectedly that in addition to BrP to 3'SS distance new intronic features contributors of dependency of fission yeast intron containing transcripts on Slu7 functions. The work also showed in multi-intronic transcripts its role is intron-specific and thus the candidate gene/ transcript is likely to be to dependent on Slu7 by virtue of the intronic features and not its biological function. In this study a splicing dependent role of CnSlu7 in cell cycle progression is investigated where based on a strong nuclear mis-positioning phenotype we narrowed on PAC1 transcripts as one of targets. We show PAC1, encoding a cytoskeletal factor, has introns dependent on CnSlu7 for efficient splicing and show partial rescue of nuclear position in strain complemented with expression of an intronless PAC1 gene. In this scenario, while it is likely that in other species where PAC1 exon-introns nucleotide sequences are similar to that in Cryptococcus a role for Slu7 may be predicted, for validation by other experimentalists.

      Interestingly, PAC1 in S. cerevisiae is an intronless gene and its homolog is not annotated in S. pombe. In human cell lines, knockdown of Slu7 by siRNA resulted in metaphase arrest by inefficient splicing of soronin – which is crucial in sister chromatid cohesion and correct spindle assembly, according to recent research in human cell lines (Jiménez et al., 2019).

      Hence the roles of splicing factor in cell cycle is through splicing of targets involved in cell cycle wherein the targets regulated by splicing factor may or may not be conserved in other species.

      Minor comments:

      General points 1) Provide information on the marker sizes in the data of qRT-PCR analysis presented in Figures 5 and 6, and Supplementary Fig 2A.

      Response: We regret the omission of this technical data and have corrected the same by providing the marker sizes in all the figures.

      2) Please unify the format of gene names. Some genes were written with superscript of "+", such as CLN1+ and PAC1+ in Fig. 4. What does "+" mean in the gene names?

      Response: We have taken the suggestion to carefully review the nomenclature of genes and their expressed transcripts as is typical for Cryptococcus neoformans. To depict the wildtype form of transcript we had used +. Thus CLN1+ was used to denote Cyclin 1 cellular transcript from expressed from its own locus without any modification of promoter or the intronic features.

      3) Supplementary Figure 1 C: Please correct "Slu7KD" 6 hrs YPD to "slu7kd" 6 hrs YPD.

      Response: This error has been corrected.

      4) Supplementary Figure 2A: What do "mRNA" and "No RT29X/", respectively, indicate?

      Response: The mRNA indicates the spliced form across any intron after intron is spliced out, so denotes exon-exon sequences in the mRNA. The reactions marked as “No RT 29 X” denote semi- quantitative PCR performed on DNase treated RNA sample, without reverse transcription to generate the cDNA. These reactions were done to confirm that there is no genomic DNA present in the RNA sample used for reverse transcription reaction of the cellular transcripts. Some of these details are now included in the Supp Fig 2A legend.

      5) Supplementary Figure 4C: Please provide brief explanation in the text on why the authors employed mad2Δ slu7kd cells.

      Response: In Page 8, line 6, we had provided the rationale for generating and studying mad2Δ slu7kd strain. This is recapitulated below:

      “To investigate whether Slu7 knockdown triggers the activation of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), we generated a strain with conditional slu7kd in cells with mad2Δ allele and the GFP-H4 nuclear marker.”

      6) Supplementary Figure 6D legend: Please correct the description of "slu7kd SH:Slu7 FL" from "expressing intronless PAC1" to "expressing full length of SLU7".

      Response: The error in the legend is regretted and this has been corrected.

      7) Supplementary Figure 7D: The authors confirmed that MOB2, CDC12, and DFB1 were expressed at higher levels in slu7kd when compared to wildtype. Please briefly explain in the text why the expression level of these genes in slu7kd was mentioned.

      Response: slu7kd cells expressing intronless Pac1 arrest post nuclear division. Revisiting our transcriptomic data, we found that genes involved in mitosis exit network and cytokinesis, such as DFB1, MOB2, CDC12, BUD4, and CHS2, were deregulated in slu7kd when compared to wildtype. We confirmed the same by performing qRT PCRs for three candidates, MOB2, DBF1 and CDC12 and that these transcript were expressed at high levels in knockdown when compared to wildtype.

      8) The species name should be written as abbreviation after the first mention. For example, please correct Cryptococcus neoformans to C. neoformans throughout manuscript.

      Response: The suggestion is well taken, and the required edits have been made throughout the text.

      9) Please unify the format of paper titles listed in References.

      Response: This formatting error is regretted and corrected to have all references in a single format.

      10) No page information for Hoffmann et al (2010) in References.

      Response: This omission is corrected.

      11) Update the information on the published journal of Chatterjee et al. (2021) in References.

      Response: This omission is regretted and is now corrected.

      12) Information on the authors, title, published journal and pages should be provided for the papers (Yadav and Sanyal, 2018; Sridhar et al., 2021) in Supplementary Table 1, which were not included in the main Reference list.

      Response: The references are now added to the main list.

      References used for addressing the reviewer’s comments:

      1. Chung DKC, Chan JNY, Strecker J, Zhang W, Ebrahimi-Ardebili S, Lu T, Abraham KJ, Durocher D, Mekhail K (2015) Perinuclear tethers license telomeric DSBs for a broad kinesin- and NPC-dependent DNA repair process. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/NCOMMS8742.
      2. Jiménez M, Urtasun R, Elizalde M, Azkona M, Latasa MU, Uriarte I, Arechederra M, Alignani D, Bárcena-Varela M, Alvarez-Sola G et al (2019) Splicing events in the control of genome integrity: Role of SLU7 and truncated SRSF3 proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 47: 3450–3466. doi:10.1093/nar/gkz014.
      3. Laflamme G, Sim S, Leary A, Pascariu M, Vogel J, D’Amours D (2019) Interphase Microtubules Safeguard Mitotic Progression by Suppressing an Aurora B-Dependent Arrest Induced by DNA Replication Stress. Cell Rep 26: 2875-2889.e3. doi:10.1016/J.CELREP.2019.02.051.
      4. Lawrimore J, Barry TM, Barry RM, York AC, Friedman B, Cook DM, Akialis K, Tyler J, Vasquez P, Yeh E et al (2017) Microtubule dynamics drive enhanced chromatin motion and mobilize telomeres in response to DNA damage. Mol Biol Cell 28: 1701–1711. doi:10.1091/MBC.E16-12-0846.
      5. Lee WL, Oberle JR, Cooper JA (2003) The role of the lissencephaly protein Pac1 during nuclear migration in budding yeast. J Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200209022.
      6. Lottersberger F, Karssemeijer RA, Dimitrova N, De Lange T (2015) 53BP1 and the LINC Complex Promote Microtubule-Dependent DSB Mobility and DNA Repair. Cell 163: 880–893. doi:10.1016/J.CELL.2015.09.057.
      7. Oshidari R, Strecker J, Chung DKC, Abraham KJ, Chan JNY, Damaren CJ, Mekhail K (2018) Nuclear microtubule filaments mediate non-linear directional motion of chromatin and promote DNA repair. Nat Commun doi:10.1038/S41467-018-05009-7.
      8. Varshney N, Som S, Chatterjee S, Sridhar S, Bhattacharyya D, Paul R, Sanyal K (2019) Spatio-temporal regulation of nuclear division by Aurora B kinase Ipl1 in Cryptococcus neoformans. PLoS Genet doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007959.
      9. Wu G, Zhou L, Khidr L, Guo XE, Kim W, Lee YM, Krasieva T, Chen PL (2008) A novel role of the chromokinesin Kif4A in DNA damage response. Cell Cycle 7: 2013–2020. doi:10.4161/CC.7.13.6130.
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      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      This manuscript reports the effects of depleting the Slu7 splicing factor in Cryptococcus neoformans. Mitotic defects are apparent, in particular in positioning the nucleus with cells struggling to get this into the bud (daughter) before chromosome segregation. The manuscript is well written, logically presented and the data of high quality. I suggest minor modifications and a few additional experiments that could be attempted.

      Major comments:

      • Are the key conclusions convincing? Yes. Splicing is clearly perturbed. Pac1 is likely to be one of the targets, as expression of an intronless minigene rescues the spindle positioning defect in the slu7 depleted cells. Importantly, other defects are still apparent (late mitotic delay/block) and so growth is not rescued. This is not surprising, as the expression of hundreds of genes are affected by Slu7-depletion.
      • the authors test the Mad2-dependent spindle assembly checkpoint, and show that it is not relevant for the slu7-depletion. This is as expected if the defect is in nuclear positioning. They could test other checkpoint pathways that would monitor nuclear positioning in budding yeasts. Perhaps they have considered this: Bub2, Bfa1, Tem1, Lte1 mutants? I don't think this experiment is essential for publication, but it could strongly support their model.
      • Are the data and the methods presented in such a way that they can be reproduced? Yes.
      • Are the experiments adequately replicated and statistical analysis adequate? Yes.

      Minor comments:

      • in Figure 3, Dyn1-GFP is imaged and in many of the cells in which Slu7 is depleted, nothing (or very little) can be seen. It is later argued that this is an indirect effect, due to defects in Pac1 and associated functions. Have the authors attempted a Dynein western blot (the 3xGFP tag should be quite sensitive)? It would be good to demonstrate that the Dynein motor complex hasn't simply fallen apart and Dynein been degraded in the slu7-depletion.
      • in Figure 7: have any intronless genes been tested for rescue of the post-mitotic delay/arrest? This is not necessary for publication, but if any have been tested already they could be listed here.
      • In SFig2C legend make it clear that these cells are HU arrested at time zero. Are the cells in glucose or galactose during HU treatment.?
      • in SFig4, the TBZ sensitivity isn't very convincing as the slu7kd strain is struggling to grow at all on YPD. In SFig5 legend the volcano plot needs to be better explained. What are the dashed lines etc. ?
      • Are prior studies referenced appropriately? Yes
      • Are the text and figures clear and accurate? Yes
      • Do you have suggestions that would help the authors improve the presentation of their data and conclusions? A few are listed above.

      Significance

      This manuscript will be of broad interest to the microbiology; splicing; cell cycle and cell division communities. The links between splicing and cell division is a novel area of research in Cryptococcus.

      I am an expert in mitotic regulation in yeast. Not a splicing expert.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      We wish to thank the reviewers for their helpful insightful comments. Their concerns were mainly related to the interpretation of the data, help in clarifying our statements and improving our discussion.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      This is a very interesting study It involves the utilization of hippocampal neuronal cultures from syntaxin 1 knock-out mice. These cultures serve as a platform for monitoring changes in synaptic transmission through electrophysiological recording of postsynaptic currents, upon lentiviral infection with various isoforms, chimeras, and point mutations of syntaxins.

      The authors observe the following:

      (1) Syntaxin2 restores neuronal viability and can partially rescue Ca2+-evoked release in syntaxin1 knock-out neurons that it is much slower (cumulative charge transfer differences) and with a clearly smaller RRP than when rescued with syntaxin1. In contrast, syntaxin2-mediated rescue leads to a high increase in spontaneous release (Figure 1). Convincingly, the authors conclude that syntaxin 1 is optimized for fast phasic release and for clamping of spontaneous release, in comparison with syntaxin2.

      (2) The replacement of the SNARE domain (or its C-terminal part) of syntaxin1 by the SNARE domain of syntaxin2 (or its C-terminal part) rescues the fast kinetics, but not the amplitude, of Ca2+-evoked release. This is associated with a decrease in the size of the RRP and an increase in spontaneous release. The probability of vesicular release (PVR) is a little bit increased, which is intriguing because a little decrease would be expected instead according to the reduced RRP, indicating that an enhancement of Ca2-dependent fusion is occurring at the same time by unknown mechanisms as the authors properly point out. The replacement of the Analogous experiments in which the SNARE domain of syntaxin1 is replaced into syntaxin2, reveals the exitance of differential regulatory elements outside the SNARE domain.

      (3) Different constructs of syntaxin 1 and syntaxin 2 display different expression levels. On the other hand, the expression levels of Munc-18 are associated with the characteristics of the transfected specific syntaxin construct. In any case, the electrophysiological phenotypes cannot be consistently explained by changes in Munc-18.

      (4) Mutations in several residues of the outer surface of the C-terminal half of the syntaxin1 SNARE domain lead to alterations in the RRP and the frequency of spontaneous release, but the changes cannot attributed to a change in the net surface charge, because the alterations occur even in paired mutations in which electrical neutrality is conserved.

      Comments:

      (1) This is a comment regarding the interpretation of the results. In general, the decrease in the RRP size is associated with the increased frequency of spontaneous release due to unclamping. The authors claim that both phenomena seem to be independent of each other. In any case, how can the authors discard the possibility that the unclamping of spontaneous release leads to a decrease in the RRP size?

      The main argument against the reduction of the RRP being caused by the observed increase in the mEPSC frequency is based on kinetics of refilling and depletion. The average time a vesicle fuses spontaneously after it becomes primed is 500 – 1000 seconds (spontaneous vesicle release rate – STX1 Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3). The time it takes to refill the RRP after depletion is in the order of 3 seconds (Rosenmund and Stevens, 1996). Therefore, the refilling of the RRP is more than 100 times faster. Even when the spontaneous release would increase 5 fold, this would lead to less than 5 % of the steady state depletion of the RRP.

      (2) The authors have analyzed the kinetics of mEPSCs and found differences (Fig2-Supp. Fig1; Fig2-Supp. Fig1). It would be interesting and pertinent to discuss these data in the context of potential phenotypes in the fusion pore kinetics involving syntaxin1 and syntaxin2 and their SNARE domains. Indeed, the figure will improve by including averaged traces of mEPSCs.

      We thank the reviewer for the idea. Upon closer examination of the changes in mEPSC rise time and mEPSC decay time we noticed a minor slowing in the mEPSC rise time from 0.443ms (SEM0.0067) of STX1A to 0.535ms (SEM0.0151) for STX1A-2(SNARE) or 0.507ms (SEM0.01251) for STX1A-2(Cter), while the mEPSC half widths did not change significantly. It is possible that the measured change is related to the detection algorithm as mEPSC detection at elevated frequencies becomes more difficult due to increased overlap of event, and we therefore prefer to refrain from making any mechanistic claims.

      Minor comments:

      (1) Fig2 J; Fig 3 J. It is difficult to distinguish between different colors and implementing a legend within the graph will be very helpful.

      (2) Fig3 H. Please change the color of the box plot for Stx1 A to improve the contrast with the individual data points.

      (3) Page 6. Line 225. "Figure 2D and E" should be corrected to "Figure 2C and D"

      (1) Colors were changed for clearer visualization. (2) Unfortunately, changing the color did not improve the contrast with the individual plots. However, the numerical data is all included in the data sheets of the corresponding figure. (3) The mistake was corrected.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Line 135-136: Are cited numbers cited in the text mean and SEM? Please indicate.

      Line 139 and Figure 1G: The difference between purple and blue was very hard to see on my hard copy.

      Line 152: Reference to Figure 1L should probably be 1K.

      Line 183: Reference to Figure 2C should probably be Figure 2F.

      Line 225: Reference to Figure 2D and 2E should probably be 2C and 2D.

      Line 239: Reference to Figure 3I should probably be 3H.

      All typos were addressed and colors were changed for better visualization.

      Line 210-211: Sentence ("One of the benefits..") is hard to understand.

      Thank you for noticing this mistake, agreeably the the sentence did not add any important or new information and so it was deleted. Additionally, the message of the mentioned sentence was already clearly stated in lines 209-211.

      Figure 4E-H misses data for STX2, for the figure to be arranged like Figure 5.

      Given that STX1 is the endogenous syntaxin in hippocampal neurons, we use it at a control for all the analysis done in STX2 and STX2-chimera experimental groups, thus it is included in Figure 3 and 5.

      It appears that the authors do not present or discuss the Western Blot in Fig. 4D. Are the quantitative results of the Western Blot consistent with or different from the quantification of the immunostainings (Fig. 4B-C)? A similar question for Figure 5D, which also seems not to be presented.

      In terms of quantification, we have relied mainly on the ICC experiments because they test also for putative impairments in transport to the presynaptic compartment. Our WB data are overall consistent with the results, but were not used to quantitate expression of our syntaxin chimeras and mutations in the STX1-null hippocampal neuron model.

      Figure 6F-G: The normalization of spontaneous vesicular release rates is not clear, because the vesicular release rates already contain a normalization (mEPSC rate divided by RRP size). Is a further normalization of the STX1A condition informative? The authors should consider presenting the release rates themselves. In any case, the normalization should be presented/explained, at least in the legends.

      The reviewer is in principle correct. Due to the large number of experimental groups we had to perform recordings from multiple cultures, where not all experimental groups were present, while the WT STX1 was present as a consistent control. The reduce culture to culture variability, additional normalization to the WT control group was performed. However, we also included the raw data numerical values in the data-source sheets (Normalized and absolute), which produce a similar overall outcome.

      References to Figure 7 subpanels (A, B, and C) are missing.

      Thank you for the comment. We have integrated all panels into one for better representation and understanding since they are representative of one another.

      Lines 330-339 and Figure 7 in Discussion: the authors discuss that adding the non-cognate STX2 SNARE-domain to syntaxin-1 might destabilize the primed state and decrease the fusion energy barrier (as indicated in Figure 7C). What is the evidence that the decrease in RRP size is not caused solely by the depletion of the pool due to the increased spontaneous fusion?

      Please see the comments to major point 2 of reviewer 1.

      Statistics: Missing is the number of observations (n) for all data. Even if all data points are displayed, this should be stated.

      N numbers are included in the data sheets attached to each figure.

      The statement (start of Discussion,) that the SNARE-domain of STX1 'plays a minimal role in the regulation for Ca2+-evoked release' is somewhat puzzling, since without the SNARE-domain in STX1 there would be no Ca2+-evoked release. I guess these statements (similar statements are found elsewhere) are due to the interesting finding that STX2 leads to a decrease in release kinetics, compared to STX1, and this is not (entirely) due to differences in the SNARE-domain. I would suggest rephrasing the finding in terms of release kinetics. Also, the statement in the last sentence of the Abstract is not clear.

      Thank you for pointing this out and we agree that our experiments showed strong impact of the syntaxin isoform exchange on release kinetics and overall release output. A similar comment came also from reviewer #3 and so, we have addressed both comments as one.

      Our confusing statement resulted from the order of the presented results and our summarizing remarks for each section. Our statement reflected our finding that mutating residues in the C-terminal part of the STX1 SNARE motif affected only spontaneous release and RRP size but not release efficacy. We now state (pg. 6 lines 231-233) that the data observed from the comparison of “the results obtained from the Ca2+-evoked release between STX1 and STX2 support major regulatory differences of the domains outside of the SNARE domain between isoforms”.

      We have changed the abstract pg. 2 lines 55-56

      We have changed the introduction pg. 3 lines 102-105 for a better contextualization.

      We have changed the start of the discussion pg. 9 lines 250-252 for better contextualization.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      In this manuscript, Salazar-Lázaro et al. presented interesting data that C-terminal half of the Syx1 SNARE domain is responsible for clamping of spontaneous release, stabilizing RRP, and also Ca2+-evoked release. The authors routinely utilized the chimeric approach to replace the SNARE domain of Syx1 with its paralogue Syx2 and analyzed the neuronal activity through electrophysiology. The data are straightforward and fruitful. The conclusions are partly reasonable. One obvious drawback is that they did not explore the underlying mechanism. I think it is easy for the authors to carry out some simple assays to verify their hypothesis for the mechanism, instead of just talking about it in the discussion section. In all, I appreciate the data presented in the manuscript. If the authors could supply more data on the mechanisms, this would be important research in the field. Some critical comments are listed below:

      We thank the reviewer for his/her comments and suggestions.

      Major comments:

      (1) In pg.3, lines 102-104, the authors stated that 'We found that the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of STX1.. ..while it is minimally involved in the regulation of Ca2+-evoked release.' But in pg.5, lines 174-176, they wrote that 'Replacement of the full-SNARE domain (STX1A-2(SNARE)) or the C-terminal half (STX1A-2(Cter)) of the SNARE domain of STX1A with the same domain from STX2 resulted in a reduction in the EPSC amplitude (Figure 2B).' and in pg.5-6, lines 197-199, they wrote that 'Taken together our results suggest that the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of STX1A is involved in the regulation of the efficacy of Ca2+-evoked release, the formation of the RRP and in the clamping of spontaneous release.' It puzzles me a lot as to what the authors are really trying to express for the relationship between C-half of the SNARE complex and Ca2+-evoked release (i.e., minimally involved or significantly participate in the process?). Please clarify and reorganize the contexts.

      Please see our reply to the last comment of reviewer 2.

      (2) Figure 1-figure supplement 1, the authors should analyze Syx1/VGlut1 level additionally. And, if possible, compare the difference between Syx1/VGlut1 and Syx2/VGlut1.

      The levels of STX1/VGlut1 and STX2/VGlut1 were analyzed in detail in Figures 4 and 5.

      The direct comparison between the expression levels of these two proteins is not possible since affinities of the antibodies to the target proteins are different and can induce potential biases. While this could be overcome by the use of a FLAG-tag to the syntaxin proteins, we have not utilized this approach in this publication. We in addition inferred sufficient and comparable expression of both syntaxins from their ability to rescue some of syntaxin1 loss of function phenotypes.

      (3) Figure 2D only analyzed the EPSC half-width, could the author alternatively analyze the rise/decay time? Also, in Figure 3-figure supplement 1, does it refer to the kinetic parameters of Syx2-1A in Figure 3? It is very confused.

      We have changed the text accordingly and each parameter is referenced to its corresponding figure for clarity. As for the decay and rise time of STX1 and STX1-chimeras, they are in Figure 2-figure supplement 1A and B.

      (4) On pg.4, lines 151-152, 'Finally, no change was observed in the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) between STX1A and STX2 groups (Figure 1L).' does not contain any explanations and comments for this observation in the texts.

      The small EPSC amplitudes and altered kinetics on the STX2 constricts (Figure 1 and Figure 3) have made it more difficult to quantitate paired pulse experiments. Therefore, we preferred not to overinterpret these measurements. The findings that the paired pulse data were not significantly different, fit with the vesicular release probability measurements which showed no major changes. We have made our statement on this basis.

      (5) On pg.6, lines 235-236, the authors wrote that 'Additionally, we found that only STX2-1A(SNARE) and STX2-1A(Cter) could rescue the RRP to around double of what we measured from STX2 and STX2-1A(Nter) (figure 3F)'. However, in Figure 3F, the authors indicated 'n.s.' (p>0.05) for the differences between STX2 and STX2-1A(SNARE)/STX2-1A(Cter). It is perplexing how the authors interpret their data. Definitely, the p-value could not be arbitrarily used as a criterion of difference. An easier way is that indicating the exact p-values for each comparison (indicate in figure legends or list in tables).

      We apologize for any confusion, and hope the modification gives more clarity in our interpretation. The calculated p-values are included in attached data source tables and hope this will provide clarity to our comparative analysis. We have changed the text in pg 7 lines 238-241 and are cautious to overinterpret these results and rely more on the data observed in STX1A-chimeras, which show significant changes in the RRP.

      (6) I noticed that the authors preferred using 'xx% increase/decrease' or 'xx-fold increase/decrease' to interpret their inter-group data. I would doubt whether the interpretations are appropriate. First, it seems that most of the individual scatters from one set were not subject to Gaussian distribution; also, the authors utilized non-parameter tests to compare the differences. Second, the authors did not explicitly indicate the method to calculate the % or fold, e.g., by comparing mean value or median. I think it is a bad choice to use the median to calculate fold changes; meanwhile, the mean value would also be biased, given the fact that the data were not Gaussian-distributed. The authors should be cautious in interpreting their data.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing the inaccuracy of our descriptions and have included the parameter used to calculated the percentage and fold increase/decrease in the materials and methods section. Specifically, the mean. Our intention is to plainly state the amount of change seen in a parameter based on the observed changes in the mean value. We agree with the reviewer that interpreting this could be problematic if we are speculating possible mechanisms. Further test should be conducted as to state whether similar increase/decrease changes in a parameter are due to the disturbance of the same mechanisms or different. E.g., we discussed whether the regulation of SYT1 might be or not be the mechanism affected in some of the chimeras that show an increase in the spontaneous release rate, for the release rate observed in some is massively higher than that seen in SYT1-KO (Bouazza-Arostegui et al., 2022). It is tempting to speculate that it could be due to other mechanisms based on the differences in the changes. For this reason, we have given an array of possible mechanisms affected when we manipulate the SNARE domain of STX1.

      (7) The authors routinely analyzed the levels of Munc18-1 in neuronal lysates by WB and Munc18-1/VGlut1 by immunofluorescence in various Syx1 mutants. However, in my view, these assays were slightly indirect. It is evident that the SNARE domain of Syx1 participates in the binding to Munc18-1 according to the atomic structures (pdb entries: 3C98 and 7UDB). Meanwhile, Han et al. reported that K46E mutation (located in domain 1 of Munc18-1) strongly impairs Syx1 expression, Syx1-interaction, vesicle docking and secretion (Han et al., 2011, PMID: 21900502). Intriguingly, the residue K46 of Munc18-1, which is close to D231/R232 of Syx1, may have potential electrostatic contacts to D231 and R232 of Syx1. This is reminiscent of the possibility that Syx1D231/R232 and some Syx1-2 chimeras lost their normal function through their defective binding to Munc18-1.nmb, To better understand the underlying mechanism, the authors may need to carry out in vivo and/or in vitro binding analysis between syntaxin mutants/chimeras and Munc18-1. They also need to conduct more discussions about the issue.

      We express our gratitude for the identification of a previously overlooked aspect in our investigation of the interplay between Munc18-1 and STX1. In response, we have incorporated additional discourse on this matter in pg11 lines 419-431.

      Additionally, we appreciate the thoughtful suggestion regarding additional experiments to further explore the molecular relationship between Munc18-1 and STX1. We agree that co-immunoprecipitation experiments (either by using an antibody against Munc18-1 or STX1 and STX2) would offer greater insight into whether the binding of these proteins is affected in the isoform or the mutants. Notably, we performed immunoprecipitation experiments by using neuronal lysates of the corresponding groups and using STX1A and STX2 antibodies for the pull-downs. However, we were unable to co-IP Munc18-1 when doing so. Changing the conditions of the experiment did not yield better results and so these experiments remained inconclusive for the moment. For this reason, we included it as an open question and a potential concluding hypothesis of the molecular mechanism. However, Shi et al., 2021, have performed co-IP assays using Munc18-1-wt and a mutant form which affects the binding to the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of STX, and STX1-wt and a STX mutants targeting some of our residues of interest and showed a decrease in the pulled-down levels of Munc18-1 using HeLa cells. We have made sure to mention the conclusion of this important publication in our discussion.

      (8) The third possible mechanism (i.e., interaction with Syt1) proposed by the authors seems more reasonable. However, the discussions raised by the authors were not enough. For instance, plenty of literature has indicated that Syt1 may participate in synaptic vesicle priming through stabilizing partially or fully assembled SNARE complex (Li et al., 2017, PMID: 28860966; Bacaj et al., 2015, PMID: 26437117; Mohrmann et al., 2013, PMID: 24005294; Wang et al., 2011; PMID: 22184197; Liu et al., 2009, PMID: 19515907); complexins are also SNARE binding modules that regulate synaptic exocytosis. Lack of complexins could lead to unclasping of spontaneous fusion of synaptic vesicles, though it causes severe Ca2+-triggered release at the same time (Maximov et al., 2009, PMID: 19164751). Meanwhile, different domains of complexin may accomplish different steps of SV fusion, early research had indicated that the C-terminal sequence of complexin is selectively required for clamping of spontaneous fusion and priming but not for Ca2+-triggered release (Kaeser-Woo et al., 2012, PMID: 22357870). Likewise, if possible, the authors may need to carry out in vivo and/or in vitro binding analysis to confirm their hypothesis.

      The exploration of complexin´s involvement was limited in our study primarily due to our methodological focus on comprehending molecular mechanisms concerning the sequence disparities between STX1 and STX2. Our laboratory has studied the role of Complexin extensively, and we certainly have had a possible involvement in mind. However, since the sites identified on syntaxin are either conserved between STX1 and STX2 or not close to the central or accessory helical domains of complexin, we did not perform experiments to test putative interactions, and we refrained from discussing complexin in this paper.

      (9) Lastly, I would suspect that whether the defects of Syx2 and Syx1 chimeras were caused by the SNARE complex itself, from another point of view that is different from the hypothesis raised by the authors. Changing the outward residues (or we say the solvent-accessible residues) of the SNARE complex may affect the stability, assembly kinetics, and energetics (Wang and Ma, 2022, PMID: 35810329; Zorman et al., 2014, PMID: 25180101), especially for the C-terminal halves. Is this another possible mechanism through which the C-terminus of Syx1 might contribute to SV priming and clamping of spontaneous release? The authors should at least conduct some discussions about the point.

      Thank you for this suggestion. We indeed assumed that since the hydrophobic layers of the SNARE domains that form the hydrophobic pocket of STX2 and STX1 are mainly conserved, that the intrinsic stability of the SNARE complex is largely unchanged. Additionally, Li et al., (2022) PMID: 35810329 examined the stability of the alfa-helix structure of the SNARE domain of SNAP25. And while they found no changes in the stability and formation of the alfa-helix when mutating outwards-facing residues for methodological purposes (bimane-tryptophan quenching), their study did not selectively explore the effect of mutations of outer-surface residues on the stability of the alfa-helix.

      Zorman et al., (2014) PMID: 25180101, as noted by the reviewer, observed that changes in the sequence of the SNARE domain (by using SNARE proteins from different trafficking systems (neuron, GLUT4, yeast…) correlated with changes in the step-wise SNARE complex assembly. However, they also did not selectively mutate the outer solvent-accessible residues, hindering conclusive speculations in the contribution of said residues on the kinetics and energetics of assembly and intrinsic stability of the SNARE complex.

      Upon petition of the reviewer, we have added this paragraph to discuss an additional mechanism:

      “As a final remark, it is possible that the changes in the spontaneous release rate and the priming stability may stem from a reduced stability of the SNARE complex itself through putative interactions between outer surface residues. Studies of the kinetics of assembly of the SNARE complex which mutate solvent-accessible residues in the C-terminal half of the SNARE domain of SYB2 have shown reduction in the stability of the SNARE complex assembly and are correlated with impaired fusion (Jiao et al., 2018). However, STX1 mutations of outward residues were inconclusive and were always accompanied by hydrophobic layer mutations (Jiao et al., 2018), which affect the assembly kinetics and energetics of the SNARE complex (Ma et al., 2015). Single molecule optical-tweezer studies have focused on the impact of regulatory molecules on the stability of assembly such as Munc18-1 (Ma et al., 2015; Jiao et al., 2018) and complexin (Hao et al., 2023), or on the intrinsic stability of the hydrophobic layers in the step-wise assembly of the SNARE complex (Gao et al., 2012; Ma et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2017). Although the conserved hydrophobic layers in the SNARE domains of STX1A and STX2 (Figure 1) suggest unchanged zippering and intrinsic stability of the complex, further studies addressing the contribution of surface residues on the stability of the alfa-helix structure of the SNARE domain of STX1 (Li et al., 2022) or the stability of the SNARE complex should be conducted.”

      Minor comments:

      (1) In pg.6, line 236, 'figure 3F', the initial 'f' should be uppercased.

      (3) On pg.11, line 396, the section title 'The interaction of the C-terminus of de SNARE domain of STX1A with Munc18-1 in the stabilization of the primed pool of vesicles.' The word 'de' is confusing, please check.

      (4) In pg.12, line 446, the section title, should 'though' be 'through'?

      These comments have been acknowledged and changed. Thank you

      (2) In pg.7, line 239, '..had an increased PVR (Figure 3G), no change in the release rate (Figure 3I)', should Figure 3I be Figure 3H? and line 240, 'and an increase in short-term depression during 10Hz train stimulation (Figure 3I)', should Figure 3I be Figure 3J? If so, Figure 3I will not be cited in the texts and lack adequate interpretations. Please check.

      We apologize for the oversight in not referencing this specific subpanel of the figure and have incorporated the reference in the text. Additionally, our interpretation of this data is connected to the mechanisms that govern efficacy of Ca2+-evoked response, and its dependence on the integrity of the entire-SNARE domain. We wish to highlight the modifications made to the discussion on the regulation of the Ca2+-evoked response based on previous reviewer comment #1, and a similar comment from reviewer #2 (as stated previously).

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This study presents a useful characterization of the biochemical consequences of a disease-associated point mutation in a nonmuscle actin. The study uses solid and well-characterized in vitro assays to explore function. In some cases the statistical analyses are inadequate and several important in vitro assays are not employed.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Strengths:

      The authors first perform several important controls to show that the expressed mutant actin is properly folded, and then show that the Arp2/3 complex behaves similarly with WT and mutant actin via a TIRF microscopy assay as well as a bulk pyrene-actin assay. A TIRF assay showed a small but significant reduction in the rate of elongation of the mutant actin suggesting only a mild polymerization defect.

      Based on in silico analysis of the close location of the actin point mutation and bound cofilin, cofilin was chosen for further investigation. Faster de novo nucleation by cofilin was observed with mutant actin. In contrast, the mutant actin was more slowly severed. Both effects favor the retention of filamentous mutant actin. In solution, the effect of cofilin concentration and pH was assessed for both WT and mutant actin filaments, with a more limited repertoire of conditions in a TIRF assay that directly showed slower severing of mutant actin.

      Lastly, the mutated residue in actin is predicted to interact with the cardiomyopathy loop in myosin and thus a standard in vitro motility assay with immobilized motors was used to show that non-muscle myosin 2A moved mutant actin more slowly, explained in part by a reduced affinity for the filament deduced from transient kinetic assays. By the same motility assay, myosin 5A also showed impaired interaction with the mutant filaments.

      The Discussion is interesting and concludes that the mutant actin will co-exist with WT actin in filaments, and will contribute to altered actin dynamics and poor interaction with relevant myosin motors in the cellular context. While not an exhaustive list of possible defects, this is a solid start to understanding how this mutation might trigger a disease phenotype.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive evaluation of our work.

      Weaknesses:

      • Potential assembly defects of the mutant actin could be more thoroughly investigated if the same experiment shown in Fig. 2 was repeated as a function of actin concentration, which would allow the rate of disassembly and the critical concentration to also be determined.

      The polymerization rate of individual filaments observed in TIRFM experiments showed only minor changes, as did the bulk-polymerization rate of 2 µM actin in pyrene-actin based experiments. Therefore, we decided not to perform additional pyrene-actin based experiments, in which we titrate the actin concentration, as we expect only very small changes to the critical concentration. Instead, we focused on the disturbed interaction with ABPs, as we assume these defects to be more relevant in an in vivo context. Using pyrene-based bulkexperiments, we did determine the rate of dilution-induced depolymerization of mutant filaments and compare them with the values determined for wt (Figure 5A, Table 1).

      • The more direct TIRF assay for cofilin severing was only performed at high cofilin concentration (100 nM). Lower concentrations of cofilin would also be informative, as well as directly examining by the TIRF assay the effect of cofilin on filaments composed of a 50:50 mixture of WT:mutant actin, the more relevant case for the cell.

      The TIRF assay for cofilin severing was performed initially over the cofilin concentration range from 20 to 250 nM. The results obtained in the presence of 100 nM cofilin allow a particularly informative depiction of the differences observed with mutant and WT actin. This applies to the image series showing the changes in filament length, cofilin clusters, and filament number as well as to the graphs showing time dependent changes in the number of filaments and total actin fluorescence. We have not included the results for a 50:50 mixture of WT:mutant actin because its attenuating effect is documented in several other experiments in the manuscript.

      • The more appropriate assay to determine the effect of the actin point mutation on class 5 myosin would be the inverted assay where myosin walks along single actin filaments adhered to a coverslip. This would allow an evaluation of class 5 myosin processivity on WT versus mutant actin that more closely reflects how Myo5 acts in cells, instead of the ensemble assay used appropriately for myosin 2.

      Our results with Myo5A show a less productive interaction with mutant actin filaments as indicated by a 1.7-fold reduction in the average sliding velocity and an increase in the optimal Myo5A-HMM surface density from 770 to 3100 molecules per µm2. These results indicate a reduction in binding affinity and coupling efficiency, with a likely impact on processivity. We expect only a small incremental gain in knowledge about the extent of changes by performing additional experiments with an inverted assay geometry, given that under physiological conditions the motor properties of Myo5A and other cytoskeletal myosins are modulated by other factors such as the presence of tropomyosin isoforms and other actin binding proteins.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Greve et al. investigated the effects of a disease-associated gamma-actin mutation (E334Q) on actin filament polymerization, association of selected actin-binding proteins, and myosin activity. Recombinant wildtype and mutant proteins expressed in sf9 cells were found to be folded and stable, and the presence of the mutation altered a number of activities. Given the location of the mutation, it is not surprising that there are changes in polymerization and interactions with actin binding proteins. Nevertheless, it is important to quantify the effects of the mutation to better understand disease etiology.

      We thank the reviewer for the positive evaluation of our work.

      Some weaknesses were identified in the paper as discussed below.

      • Throughout the paper, the authors report average values and the standard-error-of-the-mean (SEM) for groups of three experiments. Reporting the SEM is not appropriate or useful for so few points, as it does not reflect the distribution of the data points. When only three points are available, it would be better to just show the three different points. Otherwise, plot the average and the range of the three points.

      We have gone through the manuscript carefully to correct any errors in the statistics, as explained below.

      Figure 1B, 5B, 5C, 5D, 8D, 9B, and 8 – figure supplement 2 all show the mean ± SD, as also correctly reported for Figure 8E and 8F in the figure legend. The statement, that these figures show the mean ± SEM was inaccurate. We corrected this mistake for all the listed figures. Furthermore, we now give the exact N for every experiment in the figure legend.

      Figure 2C, 2E, 2F, 4B, 5A, 6B-E showed the mean ± SEM. As suggested by the reviewer, we corrected the figures to show the mean ± SD.

      We still refer to the mean ± SEM in Figure 2B, where elongation rates for more than 100 filaments were recorded, and in Figure 8B, where sliding velocities for several thousand actin filaments were measured.

      • The description and characterization of the recombinant actin is incomplete. Please show gels of purified proteins. This is especially important with this preparation since the chymotrypsin step could result in internally cleaved proteins and altered properties, as shown by Ceron et al (2022). The authors should also comment on N-terminal acetylation of actin.

      We added an additional figure showing the purification strategy for the recombinant cytoskeletal γ –actin WT and p.E334Q protein with exemplary SDS-gels from different stages of purification (Figure 1 – figure supplement 1).

      In a previous paper, we reported the mass spectrometric analysis of the post-translational modifications of recombinant human β- and γ-cytoskeletal actin produced in Sf-9 cells. (Müller et al., 2013, Plos One). Recombinant actin showing complete N-terminal processing resulting in cleavage of the initial methionine and acetylation of the following aspartate (β-actin) or glutamate (γ-actin) is the predominant species in the analyzed preparations (> 95 %). While the recombinant actin in the 2013 study was produced tag-free and purified by affinity chromatography using the column-immobilized actin-binding domain of gelsolin (G4-G6), we have no reason to assume that the purification strategy using the actin-thymosin-β4 changes the efficiency of the N-terminal processing in Sf-9 cells. This is supported by our, yet unpublished, mass-spectrometric studies on recombinant human α-cardiac actin purified using the actin- thymosin-β4 fusion construct, which revealed actin species with an acetylated aspartate-3. This N-terminal modification of α-cardiac actin is catalyzed by the same actinspecific acetyltransferase (NAA80) as the acetylation of asparate-2 or glutamate-2 in cytoskeletal actin isoforms (Varland et al., 2019, Trends in Biochemical Sciences). Furthermore, additional studies that used the actin-thymosin-β4 fusion construct for the production of recombinant human cytoskeletal actin isoforms in Pichia pastoris reported robust N-terminal acetylation, when the actin was co-produced with NAA80 (In contrast to Sf-9 cells, NAA80 is not endogenously expressed in Pichia pastoris) (Hatano et al., 2020, Journal of Cell Science).

      We therefore, added the following statement to the manuscript:

      “Purification of the fusion protein by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, followed by chymotrypsin–mediated cleavage of C–terminal linker and tag sequences, results in homogeneous protein without non–native residues and native N-terminal processing, which includes cleavage of the initial methionine and acetylation of the following glutamate. “

      • The authors do not use the best technique to assess actin polymerization parameters. Although the TIRF assay is excellent for some measurements, it is not as good as the standard pyrene-actin assays that provide critical concentration, nucleation, and polymerization parameters. The authors use pyrene-actin in other parts of the paper, so it is not clear why they don't do the assays that are the standard in the actin field.

      The polymerization rate of individual filaments observed in TIRFM experiments showed only minor changes, as did the bulk-polymerization rate of 2 µM actin in pyrene-actin based experiments. Therefore, we decided not to perform additional pyrene-actin based experiments, in which we titrate the actin concentration, as we expect only very small changes to the critical concentration. Instead, we focused on the disturbed interaction with ABPs, as we assume these defects to be more relevant in an in vivo context. Using pyrene-based bulkexperiments, we did determine the rate of dilution-induced depolymerization of mutant filaments and compare them with the values determined for WT (Figure 5A, Table 1).

      • The authors' data suggest that, while the binding of cofilin-1 to both the WT and mutant actins remains similar, the major defect of the E334Q actin is that it is not as readily severed/disassembled by cofilin. What is missing is a direct measurement of the severing rate (number of breaks per second) as measured in TIRF.

      The severing rate as measured in TIRF is dependent on a number of parameters in a nonlinear manner. Therefore, we opted to show the combination of images directly showing the progress of the reaction and graphs summarizing the concomitant changes in cofilin clusters, actin filaments, actin-related fluorescence intensity and cofilin-related fluorescence intensity.

      • Figure 4 shows that the E334Q mutation increases rather than decreases the number of filaments that spontaneously assemble in the TIRF assay, but it is unclear how reduced severing would lead to increased filament numbers, rather, the opposite would be expected. A more straightforward approach would be to perform experiments where severing leads to more nuclei and therefore enhances the net bulk assembly rate.

      Figure 4 shows polymerization experiments that were started from ATP-G-actin in the presence of cofilin-1. These experiments show clearly that, especially at the higher cofilin-1 concentration (100 nM), the filament number is strongly increased in experiments performed with mutant actin. Inspection of the corresponding videos of these TIRFM experiments suggest that the increased number of filaments must result from an increased number of de novo nucleation events and not primarily from a mutation-induced change in severing susceptibility. The observation of a cofilin-stimulated increase in the de novo nucleation efficiency of actin was initially described by Andrianantoandro & Pollard (2006, Molecular Cell) using TIRFMbased experiments and is thought to arise from the stabilization of thermodynamically unfavorable actin dimers and trimers by cofilin. While the exact role of this cofilin-mediated effect in vivo is not completely clear, it is thought to contribute to cofilin-meditated actin dynamics synergistically with cofilin-mediated severing. It is therefore necessary, to clearly distinguish between the two effects of cofilin in vitro: stimulation of de novo nucleation and stimulation of filament disassembly. Our data indicated that the E334Q mutation affects these two effects differentially, as we state in the abstract and in the discussion.

      Abstract: “E334Q differentially affects cofilin-mediated actin dynamics by increasing the rate of cofilin-mediated de novo nucleation of actin filaments and decreasing the efficiency of cofilin-mediated filament severing.”

      Discussion: “Cofilin-mediated severing and nucleation were previously proposed to synergistically contribute to global actin turnover in cells (Andrianantoandro & Pollard, 2006; Du & Frieden, 1998). Our results show that the mutation affects these different cofilin functions in actin dynamics in opposite ways. Cofilin-mediated filament nucleation is more efficient for p.E334Q monomers, while cofilin-mediated severing of filaments containing p.E334Q is significantly reduced. The interaction of both actin monomers and actin filaments with ADF/cofilin proteins involves several distinct overlapping reactions. In the case of actin filaments, cofilin binding is followed by structural modification of the filament, severing and depolymerizing the filament (De La Cruz & Sept, 2010). Cofilin binding to monomeric actin is followed by the closure of the nucleotide cleft and the formation of stabilized “long-pitch” actin dimers, which stimulate nucleation (Andrianantoandro & Pollard, 2006)”.

      We interpret the reviewer's suggestion to mean that additional pyrene-actin-based bulk polymerization experiments should be performed to investigate the bulk-polymerization rate of ATP-G-actin in the presence of cofilin-1. In our understanding, these experiment would not provide additional value as 1) An observed increase of the bulk-polymerization rate cannot be directly correlated to a change of the efficiency of de novo nucleation or severing and 2) the effect of the mutation on cofilin-mediated filament disassembly was extensively analyzed in other experiments starting from preformed actin filaments. Moreover, our results are consistent with in silico modelling and normal mode analysis of the WT and mutant actin-cofilin complex.

      • Figure 5 A: in the pyrene disassembly assay, where actin is diluted below its critical concentration, cofilin enhances the rate of depolymerization by generating more free ends. The E334Q mutation leads to decreased cofilin-induced severing and therefore lower depolymerization. While these data seem convincing, it would be better to present them as an XY plot and fit the data to lines for comparison of the slopes.

      We now present the data as suggested by the reviewer. Furthermore, we determined the apparent second-order rate constant for cofilin-induced F-actin depolymerization (kc) to quantify the observed differences between WT, mutant and heterofilaments, as suggested by the reviewer.

      The paragraph describing these results was changed accordingly:

      “The observed rate constant values are linearly dependent on the concentration of cofilin–1 in the range 0–40 nM, with the slope corresponding to the apparent second– order rate constant (kC) for the cofilin-1 induced depolymerization of F–actin. In experiments performed with p.E334Q filaments, the value obtained for kC was 4.2-fold lower (0.81 × 10-4 ± 0.08 × 10-4 nM-1 s-1) compared to experiments with WT filaments (3.42 × 10-4 ± 0.22 × 10-4 nM-1 s-1). When heterofilaments were used, the effect of the mutation was reduced to a 2.2-fold difference compared to WT filaments (1.54 × 10-4 ± 0.11 × 10-4 nM-1 s-1).”

      • Figure 5 B and C: the cosedimentation data do not seem to help elucidate the underlying mechanism. While the authors report statistical significance, differences are small, especially for gel densitometry measurements where the error is high, which suggests that there may be little biological significance. Importantly, example gels from these experiments should be shown, if not the complete set included in the supplement. In B, the higher cofilin concentrations would be expected to stabilize the filaments and thus the curve should be Ushaped.

      We do not completely agree with the reviewer on this point. We think the co-sedimentation experiments are useful, as they show that cofilin-1 efficiently binds to mutant filaments, but is less efficient in stimulating disassembly in these endpoint-experiments. This information is not provided by the analysis of the effect of cofilin-1 on the bulk-depolymerization rate and adds to our understanding of the defect of the actin-cofilin interaction for the mutant.

      While we agree with the reviewer on the point that co-sedimentation experiments must be repeated several times to produce reliable data, we cannot fully grasp the reasoning behind the statement “While the authors report statistical significance, differences are small, especially for gel densitometry measurements where the error is high, which suggests that there may be little biological significance.”. We interpret this statement as advice to be cautious when extrapolating the observed perturbances of cofilin-mediated actin dynamics in vitro to the in vivo context. We think we are cautious about this throughout the manuscript.

      The author expects a U-shape curve, as high cofilin concentrations are reported to stabilize actin filaments by completely decorating the filament before severing-prone boundaries between cofilin-decorated and undecorated regions are generated. We have also performed these experiment with cytoskeletal β-actin and human cofilin-1 and never observed this U shape. This indicates that significant filament disassembly also happens at high cofilin concentrations, most likely directly after mixing of F-actin and cofilin. We cannot rule out that the incubation time plays an important role and that the U-shape only appears after longer incubation times. We also want to direct the reviewer to the publication “A Mechanism for Actin Filament Severing by Malaria Parasite Actin Depolymerizing Factor 1 via a Low Affinity Binding Interface” (Wong et al. 2013, JBC) in which comparable co-sedimentation experiments were performed (Figure 5E-G) with rabbit skeletal α-actin and human cofilin-1 and also no Ushaped curves were observed, even at higher molar excess of cofilin-1 compared to our experiments and with longer incubation times (1 hour vs. 10 minutes).

      We now included an exemplary gel showing co-sedimentation experiments performed with WT, mutant actin and different concentrations of cofilin at pH 7.8 in the manuscript (Figure 5 – figure supplement 2)

      • Figure 5 D: these data show that the binding of cofilin to WT and E334Q actin is approximately the same, with the mutant binding slightly more weakly. It would be clearer if the two plots were normalized to their respective plateaus since the difference in arbitrary units distracts from the conclusion of the figure. If the difference in the plateaus is meaningful, please explain.

      As suggested by the reviewer, we normalized the data for a better understanding of the message conveyed.

      • Figure 6: It is assumed that the authors are trying to show in this figure that cofilin binds both actins approximately the same but does not sever as readily for E334Q actin. The numerous parameters measured do not directly address what the authors are actually trying to show, which presumably is that the rate of severing is lower for E334Q than WT. It is therefore puzzling why no measurement of severing events per second per micron of actin in TIRF is made, which would give a more precise account of the underlying mechanism.

      The severing rate as measured in TIRF is dependent on a number of parameters in a nonlinear manner. Therefore, we opted to show the combination of images directly showing the progress of the reaction and graphs summarizing the concomitant changes in cofilin clusters, actin filaments, actin-related fluorescence intensity and cofilin-related fluorescence intensity.

      • Actin-activated steady-state ATPase data of the NM2A with mutant and WT actin would have been extremely useful and informative. The authors show the ability to make these types of measurements in the paper (NADH assay), and it is surprising that they are not included for assessing the myosin activity. It may be because of limited actin quantities. If this is the case, it should be indicated.

      Indeed, the measurement of the steady-state actin-activated ATPase with recombinant cytoskeletal actin is very material-intensive and therefore costly, as a complete titration of actin is required for the generation of meaningful data. Since the vast majority of our assays involving a myosin family member were performed with NM2A-HMM, we decided to perform a full actin titration of the steady-state actin-activated ATPase of NM2A-HMM with WT and mutant filaments. The results of these experiments are now shown in Figure 8C. The panel showing the results used for determining the dissociation rate constants (k-A) for the interaction of NM2C-2R with p.E334Q or WT γ –actin in the absence of nucleotide was moved to the supplement (Figure 8 – figure supplement 2).

      We added the following paragraph to the Material and Methods section concerning the Steady-State ATPase assay:

      “For measurements of the basal and actin–activated NM2A–HMM ATPase, 0.5 µM MLCKtreated HMM was used. Phalloidin–stabilized WT or mutant F-actin was added over the range of 0–25 µM. The change in absorbance at 340 nm due to oxidation of NADH was recorded in a Multiskan FC Microplate Photometer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). The data were fitted to the Michaelis-Menten equation to obtain values for the actin concentration at half-maximal activation of ATP-turnover (Kapp) and for the maximum ATP-turnover at saturated actin concentration (kcat).”

      Furthermore, we added a description of the results of the experiments to the Results section of the manuscript:

      “Using a NADH-coupled enzymatic assay, we determined the ability of p.E334Q and WT filaments to activate the ATPase of NM2A-HMM over the range of 0-25 µM F-actin (Figure 8C). While we observed no significant difference in Kapp, indicated by the actin concentration at half-maximal activation, in experiments with p.E334Q filaments (2.89 ± 0.49 µM) and WT filaments (3.20 ± 0.74 µM), we observed a 28% slower maximal ATP turnover at saturating actin concentration (kcat) with p.E334Q filaments (0.076 ± 0.005 s-1 vs. 0.097 ± 0.002 s-1).”

      • (line 310) The authors state that they "noticed increased rapid dissociation and association events for E334Q filaments" in the motility assay. This observation motivates the authors to assess actin affinities of NM2A-HMM. Although differences in rigor and AM.ADP affinities are found between mutant and WT actins, the actin attachment lifetimes (many minutes) are unlikely to be related to the rapid association and dissociation event seen in the motility assay. Rather, this jiggling is more likely to be related to a lower duty ratio of the myosins, which appears to be the conclusion reached for the myosin-V data. These points should be clarified in the text.

      We changed the text in accordance with the reviewer’ suggestion. It reads now: Cytoskeletal –actin filaments move with an average sliding velocity of 195.3 ± 5.0 nm s–1 on lawns of surface immobilized NM2A–HMM molecules (Figure 8A, B). For NM2A-HMM densities below about 10,000 molecules per μm2, the average sliding speed for cytoskeletal actin filaments drops steeply (Hundt et al, 2016). Filaments formed by p.E334Q actin move 5fold slower, resulting in an observed average sliding velocity of 39.1 ± 3.2 nm/s. Filaments copolymerized from a 1:1 mixture of WT and p.E334Q actin move with an average sliding velocity of 131.2 ± 10 nm s–1 (Figure 8A, B). When equal densities of surface-attached WT and mutant filaments were used, we observed that the number of rapid dissociation and association events increased markedly for p.E334Q filaments (Figure 8 – video supplement 7– 9).

      Using a NADH-coupled enzymatic assay, we determined the ability of p.E334Q and WT filaments to activate the ATPase of NM2A-HMM over the range of 0-25 µM F-actin (Figure 8C). While we observed no significant difference in Kapp, indicated by the actin concentration at halfmaximal activation, in experiments with p.E334Q filaments (2.89 ± 0.49 µM) and WT filaments (3.20 ± 0.74 µM), we observed a 28% slower maximal ATP turnover at saturating actin concentration (kcat) with p.E334Q filaments (0.076 ± 0.005 s-1 vs. 0.097 ± 0.002 s-1). To investigate the impact of the mutation on actomyosin–affinity using transient–kinetic approaches, we determined the dissociation rate constants using a single–headed NM2A–2R construct (Figure 8D). …..

      • (line 327) The authors report that the 1/K1 value is unchanged. There are no descriptions of this experiment in the paper. I am assuming the authors measured the ATP-induced dissociation of actomyosin and determined ATP affinity (K1) from this experiment. If this is the case, they should describe the experiment and show the data, provide a second-order rate constate for ATP binding, and report the max rate of dissociation (k2). This is a kinetic experiment done frequently by this group, so the absence of these details is surprising.

      In the previous version of the manuscript, the method used to determine 1/K1 (ATP-induced dissociation of the actomyosin complex) was described in the Material and Methods paragraph “Transient kinetic analysis of the actomyosin complex” and the values obtained for 1/K1 were given in Table 1. We now included the experimental data as an additional figure in the manuscript (Figure 8 – figure supplement 3). Furthermore, we also give the maximal dissociation rate k+2 and the apparent second-order rate constant for ATP-binding (K1k+2) for the WT and mutant actomyosin complex in Table 1. Therefore, we changed the paragraph in the Results section concerning this experiment to:

      “The apparent ATP–affinity (1/K1), the maximal dissociation rate of NM2A from F-actin in the presence of ATP (k+2), and the apparent second-order rate constant of ATP binding (K1k+2) showed no significant differences for complexes formed between NM2A and WT or p.E334Q filaments (Table 1, Figure 8 – figure supplement 3).”

      and the section in the Material and Methods to:

      “The apparent ATP–affinity of the actomyosin complex was determined by mixing the apyrase–treated, pyrene–labeled, phalloidin–stabilized actomyosin complex with increasing concentrations of ATP at the stopped–flow system. Fitting an exponential function to the individual transients yields the ATP–dependent dissociation rate of NM2A–2R from F–actin (kobs). The kobs–values were plotted against the corresponding ATP concentrations and a hyperbola was fitted to the data. The fit yields the apparent ATP–affinity (1/K1) of the actomyosin complex and the maximal dissociation rate k+2.

      The apparent second–order rate constant for ATP binding (K1k+2) was determined by applying a linear fit to the data obtained at low ATP concentrations (0 – 25 µM).”

      For a better understanding of the numerous rate and equilibrium constants, we have now included a figure showing the kinetic reaction scheme of the myosin ATPase cycle (Figure 8 – figure supplement 1).

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1:

      • The subdomains of actin are mislabeled in Fig. 1A.

      The labeling of the subdomains has been corrected.

      • Additional experimental data addressing the 3 weaknesses noted in the public review would be informative but are not essential in my opinion. Examining the effect of cofilin on severing by the TIRF assay in more detail and using a processivity assay for myosin V (immobilized actin) would be the two aspects I would most value.

      The TIRF assay for cofilin severing was performed initially over the cofilin concentration range from 20 to 250 nM. The results obtained in the presence of 100 nM cofilin allow a particularly informative depiction of the differences observed with mutant and WT actin. This applies to the image series showing the changes in filament length, cofilin clusters, and filament number as well as to the graphs showing time dependent changes in the number of filaments and total actin fluorescence. We have not included the results for a 50:50 mixture of WT:mutant actin because its attenuating effect is documented in several other experiments in the manuscript.

      Our results with Myo5A show a less productive interaction with mutant actin filaments as indicated by a 1.7-fold reduction in the average sliding velocity and an increase in the optimal Myo5A-HMM surface density from 770 to 3100 molecules per µm2. These results indicate a reduction in binding affinity and coupling efficiency, with a likely impact on processivity. Given that Myo5A is only one of many cytoskeletal myosin motors and that the motor properties of all myosins are modulated by the presence of tropomyosin isoforms and other actin binding proteins, we expect only a small incremental gain in knowledge by performing additional experiments with an inverted assay geometry.

      Reviewer #2:

      • The authors should address the concerns regarding the statistical methodologies.

      We have gone through the manuscript carefully to correct any errors in the statistics, as explained below.

      Figure 1B, 5B, 5C, 5D, 8D, 9B, and 8 – figure supplement 2 all show the mean ± SD, as also correctly reported for Figure 8E and 8F in the figure legend. The statement, that these figures show the mean ± SEM was wrong and we corrected this mistake for all the listed figures. Furthermore, we now give the exact N for every experiment in the figure legend.

      Figure 2C, 2E, 2F, 4B, 5A, 6B-E indeed showed the mean ± SEM. As the reviewer rightly points out, this is not the appropriate way to deal with such sample sizes. We therefore corrected the figures to show the mean ± SD.

      We still refer to the mean ± SEM in Figure 2B, where elongation rates for more than 100 filaments were recorded, and in Figure 8B, where sliding velocities for several thousand actin filaments were measured.

      • The authors should present the actin titration of the steady state ATPase activity for at least one of the myosins, or preferably all of them.

      An actin titration of the steady state ATPase activity of NM-2A has been included in the revised version of the manuscript (Fig 8C).

      • The authors should consider the use of pyrene-actin in measuring the assembly/disassembly of actin.

      Values for the rate of actin assembly/disassembly measured with pyrene-actin are given in Table 1. Based on the small changes observed, we did not determine the critical actin concentration for the mutant construct.

    1. Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary: Nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic mislocalization/aggregation of the DNA and RNA binding protein TDP-43 are pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Prior work has demonstrated that depletion of TDP-43 from the nucleus leads to alterations in transcription and splicing. Conversely, cytoplasmic mislocalization/aggregation can contribute to toxicity by impairing mRNA transport and translation as well as miRNA dysregulation. However, to date, models of TDP-43 proteinopathy rely on artificial knockdown- or overexpression-based systems to evaluate either nuclear loss or cytoplasmic gain of function events independently. Few model systems authentically reproduce both nuclear depletion and cytoplasmic miscloalization/aggreagtion events. In this manuscript, the authors generate novel iPSC-based reagents to manipulate the localization of endogenous TDP-43. This is a valuable resource for the field to study pathological consequences of TDP-43 proteinopathy in a more endogenous and authentic setting. However, in the current manuscript, there are a number of weaknesses that should be addressed to further validate the ability of this model to replicate human disease pathology and demonstrate utility for future studies.

      Strengths: The primary strength of this paper is the development of a novel in vitro tool.

      Weaknesses: There are a number of weaknesses detailed below that should be addressed to thoroughly validate these new reagents as more authentic models of TDP-43 proteinopathy and demonstrate their utility for future investigations.

      (1) The authors should include images of their engineered TDP-43-GFP iPSC line to demonstrate TDP-43 localization without the addition of any nanobodies (perhaps immediately prior to addition of nanobodies). Additionally, it is unclear whether simply adding a GFP tag to endogenous TDP-43 impact its normal function (nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling, regulation of transcription and splicing, mRNA transport etc).

      (2) Can the authors explain why there is a significant discrepancy in time points selected for nanobody transduction and immunostaining or cell lysis throughout Figure 1 and 2? This makes interpretation and overall assessment of the model challenging.

      (3) The authors should further characterize their TDP-43 puncta. TDP-43 immunostaining is typically punctate so it is unclear if the puncta observed are physiologic or pathologic based on the analyses carried out in the current version of this manuscript. Additionally, do these puncta co-localize with stress granule markers or RNA transport granule markers? Are these puncta phosphorylated (which may be more reminiscent of end-stage pathologic observations in humans)?

      (4) The authors should include multiple time points in their evaluation of TDP-43 loss of function events and aggregation. Does loss of function get worse over time? Is there a time course by which RNA misprocessing events emerge or does everything happen all at once? Does aggregation get worse over time? Do these neurons die at any point as a result of TDP-43 proteinopathy?

      (5) Can the authors please comment on whether or not their model is "tunable"? In real human disease, not every neuron displays complete nuclear depletion of TDP-43. Instead there is often a gradient of neurons with differing magnitudes of nuclear TDP-43 loss. Additionally, very few neurons (5-10%) harbor cytoplasmic TDP-43 aggregates at end-stage disease. These are all important considerations when developing a novel authentic and endogenous model of TDP-43 proteinopathy which the current manuscript fails to address.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:<br /> TDP-43 mislocalization occurs in nearly all of ALS, roughly half of FTD, and as a co-pathology in roughly half of AD cases. Both gain-of-function and loss-of-function mechanisms associated with this mislocalization likely contribute to disease pathogeneisis.

      Here, the authors describe a new method to induce TDP-43 mislocalization in cellular models. They endogenously-tagged TDP-43 with a C-terminal GFP tag in human iPSCs. They then expressed an intrabody - fused with a nuclear export signal (NES) - that targeted GFP to the cytosol. Expression of this intrabody-NES in human iPSC-derived neurons induced nuclear depletion of homozygous TDP-43-GFP, caused its mislocalization to the cytosol, and at least in some cells appeared to cause cytosolic aggregates. This mislocalization was accompanied by induction of cryptic exons in well characterized transcripts known to be regulated by TDP-43, a hallmark of functional TDP-43 loss and consistent with pathological nuclear TDP-43 depletion. Interestingly, in heterozygous TDP-43-GFP neurons, expression of intrabody-NES appeared to also induce the mislocalization of untagged TDP-43 in roughly half of the neurons, suggesting that this system can also be used to study effects on untagged endogenous TDP-43 as well as TDP-43-GFP fusion protein.

      Strengths:<br /> A clearer understanding of how TDP-43 mislocalization alters cellular function, as well as pathways that mitigate clearance of TDP-43 aggregates, is critical. But modeling TDP-43 mislocalization in disease-relevant cellular systems has proven to be challenging. High levels of overexpression of TDP-43 lacking an NES can drive endogenous TDP-43 mislocalization, but such overexpression has direct and artificial consequences on certain cellular features (e.g. altered exon skipping) not seen in diseased patients. Toxic small molecules such as MG132 and arsenite can induce TDP-43 mislocalization, but co-induce myriad additional cellular dysfunctions unrelated to TDP-43 or ALS. TDP-43 binding oligonucleotides can cause cytosolic mislocalization as well. Each system has pros and cons, and additional ways to induce TDP-43 mislocalization would be useful for the field. The method described in this manuscript could provide researchers with a powerful way to study the combined biology of cytosolic TDP-43 mislocalization and nuclear TDP-43 depletion, with additional temporal control that is lacking in current method. Indeed, the authors see some evidence of differences in RNA splicing caused by pure TDP-43 depletion versus their induced mislocalization model. Finally, their method may be especially useful in determining how TDP-43 aggregates are cleared by cells, potentially revealing new biological pathways that could be therapeutically targeted.

      Weaknesses:<br /> The method and supporting data have limitations in its current form, outlined below, and in its current form the findings are rather preliminary.

      • Tagging of TDP-43 with a bulky GFP tag may alter its normal physiological functions, for example phase separation properties and functions within complex ribonucleoprotein complexes. In addition, alternative isoforms of TDP-43 (e.g. "short" TDP-43, would not be GFP tagged and therefore these species would not be directly manipulatable or visualizable with the tools currently employed in the manuscript.<br /> • The data regarding potential mislocalization of endogenous TDP-43 in the heterozygous TDP-43-GFP lines is especially intriguing and important, yet very little characterization was done. Does untagged TDP-43 co-aggregate with the tagged TDP-43? Is localization of TDP-43 immunostaining the same as the GFP signal in these cells?<br /> • The experiments in which dox was used to induce the nanobody-NES, then dox withdrawn to study potential longer-lasting or self-perpetuating inductions of aggregation is potentially interesting. However, the nanobody was only measured at the RNA level. We know that protein half lives can be very long in neurons, and therefore residual nanobody could be present at these delayed time points. The key measurement to make would be at the protein level of the nanobody if any conclusions are be made from this experiment.<br /> • Potential differences in splicing and microRNAs between TDP-43 knockdown and TDP-43 mislocalization are potentially interesting. However, different patterns of dysregulated RNA splicing can occur at different levels of TDP-knockdown, thus it is difficult to asses whether the changes observed in this paper are due to mislocalization per se, or rather just reflect differences in nuclear TDP-43 abundance.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This important study combines a range of advanced ultrastructural imaging approaches to define the unusual endosomal system of African trypanosomes. Compelling images show that instead of a distinct set of compartments, the endosome of these protists comprises a continuous system of membranes with functionally distinct subdomains as defined by canonical markers of early, late and recycling endosomes. The findings suggest that the endocytic system of bloodstream stages has evolved to facilitate the extraordinarily high rates of membrane turnover needed to remove immune complexes and survive in the blood, which is of interest to anyone studying infectious diseases.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Bloodstream stages of the parasitic protist, Trypanosoma brucei, exhibit very high rates of constitutive endocytosis, which is needed to recycle the surface coat of Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs) and remove surface immune complexes. While many studies have shown that the endo-lysosomal systems of T. brucei BF stages contain canonical domains, as defined by classical Rab markers, it has remained unclear whether these protists have evolved additional adaptations/mechanisms for sustaining these very high rates of membrane transport and protein sorting. The authors have addressed this question by reconstructing the 3D ultrastructure and functional domains of the T. brucei BF endosome membrane system using advanced electron tomography and super-resolution microscopy approaches. Their studies reveal that, unusually, the BF endosome network comprises a continuous system of cisternae and tubules that contain overlapping functional subdomains. It is proposed that a continuous membrane system allows higher rates of protein cargo segregation, sorting and recycling than can otherwise occur when transport between compartments is mediated by membrane vesicles or other fusion events.

      Strengths:

      The study is a technical tour-de-force using a combination of electron tomography, super-resolution/expansion microscopy, immune-EM of cryo-sections to define the 3D structures and connectivity of different endocytic compartments. The images are very clear and generally support the central conclusion that functionally distinct endocytic domains occur within a dynamic and continuous endosome network in BF stages.

      Weaknesses:

      The authors suggest that this dynamic endocytic network may also fulfil many of the functions of the Golgi TGN and that the latter may be absent in these stages. Although plausible, this comment needs further experimental support. For example, have the authors attempted to localize canonical makers of the TGN (e.g. GRIP proteins) in T. brucei BF and/or shown that exocytic carriers bud directly from the endosomes?

      We agree with the criticism and have shortened the discussion accordingly and clearly marked it as speculation. However, we do not want to completely abandon our hypothesis.

      The paragraph now reads:

      Lines 740 – 751:

      “Interestingly, we did not find any structural evidence of vesicular retrograde transport to the Golgi. Instead, the endosomal ‘highways’ extended throughout the posterior volume of the trypanosomes approaching the trans-Golgi interface. It is highly plausible that this region represents the convergence point where endocytic and biosynthetic membrane trafficking pathways merge. A comparable merging of endocytic and biosynthetic functions has been described for the TGN in plants. Different marker proteins for early and recycling endosomes were shown to be associated and/ or partially colocalized with the TGN suggesting its function in both secretory and endocytic pathways (reviewed in Minamino and Ueda, 2019). As we could not find structural evidence for the existence of a TGN we tentatively propose that trypanosomes may have shifted the central orchestrating function of the TGN as a sorting hub at the crossroads of biosynthetic and recycling pathways to the endosome. Although this is a speculative scenario, it is experimentally testable.”

      Furthermore, we removed the lines 51 - 52, which included the suggestion of the TGN as a master regulator, from the abstract.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      The authors suggest that the African trypanosome endomembrane system has unusual organisation, in that the entire system is a single reticulated structure. It is not clear if this is thought to extend to the lysosome or MVB. There is also a suggestion that this unusual morphology serves as a trans-(post)Golgi network rather than the more canonical arrangement.

      The work is based around very high-quality light and electron microscopy, as well as utilising several marker proteins, Rab5A, 11 and 7. These are deemed as markers for early endosomes, recycling endosomes and late or pre-lysosomes. The images are mostly of high quality but some inconsistencies in the interpretation, appearance of structures and some rather sweeping assumptions make this less easy to accept. Two perhaps major issues are claims to label the entire endosomal apparatus with a single marker protein, which is hard to accept as certainly this reviewer does not really even know where the limits to the endosomal network reside and where these interface with other structures. There are several additional compartments that have been defined by Rob proteins as well, and which are not even mentioned. Overall I am unconvinced that the authors have demonstrated the main things they claim.<br /> The endomembrane system in bloodstream form T. brucei is clearly delimited. Compared to mammalian cells it is tidy and confined to the posterior part of the spindleshaped cell. The endoplasmic reticulum is linked to one side of the longitudinal cell axis, marked by the attached flagellum, while the mitochondrion locates to the opposite side. Glycosomes are easily identifiable as spheres, as are acidocalcisomes, which are smaller than glycosomes and – in electron micrographs – are characterized by high electron density. All these organelles extend beyond the nucleus, which is not the case for the endosomal compartment, the lysosome and the Golgi. The vesicles found in the posterior half of the trypanosome cell are quantitatively identifiable as COP1, CCVI or CCVII vesicles, or exocytic carriers. The lysosome has a higher degree of morphological plasticity, but this is not topic of the present work. Thus, the endomembrane system in T. brucei is comparatively well structured and delimited, which is why we have chosen trypanosomes as cell biological model.

      We have published EP1::GFP as marker for the endosome system and flagellar pocket back in 2004. We have defined the fluid phase volume of the trypanosome endosome in papers published between 2002 and 2007. This work was not intended to represent the entirety of RAB proteins. We were only interested in 3 canonical markers for endosome subtypes. We do not claim anything that is not experimentally tested, we have clearly labelled our hypotheses as such, and we do not make sweeping assumptions.

      The approaches taken are state-of-the-art but not novel, and because of the difficulty in fully addressing the central tenet, I am not sure how much of an impact this will have beyond the trypanosome field. For certain this is limited to workers in the direct area and is not a generalisable finding.

      To the best of our knowledge, there is no published research that has employed 3D Tokuyasu or expansion microscopy (ExM) to label endosomes. The key takeaway from our study, which is the concept that "endosomes are continuous in trypanosomes" certainly is novel. We are not aware of any other report that has demonstrated this aspect.

      The doubts formulated by the reviewer regarding the impact of our work beyond the field of trypanosomes are not timely. Indeed, our results, and those of others, show that the conclusions drawn from work with just a few model organisms is not generalisable. We are finally on the verge of a new cell biology that considers the plethora of evolutionary solutions beyond ophistokonts. We believe that this message should be widely acknowledged and considered. And we are certainly not the only ones who are convinced that the term "general relevance" is unscientific and should no longer be used in biology.

      Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      As clearly highlighted by the authors, a key plank in the ability of trypanosomes to evade the mammalian host’s immune system is its high rate of endocytosis. This rapid turnover of its surface enables the trypanosome to ‘clean’ its surface removing antibodies and other immune effectors that are subsequently degraded. The high rate of endocytosis is likely reflected in the organisati’n and layout of the endosomal system in these parasites. Here, Link et al., sought to address this question using a range of light and three-dimensional electron microscopy approaches to define the endosomal organisation in this parasite.

      Before this study, the vast majority of our information about the make-up of the trypanosome endosomal system was from thin-section electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies, which did not provide the necessary resolution and 3D information to address this issue. Therefore, it was not known how the different structures observed by EM were related. Link et al., have taken advantage of the advances in technology and used an impressive combination of approaches at the LM and EM level to study the endosomal system in these parasites. This innovative combination has now shown the interconnected-ness of this network and demonstrated that there are no ‘classical’ compartments within the endosomal system, with instead different regions of the network enriched in different protein markers (Rab5a, Rab7, Rab11).

      Strengths:

      This is a generally well-written and clear manuscript, with the data well-presented supporting the majority of the conclusions of the authors. The authors use an impressive range of approaches to address the organisation of the endosomal system and the development of these methods for use in trypanosomes will be of use to the wider parasitology community.

      I appreciate their inclusion of how they used a range of different light microscopy approaches even though for instance the dSTORM approach did not turn out to be as effective as hoped. The authors have clearly demonstrated that trypanosomes have a large interconnected endosomal network, without defined compartments and instead show enrichment for specific Rabs within this network.

      Weaknesses:

      My concerns are:

      i) There is no evidence for functional compartmentalisation. The classical markers of different endosomal compartments do not fully overlap but there is no evidence to show a region enriched in one or other of these proteins has that specific function. The authors should temper their conclusions about this point.

      The reviewer is right in stating that Rab-presence does not necessarily mean Rabfunction. However, this assumption is as old as the Rab literature. That is why we have focused on the 3 most prominent endosomal marker proteins. We report that for endosome function you do not necessarily need separate membrane compartments. This is backed by our experiments.

      ii) The quality of the electron microscopy work is very high but there is a general lack of numbers. For example, how many tomograms were examined? How often were fenestrated sheets seen? Can the authors provide more information about how frequent these observations were?

      The fenestrated sheets can be seen in the majority of the 37 tomograms recorded of the posterior volume of the parasites. Furthermore, we have randomly generated several hundred tiled (= very large) electron micrographs of bloodstream form trypanosomes for unbiased analyses of endomembranes. In these 2D-datasets the “footprint” of the fenestrated flat and circular cisternae is frequently detectable in the posterior cell area.

      We now have included the corresponding numbers in all EM figure legends.

      iii) The EM work always focussed on cells which had been processed before fixing. Now, I understand this was important to enable tracers to be used. However, given the dynamic nature of the system these processing steps and feeding experiments may have affected the endosomal organisation. Given their knowledge of the system now, the authors should fix some cells directly in culture to observe whether the organisation of the endosome aligns with their conclusions here.

      This is a valid criticism; however, it is the cell culture that provides an artificial environment. As for a possible effect of cell harvesting by centrifugation on the integrity and functionality of the endosome system, we consider this very unlikely for one simple reason. The mechanical forces acting in and on the parasites as they circulate in the extremely crowded and confined environment of the mammalian bloodstream are obviously much higher than the centrifugal forces involved in cell preparation. This becomes particularly clear when one considers that the mass of the particle to be centrifuged determines the actual force exerted by the g-forces. Nevertheless, the proposed experiment is a good control, although much more complex than proposed, since tomography is a challenging technique. We have performed the suggested experiment and acquired tomograms of unprocessed cells. The corresponding data is now included as supplementary movie 2, 3 and 4. We refer to it in lines 202 – 206: To investigate potential impacts of processing steps (cargo uptake, centrifugation, washing) on endosomal organization, we directly fixed cells in the cell culture flask, embedded them in Epon, and conducted tomography. The resulting tomograms revealed endosomal organization consistent with that observed in cells fixed after processing (see Supplementary movie 2, 3, and 4).

      We furthermore thank the reviewer for the experiment suggestion in the acknowledgments.

      iv) The discussion needs to be revamped. At the moment it is just another run through of the results and does not take an overview of the results presenting an integrated view. Moreover, it contains reference to data that was not presented in the results.

      We have improved the discussion accordingly.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      The reviewers concurred about the high calibre of the work and the importance of the findings.

      They raised some issues and made some suggestions to improve the paper without additional experiments - key issues include

      (1) Better referencing of the trypanosome endocytosis/ lysosomal trafficking literature.

      The literature, especially the experimental and quantitative work, is very limited. We now provide a more complete set of references. However, we would like to mention that we had cited a recent review that critically references the trypanosome literature with emphasis on the extensive work done with mammalian cells and yeast.

      (2) Moving the dSTORM data that detracts from otherwise strong data in a supplementary figure.

      We have done this.

      (3) Removal of the conclusion that the continuous endosome fulfils the functions of TGN, without further evidence.

      As stated above, this was not a conclusion in our paper, but rather a speculation, which we have now more clearly marked as such. Lines 740 to 751 now read:

      “Interestingly, we did not find any structural evidence of vesicular retrograde transport to the Golgi. Instead, the endosomal ‘highways’ extended throughout the posterior volume of the trypanosomes approaching the trans-Golgi interface. It is highly plausible that this region represents the convergence point where endocytic and biosynthetic membrane trafficking pathways merge. A comparable merging of endocytic and biosynthetic functions was already described for the TGN in plants. Different marker proteins for early and recycling endosomes were shown to be associated and/ or partially colocalized with the TGN suggesting its function in both secretory and endocytic pathways (reviewed in Minamino and Ueda, 2019). As we could not find structural evidence for the existence of a TGN we tentatively propose that trypanosomes may have shifted the central orchestrating function of the TGN as a sorting hub at the crossroads of biosynthetic and recycling pathways to the endosome. Although this is a speculative scenario, it is experimentally testable.”

      (4) Broader discussion linking their findings to other examples of organelle maturation in eukaryotes (e.g cisternal maturation of the Golgi)

      We have improved the discussion accordingly.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      What are the multi-vesicular vesicles that surround the marked endosomal compartments in Fig 1. Do they become labelled with fluid phase markers with longer incubations (e.g late endosome/ lysosomal)?

      The function of MVBs in trypanosomes is still far from being clear. They are filled with fluid phase cargo, especially ferritin, but are devoid of VSG. Hence it is likely that MVBs are part of the lysosomal compartment. In fact, this part of the endomembrane system is highly dynamic. MVBs can be physically connected to the lysosome or can form elongated structures. The surprising dynamics of the trypanosome lysosome will be published elsewhere.

      Figure 2. The compartments labelled with EP1::Halo are very poorly defined due to the low levels of expression of the reporter protein and/or sensitivity of detection of the Halo tag. Based on these images, it would be hard to conclude whether the endosome network is continuous or not. In this respect, it is unclear why the authors didn't use EP1-GFP for these analyses? Given the other data that provides more compelling evidence for a single continuous compartment, I would suggest removing Fig 2A.

      We have used EP1::GFP to label the entire endosome system (Engstler and Boshart, 2004). Unfortunately, GFP is not suited for dSTORM imaging. By creating the EP1::Halo cell line, we were able to utilize the most prominent dSTORM fluorescent dye, Alexa 647. This was not primarily done to generate super resolution images, but rather to measure the dynamics of the GPI-anchored, luminal protein EP with single molecule precision. The results from this study will be published separately. But we agree with the reviewer and have relocated the dSTORM data to the supplementary material.

      The observation that Rab5a/7 can be detected in the lumen of lysosome is interesting. Mechanistically, this presumably occurs by invagination of the limiting membrane of the lysosome. Is there any evidence that similar invagination of cytoplasmic markers occurs throughout or in subdomains of the endocytic network (possibly indicative of a 'late endosome' domain)?

      So far, we have not observed this. The structure of the lysosome and the membrane influx from the endosome are currently being investigated.

      The authors note that continuity of functionally distinct membrane compartments in the secretory/endocytic pathways has been reported in other protists (e.g T. cruzi). A particular example that could be noted is the endo-lysosomal system of Dictyostelium discoideum which mediates the continuous degradation and eventual expulsion of undigested material.

      We tried to include this in the discussion but ultimately decided against it because the Dictyostelium system cannot be easily compared to the trypanosome endosome.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Abstract

      Not sure that 'common' is the correct term here. Frequent, near-universal..... it would be true that endocytosis is common across most eukaryotes.

      We have changed the sentence to “common process observed in most eukaryotes” (line 33).

      Immune evasion - the parasite does not escape the immune system, but does successfully avoid its impact, at least at the population level.

      We have replaced the word “escape” with “evasion” (line 35).

      The third sentence needs to follow on correctly from the second. Also, more than Igs are internalised and potentially part of immune evasion, such as C3, Factor H, ApoL1 etcetera.

      We believe that there may be a misunderstanding here. The process of endocytic uptake and lysosomal degradation has so far only been demonstrated in the context of VSGbound antibodies, which is why we only refer to this. Of course, the immune system comprises a wide range of proteins and effector molecules, all of which could be involved in immune evasion.

      I do not follow the logic that the high flux through the endocytic system in trypanosomes precludes distinct compartmentalisation - one could imagine a system where a lot of steps become optimised for example. This idea needs expanding on if it is correct.

      Membrane transport by vesicle transfer between several separate membrane compartments would be slower than the measured rate of membrane flux.

      Again I am not sure 'efficient' on line 40. It is fast, but how do you measure efficiency? Speed and efficiency are not the same thing.

      We have replaced the word “efficient” with “fast” (line 42).

      The basis for suggesting endosomes as a TGN is unclear. Given that there are AP complexes, retromer, exocyst and other factors that are part of the TGN or at least post-G differentiation of pathways in canonical systems, this seems a step too far. There really is no evidence in the rest of the MS that seems to support this.

      Yes, we agree and have clarified the discussion accordingly. We have not completely removed the discussion on the TGN but have labelled it more clearly as speculation.

      I am aware I am being pedantic here, but overall the abstract seems to provide an impression of greater novelty than may be the case and makes several very bold claims that I cannot see as fully valid.

      We are not aware of any claim in the summary that we have not substantiated with experiments, or any hypothesis that we have not explained.

      Moreover, the concept of fused or multifunctional endosomes (or even other endomembrane compartments) is old, and has been demonstrated in metazoan cells and yeast. The concept of rigid (in terms of composition) compartments really has been rejected by most folks with maturation, recycling and domain structures already well-established models and concepts.

      We agree that the (transient) presence of multiple Rab proteins decorating endosomes has been demonstrated in various cell types. This finding formed the basis for the endosomal maturation model in mammals and yeast, which has replaced the previous rigid compartment model.

      However, we do not appreciate attempts to question the originality of our study by claiming that similar observations have been made in metazoans or yeast. This is simply wrong. There are no reports of a functionally structured, continuous, single and large endosome in any other system. The only membrane system that might be similar was described in the American parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, however, without the use of endosome markers or any functional analysis. We refer to this study in the discussion.

      In summary, the maturation model falls short in explaining the intricacies of the membrane system we have uncovered in trypanosomes. Therefore, one plausible interpretation of our data is that the overall architecture of the trypanosome endosomes represents an adaptation that enables the remarkable speed of plasma membrane recycling observed in these parasites. In our view, both our findings and their interpretation are novel and worth reporting. Again, modern cell biology should recognize that evolution has developed many solutions for similar processes in cells, about whose diversity we have learned almost nothing because of our reductionist view. A remarkable example of this are the Picozoa, tiny bipartite eukaryotes that pack the entire nutritional apparatus into one pouch and the main organelles with the locomotor system into the other. Another one is the “extreme” cell biology of many protozoan parasites such as Giardia, Toxpoplasma or Trypanosoma.

      Higher plants have been well characterised, especially at the level of Rab/Arf proteins and adaptins.

      We now mention plant endosomes in our brief discussion of the trypanosome TGN. Lines 744 – 747:

      “A comparable merging of endocytic and biosynthetic functions was already described for the TGN in plants. Different marker proteins for early and recycling endosomes were shown to be associated and/ or partially colocalized with the TGN suggesting its function in both secretory and endocytic pathways (reviewed in Minamino and Ueda, 2019).”

      The level of self-citing in the introduction is irritating and unscholarly. I have no qualms with crediting the authors with their own excellent contributions, but work from Dacks, Bangs, Field and others seems to be selectively ignored, with an awkward use of the authors' own publications. Diversity between organisms for example has been a mainstay of the Dacks lab output, Rab proteins and others from Field and work on exocytosis and late endosomal systems from Bangs. These efforts and contributions surely deserve some recognition?

      This is an original article and not a review. For a comprehensive overview the reviewer might read our recent overview article on exo- and endocytic pathways in trypanosomes, in which we have extensively cited the work of Mark Field, Jay Bangs and Joel Dacks. In the present manuscript, we have cited all papers that touch on our results or are otherwise important for a thorough understanding of our hypotheses. We do not believe that this approach is unscientific, but rather improves the readability of the manuscript. Nevertheless, we have now cited additional work.

      For the uninitiated, the posterior/anterior axis of the trypanosome cell as well as any other specific features should be defined.

      In lines 102 - 110 we wrote:

      “This process of antibody clearance is driven by hydrodynamic drag forces resulting from the continuous directional movement of trypanosomes (Engstler et al., 2007). The VSG-antibody complexes on the cell surface are dragged against the swimming direction of the parasite and accumulate at the posterior pole of the cell. This region harbours an invagination in the plasma membrane known as the flagellar pocket (FP) (Gull, 2003; Overath et al., 1997). The FP, which marks the origin of the single attached flagellum, is the exclusive site for endo- and exocytosis in trypanosomes (Gull, 2003; Overath et al., 1997). Consequently, the accumulation of VSG-antibody complexes occurs precisely in the area of bulk membrane uptake.”

      We think this sufficiently introduces the cell body axes.

      I don't understand the comment concerning microtubule association. In mammalian cells, such association is well established, but compartments still do not display precise positioning. This likely then has nothing to do with the microtubule association differences.

      We have clarified this in the text (lines 192 – 199). There is no report of cytoplasmic microtubules in trypanosomes. All microtubules appear to be either subpellicular or within the flagellum. To maintain the structure and position of the endosomal apparatus, they should be associated either with subpellicular microtubules, as is the case with the endoplasmic reticulum, or with the more enigmatic actomyosin system of the parasites. We have been working on the latter possibility and intend to publish a follow-up paper to the present manuscript.

      The inability to move past the nucleus is a poor explanation. These compartments are dynamic. Even the nucleus does interesting things in trypanosomes and squeezes past structures during development in the tsetse fly.

      The distance between the nucleus and the microtubule cytoskeleton remains relatively constant even in parasites that squeeze through microfluidic channels. This is not unexpected as the nucleus can be highly deformed. A structure the size of the endosome will not be able to physically pass behind the nucleus without losing its integrity. In fact, the recycling apparatus is never found in the anterior part of the trypanosome, most probably because the flagellar pocket is located at the posterior cell pole.

      L253 What is the evidence that EP1 labels the entire FP and endosomes? This may be extensive, but this claim requires rather more evidence. This is again suggested at l263. Again, please forgive me for being pedantic, but this is an overstatement unless supported by evidence that would be incredibly difficult to obtain. This is even sort of acknowledged on l271 in the context of non-uniform labelling. This comes again in l336.

      The evidence that EP1 labels the entire FP and endosomes is presented here: Engstler and Boshart, 2004; 10.1101/gad.323404).

      Perhaps I should refrain from comments on the dangers of expansion microscopy, or asking what has actually been gained here. Oddly, the conclusion on l290 is a fair statement that I am happy with.

      An in-depth discussion regarding the advantages and disadvantages of expansion microscopy is beyond the manuscript's intended scope. Our approach involved utilizing various imaging techniques to confirm the validity of our findings. We appreciate that our concluding sentence is pleasing.

      F2 - The data in panel A seem quite poor to me. I also do not really understand why the DAPI stain in the first and second columns fails to coincide or why the kinetoplast is so diffuse in the second row. The labelling for EP1 presents as very small puncta, and hence is not evidence for a continuum. What is the arrow in A IV top? The data in panel B are certainly more in line with prior art, albeit that there is considerable heterogeneity in the labelling and of the FP for example. Again, I cannot really see this as evidence for continuity. There are gaps.... Albeit I accept that labelling of such structures is unlikely to ever be homogenous.

      We agree that the dSTORM data represents the least robust aspect of the findings we have presented, and we concur with relocating it to the supplementary material.

      F3 - Rather apparent, and specifically for Rab7, that there is differential representation - for example, Cell 4 presents a single Rab7 structure while the remaining examples demonstrate more extensive labelling. Again, I am content that these are highly dynamic strictures but this needs to be addressed at some level and commented upon. If the claim is for continuity, the dynamics observed here suggest the usual; some level of obvious overlap of organellar markers, but the representation in F3 is clever but not sure what I am looking at. Moreover, the title of the figure is nothing new. What is also a bit odd is that the extent of the Rab7 signal, and to some extent the other two Rabs used, is rather variable, which makes this unclear to me as to what is being detected. Given that the Rab proteins may be defining microdomains or regions, I would also expect a region of unique straining as well as the common areas. This needs to at least be discussed.

      The differences in the representation result from the dynamics of the labelled structures. Therefore, we have selected different cells to provide examples of what the labelling can look like. We now mention this in the results section.

      The overlap of the different Rab signals was perhaps to be expected, but we now have demonstrated it experimentally. Importantly, we performed a rigorous quantification by calculating the volume overlaps and the Pearson correlation coefficients.

      In previous studies the data were presented as maximal intensity projections, which inherently lack the complete 3D information.

      We found that Rab proteins define microdomains and that there are regions of unique staining as well as common areas, as shown in Figure 3. The volumes do not completely overlap. This is now more clearly stated in lines 315 – 319:

      “These objects showed areas of unique staining as well as partially overlapping regions. The pairwise colocalization of different endosomal markers is shown in Figure 3 A, XI - XIII and 3 B. The different cells in Figure 3 B were selected to represent the dynamic nature of the labelled structures. Consequently, the selected cells provide a variety of examples of how the labelling can appear.”

      This had already been stated in lines 331 – 336:

      “In summary, the quantitative colocalization analyses revealed that on the one hand, the endosomal system features a high degree of connectivity, with considerable overlap of endosomal marker regions, and on the other hand, TbRab5A, TbRab7, and TbRab11 also demarcate separated regions in that system. These results can be interpreted as evidence of a continuous endosomal membrane system harbouring functional subdomains, with a limited amount of potentially separated early, late or recycling endosomes.”

      F4-6 - Fabulous images. But a couple of issues here; first, as the authors point out, there is distance between the gold and the antigen. So, this of course also works in the z-plane as well as the x/y-planes and some of the gold may well be associated with membraneous figures that are out of the plane, which would indicate an absence of colinearity on one specific membrane. Secondly, in several instances, we have Rab7 essentially mixed with Rab11 or Rab5 positive membrane. While data are data and should be accepted, this is difficult to reconcile when, at least to some level, Rab7 is a marker for a late-endosomal structure and where the presence of degradative activity could reside. As division of function is, I assume, the major reason for intracellular compartmentalisation, such a level of admixture is hard to rationalise. A continuum is one thing but the data here seem to be suggesting something else, i.e. almost complete admixture.

      We are grateful for the positive feedback regarding the image quality. It is true that the "linkage error," representing the distance between the gold and the antigen, also functions to some extent in the z-axis. However, it's important to note that the zdimension of the section in these Figures is 55 nm. Nevertheless, it's interesting to observe that membranes, which may not be visible within the section itself but likely the corresponding Rab antigen, is discernible in Figure 4C (indicated by arrows).

      We have clarified this in lines 397 – 400:

      “Consequently, gold particles located further away may represent cytoplasmic TbRab proteins or, as the “linkage error” can also occur in the z-plane, correspond to membranes that are not visible within the 55 nm thickness of the cryosection (Figure 4, panel C, arrows). “

      The coexistence of different Rabs is most likely concentrated in regions where transitions between different functions are likely. Our focus was primarily on imaging membranes labelled with two markers. We wanted to show that the prevailing model of separate compartments in the trypanosome literature is not correct.

      F7 - Not sure what this adds beyond what was published by Grunfelder.

      First, this figure is an important control that links our results to published work (Grünfelder et al. (2003)). Second, we include double staining of cargo with Rab5, Rab7, and Rab11, whereas Grünfelder focused only on Rab11. Therefore, our data is original and of such high quality that it warrants a main figure.

      F8 - and l583. This is odd as the claim is 'proof' which in science is a hard thing to claim (and this is definitely not at a six sigma level of certainty, as used by the physics community). However, I am seeing structures in the tomograms which are not contiguous - there are gaps here between the individual features (Green in the figure).

      We have replaced the term "proof". It is important to note that the structures in individual tomograms cannot all be completely continuous because the sections are limited to a thickness of 250 nm. Therefore, it is likely that they have more connectivity above and below the imaged section. Nevertheless, we believe that the quality of the tomograms is satisfactory, considering that 3D Tokuyasu is a very demanding technique and the production of serial Tokuyasu tomograms is not feasible in practice.

      Discussion - Too long and the self-citing of four papers from the corresponding author to the exclusion of much prior work is again noted, with concerns about this as described above. Moreover, at least four additional Rab proteins are known associated with the trypanosome endosomal system, 4, 5B, 21 and 28. These have been completely ignored.

      We have outlined our position on referencing in original articles above. We also explained why we focused on the key marker proteins associated with early (Rab5), late (Rab7) and recycling endosomes (Rab11). We did not ignore the other Rabs, we just did not include them in the present study.

      Overall this is disappointing. I had expected a more robust analysis, with a clearer discussion and placement in context. I am not fully convinced that what we have here is as extreme as claimed, or that we have a substantial advance. There is nothing here that is mechanistic or the identification of a new set of gene products, process or function.

      We do not think that this is constructive feedback.

      This MS suggests that the endosomal system of African trypanosomes is a continuum of membrane structures rather than representing a set of distinct compartments. A combination of light and electron microscopy methods are used in support. The basic contention is very challenging to prove, and I'm not convinced that this has been. Furthermore, I am also unclear as to the significance of such an organisation; this seems not really addressed.

      We acknowledge and respect varying viewpoints, but we hold a differing perspective in this matter. We are convinced that the data decisively supports our interpretation. May future work support or refute our hypothesis.

      Reviewer #3 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Line 81 - delete 's

      Done.
      

      Generally, the introduction was very well written and clearly summarised our current understanding but the paragraph beginning line 134 felt out of place and repeated some of the work mentioned earlier.

      We have removed this paragraph.

      For the EM analysis throughout quantification would be useful as highlighted in the public review. How many tomograms were examined, and how often were types of structures seen? I understand the sample size is often small but this would help the reader appreciate the diversity of structures seen.

      We have included the numbers.

      Following on from this how were the cells chosen for tomogram analysis? For example, the dividing cell in 1D has palisades associating with the new pocket - is this commonly seen? Does this reflect something happening in dividing cells. This point about endosomal division was picked up in the discussion but there was little about in the main results.

      This issue is undoubtedly inherent to the method itself, and we have made efforts to mitigate it by generating a series of tomograms recorded randomly. We have refrained from delving deeper into the intricacies of the cell cycle in this manuscript, as we believe that it warrants a separate paper.

      As the authors prosecute, the co-localisation analysis highlights the variable nature of the endosome and the overlap of different markers. When looking at the LM analysis, I was struck by the variability in the size and number of labelled structures in the different cells. For example, in 3A Rab7 is 2 blobs but in 3B Cell 1 it is 4/5 blobs. Is this just a reflection of the increase in the endosome during the cell cycle?

      The variability in representation is a direct consequence of the dynamic nature of the labelled structures. For this reason, we deliberately selected different cells to represent examples of how the labelling can look like. We have decided not to mention the dynamics of the endosome during the cell cycle. This will be the subject of a further report.

      Moreover, Rab 11 looks to be the marker covering the greatest volume of the endosomal system - is this true? I think there's more analysis of this data that could be done to try and get more information about the relative volumes etc of the different markers that haven't been drawn out. The focus here is on the co-localisation.

      Precisely because we recognize the importance of this point, we intend to turn our attention to the cell cycle in a separate publication.

      I appreciate that it is an awful lot of work to perform the immuno-EM and the data is of good quality but in the text, there could be a greater effort to tie this to the LM data. For example, from the Rab11 staining in LM you would expect this marker to be the most extensive across the networks - is this reflected in the EM?

      For the immuno-EM there were no numbers, the authors had measured the position of the gold but what was the proportion of gold that was in/near membranes for each marker? This would help the reader understand both the number of particles seen and the enrichment of the different regions.

      Our original intent was to perform a thorough quantification (using stereology) of the immuno-EM data. However, we later realized that the necessary random imaging approach is not suitable for Tokuyasu sections of trypanosomes. In short, the cells are too far apart, and the cell sections are only occasionally cut so that the endosomal membranes are sufficiently visible. Nevertheless, we continue to strive to generate more quantitative data using conventional immuno-EM.

      The innovative combination of Tokuyasu tomograms with immuno-EM was great. I noted though that there was a lack of fenestration in these models. Does this reflect the angle of the model or the processing of these samples?

      We are grateful to the referee, as we have asked ourselves the same question. However, we do not attribute the apparent lack of fenestration to the viewing angle, since we did not find fenestration in any of the Tokuyasu tomograms. Our suspicion is more directed towards a methodological problem. In the Tokuyasu workflow, all structures are mainly fixed with aldehydes. As a result, lipids are only effectively fixed through their association with membrane proteins. We suggest that the fenestration may not be visible because the corresponding lipids may have been lost due to incomplete fixation.

      We now clearly state this in the lines 563 – 568.

      “Interestingly, these tomograms did not exhibit the fenestration pattern identified in conventional electron tomography. We suspect that this is due to methodological reasons. The Tokuyasu procedure uses only aldehydes to fix all structures. Consequently, effective fixation of lipids occurs only through their association with membrane proteins. Thus, the lack of visible fenestration is likely due to possible loss of lipids during incomplete fixation.”

      The discussion needs to be reworked. Throughout it contains references to results not in the main results section such as supplementary movie 2 (line 735). The explicit references to the data and figures felt odd and more suited to the results rather than the discussion. Currently, each result is discussed individually in turn and more effort needs to be made to integrate the results from this analysis here but also with previous work and the data from other organisms, which at the moment sits in a standalone section at the end of the discussion.

      We have improved the discussion and removed the previous supplementary movies 2 and 3. Supplementary movie 1 is now mentioned in the results section.

      Line 693 - There was an interesting point about dividing cells describing the maintenance of endosomes next to the old pocket. Does that mean there was no endosome by the new pocket and if so where is this data in the manuscript? This point relates back to my question about how cells were chosen for analysis - how many dividing cells were examined by tomography?

      The fate of endosomes during the cell cycle is not the subject of this paper. In this manuscript we only show only one dividing cell using tomography. An in-depth analysis focusing on what happens during the cell cycle will be published separately.

      Line 729 - I'm unclear how this represents a polarization of function in the flagellar pocket. The pocket I presume is included within the endosomal system for this analysis but there was no specific mention of it in the results and no marker of each position to help define any specialisation. From the results, I thought the focus was on endosomal co-localisation of the different markers. If the authors are thinking about specialisation of the pocket this paper from Mark Field shows there is evidence for the exocyst to be distributed over the entire surface of the pocket, which is relevant to the discussion here. Boehm, C.M. et al. (2017) The trypanosome exocyst: a conserved structure revealing a new role in endocytosis. PLoS Pathog. 13, e1006063

      We have formulated our statement more cautiously. However, we are convinced that membrane exchange cannot physically work without functional polarization of the pocket. We know that Rab11, for example, is not evenly distributed on the pocket. By the way, in Boehm et al. (2017) the exocyst is not shown to cover the entire pocket (as shown in Supplementary Video 1).

      We now refer to Boehm et al. (Lines 700 – 703):

      “Boehm et al (2017) report that in the flagellar pocket endocytic and exocytic sites are in close proximity but do not overlap. We further suggest that the fusion of EXCs with the flagellar pocket membrane and clathrin-mediated endocytosis take place on different sites of the pocket. This disparity explains the lower colocalization between TbRab11 and TbRab5A.”

      Line 735 - link to data not previously mentioned I think. When I looked at this data I couldn't find a key to explain what all the different colours related to.

      We have removed the previous supplementary movies 2 and 3. We now reference supplementary movie 1 in the results section.

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Redhardt and colleagues describe a structure of the voltage and Ca-activated Slo1 channel in complex with an auxiliary subunit, γ1. In complex with γ1, Slo1 adopts an open state that closely resembles previous open state structures. Of γ1, only the single membrane-spanning helix, which binds to the periphery of the Slo1 VSD, is resolved. There, it establishes several interactions with Slo1 that authors propose may favor adoption of the open state, potentially explaining how γ1 can shift I-V profile of Slo1 to be activated at more negative membrane potentials. The interactions described fit well with existing mutagenesis analyses.

      While this report provides a first glimpse of how γ1 can bind to Slo1, its impact will be minimal. It describes a single structural snapshot and there are no functional analyses presented. Additional analyses would be helpful in understanding of how γ1 can regulate Slo1 channels.

      We thank the reviewer for their honest judgment. We agree that validating the structure by biochemical and/or functional data would have significantly strengthened the manuscript. However, we are convinced that our structural data alone already provides significant novel understanding of the assembly of the Slo1-γ1 complex and regulation of Slo1 by γ1. Thus, we feel that publication of this manuscript is justified by the high importance of Slo channels and our data will have an impact in the field.

      __Major comments: __ 1. The authors propose several models for how γ1 regulates Slo1, yet none of them are experimentally evaluated. For example, on page 8, it is written that "we propose that the combination of three different principles, namely shape complementarity, covalent anchoring and lowering the resting state potential by a positively charged intracellular stretch, act in concert to stabilize an active VSD conformation in the Slo1-γ1 complex." This is a testable hypothesis and one that should be experimentally evaluated to better understand regulation by γ1.

      We agree with the reviewer that experimental validation of this hypothesis would have been an asset. Nevertheless, we think that our structural data in context of previous functional data e.g. from Li et al. 2015,2016) and also in comparison with the other two manuscripts on the same topic which have been published while this manuscript was under review, allows us to draw conclusions about the mechanism of γ1-mediated activation of Slo1. We have now, however, toned down some of the earlier statements and changed parts of our interpretations in light of the novel findings by Yamanouchi et al. and Kallure et al.

      The authors analysis of the extracellular domain of γ1 is incomplete. The only presented structure was performed with C4 symmetry imposed, in which extracellular domains were largely lost. The authors propose that these domains are dynamic and that their dynamism would enable simultaneous binding of both γ and b subunits, as occurs in cells. A more thorough analysis of the dynamics and well as potential asymmetric conformations should be performed to better understand how these domains interact with Slo1.

      We completely agree with the reviewer that a thorough analysis of the extracellular domain is important and thank the reviewer for their valuable suggestions. We had attempted such analysis already from the beginning, but were not successful. More specifically, we have attempted reconstructions with lower symmetry (C2 and C1) from the beginning or by symmetry relaxation after initial C4 reconstruction. Also, we tested different masking and signal subtraction strategies in combination with different global and local refinements, as well as symmetry expansion and 3D classification. Unfortunately, none of these strategies led to a better resolved LRR module.

      We now think that in comparison with Kallure et al. and Yamanouchi et al., the ice in our sample was thinner, which allowed us to reach higher resolution in the core particle (Slo1 and γ1 TM helix), but at the cost of the γ1 LRRs being denatured or at least distorted by the air-water interface.

      The refinement statistics suggest that the model was incompletely refined. This reviewer was not provided with the map or models, but the validation report lists a clashscore of 9 and 5.7% of the rotamers as being outliers, both of which are high for the reported resolution of the structure. It is also strange that the Q-score varied between different γ1 protomers. Why are the four protomers not identical when the map is 4-fold symmetric? The authors should carefully inspect their model to insure that it is as correct as possible.

      We thank the reviewer for pointing this out, and while the values for clashscores and rotamers were not outside the range of values typically found in many other cryo-EM structures, we agree that there was still some room for improvement. We have worked on this and could lower the values to a clashscore of 7.0 and 1.8 % rotamer outliers.

      The difference in Q-score is also something not too uncommon since, while the map is indeed C4-symmetric, during model refinement the NCS restraints are not completely preventing small deviations between the protomers. We have now also successfully attempted to minimize these differences further.

      Reviewer #1 (Significance (Required)):

      The impact of this report is limited. Functional analyses will be necessary to uncover precisely how gamma subunits regulate Slo1 channels.

      We thank the reviewer for this honest statement, but respectfully disagree. While additional functional analyses would have certainly boosted the impact, we are certain that our structural data and their interpretation will be very valuable for the field, because they provide (as stated by Reviewer 3) new insights into the regulation of Slo channel activity by the γ subunits and suggest (as stated by reviewer 2) a novel mechanism of activation of voltage-gated ion channels..

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary This study presents a high resolution cryo-EM study of a voltage-gated Ca++-dependent K+ channel in the presence of a gamma1 subunit. Analysis of the structure and sequence alignments suggest a novel mechanism of activation of voltage-gated ion channels.

      __Major comments __ The major issue in this paper is that it is only a structural biology paper. There is no structure-function relationship study, no functional studies of mutants that could validate -or not- the inferred underlying mechanism. Even though the authors have identified good candidates for mutations (e.g. p. 6) they have not attempted to validate their importance experimentally. As a result, reading their discussion is somewhat frustrating and full of assumptions, as indicated by sentences (p.7) like

      "a possible mechanism... might be... which would make... more likely".

      "... which might act ... seems important... might indicate... might lower... likely most pronounced... could be responsible..."

      "... might play an important role... does not allow a certain conclusion..."

      We completely agree with the reviewer that the paper would have been much stronger if we would have been able to perform biochemical or functional assays testing mutations in the binding interface. However, this would have unfortunately been beyond the scope of the project. We are nevertheless confident that our structural data will be of value for the field, also in context of the two structure-function papers that have been published since which confirm and validate our data and provide the link to function.

      __Minor comments which could be confidently addressed __ The Introduction contains no description of the state-of-the-art in the field concerning the available structures in the same system or similar ones. Hence, it is difficult to judge for people outside the field if the novelty. is incremental or significant.

      We have adjusted the introduction to explicitly mention previously published structural data on the Slo channels.

      References 10 and 42 (eLife) lacj some details.

      We have adjusted said references accordingly.

      __Reviewer #2 (Significance (Required)): ______


      Significance general assessment As it turns out, at least two papers in exactly the same field just appeared: -one in Molecular Cell by a Japanese group, which is much more developed and contains functional tests and structure-function relationships, in addition to beautiful structures (available on-line early December) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1097276523009218

      -one in biorxiv, deposited yesterday https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2023/12/20/2023.12.20.572542.full.pdf

      Advances wrt known results See above. As a result of these new papers in Mol Cell and biorxiv, I think the authors should reconsider submitting their article elsewhere, perhaps for a more specialized audience.

      We agree with the reviewer that in light of the other two publications which both were published a while after we deposited our preprint on biorxiv and while the manuscript was under review, the uniqueness of our data is somewhat lowered. However, since our data is overall in large agreement with these two other publications, but we report a structure at significantly higher resolution and from a different species (indeed the first Slo1 structure from rabbit, a model organism of BK channel characterization in the last decades), we are confident that our data are still very valuable for the field and qualify for publication in one of the affiliate journals of Review Commons. After all, the fact that three papers reporting very similar data were published within a few weeks (plus another preprint reporting structures of a Slo channel, but unrelated to γ subunits) illustrates the importance for understanding the regulation of this essential ion channel and the impact of all structural data enhancing this understanding, and independent confirmation by three different labs is something very valuable to the community.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      "This manuscript by Redhardt et al. presents the cryo-EM structure of the Slo K+ channel from rabbits in conjunction with its auxiliary subunit, γ1, and proposes a mechanistic model for regulating channel activation. "This manuscript by Redhardt et al. presents the cryo-EM structure of the Slo K+ channel from rabbits in conjunction with its auxiliary subunit, γ1, and proposes a mechanistic model for regulating channel activation. The Slo channel, also known as the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel or BK channel, is an ion channel type found in various cell membranes, including neurons, muscle cells, and other tissue types. Its key features encompass Ca2+ activation, voltage dependence, and regulation by auxiliary subunits. Different auxiliary subunits have been shown to modulate channel functions distinctly; notably, the γ1 subunit enables channel activation at lower voltages compared to the wild-type channel. This manuscript offers a structural-functional framework that enhances our comprehension of how Slo channels are regulated by auxiliary subunits, such as gamma and beta subunits. While the structure of Slo channels in complex with the beta subunit is understood, the binding and interaction of the gamma subunit with the channels remain elusive due to the absence of corresponding structures. Along these lines, the presented structure here indeed provides new insights into the regulation of Slo channel activity by the gamma subunit. However, there are some important questions below that should be addressed."

      1. In Figure 1D panel, the calcium ions appear to be indistinct, likely due to the figure's low resolution. The authors are recommended to enhance the figure quality and consider a better positioning to effectively illustrate the ions.

      We have adjusted the coloring of calcium ions Fig. 1D to increase their visibility.

      It would be beneficial for the readers if the authors provided detailed methodology explaining how they arrived at the 7% and 11% coexpression, aiding in the complex formation. Additionally, it would be informative to know the observed shift in the size exclusion chromatography (SEC) profile of Slo1-Y1 compared to apo Slo1.

      We have arrived at these concentrations of the respective viruses by empirically testing ranges between 3 % and 15 %. We have now added a sentence to the manuscript to explain this.

      Is there any rationale behind initially purifying using strep affinity followed by His affinity?

      The idea behind using a dual-affinity protocol is to ensure that all purified complexes contain at least one copy of Slo1 and one copy of γ1. Using the Strep tag first allows to remove most contaminants already in the first step, due to its higher specificity compared to the His tag. We have added a sentence to the methods section to explain this.

      Regarding the Slo1 tetramer with gamma subunit binding, are there other classes where one, two, or three gamma subunits are bound to Slo1? Or is there only one class where all protomers of Slo1 are occupied by the gamma subunit? How do these classes appear when refined in C1 symmetry? Are there classes displaying C1 or C2 symmetry, or is the four-fold symmetry preserved across all refined classes?"

      We exclusively observe complexes with four γ1 subunits. This is also in agreement with the other two recent publications reporting Slo1-γ1 complex structures, but could in principle be an artifact of artificial overexpression. Also when we refine the particles in C1, we retain C4 symmetry and do not observe any classes with C2 or C1 symmetry.

      The authors utilized nearly 1.9 million particles to reconstruct the final class, resulting in a high resolution. Is such a large number of particles truly necessary to achieve high resolution in this context?

      The large number of particles is not strictly necessary, i.e. we could obtain similar quality by using fewer particles. In the end, we have now further classified down to ~827k particles, which very slightly improved the resolution and quality of the map.

      Authros mentioned that F273 of γ1 forms pi-stacking interactions, it remains unclear with which components of the channel these interactions occur.

      F273 forms (slightly distorted) T stacking interactions with F164 in S2 and F187 in S3. We now changed the sentence in the manuscript to mention the residues that line the hydrophobic pocket to make it more clear which elements contribute to the interaction with F273.

      The authors propose that the disulfide bond between the γ subunit and Slo1 could play a crucial role in their interaction. Was there any observation of a covalent linkage in SDS page analysis? Furthermore, how would this interaction be affected if either cysteine C253 of gamma1 or C141 on the channel were mutated or neutralized?"

      We have run all our SDS-PAGE experiments under reducing conditions, thus destroying any disulfide bridges that might have been present in the complex. We have now, however obtained a slightly better defined reconstruction (as pointed out in our answer to point 5 raised by this reviewer) where we do not see as clear continuous density anymore between the two cysteine side chains. Thus, we have removed the cystine bond from the final model and have adjusted text and figures accordingly. We still think that it might be more than coincidence that those two side chains come into such close proximity, though, and still discuss the possibility of a cystine bridge in the manuscript.

      Author's state that "The presence of several immobile positive charges on the intracellular side in close proximity to the VSD as in the case of the Slo1-γ1 complex is likely to locally lower the resting state potential and repulse the gating charges, thereby reducing the energy to overcome for the VSD to transition to the active conformation." Authors need to be little more elaborative here as it is not clear what authors mean repulse of gating charges.

      We have expanded our description of the proposed repulsive effect of the positive charges in the manuscript and in addition also discuss the additional role of the charges in stabilizing the Ca2+-bound conformation of the gating ring as proposed by Yamanouchi et al.

      Probably beyond this study but I was wondering whether it is possible that Beta and gamma subunit can together assemble as heteromers to form a cage-like structure with contribution from both.

      We agree with the reviewer that this is an interesting question which we have also thought about and one which should be tested, but as the reviewer already mentioned, this would go beyond the present study and should be subject to an independent follow-up investigation.

      Are there any specific lipids observed within the structure that could potentially contribute to the functional conformation or stability of the complex?"

      Given the high resolution of our structure, we observe a number of ordered lipid and detergent molecules, most of which were located at similar positions as in previous structures of Slo channels. Besides those molecules clustering in the deep cleft between neighboring voltage-sensor domains, we also observe lipid densities close to the binding site of γ1 on the distal side of the VSD. However, as their relevance for γ1 binding is unclear, we don’t discuss them in the manuscript. In general, of course, we agree with the reviewer that lipids can have a large impact on the function of membrane proteins.

      It would be interesting to see if the kink in the gamma subunit is entirely neutralized through mutations of proline and glycine, how these alteration might impact the assembly of the mutated gamma subunit with the channel. The authors should provide insights into whether this mutated form of the gamma subunit assembles effectively with the channel and whether there are functional consequences associated with this alteration.

      As shown by Kallure et al., substituting P270 in the kink by serine (the native residue at this position in γ3) strongly diminished the ability of γ1 to associate with Slo1 in vitro, demonstrating the importance of the kink and providing a rationale for the observed differences in the potency of the TM helices of γ1 and γ3 in Slo1 activation.

      It would be generally beneficial for the authors to provide functional insights that can support the physiological relevance of this kink in the gamma subunit. Understanding the potential consequences of this mutation and its implications for the assembly and function of the channel complex will offer valuable insights into the physiological role of the kink.

      We absolutely agree with the reviewer that functional insights on the relevance of the kink would be very valuable, but we think that the available experimental data together with the natural sequence differences in γ1-γ4 and the correlation with their physiological activity are very clear indications that the kink is relevant. However, future follow-up studies that prove this beyond any doubt would be valuable.

      Is it known that binding of beta or gamma subunit can impact the subsequent binding of beta and gamma to channels. If it is, it need to be discussed briefly in the discussion part.

      This is, to the best of our knowledge, not known. The only existing data that suggests co-presence of beta and gamma subunits on Slo1, reported in Gonzalez-Perez et al., 2015, stems from electrophysiological experiments and does not reveal anything about hierarchy and temporal order of binding events.

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      The Slo channel, also known as the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel or BK channel, is an ion channel type found in various cell membranes, including neurons, muscle cells, and other tissue types. Its key features encompass Ca2+ activation, voltage dependence, and regulation by auxiliary subunits. Different auxiliary subunits have been shown to modulate channel functions distinctly; notably, the γ1 subunit enables channel activation at lower voltages compared to the wild-type channel. This manuscript offers a structural-functional framework that enhances our comprehension of how Slo channels are regulated by auxiliary subunits, such as gamma and beta subunits. While the structure of Slo channels in complex with the beta subunit is understood, the binding and interaction of the gamma subunit with the channels remain elusive due to the absence of corresponding structures. Along these lines, the presented structure here indeed provides new insights into the regulation of Slo channel activity by the gamma subunit.

      We thank the reviewer for this positive assessment of the data and agree that our structural data, also when regarded together with the complementary manuscripts by Kallure et al. and Yamanouchi et al., provides significant new insight into the assembly and activity of γ subunits.

    1. Adverbs can modify: verbs (schnell fahren) adjectives (sehr schön) other adverbs (sehr spät) In contrast, adjectives only modify nouns (ein schöner Tag). This means that adjectives change their endings, but adverbs always stay the same
    1. Good rule of thumb, if you have to say role=”” it is entirely likely you’re using the wrong tags / elements!

      You need role when there is not a built in tag for the behaviour you would like to have

    2. using the wrong markup…

      That's easily done.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      The authors of this study seek to visualize NS1 purified from dengue virus infected cells. They infect vero cells with DV2-WT and DV2 NS1-T164S (a mutant virus previously characterized by the authors). The authors utilize an anti-NS1 antibody to immunoprecipitate NS1 from cell supernatants and then elute the antibody/NS1 complex with acid. The authors evaluate the eluted NS1 by SDS-PAGE, Native Page, mass spec, negative-stain EM, and eventually Cryo-EM. SDS-PAGE, mas spec, and native page reveal a >250 Kd species containing both NS1 and the proteinaceous component of HDL (ApoA1). The authors produce evidence to suggest that this population is predominantly NS1 in complex with ApoA1. This contrasts with recombinantly produced NS1 (obtained from a collaborator) which did not appear to be in complex with or contain ApoA1 (Figure 1C). The authors then visualize their NS1 stock in complex with their monoclonal antibody by CryoEM. For NS1-WT, the major species visualized by the authors was a ternary complex of an HDL particle in complex with an NS1 dimer bound to their mAB. For their mutant NS1-T164S, they find similar structures, but in contrast to NS1-WT, they visualize free NS1 dimers in complex with 2 Fabs (similar to what's been reported previously) as one of the major species. This highlights that different NS1 species have markedly divergent structural dynamics. It's important to note that the electron density maps for their structures do appear to be a bit overfitted since there are many regions with electron density that do not have a predicted fit and their HDL structure does not appear to have any predicted secondary structure for ApoA1. The authors then map the interaction between NS1 and ApoA1 using cross-linking mass spectrometry revealing numerous NS1-ApoA1 contact sites in the beta-roll and wing domain. The authors find that NS1 isolated from DENV infected mice is also present as a >250 kD species containing ApoA1. They further determine that immunoprecipitation of ApoA1 out of the sera from a single dengue patient correlates with levels of NS1 (presumably COIPed by ApoA1) in a dose-dependent manner.

      In the end, the authors make some useful observations for the NS1 field (mostly confirmatory) providing additional insight into the propensity of NS1 to interact with HDL and ApoA1. The study does not provide any functional assays to demonstrate activity of their proteins or conduct mutagenesis (or any other assays) to support their interaction predications. The authors assertion that higher-order NS1 exists primarily as a NS1 dimer in complex with HDL is not well supported as their purification methodology of NS1 likely introduces bias as to what NS1 complexes are isolated. While their results clearly reveal NS1 in complex with ApoA1, the lack of other NS1 homo-oligomers may be explained by how they purify NS1 from virally infected supernatant. Because NS1 produced during viral infection is not tagged, the authors use an anti-NS1 monoclonal antibody to purify NS1. This introduces a source of bias since only NS1 oligomers with their mAb epitope exposed will be purified. Further, the use of acid to elute NS1 may denature or alter NS1 structure and the authors do not include controls to test functionality of their NS1 stocks (capacity to trigger endothelial dysfunction or immune cell activation). The acid elution may force NS1 homo-oligomers into dimers which then reassociate with ApoA1 in a manner that is not reflective of native conditions. Conducting CryoEM of NS1 stocks only in the presence of full-length mAbs or Fabs also severely biases what species of NS1 is visualized since any NS1 oligomers without the B-ladder domain exposed will not be visualized. If the residues obscured by their mAb are involved in formation of higher-order oligomers then this antibody would functionally inhibit these species from forming. The absence of critical controls, use of one mAb, and acid elution for protein purification severely limits the interpretation of these data and do not paint a clear picture of if NS1 produced during infection is structurally distinct from recombinant NS1. Certainly there is novelty in purifying NS1 from virally infected cells, but without using a few different NS1 antibodies to purify NS1 stocks (or better yet a polyclonal population of antibodies) it's unclear if the results of the authors are simply a consequence of the mAb they selected.

      Data produced from numerous labs studying structure and function of flavivirus NS1 proteins provide diverse lines of evidence that the oligomeric state of NS1 is dynamic and can shift depending on context and environment. This means that the methodology used for NS1 production and purification will strongly impact the results of a study. The data in this manuscript certainly capture one of these dynamic states and overall support the general model of a dynamic NS1 oligomer that can associate with both host proteins as well as itself but the assertions of this manuscript are overall too strong given their data, as there is little evidence in this manuscript, and none available in the large body of existing literature, to support that NS1 exists only as a dimer associated with ApoA1. More likely the results of this paper are a result of their NS1 purification methodology.

      Suggestions for the Authors:

      Major:

      (1) Because of the methodology used for NS1 purification, it is not clear from the data provided if NS1 from viral infection differs from recombinant NS1. Isolating NS1 from viral infection using a polyclonal antibody population would be better to answer their questions. On this point, Vero cells are also not the best candidate for their NS1 production given these cells do not come from a human. A more relevant cell line like U937-DC-SIGN would be preferable.

      We performed an optimization of sNS1 secretion from DENV infection in different cell lines (Author response image 1 below) to identify the best cell line candidate to obtain relatively high yield of sNS1 for the study. As shown in Author response image 1, the levels of sNS1 in the tested human cell lines Huh7 and HEK 293T were at least 3-5 fold lower than in Vero cells. Although using a monocytic cell line expressing DC-SIGN as suggested by the reviewer would be ideal, in our experience the low infectivity of DENV in monocytic cell lines will not yield sufficient amount of sNS1 needed for structural analysis. For these practical reasons we decided to use the closely related non-human primate cell line Vero for sNS1 production supported by our optimization data.

      Author response image 1.

      sNS1 secretion in different mammalian and mosquito cell lines after DENV2 infection. The NS1 secretion level is measured using PlateliaTM Dengue NS1 Ag ELISA kit (Bio-Rad) on day 3 (left) and day 5 (right) post infection respectively.

      (2) The authors need to support their interaction predictions and models via orthogonal assays like mutagenesis followed by HDL/ApoA1 complexing and even NS1 functional assays. The authors should be able to mutate NS1 at regions predicted to be critical for ApoA1/HDL interaction. This is critical to support the central conclusions of this manuscript.

      In our previous publication (Chan et al., 2019 Sci Transl Med), we used similarly purified sNS1 (immunoaffinity purification followed by acid elution) from infected culture supernatants from both DENV2 wild-type and T164S mutant (both also studied in the present work) to carry out stimulation assay on human PBMCs as described by other leading laboratories investigating NS1 (Modhiran et al., 2015 Sci Transl Med). For reader convenience we have extracted the data from our published paper and present it as Author response image 2 below.

      Author response image 2.

      (A) IL6 and (B) TNFa concentrations measured in the supernatants of human PBMCs incubated with either 1µg/ml or 10µg/ml of the BHK-21 immunoaffinity-purified WT and TS mutant sNS1 for 24 hours. Data is adapted from Chan et al., 2019.

      Incubation of immunoaffinity-purified sNS1 (WT and TS) with human PBMCs from 3 independent human donors triggered the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF in a concentration dependent manner (Author response image 2), consistent with the published data by Modhiran et al., 2015 Sci Transl Med. Interestingly the TS mutant derived sNS1 induced a higher proinflammatory cytokines production than WT virus derived sNS1 that appears to correlate with the more lethal and severe disease phenotype in mice as also reported in our previous work (Chan et al., 2019). Additionally, the functionality of our immune-affinity purified infection derived sNS1 (isNA1) is now further supported by our preliminary results on the NS1 induced endothelial cell permeability assay using the purified WT and mutant isNS1 (Author response image 3). As shown in Author response image 3, both the isNS1wt and isNS1ts mutant reduced the relative transendothelial resistance from 0 to 9 h post-treatment, with the peak resistance reduction observed at 6 h post-treatment, suggesting that the purified isNS1 induced endothelial dysfunction as reported in Puerta-Guardo et al., 2019, Cell Rep.) It is noteworthy that the isNS1 in our study behaves similarly as the commercial recombinant sNS1 (rsNS1 purchased from the same source used in study by Puerta-Guardo et al., 2019) in inducing endothelial hyperpermeability. Collectively our previous published and current data suggest that the purified isNS1 (as a complex with ApoA1) has a pathogenic role in disease pathogenesis that is also supported in a recent publication by Benfrid et al., EMBO 2022). The acid elution has not affected the functionality of NS1.

      Author response image 3.

      Functional assessment of isNS1wt and isNS1ts on vascular permeability in vitro. A trans-endothelial permeabilty assay via measurement of the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) on human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (hUVEC) was performed, as described previously (Puerta-Guardo et al., 2019, Cell Rep). Ovalbumin serves as the negative control, while TNF-α and rsNS1 serves as the positive controls.

      We agree with reviewer about the suggested mutagnesis study. We will perform site-directed mutagenesis at selected residues and further structural and functional analyses and report the results in a follow-up study.

      (3) The authors need to show that the NS1 stocks produced using acid elution are functional compared to standard recombinantly produced NS1. Do acidic conditions impact structure/function of NS1?

      We are providing the same response to comments 1 & 2 above. We would like to reiterate that we have previously used sNS1 from immunoaffinity purification followed by acid elution to test its function in stimulating PBMCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (Chan et al., 2019; Author response image 2). Similar to Modhiran et al. (2015) and Benfrid et al. (2022), the sNS1 that we extracted using acid elution are capable of activating PBMCs to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. We have now further demonstrated the ability of both WT and TS isNS1 in inducing endothelial permeability in vitro in hUVECs, using the TEER assay (Author response image 3). Based on the data presented in the rebuttal figures as well as our previous publication we do not think that the acid elution has a significant impact on function of isNS1.

      We performed affinity purification to enrich the complex for better imaging and analysis (Supp Fig. 1b) since the crude supernatant contains serum proteins and serum-free infections also do not provide sufficient isNS1. The major complex observed in negative stain is 1:1 (also under acidic conditions which implies that the complex are stable and intact). We agree that it is possible that other oligomers can form but we have observed only a small population (74 out of 3433 particles, 2.15%; 24 micrographs) of HDL:sNS1 complex at 1:2 ratio as shown in the Author response image 4 below and in the manuscript (p. 4 lines 114-117, Supp Fig. 1c). Other NS1 dimer:HDL ratios including 2:1 and 3:1 have been reported by Benfrid et al., 2022 by spiking healthy sera with recombinant sNS1 and subsequent re-affinity purification. However, this method used an approximately 8-fold higher sNS1 concentration (400 ug/mL) than the maximum clinically reported concentration (50 ug/mL) (Young et al., 2000; Alcon et al., 2002; Libraty et al., 2002). In our hands, the sNS1 concentration in the concentrated media from in vitro infection was quantified as 30 ug/mL which is more physiologically relevant.

      We conclude that the integrity of the HDL of the complex is not lost during sample preparation, as we are able to observe the complex under the negative staining EM as well as infer from XL-MS. Our rebuttal data and our previous studies with our acid-eluted isNS1 from immunoaffinity purification clearly show that our protein is functional and biologically relevant.

      Author response image 4.

      (A) Representative negative stain micrograph of sNS1wt (B) Representative 2D averages of negative stained isNS1wt. Red arrows indicating the characteristic wing-like protrusions of NS1 inserted in HDL. (C) Data adapted from Figure 2 in Benfrid et al. (2022).

      (4) Overall, the data obtained from the mutant NS1 (contrasted to WT NS1) reveals how dynamic the oligomeric state of NS1 proteins are but the authors do not provide any insight into how/why this is, some additional lines of evidence using either structural studies or mutagenesis to compare WT and their mutant and even NS1 from a different serotype of DENV would help the field to understand the dynamic nature of NS1.

      The T164S mutation in DENV2 NS1 was proposed as the residue associated with disease severity in 1997 Cuban dengue epidemic (Halsted SB. “Intraepidemic increases in dengue disease severity: applying lessons on surveillance and transmission”. Whitehorn, J., Farrar. J., Eds., Clinical Insights in Dengue: Transmission, Diagnosis & Surveillance. The Future Medicine (2014), pp. 83-101). Our previous manuscript examined this mutation by engineering it into a less virulent clade 2 DENV isolated in Singapore and showed that sNS1 production was higher without any change in viral RNA replication. Transcript profiling of mutant compared to WT virus showed that genes that are usually induced during vascular leakage were upregulated for the mutant. We also showed that infection of interferon deficient AG129 mice with the mutant virus resulted in disease severity, increased complement protein expression in the liver, tissue inflammation and greater mortality compared to WT virus infected mice. The lipid profiling in our study (Chan et al., 2019) suggested small differences with WT but was overall similar to HDL as described by Gutsche et al. (2011). We were intrigued by our functional results and wanted to explore more deeply the impact of the mutation on sNS1 structure which at that stage was widely believed to be a trimer of NS1 dimers with a central channel (~ X Å) stuffed with lipid as established in several seminal publications (Flamand et al., 1999; Gutsche et al., 2011; Muller et al., 2012). In fact “This Week in Virology” netcast (https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-725/) discussed two back-to-back publications in Science (Modhiran et al., 371(6625)190-194; Biering et al., Science 371(6625):194-200)) which showed that therapeutic antibodies can ameliorate the NS1 induced pathogenesis and expert discussants posed questions that also pointed to the need for more accurate definition of the molecular composition and architecture of the circulating NS1 complex during virus infection to get a clearer handle on its pathogenic mechanism. Our current studies and also the recent high resolution cryoEM structures (Shu et al., 2022) do not support the notion of a central channel “stuffed with lipid”. Even in the rare instances where trimer of dimers are shown, the narrow channel in the center could only accommodate one molecule of lipoid molecule no bigger than a typical triglyceride molecule. This hexamer model cannot explain the lipid proeotmics data in the literature.

      In our study we observed predominantly 1:1 NS1 dimer to HDL (~30 μg/mL) mirroring maximum clinically reported concentration of sNS1 in the sera of DENV patients (40-50 μg/mL) as we highlighted in our main text (P. 18, lines 461-471). What is often quoted (also see later) is the recent study of Flamand & co-workers which show 1-3 NS1 dimers per HDL (Benfrid et al, 2022) by spiking rsNS1 (400 μg/mL) with HDL. This should not be confused with the previous models which suggested a lipid filled central channel holding together the hexamer. The use of physiologically relevant concentrations is important for these studies as we have highlighted in our main text (P. 18, lines 461-471).

      Our interpretation for the mutant (isNS1ts) is that it is possible that the hydrophilic serine at residue 164 located in the greasy finger loop may weaken the isNS1ts binding to HDL hence the observation of free sNS1 dimers in our immunoaffinity purified (acid eluted sample). The disease severity and increased complement protein expression in AG129 mice liver can be ascribed to weakly bound mutant NS1 with fast on/off rate with HDL being transported to the liver where specific receptors bind to free sNS1 and interact with effector proteins such as complement to drive inflammation and associated pathology. Our indirect support for this is that the XL-MS analysis of purified isNS1ts identified only 7 isNS1ts:ApoA1 crosslinks while 25 isNS1wt:ApoA1 crosslinks were identified from purified isNS1wt (refer to Fig. 4 and Supp. Fig. 8).

      Taken together, the cryoEM and XL-MS analysis of purified isNS1ts suggest that isNS1ts has weaker affinity for HDL compared to isNS1wt. We welcome constructive discussion on our interpretation that we and others will hopefully obtain more data to support or deny our proposed explanation. Our focus has been to compare WT with mutant sNS1 from DENV2 and we agree that it will be useful to study other serotypes.

      Reviewer #2:

      CryoEM:

      Some of the neg-stain 2D class averages for sNS1 in Fig S1 clearly show 1 or 2 NS1 dimers on the surface of a spherical object, presumably HDL, and indicate the possibility of high-quality cryoEM results. However, the cryoEM results are disappointing. The cryo 2D class averages and refined EM map in Fig S4 are of poor quality, indicating sub-optimal grid preparation or some other sample problem. Some of the FSC curves (2 in Fig S7 and 1 in Fig S6) have extremely peculiar shapes, suggesting something amiss in the map refinement. The sharp drop in the "corrected" FSC curves in Figs S5c and S6c (upper) indicate severe problems. The stated resolutions (3.42 & 3.82 Å) for the sNS1ts-Fab56.2 are wildly incompatible with the images of the refined maps in Figs 3 & S7. At those resolutions, clear secondary structural elements should be visible throughout the map. From the 2D averages and 3D maps shown in the figures this does not seem to be the case. Local resolution maps should be shown for each structure.

      The same sample is used for negative staining and the cryoEM results presented. The cryoEM 2D class averages are similar to the negative stain ones, with many spherical-like densities with no discernible features, presumably HDL only or the NS1 features are averaged out. The key difference lies in the 2D class averages where the NS1 could be seen. The side views of NS1 (wing-like protrusion) are more obvious in the negative stain while the top views of NS1 (cross shaped-like protrusion) are more obvious under cryoEM. HDL particles are inherently heterogeneous and known to range from 70-120 Å, this has been highlighted in the main text (p. 8, lines 203 and 228). This helps to explain why the reviewer may find the cryoEM result disappointing. The sample is inherently challenging to resolve structurally as it is (not that the sample is of poor quality). In terms of grid preparation, Supp Fig 4b shows a representative motion-corrected micrograph of the isNS1ts sample whereby individual particles can be discerned and evenly distributed across the grid at high density.

      We acknowledge that most of the dips in the FSC curves (Fig S5-7) are irregular and affect the accuracy of the stated resolutions, particularly for the HDL-isNS1ts-Fab56.2 and isNS1ts-Fab56.2 maps for which the local resolution maps are shown (Fig S7d-e). Probable reasons affecting the FSC curves include (1) the heterogeneous nature of HDL, (2) preferred orientation issue (p 7, lines 198 -200), and (3) the data quality is intrinsically less ideal for high resolution single particle analysis. Optimizing of the dynamic masking such that the mask is not sharper than the resolution of the map for the near (default = 3 angstroms) and far (12 angstroms) parameters during data processing, ranging from 6 - 12 and 14 - 20 respectively, did not help to improve the FSC curves. To report a more accurate global resolution, we have revised the figures S5-7 with new FSC curve plots generated using the remote 3DFSC processing server.

      Regardless, the overall architecture and the relative arrangement of NS1 dimer, Fab, and HDL are clearly visible and identifiable in the map. These results agree well with our biochemical data and mass-spec data.

      The samples were clearly challenging for cryoEM, leading to poor quality maps that were difficult to interpret. None of the figures are convincing that NS1, Ab56.2 or Fab56.2 are correctly fit into EM maps. There is no indication of ApoA1 helices. Details of the fit of models to density for key regions of the higher-resolution EM maps should be shown and the models should be deposited in the PDB. An example of modeling difficulty is clear in the sNS1ts dimer with bound Fab56.2 (figs 3c & S7e). For this complex, the orientation of the Fab56.2 relative to the sNS1ts dimer in this submission (Fig 3c) is substantially different than in the bioRxiv preprint (Fig 3c). Regions of empty density in Fig 3c also illustrate the challenge of building a model into this map.

      We acknowledge the modelling challenge posed by low resolution maps in general, such as the handedness of the Fab molecule as pointed out by the reviewer (which is why others have developed the use of anti-fab nanobody to aid in structure determination among other methods). The change in orientation of the Fab56.2 relative to the sNS1ts dimer was informed by the HDX-MS results which was not done at the point of bioRxiv preprint mentioned. With regards to indication of ApoA1 helices, this is expected given the heterogeneous nature of HDL. To the best of our knowledge, engineered apoA1 helices were also not reported in many cryoEM structures of membrane proteins solved in membrane scaffold protein (MSP) nanodiscs. This is despite nanodiscs, comprised of engineered apoA1 helices, having well-defined size classifications.

      Regions of weak density in Fig 3c is expected due to the preferred orientation issue acknowledged in the results section of the main text (p. 9, line 245). The cryoEM density maps have been deposited in the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB) under accession codes EMD-36483 (isNS1ts:Fab56.2) and EMD-36480 (Fab56.2:isNS1ts:HDL). The protein model files for isNS1ts:Fab56.2 and Fab56.2:isNS1ts:HDL model are available upon request. Crosslinking MS raw files and the search results can be downloaded from https://repository.jpostdb.org/preview/14869768463bf85b347ac2 with the access code: 3827. The HDX-MS data is deposited to the ProteomeXchange consortium via PRIDE partner repository51 with the dataset identifier PXD042235.

      Mass spec:

      Crosslinking-mass spec was used to detect contacts between NS1 and ApoA1, providing strong validation of the sNS1-HDL association. As the crosslinks were detected in a bulk sample, they show that NS1 is near ApoA1 in many/most HDL particles, but they do not indicate a specific protein-protein complex. Thus, the data do not support the model of an NS1-ApoA1 complex in Fig 4d. Further, a specific NS1-ApoA1 interaction should have evidence in the EM maps (helical density for ApoA1), but none is shown or mentioned. If such exists, it could perhaps be visualized after focused refinement of the map for sNS1ts-HDL with Fab56.2 (Fig S7d). The finding that sNS1-ApoA1 crosslinks involved residues on the hydrophobic surface of the NS1 dimer confirms previous data that this NS1 surface engages with membranes and lipids.

      We thank the reviewer for the comment. The XL-MS is a method to identify the protein-protein interactions by proximity within the spacer arm length of the crosslinker. The crosslinking MS data do support the NS1-ApoA1 complex model obtained by cryo-EM because the identified crosslinks that are superimposed on the EM map are within the cut-off distance of 30 Å. We agree that the XL-MS data do not dictate the specific interactions between specific residues of NS1-ApoA1 in the EM model. We also do not claim that specific residue of NS1 in beta roll or wing domain is interacting with specific residue of ApoA1 in H4 and H5 domain. We claim that beta roll and wing domain regions of NS1 are interacting with ApoA1 in HDL indicating the proximity nature of NS1-ApoA1 interactions as warranted by the XL-MS data.

      As explained in the previous response on the lack of indication of ApoA1 helical density, this is expected given the heterogeneous nature of HDL. It is typical to see lipid membranes as unstructured and of lower density than the structured protein. In our study, local refinement was performed on either the global map (presented in Fig S7d) or focused on the NS1-Fab region only. Both yielded similar maps as illustrated in the real space slices shown in Author response image 5. The mask and map overlay is depicted in similar orientations to the real space slices, and at different contour thresholds at 0.05 (Author response image 5e) and 0.135 (Author response image 5f). While the overall map is of poor resolution and directional anisotropy evident, there is clear signal differences in the low density region (i.e. the HDL sphere) indicative of NS1 interaction with ApoA1 in HDL, extending from the NS1 wing to the base of the HDL sphere.

      Author response image 5.

      Real Space Slices of map and mask used during Local Refinement for overall structure (a-b) and focused mask on NS1 region (c-d). The corresponding map (grey) contoured at 0.05 (e) and 0.135 (f) in similar orientations as shown for the real space slices of map and masks. The focused mask of NS1 used is colored in semi-transparent yellow. Real Space Slices of map and mask are generated during data processing in Cryosparc 4.0 and the map figures were prepared using ChimeraX.

      Sample quality:

      The paper lacks any validation that the purified sNS1 retains established functions, for example the ability to enhance virus infectivity or to promote endothelial dysfunction.

      Please see detailed response for question 2 in Reviewer #1’s comments. In essence, we have showed that both isNS1wt and isNS1ts are capable of inducing endothelial permeability in an in vitro TEER assay (Rebuttal Fig 3) and also in our previous study that quantified inflammation in human PBMC’s (Rebuttal Fig 2).

      Peculiarities include the gel filtration profiles (Fig 2a), which indicate identical elution volumes (apparent MWs) for sNS1wt-HDL bound to Ab562 (~150 kDa) and to the ~3X smaller Fab56.2 (~50 kDa). There should also be some indication of sNS1wt-HDL pairs crosslinked by the full-length Ab, as can be seen in the raw cryoEM micrograph (Fig S5b).

      Obtaining high quality structures is often more demanding of sample integrity than are activity assays. Given the low quality of the cryoEM maps, it's possible that the acidification step in immunoaffinity purification damaged the HDL complex. No validation of HDL integrity, for example with acid-treated HDL, is reported.

      Please see detailed response for question 3 in Reviewer #1’s comments.

      Acid treatment is perhaps discounted by a statement (line 464) that another group also used immunoaffinity purification in a recent study (ref 20) reporting sNS1 bound to HDL. However the statement is incorrect; the cited study used affinity purification via a strep-tag on recombinant sNS1.

      We thank the Reviewer for pointing this out and have rewritten this paragraph instead (p 18, line 445-455). We also expanded our discussion to highlight our prior functional studies showing that acid-eluted isNS1 proteins do induce endothelial hyperpermeability (p 18-19, line 470-476).

      Discussion:

      The Discussion reflects a view that the NS1 secreted from virus-infected cells is a 1:1 sNS1dimer:HDL complex with the specific NS1-ApoA1 contacts detected by crosslinking mass spec. This is inconsistent with both the neg-stain 2D class average with 2 sNS1 dimers on an HDL (Fig S1c) and with the recent study of Flamand & co-workers showing 1-3 NS1 dimers per HDL (ref 20). It is also ignores the propensity of NS1 to associate with membranes and lipids. It is far more likely that NS1 association with HDL is driven by these hydrophobic interactions than by specific protein-protein contacts. A lengthy Discussion section (lines 461-522) includes several chemically dubious or inconsistent statements, all based on the assumption that specific ApoA1 contacts are essential to NS1 association with HDL and that sNS1 oligomers higher than the dimer necessarily involve ApoA1 interaction, conclusions that are not established by the data in this paper.

      We thank the Reviewer and have revised our discussion to cover available structural and functional data to draw conclusions that invariably also need further validation by others. One point that is repeatedly brought up by Reviewer 1 & 2 is the quality and functionality of our sample. Our conclusion now reiterates this point based on our own published data (Chan et al., 2019) and also the TEER assay data provided as Author response image 3.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Minor:

      (1) Fig. S3B, should the label for lane 4 be isNS1? In figure 1C you do not see ApoA1 for rsNS1 but for S3B you do? Which is correct?

      This has been corrected in the Fig. S3B, the label for lane 4 has been corrected to isNS1 and lane 1 to rsNS1, where no ApoA1 band (25 kDa) is found.

      (2) Line 436, is this the correct reference? Reference 43?

      This has been corrected in the main text. (p 20, Line 507; Lee et al., 2020, J Exp Med).

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The cryoEM data analysis is incompletely described. The process (software, etc) leading to each refined EM map should be stated, including the use of reference structures in any step. These details are not in the Methods or in Figs S4-7, as claimed in the Methods. The use of DeepEMhancer (which refinements?) with the lack of defined secondary structural features in the maps and without any validation (or discussion of what was used as "ground truth") is concerning. At the least, the authors should show pre- and post-DeepEMhancer maps in the supplemental figures.

      The data processing steps in the Methods section have been described with improved clarity. DeepEMhancer is a deep learning solution for cryo-EM volume post-processing to reduce noise levels and obtain more detailed versions of the experimental maps (Sanchez-Garcia, et al., 2021). DeepEMhancer was only used to sharpen the maps and reduce the noise for classes 1 and 2 of isNS1wt in complex with Ab56.2 for visualization purpose only and not for any refinements. To avoid any confusion, the use of DeepEMhancer has been removed from the supp text and figures.

      Line 83 - "cryoEM structures...recently reported" isn't ref 17

      This reference has been corrected in to Shu et al. (2022) in p 3, line 83.

      Fig. S3 - mis-labeled gel lanes

      This has been corrected in the Fig. S3B, the label for lane 4 has been corrected to isNS1 and lane 1 to rsNS1.

      Fig S6c caption - "Representative 2D classes of each 3D classes, white bar 100 Å. Refined 3D map for classes 1 and 2 coloured by local resolution". The first sentence is unclear, and there is no white scale bar and no heat map.

      Fig S6c caption has been corrected to “Representative 3D classes contoured at 0.06 and its particle distribution as labelled and coloured in cyan. Scale bar of 100 Å as shown. Refined 3D maps and their respective FSC resolution charts and posterior precision directional distribution as generated in crysosparc4.0”.

    2. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:

      Chew et al describe interaction of the flavivirus protein NS1 with HDL using primarily cryoEM and mass spec. The NS1 was secreted from dengue virus infected Vero cells, and the HDL were derived from the 3% FBS in the culture media. NS1 is a virulence factor/toxin and is a biomarker for dengue infection in patients. The mechanisms of its various activities in the host are incompletely understood. NS1 has been seen in dimer, tetramer and hexamer forms. It is well established to interact with membrane surfaces, presumably through a hydrophobic surface of the dimer form, and the recombinant protein has been shown to bind HDL. In this study, cryoEM and crosslinking-mass spec are used to examine NS1 secreted from virus-infected cells, with the conclusion that the sNS1 is predominantly/exclusively HDL-associated through specific contacts with the ApoA1 protein.

      Strengths: The experimental results are consistent with previously published data.

      Weaknesses:

      CryoEM:<br /> Some of the neg-stain 2D class averages for sNS1 in Fig S1 clearly show 1 or 2 NS1 dimers on the surface of a spherical object, presumably HDL, and indicate the possibility of high-quality cryoEM results. However, the cryoEM results are disappointing. The cryo 2D class averages and refined EM map in Fig S4 are of poor quality, indicating sub-optimal grid preparation or some other sample problem. Some of the FSC curves (2 in Fig S7 and 1 in Fig S6) have extremely peculiar shapes, suggesting something amiss in the map refinement. The sharp drop in the "corrected" FSC curves in Figs S5c and S6c (upper) indicate severe problems. The stated resolutions (3.42 & 3.82 Å) for the sNS1ts-Fab56.2 are wildly incompatible with the images of the refined maps in Figs 3 & S7. At those resolutions, clear secondary structural elements should be visible throughout the map. From the 2D averages and 3D maps shown in the figures, this does not seem to be the case. Local resolution maps should be shown for each structure.

      The samples were clearly challenging for cryoEM, leading to poor quality maps that were difficult to interpret. None of the figures are convincing that NS1, Ab56.2 or Fab56.2 are correctly fit into EM maps. There is no indication of ApoA1 helices. Details of the fit of models to density for key regions of the higher-resolution EM maps should be shown and the models should be deposited in the PDB. An example of modeling difficulty is clear in the sNS1ts dimer with bound Fab56.2 (figs 3c & S7e). For this complex, the orientation of the Fab56.2 relative to the sNS1ts dimer in this submission (Fig 3c) is substantially different than in the bioRxiv preprint (Fig 3c). Regions of empty density in Fig 3c also illustrate the challenge of building a model into this map.

      Mass spec:<br /> Crosslinking-mass spec was used to detect contacts between NS1 and ApoA1, providing strong validation of the sNS1-HDL association. As the crosslinks were detected in a bulk sample, they show that NS1 is near ApoA1 in many/most HDL particles, but they do not indicate a specific protein-protein complex. Thus, the data do not support the model of an NS1-ApoA1 complex in Fig 4d. Further, a specific NS1-ApoA1 interaction should have evidence in the EM maps (helical density for ApoA1), but none is shown or mentioned. If such exists, it could perhaps be visualized after focused refinement of the map for sNS1ts-HDL with Fab56.2 (Fig S7d). The finding that sNS1-ApoA1 crosslinks involved residues on the hydrophobic surface of the NS1 dimer confirms previous data that this NS1 surface engages with membranes and lipids.

      Sample quality:<br /> The paper lacks any validation that the purified sNS1 retains established functions, for example the ability to enhance virus infectivity or to promote endothelial dysfunction. Peculiarities include the gel filtration profiles (Fig 2a), which indicate identical elution volumes (apparent MWs) for sNS1wt-HDL bound to Ab562 (~150 kDa) and to the ~3X smaller Fab56.2 (~50 kDa). There should also be some indication of sNS1wt-HDL pairs crosslinked by the full-length Ab, as can be seen in the raw cryoEM micrograph (Fig S5b).

      Obtaining high quality structures is often more demanding of sample integrity than are activity assays. Given the low quality of the cryoEM maps, it's possible that the acidification step in immunoaffinity purification damaged the HDL complex. No validation of HDL integrity, for example with acid-treated HDL, is reported. Acid treatment is perhaps discounted by a statement (line 464) that another group also used immunoaffinity purification in a recent study (ref 20) reporting sNS1 bound to HDL. However the statement is incorrect; the cited study used affinity purification via a strep-tag on recombinant sNS1.

      Discussion:<br /> The Discussion reflects a view that the NS1 secreted from virus-infected cells is a 1:1 sNS1dimer:HDL complex with the specific NS1-ApoA1 contacts detected by crosslinking mass spec. This is inconsistent with both the neg-stain 2D class average with 2 sNS1 dimers on an HDL (Fig S1c) and with the recent study of Flamand & co-workers showing 1-3 NS1 dimers per HDL (ref 20). It also ignores the propensity of NS1 to associate with membranes and lipids. It is far more likely that NS1 association with HDL is driven by these hydrophobic interactions than by specific protein-protein contacts. A lengthy Discussion section (lines 461-522) includes several chemically dubious or inconsistent statements, all based on the assumption that specific ApoA1 contacts are essential to NS1 association with HDL and that sNS1 oligomers higher than the dimer necessarily involve ApoA1 interaction, conclusions that are not established by the data in this paper.

      Additional comments on the revised manuscript:

      Comments on the structures:

      The authors kindly provided their fitted atomic models for the 2 reported structures. The EM maps are available in the EMDB. Based on these materials, the derived structures are not well supported due to problems with the models, the maps, and the fit of models to maps.

      Quick inspection revealed that the models for both structures are implausible due to a large steric clash of Fab56.2 and the end of the NS1. The Fab and NS1 protein backbones interpenetrate by nearly 20 Å. This substantial overlap exists for all 3 Fab56.2-NS1 interactions in the 2 structures, and is also visible in the perpendicular views of the NS1 dimer with 2 bound Fab56.2 in Fig. 2c. It appears that the Fab56.2 model was jammed into the NS1 model in order to bring all domains inside the density envelope at the threshold chosen to display the map. The poor fit of model to map is also clear in several protruding density regions without any model.

      The fits of both atomic models to the maps are questionable because<br /> - The maps suffer from severe preferred orientation problems, as seen in the streaky tubes of density. The streaks in both maps do not match the NS1 beta strands of the fitted models.<br /> - The shape of the modeled ApoA1 helical ring surrounding the HDL does not match the shape of the EM density. In some regions, the ApoA1 helices are inside the rather strong density for the spherical HDL, but in other regions the helices are outside the density.<br /> - Both maps have regions of strong density that are adjacent to NS1 but lack any protein model, while other parts of the structure, including the beta-roll domain, lack density.<br /> - The claimed 4.3-Å resolution of the NS1-Fab56.2 complex is wildly overstated. The local resolution of ~2.5 Å for the "best" part of the structure (Supp Fig. 7E) appears to pertain to the beta strands at the center of the NS1 dimer. However, these density streaks do not match the beta strands of the fit model.<br /> - The manuscript lacks statistics on the fit of model to map. A standard cryo-EM "Table 1" should include more than is presented in Supp Table 1. The fitted model for at least the higher resolution structure should be deposited in the PDB.

      Comments on the structure interpretation:

      By now it should be abundantly clear that the oligomer state of NS1 is dynamic and highly sensitive to environmental conditions and to each sample's "history". For the reasons pointed out by reviewer 1, it is not clear that the immunoaffinity purification method captured all forms of sNS1 equally. Thus, the authors insistence that NS1 secreted from virus-infected cells is predominantly bound to HDL particles in a ratio of 1 NS1 dimer per HDL is not well supported. They employ similar arguments to challenge the discovery of sNS1 as a lipoprotein particle (PNAS 2011), contending that the 2011 finding was an artefact of recombinant NS1 production and is irrelevant to sNS1 from a virus infection. The several published structures of NS1 oligomers reveal a large degree of asymmetry in dimer-dimer interaction, consistent with the ability of NS1 to dynamically associate with a variety of hydrophobic entities.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      eLife assessment

      This important study elucidates the molecular divergence of caspase 3 and 7 in the vertebrate lineage. Convincing biochemical and mutational data provide evidence that in humans, caspase 7 has lost the ability to cleave gasdermin E due to changes in a key residue, S234. However, the physiological relevance of the findings is incomplete and requires further experimental work.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Summary

      In this study, Xu et al. provide insights into the substrate divergence of CASP3 and CASP7 for GSDME cleavage and activation during vertebrate evolution vertebrates. Using biochemical assays, domain swapping, site-directed mutagenesis, and bioinformatics tools, the authors demonstrate that the human GSDME C-terminal region and the S234 residue of human CASP7 are the key determinants that impede the cleavage of human GSDME by human CASP7.

      Strengths

      The authors made an important contribution to the field by demonstrating how human CASP7 has functionally diverged to lose the ability to cleave GSDME and showing that reverse-mutations in CASP7 can restore GSDME cleavage. The use of multiple methods to support their conclusions strengthens the authors' findings. The unbiased mutagenesis screen performed to identify S234 in huCASP7 as the determinant of its GSDME cleavability is also a strength.

      Weaknesses

      While the authors utilized an in-depth experimental setup to understand the CASP7-mediated GSDME cleavage across evolution, the physiological relevance of their findings are not assessed in detail. Additional methodology information should also be provided.

      Specific recommendations for the authors

      (1) The authors should expand their evaluation of the physiological relevance by assessing GSDME cleavage by the human CASP7 S234N mutant in response to triggers such as etoposide or VSV, which are known to induce CASP3 to cleave GSDME (PMID: 28045099). The authors could also test whether the human CASP7 S234N mutation affects substrate preference beyond human GSDME by testing cleavage of mouse GSDME and other CASP3 and CASP7 substrates in this mutant.

      (1) The physiological relevance was discussed in the revised manuscript (lines 328-340). Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the divergence of CASP3- and CASP7-mediated GSDME activation in vertebrate. One of the physiological consequences is that in humans, CASP7 no longer directly participates in GSDME-mediated cell death, which enables CASP7 to be engaged in other cellular processes. Another physiological consequence is that GSDME activation is limited to CASP3 cleavage, thus restricting GSDME activity to situations more specific, such as that inducing CASP3 activation. The divergence and specialization of the physiological functions of different CASPs are consistent with and possibly conducive to the development of refined regulations of the sophisticated human GSDM pathways, which are executed by multiple GSDM members (A , B, C, D, and E), rather than by GSDME solely in teleost, such as Takifugu. More physiological consequences of CASP3/7 divergence in GSDME activation need to be explored in future studies.

      With respect to the reviewer’s suggestion of assessing GSDME cleavage by the human CASP7 S234N mutant in response to triggers such as etoposide or VSV: (i) CASP7 S234N is a creation of our study, not a natural human product, hence its response to CASP7 triggers cannot happen under normal physiological conditions except in the case of application, such as medical application, which is not the aim of our study. (ii) CASP3/7 activators (such as raptinal) induced robust activation of the endogenous CASP3 (Heimer et al., Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:556) and CASP7 (Author response image 1, below) in human cells. Since CASP3 is the natural activator of GSDME, the presence of the triggers inevitably activates GSDME via CASP3. Hence, under this condition, it will be difficult to examine the effect of CASP7 S234N.

      Author response image 1.

      HsCASP7 activation by raptinal. HEK293T cells were transfected with the empty vector (-), or the vector expressing HsCASP7 or HsCASP7-S234N for 24 h. The cells were then treated with or without (control) 5 μM raptinal for 4 h. The cells were lysed, and the lysates were blotted with anti-CASP7 antibody.

      (2) As suggested by the reviewer, the cleavage of other CASP7 substrates, i.e., poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and gelsolin, by HsCASP7 and S234N mutant was determined. The results showed that HsCASP7 and HsCASP7-S234N exhibited similar cleavage capacities. Figure 5-figure supplement 1 and lines 212-214.

      (2) It would also be interesting to examine the GSDME structure in different species to gain insight into the nature of mouse GSDME, which cannot be cleaved by either mouse or human CASP7.

      Because the three-dimensional structure of GSDME is not solved, we are unable to explore the structural mechanism underlying the GSDME cleavage by caspase. Since our results showed that the C-terminal domain was essential for caspase-mediated cleavage of GSDME, it is likely that the C-terminal domain of mouse GSDME may possess some specific features that render it to resist mouse and human CASP7.

      (3) The evolutionary analysis does not explain why mammalian CASP7 evolved independently to acquire an amino acid change (N234 to S234) in the substrate-binding motif. Since it is difficult to experimentally identify why a functional divergence occurs, it would be beneficial for the authors to speculate on how CASP7 may have acquired functional divergence in mammals; potentially this occurred because of functional redundancies in cell death pathways, for example.

      According to the reviewer’s suggestion, a speculation was added. Lines 328-340.

      (4) For the recombinant proteins produced for these analyses, it would be helpful to know whether size-exclusion chromatography was used to purify these proteins and whether these purified proteins are soluble. Additionally, the SDS-PAGE in Figure S1B and C show multiple bands for recombinant mutants of TrCASP7 and HsCASP7. Performing protein ID to confirm that the detected bands belong to the respective proteins would be beneficial.

      The recombinant proteins in this study are soluble and purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Size-exclusion chromatography was not used in protein purification.

      For the SDS-PAGE in Figure 4-figure supplement 1B and C (Figure S1B and C in the previous submission), the multiple bands are most likely due to the activation cleavage of the TrCASP7 and HsCASP7 variants, which can result in multiple bands, including p10 and p20. According to the reviewer’s suggestion, the cleaved p10 was verified by immunoblotting. Figure 4-figure supplement 1B and C.

      (5) For Figures 3C and 4A, it would be helpful to mention what parameters or PDB files were used to attribute these secondary structural features to the proteins. In particular, in Figure 3C, residues 261-266 are displayed as a β-strand; however, the well-known α-model represents this region as a loop. Providing the parameters used for these callouts could explain this difference.

      For Figure 3C, in the revised manuscript, we used the structure of mouse GSDMA3 (PDB: 5b5r) for the structural analysis of HsGSDME. As indicated by the reviewer, the region of 261-266 is a loop. The description was revised in lines 172 and 174, Figure 3C and Figure 3C legend.

      For Figure 4A, the alignment of CASP7 was constructed by using Esprit (https://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/cgi-bin/ESPript.cgi) with human CASP7 (PDB:1k86) as the template. The description was revised in the Figure legend.

      (6) Were divergent sequences selected for the sequence alignment analyses (particularly in Figure 6A)? The selection of sequences can directly influence the outcome of the amino acid residues in each position, and using diverse sequences can reduce the impact of the number of sequences on the LOGO in each phylogenetic group.

      In Figure 6A, the sequences were selected without bias. For Mammalia, 45 CASP3 and 43 CASP7 were selected; for Aves, 41 CASP3 and 52 CASP7 were selected; for Reptilia, 31CASP3 and 39 CASP7 were selected; for Amphibia, 11 CASP3 and 12 CASP7 were selected; for Osteichthyes, 40 CASP3 and 43 CASP7 were selected. The sequence information was shown in Table 1 and Table 2.

      (7) For clarity, it would help if the authors provided additional rationale for the selection of residues for mutagenesis, such as selecting Q276, D278, and H283 as exosite residues, when the CASP7 PDB structures (4jr2, 3ibf, and 1k86) suggest that these residues are enriched with loop elements rather than the β sheets expected to facilitate substrate recognition in exosites for caspases (PMID: 32109412). It is possible that the inability to form β-sheets around these positions might indicate the absence of an exosite in CASP7, which further supports the functional effect of the exosite mutations performed.

      According to the suggestion, the rationale for the selection of residues for mutagenesis was added (lines 216-222). Unlike the exosite in HsCASP1/4, which is located in a β sheet, the Q276, D278, and H283 of HsCASP7 are located in a loop region (Figure 5-figure supplement 2), which may explain the mutation results and the absence of an exosite in HsCASP7 as suggested by the reviewer.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      The authors wanted to address the differential processing of GSDME by caspase 3 and 7, finding that while in humans GSDME is only processed by CASP3, Takifugu GSDME, and other mammalian can be processed by CASP3 and 7. This is due to a change in a residue in the human CAPS7 active site that abrogates GSDME cleavage. This phenomenon is present in humans and other primates, but not in other mammals such as cats or rodents. This study sheds light on the evolutionary changes inside CASP7, using sequences from different species. Although the study is somehow interesting and elegantly provides strong evidence of this observation, it lacks the physiological relevance of this finding, i.e. on human side, mouse side, and fish what are the consequences of CASP3/7 vs CASP3 cleavage of GSDME.

      Our study revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the divergence of CASP3- and CASP7-mediated GSDME activation in vertebrate. One of the physiological consequences is that in humans, CASP7 no longer directly participates in GSDME-mediated cell death, which enables CASP7 to be engaged in other cellular processes. Another physiological consequence is that GSDME activation is limited to CASP3 cleavage, thus restricting GSDME activity to situations more specific, such as that inducing CASP3 activation. The divergence and specialization of the physiological functions of different CASPs are consistent with and possibly conducive to the development of refined regulations of the sophisticated human GSDM pathways, which are executed by multiple GSDM members (A , B, C, D, and E), rather than by GSDME solely in teleost, such as Takifugu. More physiological consequences of CASP3/7 divergence in GSDME activation need to be explored in future studies. Lines 328-340.

      Fish also present a duplication of GSDME gene and Takifugu present GSDMEa and GSDMEb. It is not clear in the whole study if when referring to TrGSDME is the a or b. This should be stated in the text and discussed in the differential function of both GSDME in fish physiology (i.e. PMIDs: 34252476, 32111733 or 36685536).

      The TrGSDME used in this study belongs to the GSDMEa lineage of teleost GSDME. The relevant information was added. Figure 1-figure supplement 1 and lines 119, 271, 274-276, 287 and 288.

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      (1) For the chimeric and truncated constructs, such as HsNT-TrCT, TrNT-HsCT, Hsp20-Trp10, Trp20-Hsp10, etc., the authors should provide a table denoting which amino acids were taken from each protein to create the fusion or truncation.

      According to the reviewer’s suggestion, the information of the truncate/chimeric proteins was provided in Table 4.

      (2) Both reviewers agree that functional physiological experiments are needed to increase the significance of the work. Specifically, the physiological relevance of these findings can be assessed by using western blotting to monitor GSDME cleavage by the human CASP7 S234N mutant compared with wild type CASP7 in response to triggers such as etoposide or VSV, which are known to induce CASP3 to cleave GSDME (PMID: 28045099).

      Additionally, the authors can assess cell death in HEK293 cells, HEK293 cells transfected with TrGSDME, HEK293 cells expressing TrCASP3/7 plus TrGSDME, and TrCASP3/7 plus the D255R/D258A mutant. These cells can be stimulated, and pyroptosis can be assessed by using ELISA to measure the release of the cytoplasmic enzyme LDH as well as IL-1β and IL-18, and the percentage of cell death (PI+ positive cells) may also be assessed.

      (1) With respect to the physiological relevance, please see the above reply to Reviewer 1’s comment of “Specific recommendations for the authors, 1”.

      (2) As shown in our results (Fig. 2), co-expression of TrCASP3/7 and TrGSDME in HEK293T cells induced robust cell death without the need of any stimulation, as evidenced by LDH release and TrGSDME cleavage. In the revised manuscript, similar experiments were performed as suggested, and cell death was assessed by Sytox Green staining (Figure 2-figure supplement 3A and B) and immunoblot to detect the cleavage of both wild type and mutant TrGSDME (Figure 2-figure supplement 3C). The results confirmed the results of Figure 2.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Abstract:

      Although the authors try to summarize the principal results of this study, please rewrite the abstract section to make it easier to follow and to empathise the implications of their results.

      We have modified the Abstract as suggested by the reviewer.

      Introduction:

      The authors do not mention anything about the implication of the inflammasome activation to get pyroptosis by GSDM cleave by inflammatory caspases. Please consider including this in the introduction section as they do in the discussion section.

      The introduction was modified according to the reviewer’s suggestion. Lines 58-61.

      From the results section the authors name the human GSDM as HsGSDM and the human CASP as HsCASP, maybe the author could use the same nomenclature in the introduction section. The same for the fish GSDM (Tr) and CASP.

      According to the reviewer’s suggestion, the same nomenclature was used in the introduction.

      Line 39. Remove the word necrotic.

      “necrotic” was removed .

      Line 42. Change channels by pores. In the manuscript, change channels by pores overall.

      “channels” was replaced by “pores”.

      Line 42: Include that: by these pores can be released the proinflammatory cytokines and if these pores are not solved then pyroptosis occurs. Please rephrase this statement.

      According to the reviewer's suggestion, the sentence was rephrased. Lines 46-48.

      Line 45. GSDMF is not an approved gene name, its official nomenclature is PJVK (Uniprot Q0ZLH3). Please use PJVK instead GSDMF.

      GSDMF was changed to PJVK.

      Line 103: Can the authors explain better the molecular determinant?

      The sentence was revised, line 109.

      Results:

      Line 110: Reference for this statement. The reference for this statement was added in line 116.

      Figure 1A, B: Concentration or units used of HsCASP?

      The unit (1 U) of HsCASPs was added to the figure legend (line 661).

      Line 113: Add Hs or Tr after CASP would be helpful to follow the story.

      “CASP” was changed to “HsCASP”.

      Fig 1D: Why the authors do not use the DMPD tetrapeptide (HsGSDME CASP3 cut site) in this assay? Comparing with the data obtained in Fig 3B the TrCASP3 activity is going to be very closer to that obtained for VEID o VDQQD in the CASP3 panel.

      The purpose of Figure 1D was to determine the cleavage preference of TrCASPs. For this purpose, a series of commercially available CASP substrates were used, including DEVD, which is commonly used as a testing substrate for CASP3. Figure 3B was to compare the cleavage of HsCASP3/7 and TrCASP3/7 specifically against the motifs from TrGSDME (DAVD) and HsGSDME (DMPD).

      Figure 1D and Figure 3B are different experiments and were performed under different conditions. In Figure 1D, CASP3 was incubated with the commercial substrates at 37 ℃ for 2 h, while in Figure 3B, CASP3/7 were incubated with non-commercial DAVD (motif from TrGSDME) and DMPD (motif from HsGSDME) at 37 ℃ for 30 min. More experimental details were added to Materials and Methods, lines 443 and 447.

      Fig 1H: What is the concentration used of the inhibitors?

      The concentration (20 μM) was added to the figure legend (line 669).

      Does the Hs CASP3/7 fail to cleave the TrGSDME mutants (D255R and D258A)? the authors do not show this result so they cannot assume that HsCASP3/7 cleave that sequence (although this is to be expected).

      The result of HsCASP3/7 cleavage of the TrGSDME mutants was added as Figure 1-figure supplement 2 and described in Results, line 133.

      Line 132-133: Can the author specify where is placed the mCherry tag? In the N terminal or C terminal portion of the different engineered proteins?

      The mCherry tag is attached to the C-terminus. Figure 2 legend (line 676).

      Fig 2A: Although is quite clear, a column histogram showing the quantification is going to be helpful.

      The expression of TrGSDME-FL, -NT and -CT was determined by Western blot, and the result was added as Figure 2-figure supplement 1.

      Fig 2A, B, C: After how many hours of expression are the pictures taken? Can the authors show a Western blot showing that the expression of the different constructions is similar?

      The time was added to Figure 2 legend and Materials and Methods (line 466). The expression of TrGSDME-FL, -NT and -CT was determined by Western blot, and the result was added as Figure 2-figure supplement 1.

      Fig 2C: Another helpful assay can be to measure the YO-PRO or another small dye internalization, to complete the LDH data.

      According the reviewer’s suggestion, in addition to LDH release, Sytox Green was also used to detect cell death. The result was added as Figure 2-figure supplement 2 and described in Results, line 146.

      Fig 2C: In the figure y axe change LHD by LDH.

      The word was corrected.

      Fig 2D: Change HKE293T by HEK293T in the caption.

      The word was corrected.

      Fig 2G: Please add the concentration used with the two plasmids co-transfection. A Western blot showing CASP3/7 expression vs TrGSDME is missing. Is that assay after 24h? please specify better the methodology.

      The concentration of plasmid used in co-transfection and the time post transfection were added to the Materials and Methods (lines 422 and 424). In addition, the expression of CASP3/7 was added to Figure 2I.

      Fig 2 J, K: Change HKE293T by HEK293T in the figure caption. The concentration of the caspase inhibitors is missing. Depending on the concentration used, these inhibitors used could provoke toxicity on the cells by themselves.

      The word was corrected in the figure caption. The inhibitor concentration (10 μM) was added to the figure legend (line 690).

      Line 151: TrCASP3/7 instead of CASP3/7

      CASP3/7 was changed to TrCASP3/7.

      Fig 3A, 3B: Please add the units used of the HsCASP

      The unit was added to the figure legends (lines 697).

      Fig 3A: Can the authors add the SDS-PAGE to see the Nt terminal portion as has been done in Fig 1A? Maybe in a supplementary figure.

      The SDS-PAGE was added as Figure 3-figure supplement 1.

      Fig 3B: If the authors could add some data about the caspase activity using any other CASP such as CASP2, CASP1 to compare the activity data with CASP3 and CASP7 would be helpful.

      The proteolytic activity of TrCASP1 was provided as Figure 3-figure supplement 2.

      Fig 3C: To state this (Line 160), the authors should use another prediction software to reach a consensus with the sequences of the first analysis. In fact, what happens when GSDME is modelled 3-dimensionally by comparing it to crystalized structures such as mouse GSDMA? If the authors add an arrow indicating where the Nt terminal portion ends and where Ct portion begins would make the figure clearer.

      According to the suggestions of both reviewers, in the revised manuscript, we used mouse GSDMA3 (PDB: 5b5r) for the structural analysis of HsGSDME, which showed that the 261-266 region of HsGSDME was a loop. As a result, Figure 3C was revised. Relevant change in Results: lines 172 and 174.

      As suggested by the reviewer, we modelled the three-dimensional structure of HsGSDME by using SWISS-MODEL with mouse GSDMA3 as the template (Author response image 2, below).

      Author response image 2.

      The three-dimensional structure model of HsGSDME. (A) The structure of HsGSDME was modeled by using mouse GSDMA3 (MmGSDMA3) as the template. The N-terminal domain (1-246 aa) and the C-terminal domain (279-468 aa) of HsGSDME are shown in red and blue, respectively. (B) The superposed structure of HsGSDME (cyan) and MmGSDMA3 (purple).

      Fig 3F: if this is an immunoblotting why NT can be seen? In other Western blots only the CT is detected, why? The use of the TrGSDME mouse polyclonal needs more details (is a purify Ab, was produced for this study, what are the dilution used...)

      Since the anti-TrGSDME antibody was generated using the full-length TrGSDME, it reacted with both the N-terminal and the C-terminal fragments of TrGSDME in Figure 3F. In Figure 3G, the GSDME chimera contained only TrGSDME-CT, so only the CT fragment was detected by anti-TrGSDME antibody. More information on antibody preparation and immunoblot was added to “Materials and Methods” (lines 390 and 391).

      Fig 4B: Can the authors show in which amino acid the p20 finish for each CASP? (Similarly, as they have done in panel 3E)

      Fig 4B was revised as suggested.

      Fig 5F: With 4 units of WT CASP7 the authors show a HsGSDME Ct in the same proportion than when the S234N mutant is used (at lower concentrations). How do the authors explain this?

      The result showed that the cleavage by 4U of HsCASP7 was comparable to the cleavage by 0.25U of HsCASP7-S234N, indicating that S234 mutation increased the cleavage ability of HsCASP7 by 16 folds.

      Line 203: Can the authors show an alignment between this region of casp1/4 and 7? Maybe in supplementary figures.

      As reported by Wang et. al (PMID: 32109412), the βIII/βIII’ sheet of CASP1/4 forms the exosite critical for GSDMD recognition. The structural comparison among HsCASP1/4/7 and the sequence alignment of HsCASP1/4 βIII/βIII’ region with its corresponding region in HsCASP7 were added as Figure 5-figure supplement 2.

      Line 205: A mutation including S234N with the exosite mutations (S234+Q276W+D278E+H283S) is required to support this statement.

      The sentence of “suggesting that, unlike human GSDMD, HsGSDME cleavage by CASPs probably did not involve exosite interaction” was deleted in the revised manuscript.

      Fig 5I, 5J: which is the amount of HsGSDME and TrGSDME? I would place these figures in supplementary material.

      The protein expression of TrGSDME/HsGSDME was shown in the figure. Fig 5I and 5J were moved to Figure 5-figure supplement 3.

      Line 218: I would specify that this importance is in HUMAN CASP7 to cleavage Human GSDME.

      “CASP7” and “GSDME” were changed to “HsCASP7” and “HsGSDME”, respectively.

      Fig 6C: 4 units is the amount of S234N mutant needed to see an optimal HsGSDME cleavage in Fig 5F.

      In Figure 6C, the cleavage efficacy of HsCASP3-N208S was apparently decreased compared to that of HsCASP3, and 4U of HsCASP3-N208S was roughly equivalent to 1U of HsCASP3 in cleavage efficacy. In Figure 5F, cleavage by 4U of HsCASP7 was comparable to the cleavage by 0.25U of HsCASP7-S234N. Together, these results confirmed the critical role of S234/N208 in HsCASP3/7 cleavage of HsGSDM.

      Fig 6I: Could be the fact that the mouse GSDME has a longer Ct than human GSDME affect the interaction with CASP7? Less accessible to the cut site? Needs a positive control of mouse GSDME with mouse Caspase 3.

      Although mouse GSDME (MmGSDME) (512 aa) is larger than HsGSDME (496 aa), the length of the C-terminal domain of MmGSDME (186 aa) is comparable to that of HsGSDME (190 aa).

      Author response image 3.

      Conserved domain analysis of mouse (upper) and human (lower) GSDME.

      As suggested by the reviewer, the cleavage of MmGSDME by mouse caspase-3 (MmCASP3) was added as Figure 6-figure supplement 2 and described in Results, lines 258.

      Material and Methods:

      -Overall, concentrations or amounts used in this study regarding the active enzyme or plasmids used are missing and need to be added.

      The missing concentrations of the enzymes and plasmids were added in Material and Methods (lines 421, 453, 457, and 470) or figure legends (Figure 1 and 3).

      -It would be helpful if the authors label in the immunoblotting panels what is the GSDME that they are using. (Hs GSDME FL...).

      As suggested, the labels were added to Figures 1A ,1B, and 3.

      -Add the units of enzyme used.

      The units of enzyme were added to figure legends (Figure 1A, 3A, 3D, and 3F) or Material and Methods (lines 453 and 457).

      The GSDME sequence obtained for Takifugu after amplification of the RNA extracted should be shown and specified (GSDMEa or GSDMEb). From which tissue was the RNA extracted?

      The details were added to Materials and Methods (lines 398 and 402).

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      Reply to the reviewers

      Point-by-point response to reviewers’ comments:

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Major comments: 1. Previous studies using HDR and donor templates have shown that mutating the PAM sites in donor templates can enhance repair efficiencies. It would be helpful to add a discussion about the fact that SpRY does not have a PAM sequence that could be mutated and the potential consequences on repair efficiency.

      We find that one mismatch in the target sequence (i.e. albino wt v. albino[b4]) is enough to completely abolish activity of SpRY. We have stated this more clearly in the manuscript.

      It is also unclear how the template for the induction of mutations in kcnj13 was chosen. From the experiment with SpRY it seems that an HDR template equivalent to the sequence of the sgRNA target strand was most efficient, while in this experiment the alternative strand was used. An explanation should be added to the text.

      Oligonucleotides corresponding to both DNA strands were tested, only one of them yielded positive results. We do not know the mechanistic basis for this finding, but amended the manuscript accordingly.

      Minor comments: 1. It is not directly evident what the difference between the OP2 and OP2* sgRNA is. A short explanation would help clarify this and make it easier for the reader to understand.

      OP2 (now re-named: U6) targets the wild type sequence, whereas OP2* (now: U6*) targets the albino[b4] sequence, which has one mutation leading to a premature stop codon. As this mutation is in the target region, we need adapt the sgRNA accordingly. We have stated this in the text more clearly now.

      Similarly, it would be helpful to add the length of the different donor templates to Figure 2.

      We have added the lengths of the oligonucleotides (in nt) to Fig.2.

      While the PAM sequences and their difference between guides is discussed for two of them (OP2 and U5), it would be helpful to add the PAM sequences for all guides to Table 1 or figure 1.

      We have added a table with all target sites including PAM sequences.

      For people who are unfamiliar with the obelix phenotype/pigment pattern, it would be helpful to add a picture of an obelix mutant to Figure 4, so they would know what the phenotype would look like and how obvious it would be.

      We have added a panel showing an obelix mutant fish to Fig.4.

      Reviewer #2:

      While every new and improved method to generate stable allele swap lines is greatly needed in the community, the results are not sufficient to convince me that the new version is leading to better success than previous methods. While they found one successful founder event, a single one is not enough to calculate efficiencies. Could just be luck that they got one. It is already known that HDR is very locus-specific, so maybe the locus they chose is such a locus.

      This comment is difficult to address; while we found that the improved HDR method we present in the paper leads to better success for the repair of the albinob4 mutation and the one specific allele exchange we performed, we, of course, agree that one founder event is not enough to calculate efficiencies. However, we would like to maintain that one founder will in almost all cases be better than none. We also think that the locus we chose, kcnj13, is not a particularly lucky one yielding positive results easily, because it used to be refractory to editing following published protocols for a long time.

      Overall, the paper suffers from the problem that the authors initially set out to investigate a specific genetic mutation in zebrafish but, upon observing that the resultant mutant exhibited no discernible phenotype, they shifted their focus towards refining and showcasing their methodological approach. This dual identity results in a study that, while informative, lacks the comprehensive exploration typical of dedicated research papers or the focused, technical depth one might expect from methodological publications.

      Overall, we feel that there might be a slight misunderstanding here. The reviewer states that ‘… the paper suffers from the problem that the authors initially set out to investigate a specific genetic mutation in zebrafish but, upon observing that the resultant mutant exhibited no discernible phenotype, they shifted their focus…’, which is quite the opposite of what actually lead to the writing of the manuscript. We had already suspected that the single amino acid difference in the protein sequence between the two sister species might not be responsible for the observed functional divergence of the gene. We had also already found allele-specific differences in expression levels in hybrids, which make cis-regulatory evolution more likely. So, the null-hypothesis of our experiments was that both protein sequences would be functionally equivalent. However, as we had difficulties with the allele exchange due to low HDR efficiencies we needed to improve the method before we could definitively show this.

      We have re-written some parts of the manuscript to make it clearer that we do not claim to have invented a method for HDR that is superior to all previously published ones. Rather, we think that we offer a variation of these published methods, which other researchers, struggling with low editing efficiencies (as we did), might want to try. What we do show in the manuscript is that the addition of an aNLS to Cas9 or SpRY leads to an increase in the efficiency in the generation of albino k.o. alleles and in HDR to repair the albinob4 mutation (see Fig. 3). If this will also be the case when editing other genes in the zebrafish genome needs to be investigated, but is clearly beyond the scope of this manuscript. We investigated one other locus in the zebrafish genome and could get one founder fish for the allele exchange in kcnj13, as opposed to zero we obtained with previously tried methods (conventional Cas9 with long or short donor-DNAs, prime editing). One advantage of ’our method’ is the simplicity of implementation. The Cas9 and SpRY proteins are easy to express in E. coli and the purification using two affinity tags is highly efficient resulting in samples of sufficient purity and high enough concentration for immediate use in injection experiments. So, we think that other researchers could easily try out the aNLS tagged proteins without changing much else of the protocols they usually employ for genome editing in zebrafish.

      Reviewer #3:

      Major comments: • The Cas9SpRY has been previously analyzed for the efficiency in zebrafish (Liang et al, Nat Comm 2022). This becomes only clear after reading the discussion. A comparison of these previously published SpRYCas9 proteins containing the bpNLS is missing, also a comparison of the efficiencies. The same locus (Albino) has been used in the study, are the guides identical? This study has not efficiently put the results in perspective of published results of the afore mentioned paper. And it seems that addition of the aNLS is not providing any benefit, which is good to know for the community.

      We have added information to the introduction making it clear that the SpRY protein has previously been used in zebrafish. We also expanded the discussion and added more details comparing our results to previously published ones. However, this comparison is not always easy because the evaluation methods are different, sequencing v. phenotypic read-out. While the addition of the aNLS to the SpRY protein did not significantly enhance the (already high) k.o. efficiency for the albino locus, it did result in a significant boost of the repair efficiency of the albino[b4] mutation (see Fig.3C). Therefore, we think that the general statement it ’is not providing any benefit’ might not be entirely accurate. We think that the use of SpRY could be beneficial in some instances, but it must be assessed one a case-by-case basis.

      • The HDR numbers is relying on 1 germline founder fish and might not be representative. More loci and higher numbers would be desirable.

      We completely agree with the reviewer on this point. However, we feel that this is beyond the scope of this manuscript; we are looking forward to seeing other labs using the aNLS tagged proteins and finding out about their experiences.

      • The allele exchange in Obelix is an interesting approach to use HDR but should be explained a little bit more. The motivation behind this experiments rains unclear.

      We have added some information on obelix to provide more context

      minor points: • All y axes require a labeling: % of what?!

      We have changed the labels to % of larvae.

      • When showing the specific classes of phenotpes the reader would benefit if the classes were written directly into the fish picture rather than using B, C, D, etc...

      We have added this information directly to the pictures.

      • OP2 should be called U6 to avoid unnecessary confusion, or is there anything special about it, why does it have another name?

      We have changed OP2 to U6, as requested. The naming was completely due to historic reasons, there is nothing special about this target site / sgRNA.

      • Differences in efficiency could potentially attributed to the PAM sequence as discussed. Please list the different PAM sequences and discuss in more detail. Why are so many gRNAs not efficient in the KO approach (Figure1)?

      We added a table with the different target sites and the corresponding PAM sequences.

      While we cannot provide a satisfactory explanation for the low efficiencies of five from six sgRNAs in our experiments, we notice that in the published data from Liang et al., 2022, a sizeable proportion of the tested sgRNAs with the SpRY protein also show low efficiency or no activity at all (see Fig. 2B, Liang et al., 2022, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-31034-8). This phenomenon is likely to be locus-specific and more data will be needed to come to a mechanistic understanding. We also do acknowledge that there is the possibility that our assay, the albino mutant phenotype in larvae, is likely not as sensitive as sequencing-based approaches. For one, we rely on the bi-allelic k.o. of the target gene, and we only assess a small proportion of all larval cells. However, we think that our approach with a phenotypic read-out is still valid, as it will reflect the practical requirements for an HDR method in many laboratories, where low efficiencies will result in no or weak and variable F0 phenotypes and in very low probabilities for germ-line transmission, which in most cases researchers will want to avoid.

      • Line 217: correct co.injected to co-injected

      done

      The scientific advancement is not clear. Readers would benefit if the advancement can be worked out better. Most readers would like to decide if it is worth changing their Cas9 design for genome editing in zebrafish and what efficiencies to expect.

      We have modified the manuscript to better convey the scientific advancement it presents. We think it lies mainly in the fact that no other changes to the design of genome editing experiments is required, but to exchange the Cas9 protein usually employed for the aNLS tagged proteins. Both proteins, aNLS tagged Cas9 or SpRY, can easily be produced and purified in the lab following standard protocols. In less than one week enough protein for several hundred or thousands of injection experiments can be purified and aliquoted. We suggest that everybody uses their tried and tested method to produce knock-in alleles, and, as long as it works for them, don’t change it. If, however, the efficiencies are too low to get the desired allele, it will be very quick and simple to try our method. This is what we wanted to demonstrate with the editing of the obelix locus. In all cases we can envisage identifying one founder fish will be considerably better than not finding a single one.

      Reviewer #4:

      Major

      1. The authors use a mutated version of the widely used Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, SpRY which basically does not rely on a PAM motif adjacent to the sgRNA target site. While this has certain advantages which are properly described, lowering stringency also comes with disadvantages, i.e. enhanced off target site activity. While assessing these is of the scope of the paper, these considerations should be properly discussed. Under which circumstances do the authors suggest to use SpRY and at which the conventional Cas9 or TALENs?

      This is an important point and we have expanded on this. We think that SpRY offers a possibility to target sites that are not accessible to conventional Cas9, but it should not be expected to work as well as Cas9 for all loci (see also Liang et al., 2022 Fig.2). Whether the reduced stringency leads to more off-target effects is unclear; we did not experience higher rates of deformations or mortality in the injected larvae. This is, admittedly, a very crude measure for potential off-target effects, but is also in good accordance with the findings of Liang et al., 2022. In contrast to this, all labs that produce their own Cas9 protein could easily switch to the aNLS tagged version. It does not seem to have any disadvantages.

      The authors designed 6 guides against slc42a2/alb according to the text and to Fig1 U1-U5+OP. Table 1 contains 16 sequences fitting these criteria. Which ones where used? Why are they named differently (U vs OP)? What method was used to design them? Does their design include PAM requirements? Have these guides been used previously and confirmed to work efficiently using CAS9? If the authors intend to provide an improved method that can widely and easily be adopted by other labs, they should put special emphasis in describing the procedure properly possibly including a supplemental figure detailing the workflow.

      We have added a table with the target sites and the corresponding PAMs (see response to reviewer #1). The oligonucleotides shown in Table 1, which is now Table 2, are the ones used to generate the plasmid templates for the in vitro transcription of the sgRNAs.

      The naming of the target sites, which was solely due to ’historic’ reasons, has been changed to U1 - U6.

      They were designed (basically by hand) to allow in vitro transcription with T7 RNA polymerase (i.e. 5’ with GG), to have a G/C content of 50 - 65% and to represent a variety of different PAM sequences, that should potentially result in high activity (according to the data published by Walton et al., 2020 DOI: 10.1126/science.aba8853).

      These sgRNAs could not be tested with Cas9 as they lack the PAM (NGG) required for activity of this protein.

      We think that the main advantage of ’our’ method lies in the fact that aNLS-Cas9 (and aNLS-SpRY) can easily incorporated into the experimental procedures and workflows already in place in other laboratories. There is no need to follow exactly our protocol, eg. regarding sgRNA production or target site selection. We think that we showed that SpRY can be as effective as conventional Cas9, but not for all target sites, and that the addition of an aNLS sequence to Cas9 or SpRY is beneficial for genome editing in zebrafish, even when the aNLS is not combined with a myc-tag, as is the case shown by Thumberger et al., 2022, i.e. hei-tag.

      The authors use a recessive pigment mutant (albino) to validate and quantify precise genome editing by HDR applying their toolbox. This is very clever and probably the most robust readout possible. The authors found that adding an aNLS to CAS9 and SpRY improves rescue efficiency, possibly also for germ line transmission. The authors should compare their efficiency for accurate editing with that of other papers in the field to allow for a better comparison.

      We have now included a more detailed comparison of our results with previously published data in the discussion. However, this comparison is not always easy because the evaluation methods are different, sequencing v. phenotypic read-out. In terms of accuracy of the methods, we found that the majority of the HDR events we detected were associated with additional mutations. Some of these were possibly due to synthesis errors in the donor oligonucleotides, which might be alleviated by different purification methods. Other mutations, however, most likely occurred during cellular repair of dsDNA breaks and are therefore not easily avoided, unless double strand breaks are avoided, which would be the case if base editors are used. However, with base editors it is so far not possible to introduce every possible DNA change, making HDR methods still useful.

      Minor:

      1. Fig.1A: Please indicate orientation of the gene

      done

      Line 168: ... tested sperm... à Method not explained in the methods section

      The sperm samples extracted from anaesthetized males were used in exactly the same way as larvae were in other genotyping experiments; as is mentioned in the methods section. We have re-phrased this section a bit to make it clearer that we used larvae or sperm in exactly the same way for genotyping.

      Kcnj13 editing. Explain obelix pigment phenotype to the non expert reader in pigmentation possibly illustrating D. aesculapii. This is a very powerful method allowing such comparisons, however it is not properly explained.

      We have added some information on the obelix phenotype and included a panel of a mutant zebrafish in Fig.4.

      Line 130: 'hei-tag' not properly explained

      The hei-tag, published by Thumberger et al., 2022, consists of a myc-tag, a flexible linker and an aNLS in exactly that order. We have added some more details on the hei-tag to the text.

      The co-editing of a restriction site for later identification of the edited allele is clever. However precise editing should be performed carefully and include splice site prediction algorithms to avoid enabling ectopic splice sites by silent mutagenesis. Also, an example of the analysis would be benefitial to Fig.4 or in the supplement.

      We agree that this is an important point. We originally designed the edit in a way that would not result in the generation of a strong ectopic splice site by avoiding the creation of AG or GT di-nucleotide sequences.

      We now also performed analysis with spliceator (http://www.lbgi.fr/spliceator/), a splice site prediction tool using convolutional neural networks, which confirmed that no ectopic splice site should be generated.

      We could include this into a supplementary figure, if deemed necessary.

      The manuscript is well written, the data are presented in an accessible way and the results look convincing. The work clearly shows a path to improvement of a fundamental method of gene editing in zebrafish and other species and clearly provides essential data on the topic. However, some aspects of the work are not properly described for the non-expert. Given the nature of the work which aims to improve an important, established method a more precisely described workflow in form of a table and workflow chart would certainly help the reader to focus on the essentials of the procedure.

      As mentioned above, we think that it will be easy for other labs to incorporate our improvements into their existing protocols by exchanging normal Cas9 for aNLS-Cas9 or aNLS-SpRY. There should not be the need to strictly follow our protocols, e.g., for target site selection or sgRNA synthesis. The proteins can easily be expressed in bacteria and purified by standard methods using the His- and Strep-tags, as we published previously for conventional Cas9 (Podobnik et al. 2023).

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      Referee #4

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this manuscript, Dorner, Stratmann et al. developed a new variant of the homologous directed repair mediated genome editing technique in zebrafish using modified Cas9 proteins. They focus on the SpRY Cas9 protein variant, which offers a more relaxed PAM requirement for gene targeting. The requirement of a PAM has particularly hampered the feasabilty of HDR in the zebrafish model as the genomic sites of interest often do not meet the PAM requirements for conventional Cas9. Their improved method enhances the versatility of CRISPR/Cas methods in zebrafish, a crucial model organism in biomedical research. The authors also demonstrate that integrating an artificial nuclear localization signal (aNLS) into Cas9 variants not only improves gene knockout efficiency but also boosts homology-directed repair (HDR) frequency. This advancement allows for more precise genetic modifications, including single base pair changes, offering significant potential for research and other applications in genetics.

      The manuscript is well written, the data are presented in an accessible way and the results look convincing. The work clearly shows a path to improvement of a fundamental method of gene editing in zebrafish and other species and clearly provides essential data on the topic. However, some aspects of the work are not properly described for the non-expert. Given the nature of the work which aims to improve an important, established method a more precisely described workflow in form of a table and workflow chart would certainly help the reader to focus on the essentials of the procedure.

      Major comments:

      1. The authors use a mutated version of the widely used Cas9 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes, SpRY which basically does not rely on a PAM motif adjacent to the sgRNA target site. While this has certain advantages which are properly described, lowering stringency also comes with disadvantages, i.e. enhanced off target site activity. While assessing these is of the scope of the paper, these considerations should be properly discussed. Under which circumstances do the authors suggest to use SpRY and at which the conventional Cas9 or TALENs?

      2. The authors designed 6 guides against slc42a2/alb according to the text and to Fig1 U1-U5+OP. Table 1 contains 16 sequences fitting these criteria. Which ones where used? Why are they named differently (U vs OP)? What method was used to design them? Does their design include PAM requirements? Have these guides been used previously and confirmed to work efficiently using CAS9? If the authors intend to provide an improved method that can widely and easily be adopted by other labs, they should put special emphasis in describing the procedure properly possibly including a supplemental figure detailing the workflow.

      3. The authors use a recessive pigment mutant (albino) to validate and quantify precise genome editing by HDR applying their toolbox. This is very clever and probably the most robust readout possible. The authors found that adding an aNLS to CAS9 and SpRY improves rescue efficiency, possibly also for germ line transmission. The authors should compare their efficiency for accurate editing with that of other papers in the field to allow for a better comparison.

      Minor comments:

      1. Fig.1A: Please indicate orientation of the gene

      2. Line 168: ... tested sperm...  Method not explained in the methods section

      3. Kcnj13 editing. Explain obelix pigment phenotype to the non expert reader in pigmentation possibly illustrating D. aesculapii. This is a very powerful method allowing such comparisons, however it is not properly explained.

      4. Line 130: 'hei-tag' not properly explained

      5. The co-editing of a restriction site for later identification of the edited allele is clever. However precise editing should be performed carefully and include splice site prediction algorithms to avoid enabling ectopic splice sites by silent mutagenesis. Also, an example of the analysis would be benefitial to Fig.4 or in the supplement.

      Significance

      The manuscript is well written, the data are presented in an accessible way and the results look convincing. The work clearly shows a path to improvement of a fundamental method of gene editing in zebrafish and other species and clearly provides essential data on the topic. However, some aspects of the work are not properly described for the non-expert. Given the nature of the work which aims to improve an important, established method a more precisely described workflow in form of a table and workflow chart would certainly help the reader to focus on the essentials of the procedure.

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      to What an abomination

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For the Authors):

      (1) While not absolutely necessary - it would be nice to see at least at the in-situ level what happens to the handful of other HC-important transcription factors in the Rbm24 KO (IKZF2, Barlh1, RFX) as the authors did look at Insm1.

      Reply: Thanks for your suggested experiments. We agree that knowing whether the genes that are known to be involved in cell survival regulation are changed will provide insights into the mechanisms underlying cell death of Rbm24-/- HCs. Our data showed that Ikzf2 seemed to be upregulated when in the Rbm24-/- HCs, relative to Rbm24+/+ HCs at P5. We also tested Barlh1 and RFX, but we did not obtain confident data to present. Nonetheless, following the reviewer’s logic, we further tested Gata3, another gene involved in HC survival, and found that Gata3 was down-regulated in Rbm24 -/- HCs, compared to Rbm24+/+ HCs. Please refer to the text on lines 12-22 on page 12 and lines 1-10 on page 13, and Figure 3-figure supplement 1.

      (2) Major comments: The nomenclature for mouse gene vs. mouse protein needs to be addressed throughout the manuscript. The nomenclature when referring to a mouse gene: gene symbols are italicized, with only the first letter in upper-case (e.g. Rbm24).

      The nomenclature when referring to a mouse protein: Protein symbols are not italicized, and all letters are in upper-case (e.g. RBM24).

      Reply: Thanks for pointing it out. In the entire manuscript, we have followed the reviewer’s comments to list gene and protein.

      (3) Supplemental Figure 2D: Individual data points should be displayed on the bar graph via dots. SEM is not appropriate for this graph as SEM precision with only 3 samples is low. Furthermore, readers are more interested in knowing the variability within samples and not proximity of mean to the population mean, therefore standard deviation (SD) should be used instead.

      Reply: We have edited the Figure 1-figure supplement 2D, as suggested. The Figure 1figure supplement 2 legend was updated, too. Please refer to line 21-22 on page 32.

      (4) Red/Green should be avoided, especially when both are on the same image (merged immunofluorescence images that are found throughout the manuscript). I highly recommend changing to a color-blind friendly color scheme (such as cyan/green/magenta, cyan/magenta/yellow, etc.) for inclusivity.

      Reply: Thanks for pointing it out. We have changed the red to magenta in all our Figures and figure supplements.

      (5) Minor comments: As CRISPR-stop is a major method used throughout the paper, a brief explanation is needed for readers to understand what this methodology entails and why it was used. Something along the lines of," The CRISPR-stop technique allows for the introduction of early stop codons without the induction of DNA damage via Cas9 which can cause deleterious effects".

      Reply: We have further elaborated how CRISPR-stop works and its advantages. Please refer to lines 8-13 on page 5.

      (6) Page 5; line 5 - "Phenotypes occur earlier..." Grammar

      Reply: The grammar error was corrected. Please refer to line 4, page 5.

      (7) Page 5; line 5 - "Given Pou4f3 is the upstream regulator..." Not proven, rephrase

      Reply: We have rephrased this sentence. Please refer to lines 5-6 on page 5.

      (8) Supplemental 1A: Fine, Proof of knockout, I wouldn't mention INSM1 being "irregular"

      Reply: We have rephrased this sentence. Please refer to lines 2-3 on page 6.

      (9) Page 5; line21 - "Alignment of Insm1+ OHCs was not as regular..." Not a good description

      Reply: We have rephrased this sentence. Please refer to lines 2-3 on page 6.

      (10) Page 6; line11 - "Rbm24 was completely absent.." Redundancy with line 9

      Reply: Thanks for pointing it out, and we have removed the redundant sentence.

      (11) Page 7 - HA tag should be indicated originally as: Hemaglutinin (HA)

      Reply: We have switched “HA” to “Hemaglutinin (HA)”. Please refer to line 15, page 7.

      (12) Page 9, line 11- "Determine if autonomous/noncell autonomous." Disagree, cells still clustered in supplemental fig 4.

      Reply: We have removed this sentence.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      The writing of the manuscript is adequate, but it would certainly be improved by professional editing.

      Reply: Thanks for the reviewer’s encouraging comments. The revised version of our manuscript has been edited by an English native speaker.

    1. Author Response

      The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

      Public Reviews:

      Reviewer #1:

      Summary:

      In this study, Yan et al. investigate the molecular bases underlying mating type recognition in Tetrahymena thermophila. This model protist possesses a total of 7 mating types/sexes and mating occurs only between individuals expressing different mating types. The authors aimed to characterize the function of mating type proteins (MTA and MTB) in the process of self- and non-self recognition, using a combination of elegant phenotypic assays, protein studies, and imaging. They showed that the presence of MTA and MTB in the same cell is required for the expression of concavalin-A receptors and for tip transformation - two processes that are characteristic of the costimulation phase that precedes cell fusion. Using protein studies, the authors identify a set of additional proteins of varied functions that interact with MTA and MTB and are likely responsible for the downstream signaling processes required for mating. This is a description of a fascinating self- and non-self-recognition system and, as the authors point out, it is a rare example of a system with numerous mating types/sexes. This work opens the door for the further understanding of the molecular bases and evolution of these complex recognition systems within and outside protists.

      The results shown in this study point to the unequivocal requirement of MTA and MTB proteins for mating. Nevertheless, some of the conclusions regarding the mode of functioning of these proteins are not fully supported and require additional investigation.

      Strengths:

      (1) The authors have established a set of very useful knock-out and reporter lines for MT proteins and extensively used them in sophisticated and well-designed phenotypic assays that allowed them to test the role of these proteins in vivo.

      (2) Despite their apparent low abundance, the authors took advantage of a varied set of protein isolation and characterization techniques to pinpoint the localization of MT proteins to the cell membrane, and their interaction with multiple other proteins that could be downstream effectors. This opens the door for the future characterization of these proteins and further elucidation of the mating type recognition cascade.

      Weaknesses:

      The manuscript is structured and written in a very clear and easy-to-follow manner. However, several conclusions and discussion points fall short of highlighting possible models and mechanisms through which MT proteins control mating type recognition:

      (1) The authors dismiss the possibility of a "simple receptor-ligand system", even though the data does not exclude this possibility. The model presented in Figure 2 S1, and on which the authors based their hypothesis, assumes the independence of MTA and MTB proteins in the generation of the intracellular cascade. However, the results presented in Figure 2 show that both proteins are required to be active in the same cell. Coupled with the fact that MTA and MTB proteins interact, this is compatible with a model where MTA would be a ligand and MTB a receptor (or vice-versa), and could thus form a receptor-ligand complex that could potentially be activated by a non-cognate MTA-MTB receptor-ligand complex, leading to an intracellular cascade mediated by the identified MRC proteins. As it stands, it is not clear what is the proposed working model, and it would be very beneficial for the reader for this to be clarified by having the point of view of the authors on this or other types of models.

      We are very grateful that Reviewer #1 proposed the possibility that MTA and MTB form a receptor-ligand complex in which one acting as the ligand and the other as the receptor. We considered this hypothesis when asking how dose MTRC function, too. However, our current results do not support this idea. For instance, if MTA were a ligand and MTB a receptor, we would expect a mating signal upon treatment with MTAxc protein, but not with MTBxc. Contrary to this expectation, our experiments revealed that both MTAxc and MTBxc exhibit very similar effects (Figure 5, green and blue), and their combined treatment produces a stronger effect (Figure 5, teal). This suggests a mixed function for both proteins. (We incorporated this discussion into the revised version [line 120-121, 240-244].) It is pity that our current knowledge does not provide a detailed molecular mechanism for this intricate system. We are actively investigating the protein structures of MTA, MTB, and the entire MTRC, hoping to gain deeper insights into the molecular functions of MTA and MTB.

      Additionally, we also realized that the expression we used in the previous version, “simple receptor-ligand model”, is not clearly defined. As Reviewer #1 pointed out, in this section, we examined whether the individual proteins of MTA and MTB act as a couple of receptor and ligand. We think this is the simplest possibility as a null hypothesis for Tetrahymena mating-type recognition. We have clarified it in the revised version (line 90-91, 104-106). According to this section, we proposed that MTA and MTB may form a complex that serves as a recognizer (functioning as both ligand and receptor) (line 117-118).

      (2) The presence of MTA/MTB proteins is required for costimulation (Figure 2), and supplementation with non-cognate extracellular fragments of these proteins (MTAxc, or MTBxc) is a positive stimulator of pairing. However, alone, these fragments do not have the ability to induce costimulation (Figure 5). Based on the results in Figures 5 and 6 the authors suggest that MT proteins mediate both self and non-self recognition. Why do MTAxc and MTBxc not induce costimulation alone? Are any other components required? How to reconcile this with the results of Figure 2? A more in-depth interpretation of these results would be very helpful, since these questions remain unanswered, making it difficult for the reader to extract a clear hypothesis on how MT proteins mediate self- and non-self-recognition.

      Several factors could contribute to the inability of MTA/Bxc to induce costimulation. It is highly likely that additional components are necessary, given that MTA/B form a protein complex with other proteins. Moreover, the expression of MTA/Bxc in insect cells, compared with Tetrahymena, might result in differences in post-translational modifications. Additionally, there are variations in protein conditions; on the Tetrahymena membrane, these proteins are arranged regularly and concentrated in a small area, while MTA/Bxc is randomly dispersed in the medium. The former condition could be more efficient. If there is a threshold required to stimulate a costimulation marker, MTA/Bxc may fail to meet this requirement. Much more studies are needed to fully answer this question. We acknowledged this limitation in the revised version (line 244-248).

      Reviewer #2:

      This manuscript reports the discovery and analysis of a large protein complex that controls mating type and sexual reproduction of the model ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. In contrast to many organisms that have two mating types or two sexes, Tetrahymena is multi-sexual with 7 distinct mating types. Previous studies identified the mating type locus, which encodes two transmembrane proteins called MTA and MTB that determine the specificity of mating type interactions. In this study, mutants are generated in the MTA and MTB genes and mutant isolates are studied for mating properties. Cells missing either MTA or MTB failed to co-stimulate wild-type cells of different mating types. Moreover, a mixture of mutants lacking MTA or MTB also failed to stimulate. These observations support the conclusion that MTA and MTB may form a complex that directs mating-type identity. To address this, the proteins were epitope-tagged and subjected to IP-MS analysis. This revealed that MTA and MTB are in a physical complex, and also revealed a series of 6 other proteins (MRC1-6) that together with MTA/B form the mating type recognition complex (MTRC). All 8 proteins feature predicted transmembrane domains, three feature GFR domains, and two are predicted to function as calcium transporters. The authors went on to demonstrate that components of the MTRC are localized on the cell surface but not in the cilia. They also presented findings that support the conclusion that the mating type-specific region of the MTA and MTB genes can influence both self- and non-self-recognition in mating.

      Taken together, the findings presented are interesting and extend our understanding of how organisms with more than two mating types/sexes may be specified. The identification of the six-protein MRC complex is quite intriguing. It would seem important that the function of at least one of these subunits be analyzed by gene deletion and phenotyping, similar to the findings presented here for the MTA and MTB mutants. A straightforward prediction might be that a deletion of any subunit of the MRC complex would result in a sterile phenotype. The manuscript was very well written and a pleasure to read.

      Thanks for the valuable comments and suggestions. We are currently in the process of constructing deletion strains for these genes. As of now, we have successfully obtained ΔMRC1-3 and MRC4-6 knockdown strains. Our preliminary observations indicate that ΔMRC1-3 strains are unable to undergo mating. However, we prefer not to include these results in the current manuscript, as we believe that more comprehensive studies are still needed.

      Reviewer #3:

      The authors describe the role, location, and function of the MTA and MTB mating type genes in the multi-mating-type species T. thermophila. The ciliate is an important group of organisms to study the evolution of mating types, as it is one of the few groups in which more than two mating types evolved independently. In the study, the authors use deletion strains of the species to show that both mating types genes located in each allele are required in both mating individuals for successful matings to occur. They show that the proteins are localized in the cell membrane, not the cilia, and that they interact in a complex (MTRC) with a set of 6 associated (non-mating type-allelic) genes. This complex is furthermore likely to interact with a cyclin-dependent kinase complex. It is intriguing that T. thermophila has two genes that are allelic and that are both required for successful mating. This coevolved double recognition has to my knowledge not been described for any other mating-type recognition system. I am not familiar with experimental research on ciliates, but as far as I can judge, the experiments appear well performed and mostly support the interpretation of the authors with appropriate controls and statistical analyses.

      The results show clearly that the mating type genes regulate non-self-recognition, however, I am not convinced that self-recognition occurs leading to the suppression of mating. An alternative explanation could be that the MTA and MTB proteins form a complex and that the two extracellular regions together interact with the MTA+MTB proteins from different mating types. This alternative hypothesis fits with the coevolution of MTA and MTB genes observed in the phylogenetic subgroups as described by Yan et al. (2021 iScience). Adding MTAxc and/or MTBxc to the cells can lead to the occupation of the external parts of the full proteins thereby inhibiting the formation of the complex, which in turn reduces non-self interactions. Self-recognition as explained in Figure 2S1 suggests an active response, which should be measurable in expression data for example. This is in my opinion not essential, but a claim of self-recognition through the MTA and MTB should not be made.

      We express our gratitude to Reviewer #3 for proposing the occupation model and have incorporated this possibility into the manuscript. We believe it is possible that occupation may serve as the molecular mechanism through which self-recognition negatively regulates mating. If there is a physical interaction between mating-type proteins of the same type, but this interaction blocks the recognition machinery rather than initiating mating, it can be considered a form of self-recognition. This aligns with the observation that strains expressing MTA/B6 and MTB2 mate normally with WT cells of all mating types except for VI and II (line 203-204). A concise discussion on this topic is included in the manuscript (line 288-293, 659-661). We are actively investigating the downstream aspects of mating-type recognition, and we hope to provide further insights into this question soon.

      The authors discuss that T. thermophila has special mating-type proteins that are large, while those of other groups are generally small (lines 157-160 and discussion). The complex formed is very large and in the discussion, they argue that this might be due to the "highly complex process, given that there are seven mating types in all". There is no argument given why large is more complex, if this is complex, and whether more mating types require more complexity. In basidiomycete fungi, many more mating types than 7 exist, and the homeodomain genes involved in mating types are relatively small but highly diverse (Luo et al. 1994 PMID: 7914671). The mating types associated with GPCR receptors in fungi are arguably larger, but again their function is not that complex, and mating-type specific variations appear to evolve easily (Fowler et al 2004 PMID: 14643262; Seike et al. 2015 PMID: 25831518). The large protein complex formed is reminiscent of the fusion patches that develop in budding or fission yeasts. In these species, the mating type receptors are activated by ligand pheromones from the opposite mating type that induce polarity patch formation (see Sieber et al. 2023 PMID: 35148940 for a recent review). At these patches, growth (shmooing) and fusion occur, which is reminiscent (in a different order) of the tip transformation in T. thermophilia. The fusion of two cells is in all taxa a dangerous and complex event that requires the evolution of very strict regulation and the existence of a system like the MTRC and cyclin-dependent complex to regulate this process is therefore not unexpected. The existence of multiple mating types should not greatly complicate the process, as most of the machinery (except for the MTA and MTB) is identical among all mating types.

      We are very grateful that Reviewer #3 provide this insightful view and relevant papers. In response to the feedback, we removed the sentences regarding “multiple mating types greatly complicate the process” in the revised version. Instead, we have introduced a discussion section comparing the mating systems of yeasts and Tetrahymena (line 279-286).

      The Tetrahymena/ciliate genetics and lifecycle could be better explained. For a general audience, the system is not easy to follow. For example, the ploidy of the somatic nucleus with regards to the mating type is not clear to me. The MAC is generally considered "polyploid", but how does this work for the mating type? I assume only a single copy of the mating type locus is available in the MAC to avoid self-recognition in the cells. Is it known how the diploid origin reduces to a single mating type? This does not become apparent from Cervantes et al. 2013.

      In T. thermophila, the MIC (diploid) contains several mating-type gene pairs (mtGP, i.e., MTA and MTB) organized in a tandem array at the mat locus on each chromosome. In sexual reproduction, the new MAC of the progeny develops from the fertilized MIC through a series of genome editing events, and its ploidy increases to ~90 by endoreduplication. During this process, mtGP loss occurs, resulting in only one mtGP remaining on the MAC chromosome. The mating-type specificity of mtGPs on each chromosome within one nucleus becomes relatively pure through intranuclear coordination. After multiple assortments (possibly caused by MAC amitosis during cell fission), only mtGPs of one mating-type specificity exist in each cell, determining the cell’s mating type.

      It is pity that the exact mechanisms involved in this complicated process remain a black box. The loss of mating-type gene pairs is hypothesized to involve a series of homologous recombination events, but this has not been completely proven. Furthermore, there is no clear understanding of how intranuclear coordination and assortment are achieved. While we have made observations confirming these events, a breakthrough in understanding the molecular mechanism is yet to be achieved.

      We included more information in the revised version (line 672-683). Given the complexity of these unusual processes, we recommend an excellent review by Prof. Eduardo Orias (PMID: 28715961), which offers detailed explanations of the process and related concepts (line 685-686).

      Also, the explanation of co-stimulation is not completely clear (lines 49-60). Initially, direct cell-cell contact is mentioned, but later it is mentioned that "all cells become fully stimulated", even when unequal ratios are used. Is physical contact necessary? Or is this due to the "secrete mating-essential factors" (line 601)? These details are essential, for interpretation of the results and need to be explained better.

      Sorry that we didn’t realize the term “contact” is not precise enough. In Tetrahymena, physical contact is indeed necessary, but it can refer to temporary interactions. Unlike yeast, Tetrahymena cells exhibit rapid movement, swimming randomly in the medium. Occasionally, two cells may come into contact, but they quickly separate instead of sticking together. Even newly formed loose pairs often become separated. As a result, one cell can come into contact with numerous others and stimulate them. We have clarified this aspect in the revised version (line 50-51, 57).

      Abstract and introduction: Sexes are not mating types. In general, mating types refer to systems in which there is no obvious asymmetry between the gametes, beyond the compatibility system. When there is a physiological difference such as size or motility, sexes are used. This distinction is of importance because in many species mating types and sexes can occur together, with each sex being able to have either (when two) or multiple mating types. An example are SI in angiosperms as used as an example by the authors or mating types in filamentous fungi. See Billiard et al. 2011 [PMID: 21489122] for a good explanation and argumentation for the importance of making this distinction.

      We have clarified the expression in the revised version (line 20, 38, 40, 45).

      Recommendations for the authors:

      Reviewer #1:

      I really enjoyed reading this manuscript and I think a few tweaks in the writing/data presentation could greatly improve the experience for the reader:

      (1) The information about your previous work in identifying downstream proteins CDK19, CYC9, and CIP1 (lines 170-173) could be directly presented in the introduction.

      We have moved this information in the introduction in the revised version (line 74-77).

      (2) For a reader who is not familiar with Tetrahymena, a few more details on how reporter and knock-out lines are generated would be beneficial.

      We introduced the knock-out method in Figure 2 – figure supplement 1B, HA-tag method in Figure 3A, and MTB2-eGFP construction method in Figure 4E. In addition, we introduced how co-stimulation markers observed in Materials and Methods (line 404-410)

      (3) Figures 5 and 6: clarify the types of pairing and treatments that were done directly in the figure (eg. adding additional labels). As of now, it is necessary to go through the text and legend to try and understand in detail what was done.

      Cell types and treatments were directly introduced in the revised figure (Figure 5 and 6).

      (4) The logical transition in lines 136-142 is hard to follow.

      We rewrote this paragraph in the revised version (lines 143-156). Additionally, we added a figure to illustrate the theoretical mating-type recognition model between WT cells and ΔCDK19, ΔCYC9 cells, MTAxc, MTBxc proteins, and ΔMTA, ΔMTB cells (Figure 2 – figure supplement 1D-G).

      (5) Lines 191-196: the fact that cells expressing multiple mating types can self goes against an active self-rejection system - if this is the case there should be self-rejection among all expressed mating types. Unless non-self recognition is an active process and self-recognition is simply the absence of non-self recognition. The authors briefly mention this in lines 263-265, but it would be interesting to expand and clarify this.

      We appreciate that Reviewer #1 notice the interesting selfing phenotype of the MTB2-eGFP (MTVI background) strain. We further discussed it in the revised manuscript (line 298-306).

      (6) The authors briefly mention the possibility of different mating types using different recognition mechanisms (lines 255-260), based on the big differences in the size of the mating-specific region of MT proteins. Following this and the weakness nr. 2, I think it would be pertinent to gather and present more information on the properties and structures of the mating-type specific regions of MT proteins. Simple in silico analysis of motifs, structure, etc. could help clarify the role of these regions. It seems more parsimonious that MT proteins would have variable mating type specific regions that account for the recognition of the different mating types, and conserved cytoplasmic functions that could trigger a single downstream signaling cascade. It would be interesting to know the authors' opinion on this.

      We are very grateful for this suggestion. Actually, we are currently working on determining the 3D structure of MTRC. The Alphafold2 prediction indicates that the MT-specific region is comprised of seven global β-sheets, resembling the structure of immunoglobulins (Ig). Our most recent cryo-EM results have revealed a ~15Å structure, aligning well with the prediction. However, the main challenge lies in the low expression levels, both in Tetrahymena and insect/mammal cells. We anticipate obtaining more detailed results soon. Therefore, we prefer to present the MT recognition model with robust experimental evidence in the future, and didn’t discuss too much on this aspect in the current manuscript.

      (7) Adding a figure including a proposed model, as well as expanding the discussion on the points presented as "weaknesses" would help clarify the ideas/hypothesis on how the mating recognition works. I think this would really elevate the paper and help highlight the results.

      We added a figure to introduce the model and the weaknesses in the revised version (Figure 7, line 656-665).

      (8) Line 202-203: It is far-fetched to infer subcellular localization based on the data presented here, couterstaining with other dyes and antibodies specific to certain cell components, as well as negative control images, are required.

      Thanks for the suggestion. We attempted to stain cell components using various dyes and antibodies. Unfortunately, we found that cell surface and cilia (especially oral cilia) is very easy to give a false positive signal. We think this issue seriously affects the credibility of the results. It may seem like splitting hairs, but we are trying to be precise.

      Meanwhile, we still believe the mating-type proteins localizes to cell surface because MTA-HA is identified in the isolated cell surface proteins.

      Regarding negative control, as shown in Fig. 4G, where a MTB2-eGFP cell is pairing with a WT cell, no GFP signal is observed in the WT cell.

      (9) Lines 131: clarify the sentence - expression of Con-A receptors requires both MTA and MTB (MTA to receive the signal).

      We modified the sentence in the revised version (line 139-140).

      Reviewer #2:

      Minor points.

      (1) Line 194-196. Why are these cells able to self?

      These cells able to self may because the MTRC contain heterotypic mating-type proteins (MTA6 and MTB2), which activate mating when they interact with another heterotypic MTRC (line 207-208).

      (2) Line 232. What do the authors mean by the term synergistic effect here? Definition and statistics?

      Sorry about the confusion. The synergistic effect refers to the effect of MTAxc and MTBxc become stronger when using together. We clarified it in the revised version (line 232).

      (3) For Figure 4 panel D, are there antibodies that are available as a control for cilia? If so, then blotting this membrane would show that cilia-associated proteins are in the cilia preparation, which is a standard control for sub-cellular fractionation.

      Thanks for the suggestion. Unfortunately, we didn’t find a suitable cilia-specific antibody yet. Instead, we employed MS analysis to confirm the presence of cilia proteins in this sample (line 195-196, Figure 4–Source data 1). We also observed the sample under the microscope, which directly revealed the presence of cilia (Figure 4C).

      (4) At least one reference cited in the text was not present in the reference list. The authors should go through the references cited to ensure that all have made it into the reference list.

      We have checked all the references.

      Some minor edits:

      (1) MTA and MTB are presented in both roman and italics (e.g. line 209) in the manuscript. Maybe all should be in italics? Or is this a distinction between the gene and the protein?

      The italics word (MTA) refers to gene, and non-italics word (MTA) refers to protein.

      (2) Line 251. Change "achieving" to "achieve".

      We have corrected this word (line 266).

      Reviewer #3:

      Line 101. It would help to explain this expectation earlier in this paragraph.

      We explained the expectation in the revised version (line 92-97, 104-106).

      Line 109. How is a co-receptor different from the MTRC complex?

      We have rewritten the relevant sentences to enhance clarity (line 116-119). The molecular function of the MTRC complex could involve acting as a co-receptor or recognizer (functioning as both ligand and receptor). Based on the results presented in this section, we propose that MTA and MTB may function as a complex, but the confirmation of this hypothesis (MTRC) is provided in a later section. Therefore, we did not use the term “MTRC” here. These sentences briefly discuss the molecular function of this complex and explain why MTRC does not appear to function as a co-receptor.

      Line 251: which "dual approach" is referred to?

      Dual approach is referred to both self and non-self recognition. We explained it in the revised version (line 265-266).

      Line 258: what "different mechanisms" do the authors have in mind? Why would a different mechanism be expected? The different sizes could have evolved for (coevolutionary?) selection on the same mechanism.

      Sorry about the confusion. We clarified it in the revised version (line 269-278).

      What we intended to express is that we are uncertain whether the mating-type recognition model we discovered in T. thermophila is applicable to all Tetrahymena species due to significant differences in the length of the mating-type-specific region. We believe it is important to highlight this distinction to avoid potential misinterpretations in future studies involving other Tetrahymena species. At the same time, we look forward to future research that may provide insights into this question.

      Fig 2 C&D. Is it correct that these figures show the strains only after 'preincubation'? This is not apparent from the caption of the text. Additionally, the order of the images is very confusing. Write in the figures (so not just in the caption) what the sub-script means.

      These panels are re-organized in the revised version (Fig. 2C&D). There are three kinds of pictures: “not incubated”, “WT pre-incubated by mutant” and “mutant pre-incubated by WT”.

      The methods used to generate Figure 5 are not clearly described. I understand that the obtained xc proteins were added to the cells, and then washed, after which a test was performed mixing WT-VI and WT-VII cells. Were both cells treated? Or only one of the strains? The explanation for the reused washing medium is not clear and the method is not indicated.

      Both cells are treated. More details are provided in the revised manuscript (line 230-231, 633-634, 637-639, Fig. 5). To prepare the starvation medium containing mating-essential factors, cells were starved in fresh starvation medium for ~16 hours. Subsequently, cells were removed by three rounds of centrifugation (1000 g, 3 min) (line 330-332).

      In general, the figures are difficult to understand without repeated inquiries in the captions. Give more information in the figures themselves.

      More information is introduced in the figure (Fig. 2C, Fig. 3B, Fig. 4A, B, D, Fig. 5 and Fig. 6).

    1. Author Response

      Note to the editor and reviewers.

      All the authors would like to thank the editorial team and the two anonymous reviewers for their efforts and thoughtfulness in assessing our manuscript. We very much appreciate it and we all believe that the manuscript has been much improved in addressing the comments and suggestions made.

      General considerations on the revised manuscript

      We have applied extensive modifications to the manuscript with our main goal being the improvement of clarity. The Introduction has been changed mainly to introduce precisely our terminology and we have stuck to it in the rest of the manuscript. The Results section has been divided up into more defined sections. The discussion has been extensively re-written to improve clarity, following the suggestion of the reviewers. Main figures 1 and 4 have been modified with clearer schematics. Supplementary figures and legends have been modified and several supplementary schematic figures have been added to clearly present our interpretations for various data. We have added a Supplementary Discussion where the most detailed technical parts of our discussion are presented to avoid unnecessarily weighing down the main discussion, where our main conclusions are outlined. We have presented our mass photometry mixing experiment in a new supplementary figure, with detailed explanation. We have also expanded our discussion of in vivo and general relevance of our study.

      Response to manuscript evaluation

      Our manuscript has been evaluated as a valuable study and presenting solid experimental evidence. We appreciate the recognition of our work.

      Two weaknesses were identified by reviewers: 1) our experiments do not completely exclude the possibility of an alternative nucleophile. This relates to the evaluation of our experimental evidence. 2) Our study does not address the in vivo relevance of the interface swapping phenomenon, which relate to the value of the study for the community.

      Response to the evaluation of experimental evidence (Weakness #1):

      We argued in the original manuscript that we have excluded completely the presence of an alternative nucleophile. This conclusion is based on a series of experiments which were presented in the originally submitted manuscript. These experiments are not discussed by the reviewers in relation to this main conclusion and therefore we suggest that they have not been properly evaluated. We believe our conclusion to be appropriately supported by these data (see our response to reviewer #1). In addition, the criticism of our gel-filtration data by reviewer #2 was based on a misinterpretation of Supplementary figure 1 b. We accept of course that the way the data was presented could be misleading and we assume responsibility for this. We have attempted to correct this by changing the main text and the figures legends and annotation. In conclusion, we believe that the evaluation of experimental evidence as presented in the revised manuscript could be upgraded to “convincing”.

      Response to our study general relevance evaluation (weakness #2):

      We agree with both reviewers about the in vivo relevance of our observation being an important question, not addressed so far. Indeed, the value of our study would be greatly increased by in vivo data and be of interest to a wider audience. However, we would like to argue that our study would interest a wider audience than initially stated for the following reasons: 1) Our study is the first evidence of interface swapping in vitro and will constitute a base to investigate this phenomenon both in vivo and in vitro. It will therefore interest a wide audience due to the potential involvement of interface swapping in a wide range of processes, such as recombination, evolution, and drug targeting (see also below). 2) DNA cleavage is the central mode of action of antibiotics targeting bacterial type II topoisomerases (i.e. topoisomerases “poisons”). This already established target is one of the few having produced new scaffolds and too few new antibacterial are in production to fulfill medical needs. The role of interface stability is also emerging as a modulator of the efficiency of topoisomerase poisons. See for instance (Germe, Voros et al. 2018, Bandak, Blower et al. 2023). By shedding light on interface dynamics, our study will be of interest to scientist interested in the development of these drugs. In addition, the heterodimer system can potentially produce detailed mechanistic information (Gubaev, Weidlich et al. 2016, Hartmann, Gubaev et al. 2017, Stelljes, Weidlich et al. 2018) not only on gyrase but also on other, dimeric type II topoisomerases or even other dimeric enzyme in general. We have amended the manuscript to make these points clearer. Therefore, we believe that the evaluation of the revised manuscript’s relevance could be upgraded to “important”.

      Point-by-point response to the reviewer

      Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

      Germe and colleagues have investigated the mode of action of bacterial DNA gyrase, a tetrameric GyrA2GyrB2 complex that catalyses ATP-dependent DNA supercoiling. The accepted mechanism is that the enzyme passes a DNA segment through a reversible double-stranded DNA break formed by two catalytic Tyr residues-one from each GyrA subunit. The present study sought to understand an intriguing earlier observation that gyrase with a single catalytic tyrosine that cleaves a single strand of DNA, nonetheless has DNA supercoiling activity, a finding that led to the suggestion that gyrase acts via a nicking closing mechanism. Germe et al used bacterial co-expression to make the wild-type and mutant heterodimeric BA(fused). A complexes with only one catalytic tyrosine. Whether the Tyr mutation was on the A side or BA fusion side, both complexes plus GyrB reconstituted fluoroquinolone-stabilized double-stranded DNA cleavage and DNA supercoiling. This indicates that the preparations of these complexes sustain double strand DNA passage. Of possible explanations, contamination of heterodimeric complexes or GyrB with GyrA dimers was ruled out by the meticulous prior analysis of the proteins on native Page gels, by analytical gel filtration and by mass photometry. Involvement of an alternative nucleophile on the Tyr-mutated protein was ruled unlikely by mutagenesis studies focused on the catalytic ArgTyrThr triad of residues. Instead, results of the present study favour a third explanation wherein double-strand DNA breakage arises as a consequence of subunit (or interface/domain) exchange. The authors showed that although subunits in the GyrA dimer were thought to be tightly associated, addition of GyrB to heterodimers with one catalytic tyrosine stimulates rapid DNA-dependent subunit or interface exchange to generate complexes with two catalytic tyrosines capable of double-stranded DNA breakage. Subunit exchange between complexes is facilitated by DNA bending and wrapping by gyrase, by the ability of both GyrA and GyrB to form higher order aggregates and by dense packing of gyrase complexes on DNA. By addressing a puzzling paradox, this study provides support for the accepted double strand break (strand passage) mechanism of gyrase and opens new insights on subunit exchange that may have biological significance in promoting DNA recombination and genome evolution.

      The conclusions of the work are mostly well supported by the experimental data.

      Strengths:

      The study examines a fundamental biological question, namely the mechanism of DNA gyrase, an essential and ubiquitous enzyme in bacteria, and the target of fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agents.

      The experiments have been carefully done and the analysis of their outcomes is comprehensive, thoughtful and considered.

      The work uses an array of complementary techniques to characterize preparations of GyrA, GyrB and various gyrase complexes. In this regard, mass photometry seems particularly useful. Analysis reveals that purified GyrA and GyrB can each form multimeric complexes and highlights the complexities involved in investigating the gyrase system.

      The various possible explanations for the double-strand DNA breakage by gyrase heterodimers with a single catalytic tyrosine are considered and addressed by appropriate experiments.

      The study highlights the potential biological importance of interactions between gyrase complexes through domain-or subunit-exchange

      We thank the reviewer for their support, effort, and comments. The above is a great summary.

      Weaknesses:

      The mutagenesis experiments described do not fully eliminate the perhaps unlikely participation of an alternative nucleophile.

      We agree that the mutagenesis experiment on its own does not fully eliminate the possibility of an alternative nucleophile. The number of residues mutated is limited, and therefore it is possible we have missed a putative alternative nucleophile.

      However, we have other data and experiments supporting the conclusion that no alternative nucleophile exists. Therefore, we want to stress that our conclusion that no such alternative exist is based on these extra data. These data and experiments are not discussed by either reviewer despite being present in the original manuscript. This puzzled us and we have modified the manuscript and the figures in the hope that they, and their significance, would not be missed.

      Briefly:

      1) We have performed cleavage-based labeling of the nucleophile responsible for cleavage. This experiment is depicted in Figure 4. The nucleophilic activity of the residue involved results in covalent link between the polypeptide (that includes the residue) and radiolabeled DNA. Therefore, a polypeptide that includes an active nucleophile will be radiolabeled and visible, whereas a polypeptide that is missing an active nucleophile will remain unlabeled and invisible. We can distinguish the BA and the A polypeptide from their size. In the case of the BA.A complex both the BA polypetide and the A polypetide are radiolabeled and therefore both have an active nucleophile. In the case of the BAF.A complex, the unmutated A polypeptide is labeled, meaning that a nucleophile is still active. In contrast, the BAF polypeptide shows no detectable labeling. This result means that removing the hydroxyl group from the catalytic tyrosine abolishes any protein-DNA covalent link, suggesting that no other nucleophile from the BA polypetidic chain can substitute for the catalytic tyrosine hydroxyl group. This experiment excludes the possibility of an alternative nucleophile coming from the polypeptidic chain of either GyrA or GyrB. This experiment, described in figure 4, is not discussed by the reviewer. This experiment is similar in principle to early experiments identifying catalytic tyrosine in topoisomerases. See for instance, (Shuman, Kane et al. 1989).

      2) The experiment above does not exclude a nucleophile coming from the solvent. To exclude this possibility, we have used T5 exonuclease (which needs a free 5’ DNA end to digest) and ExoIII (which need a free 3’ DNA end to digest). We have shown the reconstituted cleavage is not sensitive to T5 and sensitive to ExoIII. This shows that the 5’ end of the cleaved sites are protected by a bulky polypeptide impairing T5 activity, which is active in our reaction as shown by the digestion of a control DNA fragment. This experiment shows that the reconstituted cleavage is very unlikely to come from a small nucleotide potentially provided by the solvent. This experiment is described in the main text and the results are shown in supplementary figure 5. It is not mentioned by either reviewer.

      3) Finally, we would like to emphasize our experiment comparing the BAF.A59 to BALLL.A59. The BALLL.A59 complex displays increased cleavage compared to BAF.A59. If this increased cleavage was due to an alternative nucleophile on the BALLL side, we would expect an accompanying increase in supercoiling activity since the BALLL.A59 possesses one CTD, which is sufficient for supercoiling. The fact that no increased supercoiling activity is observed strongly suggests subunit exchange reconstituting an A59 dimer, inactive for supercoiling but active for cleavage. We believe this somewhat complex observation to be quite significant and we have attempted to clarify the manuscript and discuss its full significance in several places.

      Reviewer #1 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      An interesting paper on DNA gyrase that explains a puzzling paradox in terms of the double-strand break mechanism.

      Major points

      1) The authors consider several mechanisms that could potentially explain their data. On page 15, the authors present the evidence against the nicking closing mechanism proposed by Gubaev et al. Throughout the manuscript, they indicate where their experimental results agree with this earlier work but should also indicate and account for differences. For example, Gubaev et al describe cross linking experiments that they claim rule out subunit exchange. These aspects should be clearly explained.

      Thank you for the suggestion. We have re-written the discussion to address this point. We are extensively discussing experiments from (Gubaev, Weidlich et al. 2016), and offer our interpretation of apparently conflicting results. We suggest that their experiments are basically consistent with our data when correctly interpreted. To keep the main manuscript clear, we have added a supplementary discussion where experiments from (Gubaev, Weidlich et al. 2016) are discussed further in relation to our data.

      2) Page 9. The experiments done to rule out the perhaps unlikely alternative nucleophile hypothesis relate to the possible role of the Arg and Threonine of the RYT triad. These residues are close to the DNA and therefore are prime candidates and attractive targets for mutagenesis. However, strictly speaking, the mutant enzyme data presented do not rule all possibilities. For example, Serine is often the nucleophile used by resolvases to effect DNA recombination via subunit exchange. The ideal experiment to rule out/rule in other nucleophiles would be to identify the residue(s) that become attached to DNA in the cleavage reaction.

      Please see above. We have effectively ruled an alternative nucleophile with our cleavage-based labeling experiment and others that were present and discussed in the original manuscript but were missed. We have modified the manuscript and figures in order to make this point clearer than before.

      3) p17. The readout for subunit exchange used by the authors is double-stranded DNA cleavage. Attempts to directly detect the formation of the DNA cleaving complexes GyrA2B2 and (GyrBA)2 (arising from subunit exchange between heterodimers) by mass photometry were not successful. Perhaps FRET would have been another approach to try as it could also detect interface and domain interchanges.

      Directly detecting interface exchange directly by proximity experiment would be extremely useful. FRET would have to be done in the BAF.A + GyrB configuration where the amount of interface exchange is important. Now, we do not have the tools to do that and developing them would be outside the scope of the study. We propose cross linking experiment to be done in the future. We argue that the manuscript is convincing without these for now. This will be addressed in the future. This point, and other possible future experiments are now discussed in the discussion section.

      4) The underlying canvas of this paper is the strand passage mechanism of gyrase. It would seem appropriate to include the papers first proposing it - Brown P.O and Cozzarelli N.R. (1979) and Mizuuchi K et al (1980).

      We very much agree. These papers have now been added in the introduction as appropriate, highlighting the relationship between double-strand cleavage and the strand-passage mechanism.

      5) Figure 1. The quality of the insets is poor. It is difficult to pick out the key catalytic residues and their disposition vis-a-vis DNA.

      We agree, Figure 1 has been re-done and the schematic theme has been harmonized throughout the whole manuscript. We very much hope that clarity has improved. Thank you for the suggestion.

      6) The experimental work is a very detailed analysis of a specific feature of engineered gyrase heterodimers. Making the work accessible to the general reader will be important. Using shorter paragraphs each with a specific theme might help. In particular, the second paragraph of the Results on p7, the section on p9 and bottom of p11, p13 and the first paragraph of the Discussion on p14 are each a page or more long. A shorter manuscript that avoids overinterpretation of the smaller details would also help.

      We agree. We have now split long paragraphs into individual sections, with titles, in the Results. This structure is recapitulated at the beginning of the discussion, and we have split the discussion into shorter paragraphs, each with a unique point being made.

      7) The impact of the Gubaev et al (2016) paper for the field in general, and as the catalyst for the present work should be better documented. Mention of this earlier paper and its significance at the beginning of the Abstract and elsewhere e.g in the Introduction might also help with a more logical organization of the current findings and result in a shorter paper (which would be easier to read).

      We have added a reference to (Gubaev, Weidlich et al. 2016) in the abstract and have expanded our introduction

      Minor points

      1) Legends for Figs 2 and 6; Supplementary Figs 1 and 8. The designation of subfigures as a, b, c, d , e etc appears to be incorrect. Check throughout and in the text.

      The manuscript has been checked for such errors.

      2) Figure 2, and first paragraph p8. Peaks in Fig 2c should be labelled to facilitate discussion on p8.

      Agreed, this has been done.

      3) Supplementary Fig 4 and elsewhere in the manuscript. A variety of notations are used to denote phenylalanine mutants e.g. AsubscriptF, AsuperscriptF and AF. Check and use one format throughout.

      Done

      4) Figures showing gels include the label '+EtBr, +cipro'. This is somewhat confusing because EtBr was contained in the gel (not the samples) whereas cipro was included in the reaction. Modify or describe in the legend..

      We have re-written the figure legend.

      5) Supplementary Fig 4b describes a small effect on the ratio of linear to nicked DNA for the triple LLL mutant. Is this significant? How many times was the measurement made?

      This has been addressed in the original manuscript in the supplementary data. In term of quantification, the experiment has been done 3 times for each prep, with the same GyrB prep and concentration. The standard error is displayed on the figure. This result is very reproducible and have been reproduced more than 3 times. No LLL cleavage assay showed more single-strand than double-strand cleavage. For the phenylalanine mutant, no cleavage assay showed more double-strand than single-strand cleavage.

      6) Supplementary Fig 5 legend. Should 'L' read 'size markers' (and give their sizes)?

      Yes indeed, we have modified the figure to clarify.

      7) p11 line 5. Is this statement correct?

      Yes, it is correct. Although we hope we are on the same line. When the Tyrosine is mutated on one side only of the heterodimer, both single- and double-strand cleavage are protected from T5 exonuclease digestion.

      8) 12 last line should read...and supercoiling activity (not shown)..were

      Thank you, done.

      There are a number of typos throughout the text, for example:

      Page 3 line..Difficult to conclude...what?

      Page 3 para 3...Lopez....and Blazquez

      We have corrected these typos and checked the whole manuscript.

      Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme in bacteria that regulates DNA topology and has the unique property to introduce negative supercoils into DNA. This enzyme contains 2 subunits GyrA and GyrB, which forms an A2B2 heterotetramer that associates with DNA and hydrolyzes ATP. The molecular structure of the A2B2 assembly is composed of 3 dimeric interfaces, called gates, which allow the cleavage and transport of DNA double stranded molecules through the gates, in order to perform DNA topology simplification. The article by Germe et al. questions the existence and possible mechanism for subunit exchange in the bacterial DNA gyrase complex.

      The complexes are purified as a dimer of GyrA and a fusion of GyrB and GyrA (GyrBA), encoded by different plasmids, to allow the introduction of targeted mutations on one side only of the complex. The conclusion drawn by the authors is that subunit exchange does happen, favored by DNA binding and wrapping. They propose that the accumulation of gyrase in higher-order oligomers can favor rapid subunit exchange between two active gyrase complexes brought into proximity.

      The authors are also debating the conclusions of a previous article by Gubaev, Weidlich et al 2016 (https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkw740). Gubaev et al. originally used this strategy of complex reconstitution to propose a nicking-closing mechanism for the introduction of negative supercoils by DNA gyrase, an alternative mechanism that precludes DNA strand passage, previously established in the field. Germe et al. incriminate in this earlier study the potential subunit swapping of the recombinant protein with the endogenous enzyme, that would be responsible for the detected negative supercoiling activity.

      Accordingly, the authors also conclude that they cannot completely exclude the presence of endogenous subunits in their samples as well.

      Strengths

      The mix of gyrase subunits is plausible, this mechanism has been suggested by Ideka et al, 2004 and also for the human Top2 isoforms with the formation of Top2a/Top2b hybrids being identified in HeLa cells (doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.16.8288).

      Germe et al have used extensive and solid biochemical experiments, together with thorough experimental controls, involving :

      • the purification of gyrase subunits including mutants with domain deletion, subunit fusion or point mutations.

      • DNA relaxation, cleavage and supercoiling assays

      • biophysical characterization in solution (size exclusion chromatography, mass photometry, mass spectrometry)

      Together the combination of experimental approaches provides solid evidence for subunit swapping in gyrase in vitro, despite the technical limitations of standard biochemistry applied to such a complex macromolecule.

      We thank the reviewer for their supportive and considered comments.

      Weaknesses

      The conclusions of this study could be strengthened by in vivo data to identify subunit swapping in the bacteria, as proposed by Ideka et al, 2004. Indeed, if shown in vivo, together with this biochemical evidence, this mechanism could have a substantial impact on our understanding of bacterial physiology and resistance to drugs.

      Thank you for this comment. Indeed, whether this interface exchange can happen in vivo and lead to recombination is a very important question. However, we believe that this is outside the scope of this study simply because of the amount of work one can fit into one paper. Proving that interface exchange can happen in vitro has already necessitated a number of non-trivial experiments and likewise investigating interface exchange in vivo will require a careful, long-term study (see our reply to reviewer #2 comment, who also raised this point). We can’t address it with one additional experiment with the tools we have. However, we very much hope to do it in the future.

      Reviewer #2 (Recommendations For The Authors):

      Specific questions and comments for the authors:

      1) Complex identification during purification

      The statement line 236-237 that "Our heterodimer preparation showed a single-peak on a gel-filtration column, distinct from the GyrA dimer peak" is not entirely clear. In Fig supp 1 b, how can the authors conclude from the superose 6 that GyrBA is separated from the GyrA dimer? Since they seem close in size 160/180kDa, they are unlikely to be well separated in a superose 6 gel filtration column. The SDS-PAGE seems to show both species in the same fractions #15-17 therefore it would not be possible to distinguish GyrBA. A from A2.

      There appears to be some confusion about what Supp Fig. 1b shows. First, in all our gel filtration conditions both GyrBA and GyrA can’t exist as monomers at a significant concentration. Therefore, we can never observe the GyrBA monomer on a gel filtration column. Supp Fig. 1b shows the gel filtration profile of the BA.A heterodimer only. This is the output of the last, polishing step in the reaction. We analyze these results using SDS-PAGE. Therefore, the BA.A heterodimer will be denatured and separated into 2 polypeptides: GyrBA and GyrA, which migrates according to their size in an SDS-PAGE and forms two bands. These two bands do not represent two separate species in solution. They represent the separation of one species only, the BA.A heterodimer into its two, denatured, subunits: GyrA and GyrBA. We do not conclude from Supp Fig. 1 as a whole that GyrBA and the GyrA dimer are well separated, and this is not stated in the manuscript. We conclude that the BA.A dimer is fairly well separated from the GyrA dimer. They have significant different size (~260 kDa and ~180 kDa respectively) and form different peaks on a gel filtration column. The BA.A heterodimer has a GyrA subunit and therefore will shows a GyrA band on an SDS-PAGE, like the GyrA dimers but the two are obviously distinct in their quaternary structure. We are hoping that our new schematics and re-write of some of the results and figure legends will clarify this.

      Panel 6 shows a different elution volume for the 2 species BA.A and A2 on an analytical S200 column, which appears better at separating the complexes in this size range.

      Did the authors consider using a S200 column instead of superose 6 for the sample preparation, to optimize the separation of GyrBA. A from A2?

      This is not a necessarily true statement (see above). We have not run the GyrA dimer on a Superose 6 column. The analysis was done on an s200 because extensive data for the GyrA dimer was already available with this, already calibrated column. We do not expect the Superose 6 to be worse in this size range. In fact, it might even be better. The Superose 6 profile in Supp. Fig. 1b shows BA.A only and no GyrA dimer. We have clarified the annotations in the figure to make this clearer.

      Regarding the analytical gel filtration experiment, there is however an overlap in the elution volume in the analytical column, therefore how can the authors ensure there is no excess free A2 complex in the GyrBA. A sample?

      Indeed, there is an overlap, but we argue that it is overstated. The important part of the overlap is where the maximum height of the GyrA peak is positioned compared to the BA.A trace, not where the traces intersect. This overlap is minimal. If a contaminating GyrA peak was hidden in the BA.A peak, it would have to be at least 10 times less intense than the BA.A peak. Since BA.A and GyrA dimer have roughly the same extinction coefficient, this means that a contamination would detectable at 10 % or even less. Our mass photometry further excludes such contamination.

      Alternatively, the addition of a larger (cleavable) tag at the C-terminal end of the BA construct (therefore not disturbing dimer association) could allow to better distinguish the 2 populations already at the size exclusion step.

      This is true and could allow cleaner purification. There are also other ways to achieve cleaner purification, like adding a secondary tag. However, like we argue in the manuscript, our contaminations are already minimal. It is questionable what benefits could be gained in changing the protocol. We also argue that the tandem tag method does not completely exclude contamination (Supplementary Discussion) and therefore we are not sure if this would be worth the time and expenditure.

      2) GyrA and GyrB Oligomers:

      In the mass photometry experiment, the authors explain that the low concentration of the proteins promotes dissociation of GyrA dimers, hence the detection of GyrA monomers instead of GyrA dimers, which are also detected in the GyrBA.A sample.

      However, it cannot be concluded that the GyrA dimer is not formed in the condition of the gel filtration chromatography, at higher concentration.

      In our mass photometry experiment, The BA.A sample is not as diluted as the GyrA dimer and much closer to our experimental condition. Since we have calculated the dissociation constant, we can calculate the expected level of dissociation (or reassociation). The level of dissociation is minimal in these conditions. If some dissociation is expected from the BA.A heterodimers, a very low amount of GyrBA monomer should also be present and yet they are not observed. We presume that it is because mass photometry is much more sensitive to GyrA (see our mixing mass photometry experiment that we have added). If the GyrA would reassociate at higher concentration, it would do so either with itself (forming a GyrA dimer) or with the GyrBA monomer, reforming the heterodimer. Assuming both GyrA dimer and heterodimer have the same dissociation constant, roughly one third of the GyrA monomer would reassociate with themselves. Assuming even complete reassociation of the GyrA dimer, this would leave only GyrA dimer accounting for 2% of the prep.

      Another interpretation would be to assume that GyrBA monomers are not present at all and that GyrA monomer are reassociating only with themselves. This is not valid because of the following thermodynamic reason:

      Since the profile for the GyrA dimer are collected at equilibrium, we should expect a ratio between GyrA monomer and dimers that follow the dissociation constant. In other words, if the GyrA monomer were in equilibrium with GyrA dimer we should expect a much higher dimer concentration already as the GyrA monomers are not as dilute. We do not observe a GyrA dimer peak in the BA.A profile, even though we can detect a low amount of GyrA dimer mixed with BA.A. Therefore, we conclude that the observed GyrA monomer must be in equilibrium with another dimerization partner, which is most probably the GyrBA monomer (see above). Therefore, only a minimal amount of GyrA dimer is expected to be formed at higher concentration by direct reassociation. This could probably increase if we let this solution-based exchange carry on for a long time at dissociation equilibrium. We have actually shown that this solution-based exchange is very slow and take several days because of the low dissociation at equilibrium.

      The mass spectrometry analysis in Fig 2 confirms the presence of (monomeric) GyrA in the sample, despite different experimental conditions.

      The concentration of heterodimer in the mass spectrometry experiment is actually higher than in the mass photometry experiment. This shows that self-reassociation of the GyrA monomer as suggested above is undetectable with mass spectrometry at higher concentration.

      We considered that the “GyrA monomer” peak could be a contaminating GyrB monomer, which is ~90 kDa, which would explain the lack of reassociation. However, the mass spectrometry peak shows precisely the expected molecular weight of GyrA so we interpret this peak as arising from very limited dissociation of the BA.A heterodimer. The reassociation is limited at high concentration due simply to the fact that the difference in concentration between the mass photometry and our other experimental conditions is not that high. The GyrA dimer had to be diluted 400 times to see significant dissociation and yet even at this very low concentration the dissociation is far from complete.

      Our general conclusions on the couple of point above is that we cannot completely exclude the presence of GyrA dimers being present, although they are undetectable in our working conditions either by mass photometry (lower concentration), Mass spectrometry (higher concentration) and even gel filtration (even higher concentration, see above). For the mass photometry, we have established that our detection threshold for a contamination is very low (see our mixing experiment).

      Figure 2A: the authors state in the introduction that GyrB is a monomer in solution and then explain that the upper bands in the native gel are multimer of GyrB. Could the authors comment and provide the size exclusion profile of the Gyr B purification?

      We have expanded our discussion of this. However, we have not been successful in collecting a gel filtration profile for GyrB. This is likely due to excessive oligomerization at the concentration we are using for gel filtration. We suggest that our mass photometry and Blue-Native PAGE experiment shows clearly that GyrB can be detected as a monomer in solution at the appropriate dilution. However, GyrB tends to oligomerize in a regular fashion (Consider especially Supp Fig. 8a), which suggest that it could align heterodimers on DNA in a linear, regular orientation. We have added a discussion of this.

      Together the relevance of the oligomeric state of purified GyrA or GyrB should be clarified, relative to their role in subunit swapping.

      We have added explanation in our discussion, while also trying to not be too speculative. Basically, we believe that GyrB oligomerization is likely to be involved. It is difficult to conclude for GyrA since no experiment has allowed us to test it. Therefore, the role of GyrA oligomerization, if any, is unclear. The GyrA tetramer is very prominent though and forms very easily. GyrB on the contrary forms longer oligomers more readily than GyrA and we surmise that this would help interface exchange. However, the structure of these GyrA and GyrB oligomers is not clear, which make it difficult to go beyond speculation on this. It would be a very interesting experiment if we were able to suppress GyrB oligomerization whilst conserving its ability to promote strand-passage and cleavage. Same goes for GyrA. Unfortunately, we are unable to do that at this time.

      4) Subunit exchange

      Line 320: the concept of subunit exchange in this context should be clearly explained. If one understands correctly, the authors mean that the BAF polypeptide, part of the BAF.A complex, could be replaced by a combination of B+A therefore forming a fully functional WT A2B2 gyrase complex.

      Thank you for the suggestion. We have harmonized and clearly defined our terminology for interface swapping and subunit exchange in the introduction and attempted to be much more rigorous when referring to it.

      A great effort has been done in this study to explain all the pros and cons of the experimental design but the length of the explanations may prevent readers outside of the field to fully appreciate the conclusions. This article would benefit from the addition of a few schematics to summarize the working hypothesis.

      Thanks for the suggestion. We have added a series of schematics to illustrate our interpretation for each construct. As mentioned above the terminology has been more rigorously defined and updated throughout the manuscript.

      5) Presence of endogenous GyrA

      Line 419-425: it is quite difficult to follow the explanations regarding the possible contamination of the sample by endogenous GyrA.

      Maybe these points should rather be addressed in the discussion, when debating the conclusions of Gubaev et al.

      We agree. We have re-organized the Discussion doing just that. We added a Supplementary Discussion in which we further discuss the contamination problem in relation to (Gubaev, Weidlich et al. 2016).

      Production of the subunits in another (non bacterial) expression system or a cell free system may prevent the association of endogenous protein.

      Absolutely. We are planning on addressing this in the future, using the yeast expression system.

      6) Mechanism for subunit swapping

      Lines 588-595: As described by the authors the BA fusion shows decreased activity when compared with the WT probably due to limited conformational flexibility in absence of an additional linker sequence between the fused subunits.

      The affinity of BA for A may possibly be reduced compared to the free A2B2 complex, due to a relative stiffness of the fusion upon full association with a free B subunit, as rightfully pointed by the authors.

      If subunit exchange do happen in vitro, at least in the conditions of this study, the authors could assess the affinity of BA for A, when compared to the association of free B and A subunits

      Experiments using analytical ultracentrifugation or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) may allow to determine the relative affinity of the BA +(A+B) compared to the A2B2 complex. This could be done also for the BALLL mutant and association with A59.

      It would be extremely useful to measure the affinity of BA for A. However, this is difficult because of the high affinity of the interface. To measure a dissociation constant, one has to be able to measure the concentration of the monomer and the dimer at equilibrium. Because of this, the complex must be diluted enough to see any dissociation, making detection difficult. In practice, this also means that we cannot purify monomeric versions of these subunits. We therefore can’t perform “on-rate” study on an SPR surface, which would require flowing monomers on its partner subunit tethered to the SPR surface. However, we could perform “off-rate” studies, but the dissociation time is likely to be very long, making the measurement difficult. We have not tried it though, and it could turn out to be informative. An analysis of antibodies off-rate done in the past could provide a guideline for us to perform this experiment. Analytical ultracentrifugation is an excellent technique and could in theory provide information. In practice however it would be still necessary to dilute the complex enough to obtain significant dissociation at equilibrium, making detection difficult. As far as we are aware, analytical ultracentrifugation rely on UV absorbance for protein detection and therefore we probably would not detect our material at the necessary dilution. We are however open-minded about technique with very sensitive detection methods that could be used.

      9) In vivo relevance

      The study does not conclude on the subunits exchange in vivo, which have been suggested by earlier studies by Ikeda et al. To elaborate further on the relevance of such mechanism in the bacteria, experiments involving the fluorescent labeling of endogenous / exogenous mutant subunits may be required to provide further information on this phenomenon.

      We completely agree that the in vivo relevance of such phenomena is the central question. Addressing this directly is not trivial though. Expressing both BA and A in vivo will results in random partnering and lead to a mix of dimers: A2 (1/4), BA2(1/4) and BA.A (1/2), assuming equal interface affinity. Therefore, to see subunit exchange in the same way as in vitro, one would have to get rid of the BA2 and A2 dimer together, or the BA.A dimer only. Our initial strategy to do that would be to engineer a specific dimer as being uniquely targeted for degradation. This could allow us to “get rid” of for instance the BA.A dimer. Subsequently, we would turn off the degradation and translation together and observe the rate of subunit exchange. This is not trivial though and would be the subject of a further study.

      10) Figure 3: I guess the "intact" label refers to the supercoiled DNA (SC) ? It also appears as "uncleaved" in supp Figure 6. The same label for this topoisomer should be used throughout.

      Thank you for pointing that out. It has now been corrected.

      Bandak, A. F., T. R. Blower, K. C. Nitiss, R. Gupta, A. Y. Lau, R. Guha, J. L. Nitiss and J. M. Berger (2023). "Naturally mutagenic sequence diversity in a human type II topoisomerase." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120(28).

      Germe, T., J. Voros, F. Jeannot, T. Taillier, R. A. Stavenger, E. Bacque, A. Maxwell and B. D. Bax (2018). "A new class of antibacterials, the imidazopyrazinones, reveal structural transitions involved in DNA gyrase poisoning and mechanisms of resistance." Nucleic Acids Res.

      Gubaev, A., D. Weidlich and D. Klostermeier (2016). "DNA gyrase with a single catalytic tyrosine can catalyze DNA supercoiling by a nicking-closing mechanism." Nucleic Acids Res 44(21): 10354-10366.

      Hartmann, S., A. Gubaev and D. Klostermeier (2017). "Binding and Hydrolysis of a Single ATP Is Sufficient for N-Gate Closure and DNA Supercoiling by Gyrase." J Mol Biol 429(23): 3717-3729. Shuman, S., E. M. Kane and S. G. Morham (1989). "Mapping the active-site tyrosine of vaccinia virus DNA topoisomerase I." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 86(24): 9793-9797.

      Stelljes, J. T., D. Weidlich, A. Gubaev and D. Klostermeier (2018). "Gyrase containing a single C-terminal domain catalyzes negative supercoiling of DNA by decreasing the linking number in steps of two." Nucleic Acids Res.

    1. eLife assessment

      This study presents two useful new mouse models that individually tag proteins from the SMAD family to identify distinct roles during early pregnancy. Solid evidence is provided that SMAD1 and SMAD5 target many of the same genomic regions as each other and the progesterone receptor. Given the broad effect of these signaling pathways in multiple systems, these new tools will most likely interest readers across biological disciplines.

    1. "bevor die AFD die verfassung abschafft, müssen wir die verfassung abschaffen" -- klingt doch logisch...<br /> die sind einfach voll hängen geblieben in ihrer opferrolle, und erfinden jeden tag neue strohmänner, neue false flag attacks, neue lügen... 9/11 ist quasi zum dauerzustand geworden<br /> aber die grundprobleme bleiben: pazifismus und übervölkerung

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:<br /> Verma et al. provide a short technical report showing that endogenously tagged dynein and dynactin molecules localize to growing microtubule plus-ends and also move processively along microtubules in cells. The data are convincing, and the imaging and movies very nicely demonstrate their claims. I don't have any large technical concerns about the work. It is perhaps not surprising that dynein-dynactin complexes behave this way in cells due to other reports on the topic, but the current data are among some of the nicest direct demonstrations of this phenomenon. It may be somewhat controversial since a separate group has reported that dynein does not move processively in mammalian cells (https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438428v3). Because of this, it might be nice for the authors to comment on this discrepancy in the field, although the aforementioned work is still in pre-print form.

      Strengths:<br /> Using state-of-the-art methods to endogenously tag dynein/dynactin subunits and performing live-cell imaging is convincing and useful for the field.

      Weaknesses:<br /> The claims are perhaps not surprising or novel given the extensive data already published in the field. However, there aren't many similar studies using endogenously tagged subunits to date.

    2. Reviewer #3 (Public Review):

      Summary:<br /> In this manuscript, Verma et al. set out to visualize cytoplasmic dynein in living cells and describe their behaviour. They first generated heterozygous CRISPR-Cas9 knock-ins of DHC1 and p50 subunit of dynactin and used spinning disk confocal microscopy and TIRF microscopy to visualize these EGFP-tagged molecules. They describe robust localization and movement of DHC and p50 at the plus tips of MTs, which was abrogated using SiR tubulin to visualize the pool of DHC and p50 on the MTs. These DHC and p50 punctae on the MTs showed similar, highly processive movement on MTs. Based on comparison to inducible EGFP-tagged kinesin-1 intensity in Drosophila S2 cells, the authors concluded that the DHC and p50 punctae visualized represented 1 DHC-EGFP dimer+1 untagged DHC dimer and 1 p50-EGFP+3 untagged p50 molecules.

      Strengths:<br /> The idea and motivation behind this work are commendable.

      Weaknesses:<br /> There are several major issues with the characterization of the knock-in lines generated, the choice of imaging and analysis methods, and inadequate discussion of prior findings.

      The specific points are below:

      1. CRISPR-edited HeLa clones:<br /> (i) The authors indicate that both the DHC-EGFP and p50-EGFP lines are heterozygous and that the level of DHC-EGFP was not measured due to technical difficulties. However, quantification of the relative amounts of untagged and tagged DHC needs to be performed - either using Western blot, immunofluorescence or qPCR comparing the parent cell line and the cell lines used in this work.<br /> (ii) The localization of DHC predominantly at the plus tips (Fig. 1A) is at odds with other work where endogenous or close-to-endogenous levels of DHC were visualized in HeLa cells and other non-polarized cells like HEK293, A-431 and U-251MG (e.g.: OpenCell (https://opencell.czbiohub.org/target/CID001880), Human Protein Atlas (https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000197102-DYNC1H1/subcellular#human), https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.04.05.438428v3). The authors should perform immunofluorescence of DHC in the parental cells and DHC-EGFP cells to confirm there are no expression artifacts in the latter. Additionally, a comparison of the colocalization of DHC with EB1 in the parental and DHC-EGFP and p50-EGFP lines would be good to confirm MT plus-tip localisation of DHC in both lines.<br /> (iii) It would also be useful to see entire fields of view of cells expressing DHC-EGFP and p50-EGFP (e.g. in Spinning Disk microscopy) to understand if there is heterogeneity in expression. Similarly, it would be useful to report the relative levels of expression of EGFP (by measuring the total intensity of EGFP fluorescence per cell) in those cells employed for the analysis in the manuscript.<br /> (iv) Given that the authors suspect there is differential gene regulation in their CRISPR-edited lines, it cannot be concluded that the DHC-EGFP and p50-EGFP punctae tracked are functional and not piggybacking on untagged proteins. The authors could use the FKBP part of the FKBP-EGFP tag to perform knock-sideways of the DHC and p50 to the plasma membrane and confirm abrogation of dynein activity by visualizing known dynein targets such as the Golgi (Golgi should disperse following recruitment of EGFP-tagged DHC-EGFP or p50-EGFP to the PM), or EGF (movement towards the cell center should cease).

      2. TIFRM and analysis:<br /> (i) What was the rationale for using TIRFM given its limitation of visualization at/near the plasma membrane? Are the authors confident they are in TIRF mode and not HILO, which would fit with the representative images shown in the manuscript?<br /> (ii) At what depth are the authors imaging DHC-EGFP and p50-EGFP?<br /> (iii) The authors rely on manual inspection of tracks before analyzing them in kymographs - this is not rigorous and is prone to bias. They should instead track the molecules using single particle tracking tools (eg. TrackMate/uTrack), and use these traces to then quantify the displacement, velocity, and run-time.<br /> (iv) It is unclear how the tracks that were eventually used in the quantification were chosen. Are they representative of the kind of movements seen? Kymographs of dynein movement along an entire MT/cell needs to be shown and all punctae that appear on MTs need to be tracked, and their movement quantified.<br /> (v) What is the directionality of the moving punctae?<br /> (vi) Since all the quantification was performed on SiR tubulin-treated cells, it is unclear if the behavior of dynein observed here reflects the behavior of dynein in untreated cells. Analysis of untreated cells is required.

      3. Estimation of stoichiometry of DHC and p50<br /> Given that the punctae of DHC-EGFP and p50 seemingly bleach on MT before the end of the movie, the authors should use photobleaching to estimate the number of molecules in their punctae, either by simple counting the number of bleaching steps or by measuring single-step sizes and estimating the number of molecules from the intensity of punctae in the first frame.

      4. Discussion of prior literature<br /> Recent work visualizing the behavior of dyneins in HeLa cells (DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.05.438428), which shows results that do not align with observations in this manuscript, has not been discussed. These contradictory findings need to be discussed, and a more objective assessment of the literature in general needs to be undertaken.

    1. Reviewer #2 (Public Review):

      Summary:<br /> Eaton and colleagues use targeted protein degradation coupled with nascent transcription mapping to highlight a role for the integrator component INST11 in terminating antisense transcription. They find that upon inhibition of CDK9, INST11 can terminate both antisense and sense transcription - leading to a model whereby INST11 can terminate antisense transcription and the activity of CDK9 protects sense transcription from INST11-mediated termination. They further develop a new method called sPOINT which selectively amplifies nascent 5' capped RNAs and find that transcription initiation is more efficient in the sense direction than in the antisense direction. This is an excellent paper that uses elegant experimental design and innovative technologies to uncover a novel regulatory step in the control of transcriptional directionality.

      Strengths:<br /> One of the major strengths of this work is that the authors endogenously tag two of their proteins of interest - RBBP6 and INST11. This tag allows them to rapidly degrade these proteins - increasing the likelihood that any effects they see are primary effects of protein depletion rather than secondary effects. Another strength of this work is that the authors immunoprecipitate RNAPII and sequence extracted full-length RNA (POINT-seq) allowing them to map nascent transcription. A technical advance from this work is the development of sPOINT which allows the selective amplification of 5' capped RNAs < 150 nucleotides, allowing the direction of transcription initiation to be resolved.

      Weaknesses:<br /> While the authors provide strong evidence that INST11 and CDK9 play important roles in determining promoter directionality, their data suggests that when INST11 is degraded and CDK9 is inhibited there remains a bias in favour of sense transcription (Figures 4B and C). This suggests that there are other unknown factors that promote sense transcription over antisense transcription and future work could look to identify these.