Al-Ghazali launched a philosophical critique against Neoplatonic-influenced early Islamic philosophers such as Al-Farabi and Ibn Sina. In response to the philosophers' claim that the created order is governed by secondary efficient causes (God being, as it were, the Primary and Final Cause in an ontological and logical sense), Ghazali argues that what we observe as regularity in nature based presumably upon some natural law is actually a kind of constant and continual regularity. There is no independent necessitation of change and becoming, other than what God has ordained.

2014 Action Teaching Award: Honorable Mention

we did so, we solicited questions through various social media, and we made sure to address as many of them as we could. And then, we worked through the transcripts, again and again, clarifying our concepts, refining our arguments, shuffling the pieces to insure greater clarity and accessibility

such that they cannot be experienced in any meaningful way without the mediation of an electronic device

Ninety-five per cent. of all our volume of business is being done with what we call exchange of bank deposits—that is simply book-keeping entries in banks against which people write cheques?

“I believe that the motion picture is destined to revolutionize our educational system and that in a few years it will supplant largely, if not entirely, the use of textbooks.”

Borgman offers case studies of data practices in the sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities, and then considers the implications of her findings for scholarly practice and research policy.

Big Data, Little Data, No Data

A Thousand Acres. By Jane Smiley. New York: Ballantine, 1991. $12.00

The Crossing. By Cormac McCarthy. New York: Random House, 1994. $13.00.

Remember Me. By Laura Hendrie. New York: Henry Holt, 1999. $24.00.

Plainsong. By Kent Haruf. New York: Knopf, 1999. $24.00.

The Meadow. By James Galvin. New York: Henry Holt, 1992. $12.00.

Strange Angels. By Jonis Agee. New York: HarperPerennial, 1993. $12.00.

Fools Crow By James Welch

Roughing It by Mark Twain

Sea of Grass by Conrad Richter

Death Comes for the Archbishop by Willa Cather

Cormac McCarthy: All the Pretty Horses (1992)

John Williams’s Butcher’s Crossing (1960)

Walter Van Tilburg Clark’s The Ox-Bow Incident (1940)

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なるほどこの孤独な行為はアンブロシウスと同じだなあと、感心して見とれていた。