about dozen years ago, chemists actually checked if you unravel the DNA in a dish without a cell, how does it replicate?
for - DNA replication experiment - in vitro - lots of errors - 1/10,000 pairs error rate - our genomes 3 billion base pairs long each - so 300,000 errors - would be fatal to any cell
Tests performed: Haemostatic tests ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation plasma VWF antigen VWF risocetin cofactor VWF FVIII-binding capacity VWF multimers and FVIII activity DDAVP test Concentration timecourses
sequencing from genomic DNA performed and reported in 2011
cDNA analysis
Real-time-PCR analysis
long PCR
Ellman assay (quantifying sulfhydryls)
Dynamic light scattering measurements
circular dichroism
ADAMTS13 proteolysis assay
ADAMTS13-VWF binding assay
Shen, X.-R., Geng, R., Li, Q., Chen, Y., Li, S.-F., Wang, Q., Min, J., Yang, Y., Li, B., Jiang, R.-D., Wang, X., Zheng, X.-S., Zhu, Y., Jia, J.-K., Yang, X.-L., Liu, M.-Q., Gong, Q.-C., Zhang, Y.-L., Guan, Z.-Q., … Zhou, P. (2022). ACE2-independent infection of T lymphocytes by SARS-CoV-2. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 7(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-022-00919-x
Chen, Y., Yang, W.-H., Huang, L.-M., Wang, Y.-C., Yang, C.-S., Liu, Y.-L., Hou, M.-H., Tsai, C.-L., Chou, Y.-Z., Huang, B.-Y., Hung, C.-F., Hung, Y.-L., Chen, J.-S., Chiang, Y.-P., Cho, D.-Y., Jeng, L.-B., Tsai, C.-H., & Hung, M.-C. (2020). Inhibition of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 main protease by tafenoquine in vitro. BioRxiv, 2020.08.14.250258. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.08.14.250258
Salahudeen, A. A., Choi, S. S., Rustagi, A., Zhu, J., O, S. M. de la, Flynn, R. A., Margalef-Català, M., Santos, A. J. M., Ju, J., Batish, A., Unen, V. van, Usui, T., Zheng, G. X. Y., Edwards, C. E., Wagar, L. E., Luca, V., Anchang, B., Nagendran, M., Nguyen, K., … Kuo, C. J. (2020). Progenitor identification and SARS-CoV-2 infection in long-term human distal lung organoid cultures. BioRxiv, 2020.07.27.212076. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.27.212076
The mean time taken in the group II (bromelain) was 335.30 seconds which was nearly equal to the mean time of group I (papain) of 352.33 seconds.
This is slightly longer than normal teeth brushing sessions, but the frequency of brushing implies that my bromelain/papain toothpaste is more than adequate to deal with dental caries. Additionally, carries prior to tooth extraction are generally going to be small, meaning that a single brushing session might remove them.