656,140 72/009,833 12/24/1957

Le modèle de l’environnement socioéducatif de l’école (Janosz et al., 1998)

A-1-3-2-1 Jugement du tribunal administratif de Caen (10/03/98) Au motif qu'une école a méconnu le principe de gratuité en excluant d'activités sportives et culturelles payantes organisées durant le temps scolaire, des enfants dont la famille n'avait pas contribué financièrement, l'Etat est condamné à payer aux parents : - 152,45 i d'indemnités en réparation du préjudice subi, - 457,35 i de frais exposés non-compris dans les dépens.

Emden, C. (1998). Establishing a ‘track record’: Research productivity and nursing academe.Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing,16(1), 29–33

Some journals place a limit on the numberof coauthors; for example, theDutch Journal of Medicinedoes not publish articles with more than six authors (Hoenet al., 1998).

Flanagin et al.(1998) developed a multivariate logistic regression model totest the hypothesis that coauthored articles (operationalizedas papers with six or more authors) were increasing at a rategreater than would be expected when confounding vari-ables, such as the number of centers, were taken into ac-count. They found that 19% of original research reports hadhonorific authors, individuals who were garnering phantomfodder for their curricula vitae. They also discovered that11% of articles had ghost authors, which means that quite afew individuals were not receiving due credit for theircreative or material contributions to the research process—“the ghostly inferred hosts of unnamed actors who shiftedinstruments about and exerted their muscular labor’(Shapin, 1995, p. 379). Their findings, based on surveys ofcorresponding authors, are in keeping with other estimatesof honorific authorship in the biomedical literature.