In addition, our Li-ion BBUs benefit from our distributed UPS architecture that offers significant availability and TCO benefits compared to traditional monolithic UPS systems. The distributed UPS architecture improves machine availability by: 1) reducing the failure-domain blast radius to a single rack, and 2) locating the batteries in the rack to eliminate intermediate points of failure between the UPS and machines. This architecture also provides TCO benefits by scaling the UPS with the deployment, i.e., reducing day-1 UPS cost. Additionally, locating the batteries in the rack on the same DC bus as the machines eliminates intermediate AC/DC power conversion steps that cause efficiency losses. In 2016 we shared the 48V rack power system spec with the Open Compute Project, including specs for the Li-ion BBUs.

At Google, we rely on a 48Vdc rack power system with integrated battery backup units (BBUs), and in 2015, we became one of the first hyperscale data center providers to deploy Lithium-ion BBUs. These Li-ion batteries had twice the life, twice the power and half the volume of previous-generation lead-acid batteries. Switching from lead-acid batteries to Li-ion means we deploy only one-quarter the number of batteries, greatly reducing the battery waste generated by our data centers. 

The lithium-ion batteries that China dominates are becoming increasingly prevalent. In February Google said that it had installed more than 100 million cells across its data centers and had started to replace diesel generators with batteries. Microsoft said it aimed for its data centers to eliminate diesel fuel for backup by 2030 to meet environmental goals.

In Belgium, we’ll soon install the first ever battery-based system for replacing generators at a hyperscale data center. In the event of a power disruption, the system will help keep our users’ searches, e-mails, and videos on the move—without the pollution associated with burning diesel. But even more important is what will happen when Google doesn’t need emergency power. Whereas diesel generators sit idle most of the year, batteries are multi-talented team players: when we’re not using them, they’ll be available as an asset that strengthens the broader electric grid.

Is Fast Charging Killing the Battery? A 2-Year Test on 40 Phones

Chinese officials predict widespread V2G adoption by 2030 would unlock 1 billion kilowatts of capacity from an expected fleet of 100 million EVs. The move could help diversify energy sources beyond coal in a country that’s home to 40 million electric cars.

Long-term contracts, together with domestic gas production, typically accounted for 80-90% of the European Union’s natural gas consumption before the 2022 crisis. In the past two years, that share has dropped to around 50%. If no new contracts are signed and existing ones are not renewed, the share of spot gas and flexible LNG in total EU gas supply could increase to around two-thirds by 2030, which could increase exposure to short-term price volatility.

Among other projects, ESS is providing its iron-based flow battery to the Nigerian firm Sapele Power, for use at a power plant. The goal is to cut the widespread use of diesel backup generators in Nigeria, by improving efficiency at the power plant.

An interesting heuristic I came up with is that we should install 1 kWh of batteries for every kilowattpeak (kWp) of solar panels. On average solar panels will output around 20% of their rated peak power worldwide (see table). A good rule of thumb is that you want a minimum of 5 hours of storage in the future renewable grid. Five times 20% is 100%, hence 1 kWh of batteries for 1 kWp of solar panels.

As solar is displacing traditional assets, such as gas power plants, we are observing a relatively sharp increase in the price of some of the power reserves, which happens in the opposite direction than the prices on the day-ahead markets.

Over the past three years, battery storage capacity on the nation’s grids has grown tenfold, to 16,000 megawatts. This year, it is expected to nearly double again, with the biggest growth in Texas, California and Arizona.

we have enough of these minerals in the 01:16:25 world to run a world transportation system off electricity using batteries but we don't have enough if we need batteries to stabilize our grids because we've got intermittent power from solar 01:16:39 and wind

Ore extraction is largest for EVs, growing 55 times from 2021, compared to 13 and 9 times for solar PV and wind power, respectively

Wind and solar are, of course, intermittent, but battery costs too are plummeting, to the extent that they often underbid so-called peaking plants burning natural gas

Limiting the maximum charge level to below 100%: stop charge threshold

You can indeed prolong moderns Li-Ion batteries lifespan by keeping them at a lower charge. If you never ever use it disconnected, you should keep it at 40%. E.g. Uber driver cellphone always-on in travels. However for daily light usage, 60% is considered the 'sweet spot' for practicality, and 80% gives you more freedom. 100% is when the battery is at its peak 'stress' level, and thus wear faster.

Exposing the battery to high temperature and dwelling in a full state-of-charge for an extended time can be more stressful than cycling.

Discharges your battery until it reaches 80%, even when plugged in

This tool makes it possible to keep a chronically plugged in Apple Silicon Macbook at 80% battery, since that will prolong the longevity of the battery.

But that’s just one way to get batteries into low-income customers’ homes. Sunrun also acts as a third-party owner of solar and battery systems that Grid Alternatives installs for customers that can’t or don’t want to borrow money to finance it. Third-party owners can monetize the value of federal tax credits for low-income households that don’t pay a large enough federal tax bill to take advantage of the credits themselves. 

But filling a battery up and leaving it charged for days on end is not attractive – most battery operators make money by cycling (charging and discharging) at least once a day. Of all the interesting things to do with batteries, it’s not clear that solving curtailment will be the most lucrative.

low self-discharge (<3% per month), you can store them for a longer period of time.

At the time, BYD used lithium iron phosphate batteries

Point being (again), definitions seem to differ, and what you call "full stack" is what I call "batteries-included framework". Full stack simply means (for me) that it gives you a way of building frontend and backend code, but implies nothing about what functionality is included in either part.

Nothing in "full-stack" requires having a validation library in order for it to be full-stack, that would more be leaning towards the "batteries included" approach to a framework instead of strictly being about "full-stack".

but you want to style your components yourself and not be constrained by existing design systems like Material UI

What killed the electric scooter back then is the same thing that killed the electric car of year 2000: terrible lead-acid battery technology

series of small, powerful and inexpensive paper-based “BioBatteries” that developed from a simple origami shape in the lab of Assistant Professor Seokheun “Sean” Choi, PhD—and run on bacteria found in a few drops of dirty water—could transform point-of-care diagnostic testing in remote locations across the globe where medical resources are scarce

A) Lithium-ion cells used in cars aren’t especially hazardous and are classified as landfill safe, B) They’re almost all recycled anyway