Highlight, annotate, mark pages with sticky notes or flags, and take notes as you read

once, for enjoyment. Once, for deep understanding. And, lastly, once for deep analysis.

motif

that is, looking not just at what is written (the message, also known as content), but how it is written (the methods used to shape the message, also known as form)

This question prompted other students to share their cultural heritage's

sticky notes

Don't be afraid to read as many times as you need.

patterns

characters are featured in this text

Literary Analysis, Close Reading, and Rhetorical Analysis

literary analysis is specific to the field of literary studies

Literary analysis, then, is the deep examination of a work of literature

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rhododendron

There are instances where the mountain narrows to a few feet, with sheer drops on both sides, like traversing a catwalk.

gorge

The peak is my destination where I will call home tonight.

Undergrowth gives way to the harsh steep rock spires that crown the mountain top like ancient vertebra.

pergolas

Varieties of maple fight for space among the ever-growing conifers that dominate the forest.

Mt. Hood sits high above its surrounding foot hills, like that special jewel that sits on a pedestal, above all the others in a fancy jewelry store

Looking back, diving has taught me more about life, the ups and downs, the good and bad, and to accept and deal with life’s challenges. Everything I learn and discover underwater applies to the many different aspects of my life. It has also taught me that life is very short: I have to live in the moment or I will miss the opportunities that come my way. I allow myself to forget all my sorrow, despair and disappointments when I dive into the deep blue sea and savor the feelings of peacefulness and calmness. There is nothing around me but fish and corals, big and small. Floating along in silence with only the sound of my breath—inhale and exhale. An array of colors explodes in front of my eyes, colors that I never imagine I will discover again, an underwater rainbow as beautiful as the rainbow in the sky after a storm. As far as my eyes can see, I look into the depth of the ocean with nothing to anchor me. The deeper I get, the darker it turns. From the light blue sky to the deep navy blue, even blackness into the void. As the horizon darkens, the feeding frenzy of the underwater world starts and the watery landscape comes alive. Total darkness surrounds me but the sounds that I can hear are the little clicks in addition to my breathing. My senses overload as I cannot see what is around me, but the sea tells me it is alive and it anchors me to the depth of my soul.

Sometimes, I feel like I am not moving at all, kicking away madly until I hyperventilate because the sea is against me with its strong current holding me against my will.

then it is a hop and pull struggle, which reminds me of how life can be at times.

invigorates

Looking at the sky as it changes from the blackness with twinkling stars to the lightest shade of blue that is almost white, then the deep red of the sunset and bright orange of the sun.

Being free, happy, innocent, amazed, wowed.

As an ethnographer, your goal is to take in details without influencing those details. In order to stay focused, go to this place alone and refrain from using your phone or doing anything besides note-taking. Keep your attention on the people and the place.

Devices like metaphor, simile, and personification, or hyperbole can enhance description by pushing beyond literal meanings.

Strong description helps a reader experience what you’ve experienced

description is an essential rhetorical mode. Our minds latch onto detail and specificity, so effective description can help us experience a story, understand an analysis, and nuance a critical argument.

befuddling

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We can decompose a figure (break a figure into pieces) and rearrange the pieces (move the pieces around) to find its area.

But such an approach ignores the fact that crime is a public issue, as structural factors such as inequality and the physical characteristics of communities contribute to high crime rates among certain groups in American society.

(a) personal experience; (b) common sense; (c) the media (including the Internet); (d) “expert authorities,” such as teachers, parents, and government officials; and (e) tradition.

In recognizing the importance of social structure, sociology stresses that individual problems are often rooted in problems stemming from the horizontal and vertical social structures of society

People’s positions in society’s hierarchy in turn often have profound consequences for their attitudes, behaviors, and life chances, both for themselves and for their children.

Respondents aged 65 or older were actually slightly more likely than those younger than 65 to say they were very happy! About 33% of older respondents reported feeling this way, compared with only 28% of younger respondents

All of these problems indicate that older people should be less happy than younger people. If a sociologist did some research and then reported that older people are indeed less happy than younger people, what have we learned?

If you relied on your personal experience to understand the typical American marriage, you would conclude that most marriages were as good as your parents’ marriage, which, unfortunately, also is not true. Many other examples could be cited here, but the basic point should be clear: although personal experience is better than nothing, it often offers only a very limited understanding of social reality other than our own.

I already know a lot about people. I could have told you that young people voted for Obama. I already had heard that men have a higher suicide rate than women. Maybe our social backgrounds do influence us in ways I had not realized, but what beyond that does sociology have to tell me?”

Sociology can help us understand the social forces that affect our behavior, beliefs, and life chances, but it can only go so far. That limitation conceded, sociological understanding can still go fairly far toward such an understanding, and it can help us comprehend who we are and what we are by helping us first understand the profound yet often subtle influence of our social backgrounds on so many things about us.

Many people will not fit the pattern of such a generalization, because people are shaped but not totally determined by their social environment.

How much do you play a role in your own developmental path? Are you at the whim of your genetic inheritance or the environment that surrounds you? Some theorists see humans as playing a much more active role in their own development. Piaget, for instance, believed that children actively explore their world and construct new ways of thinking to explain the things they experience. In contrast, many behaviorists view humans as being more passive in the developmental process.11

acknowledgement for the denigrating treatment students receive at work, or they are finally given space to reflect on the internalized effects of colorism on their self-esteem, or students may express cathartic anger that the racially segregated neighborhoods they grew up in have been designed with purpose and targeted for police surveillance and violence.

the

Ethnic Studies has been shown time and time again to help improve disparities in school achievement and contribute to a more positive, inclusive school culture.

In summary, the field of Ethnic Studies is a dynamic source of inquiry and action.

The first draft of the Model Curriculum included lessons on the occupation of Palestine and its connection to Third World solidarity movements in the United States

Ecology before Darwin, however, is analogous to medicine prior to Pasteur's discovery of the infectious nature of disease

technique sends x-ray beams through it

Chris, on the other hand, does almost no preparation for his speech, but, being charming and comfortable in front of a crowd, smiles a lot while providing virtually nothing of substance. The audience takeaway from Chris’s speech is, “I have no idea what he was talking about” and other feelings ranging from “He’s good in front of an audience” to “I don’t trust him.” So the moral here is that a well-prepared speech that is delivered poorly is still a well-prepared speech, whereas a poorly written speech delivered superbly is still a poorly written speech. Despite this irony, we realize that delivery is what you are probably most concerned about when it comes to giving speeches, so this chapter is designed to help you achieve the best delivery possible and eliminate some of the nervousness you might be feeling. To do that, we should first dismiss the myth that public speaking is just reading and talking at the same time. You already know how to read, and you already know how to talk, which is why you’re taking a class called “public speaking” and not one called “public talking” or “public reading.”

For another example, take the right to vote. The secret ballot is one of the most cherished principles of American democracy. We vote in secret so that our choice of a candidate is made freely and without fear of punishment. That is all true, but it is also possible to predict the candidate for whom any one individual will vote if enough is known about the individual. Again, our choice (in this case, our choice of a candidate) is affected by many aspects of our social backgrounds and, in this sense, is not made as freely as we might think.

If so, the choice of a mate is not as free as we might like to think it is.

The author can also predict the kind of person any one heterosexual reader will marry. If the reader is a woman, she will marry a man of her race who is somewhat older and taller and who is from her social class. If the reader is a man, he will marry a woman of his race who is somewhat younger and shorter and who is from his social class. A reader will even marry someone who is similar in appearance. A reader who is good-looking will marry someone who is also good-looking; a reader with more ordinary looks will marry someone who also fits that description; and a reader who is somewhere between good-looking and ordinary-looking will marry someone who also falls in the middle of the spectrum. Naturally, these predictions will prove wrong for some readers. However, when one takes into account all the attributes listed (race, height, age, social class, appearance), the predictions will be right much more often than they are wrong, because people in the United States do in fact tend to choose mates fitting these general descriptions

And yet perhaps we have less freedom than we think. Although we have the right to choose how to believe and act, many of our choices are affected by our society, culture, and social institutions in ways we do not even realize

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Why not just listen to a recording of the lecture—or a video podcast, if available—instead of going to class? After all, you hear and perhaps see the lecture just as if you were there, and you can sleep late and “go” to this class whenever it’s convenient for you. What could be wrong with that?

Alicia enjoys her classes, even when she has to get up early after working or studying late the night before. She sometimes gets so excited by something she learns in class that she rushes up to the instructor after class to ask a question. In class discussions, she’s not usually the first to speak out, but by the time another student has given an opinion, she’s had time to organize her thoughts and enjoys arguing her ideas. Nearing the end of her sophomore year and unsure of what to major in given her many interests, she talks things over with one of her favorite instructors, whom she has gotten to know through office visits. The instructor gives her some insights into careers in that field and helps her explore her interests. She takes two more courses with this instructor over the next year, and she’s comfortable in her senior year going to him to ask for a job reference. When she does, she’s surprised and thrilled when he urges her to apply for a high-level paid internship with a company in the field—that happens to be run by a friend of his.

Karen wants to have a good time in college and still do well enough to get a good job in business afterward. Her sorority keeps a file of class notes for her big lecture classes, and from talking to others and reviewing these notes, she’s discovered she can skip almost half of those big classes and still get a B or C on the tests. She stays focused on her grades, and because she has a good memory, she’s able to maintain OK grades. She doesn’t worry about talking to her instructors outside of class because she can always find out what she needs from another student. In her sophomore year, she has a quick conversation with her academic advisor and chooses her major. Those classes are smaller, and she goes to most of them, but she feels she’s pretty much figured out how it works and can usually still get the grade. In her senior year, she starts working on her résumé and asks other students in her major which instructors write the best letters of recommendation. She’s sure her college degree will land her a good job.

Carla wants to get through college, and she knows she needs the degree to get a decent job, but she’s just not that into it. She’s never thought of herself as a good student, and that hasn’t changed much in college. She has trouble paying attention in those big lecture classes, which mostly seem pretty boring. She’s pretty sure she can pass all her courses, however, as long as she takes the time to study before tests. It doesn’t bother her to skip classes when she’s studying for a test in a different class or finishing a reading assignment she didn’t get around to earlier. She does make it through her freshman year with a passing grade in every class, even those she didn’t go to very often. Then she fails the midterm exam in her first sophomore class. Depressed, she skips the next couple classes, then feels guilty and goes to the next. It’s even harder to stay awake because now she has no idea what they’re talking about. It’s too late to drop the course, and even a hard night of studying before the final isn’t enough to pass the course. In two other classes, she just barely passes. She has no idea what classes to take next term and is starting to think that maybe she’ll drop out for now.

Carla wants to get through college, and she knows she needs the degree to get a decent job, but she’s just not that into it. She’s never thought of herself as a good student, and that hasn’t changed much in college. She has trouble paying attention in those big lecture classes, which mostly seem pretty boring. She’s pretty sure she can pass all her courses, however, as long as she takes the time to study before tests. It doesn’t bother her to skip classes when she’s studying for a test in a different class or finishing a reading assignment she didn’t get around to earlier. She does make it through her freshman year with a passing grade in every class, even those she didn’t go to very often. Then she fails the midterm exam in her first sophomore class. Depressed, she skips the next couple classes, then feels guilty and goes to the next. It’s even harder to stay awake because now she has no idea what they’re talking about. It’s too late to drop the course, and even a hard night of studying before the final isn’t enough to pass the course. In two other classes, she just barely passes. She has no idea what classes to take next term and is starting to think that maybe she’ll drop out for now.

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17-year-olds say they read for pleasure no more than one or two times a year

As a student and literary scholar in training, you have the power to influence culture through your reading and analysis of literature!

Part of what makes analyzing literature so fun is that it means the definition of literature is always up for debate! This is especially important given the history of the canon.

________________________________ (pass) the test, but it wasn't easy!

Mark ________________________ (not attend) the meeting tomorrow.

By studying hard, you _________________(pass) the final exam with flying colors.

_______________________ the children _______________________ (come) to the party on Saturday?

In the future, technology _________________(allow) us to travel to other planets.

If we get enough volunteers, we _________________ (organize) the event successfully.

With more practice, she _________________ (play) the piano at a concert level.

Until the rain stops, we ___________________(not fix) the fence.

Larry ______________________________ (not get) to the meeting on time. The traffic was too heavy.

After you finish the course, you _________________(understand) advanced mathematics concepts.

When I was a child, I _________________(climb) trees easily.

_____________________ I ______________________ (take) the advanced class next semester

When you turn 18, you _________________ (vote) in national elections.

By next year, I _________________ (speak) three languages fluently

I ________________________________ (pass) the test, but it wasn't easy!

Mark ________________________ (not attend) the meeting tomorrow.

By studying hard, you _________________(pass) the final exam with flying colors.

_______________________ the children _______________________ (come) to the party on Saturday?

In the future, technology _________________(allow) us to travel to other planets.

If we get enough volunteers, we _________________ (organize) the event successfully.

_______________________ the children _______________________ (come) to the party on Saturday?

In the future, technology _________________(allow) us to travel to other planets.

With more practice, she _________________ (play) the piano at a concert level.

Until the rain stops, we ___________________(not fix) the fence.

Larry ______________________________ (not get) to the meeting on time. The traffic was too heavy.

After you finish the course, you _________________(understand) advanced mathematics concepts.

When I was a child, I _________________(climb) trees easily.

_____________________ I ______________________ (take) the advanced class next semester?

When you turn 18, you _________________ (vote) in national elections.

4.  Negative ability on a specific occasion

Negative general ability

2. Positive ability on a specific occasion

. Positive general ability

At the age of eight, she_______________________ speak three languages. 2.  And when she was ten, she ___________________________ speak another two languages. 3.  When I was fifteen, I ________________________ ride a motorbike. 4.  However, at age fifteen, I  ____________________________ drive a car. 5.  Unfortunately, I ______________________________ find my keys last night when I got home last night. 6.  Fortunately, I ____________________________ unlock the door with a spare key last night. 7.  However, I _______________________ find the original keys at that time. 8.  The rescuers _______________________contact the trapped miners soon after the mine collapsed yesterday. 9.  She ______________________ smell gas coming from the stove, so she turned off the burner. 10.  However, she  ____________________________ see the escaping gas. 11.  I ________________________________understand anything that he was saying. 12.  We ______________________________ hear Joe enter the house because he made a loud noise.

9.____ Were you able to finish your homework yesterday?

8.____ The students were able to pass the Final Exam last fall.

____ I used to be able to sing.

____ Randy was not able to drive until age eighteen.

____ Randy was not able to drive until age eighteen.

____ David was able to lift heavy boxes before his injury.

____ We were able to get an excellent price on flights for our trip.

____ We were able to get an excellent price on flights for our trip.

____ Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to make a dentist appointment for this week.

____ I was able to ride a bike when I was ten years old.

4.  Negative ability on a specific occasion

3.  Negative general ability

2. Positive ability on a specific occasion

1. Positive general ability

12.  We ______________________________ hear Joe enter the house because he made a loud noise.

11.  I ________________________________understand anything that he was saying.

10.  However, she  ____________________________ see the escaping gas.

9.  She ______________________ smell gas coming from the stove, so she turned off the burner.

8.  The rescuers _______________________contact the trapped miners soon after the mine collapsed yesterday.

5.  Unfortunately, I ______________________________ find my keys last night when I got home last night.

4.  However, at age fifteen, I  ____________________________ drive a car.

3.  When I was fifteen, I ________________________ ride a motorbike.

2.  And when she was ten, she ___________________________ speak another two languages.

1.  At the age of eight, she_______________________ speak three languages.

9.____ Were you able to finish your homework yesterday?

8.____ The students were able to pass the Final Exam last fall.

7.____ I used to be able to sing.

6.____ Randy was not able to drive until age eighteen.

5.____ David was able to lift heavy boxes before his injury.

4.____ Sherry was able to run faster than her brother when they were young.

3.____ We were able to get an excellent price on flights for our trip.

2.____ Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to make a dentist appointment for this week.

1.____ I was able to ride a bike when I was ten years old.

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12. _____________ you ____________ (come) to my house after class?

10. They __________________(find) the library easily—it’s next to the school.

9. __________ you ________________ (explain) the grammar again?

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We __________________(not / go) to the park because it’s raining.

____________ she ______________________ (take) the advanced class?

__________ you __________ (help) me with this exercise?

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8. She isn't ________________ to do it today.

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1.  She _________ speak four foreign languages.