The financing strategy was widely used during the 1997-2010 Labour government, and finally ditched by the Conservatives in 2018 after several NHS trusts required bailouts stemming from the high cost of the PFI schemes. Existing contracts were untouched.A report by the National Audit Office, the spending watchdog, that year found taxpayers had incurred billions of pounds in extra costs for no clear benefit through PFIs, with yearly fees running at £10bn.PFI deals are on average 31 years long and generally involve the assets reverting back into public hands at the end. Nearly 71 PFI contracts worth about £4bn are coming to an end in the next four years. More than 300 PFI contracts will expire in the next decadeNumber of PFI contracts expiring, by financial year20502045204020352030202520200604020344 expirations344 expirationsSource: National Audit OfficeA common trigger for clashes when contracts near expiry is the condition of the assets, and the question of who should pay for any deficiencies.

The tech companies, which declined interview requests, said every watt of power they use for their data centers is matched with purchases of clean energy elsewhere on the regional power grid. But those contracts feed into a vast power grid, spanning 14 states from Louisiana to Montana. Many experts and activists say much of that clean power would probably get produced whether the tech companies were signing contracts or not.

In detail, this comprises a change in market dynamics from a “search engine market” to a “web data market”, where web data is used in manifold applications (like social media research, training of AI products, price monitoring, etc.).For this study, we remain aware of such disruptive forcesof altered search, but have not explicitly integrated this in our estimates –although, LLMs still need valid and scalable (web) information for training,which is present in our market model.

If such battery capacity had already been installed this summer, Germany could have displaced 36 GWh of expensive fossil power during evening peaks in June alone.

The role of gas in the evening peak in April 2024 has been roughly halved compared to April 2021.

An interesting heuristic I came up with is that we should install 1 kWh of batteries for every kilowattpeak (kWp) of solar panels. On average solar panels will output around 20% of their rated peak power worldwide (see table). A good rule of thumb is that you want a minimum of 5 hours of storage in the future renewable grid. Five times 20% is 100%, hence 1 kWh of batteries for 1 kWp of solar panels.

Assuming we get all that from renewable energy this would mean an average production of 10 TW (=terawatt). That’s roughly 1 kW per person by the way.

ECL launched its first modular hydrogen data center back in May, with a small deployment at its site in Mountain View, California. Each module supports 1MW, and can cool up to 75kW per rack.For the TerraSite, ECL said that it has three pipelines of hydrogen that will feed the facility, with an energy cost of 0.08-0.12/kWh.

But in 2021, millions of retired carbon credits were tokenized

As the primus inter pares of the Mexican bourgeoisie, Slim has received preferential treatment from the government, which he has reciprocated through constant public appearances with the President. When it became clear that the collapse in 2020 of an elevated metro line that had killed twenty-six people was due to poor workmanship by Mr. Slim’s engineering firm, then-mayor of Mexico City Claudia Sheinbaum reached an agreement with the billionaire: the firm would rebuild the line at a cost of about $40 million dollars. The victims received a compensation of $20,000 to $290,000, depending on whether they had been wounded or killed. For less than $50 million dollars, Slim bought his innocence. 

The movement’s new leader, Claudia Sheinbaum won the Presidency with 60 percent of the votes in early June. With a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress, the Movement for National Regeneration (Morena) will have the power to completely rewrite the country’s constitutional compact. 

To run a command in the project environment, use uv run. Alternatively the project environment can be activated as normal for a virtual environment.

Significantly, that represents 7.3 TWh of annual clean electricity output that currently does not exist on the US powergrid. Compare that to the annual output of the nation’s largest utility-scale solar plant, Solar Star in California, that generates about 1.6 TWh per year from 747 MW of capacity.

Encouraging more research into sustainable manufacturing and implementing minimum requirements, such as using a certain percentage of renewable energy or investing in eco-friendly chemicals, could be initial steps. This approach mirrors the efforts observed in the implementation of the US CHIPS Act in the United States.

When it comes to measuring the ecological impact of chips during their operation in the end-product, it is difficult to come up with reliable and detailed data. One key challenge is that, according to the GHG Protocol guidance for scope 3, semiconductor manufacturers (both in front- and back-end manufacturing) do not need to report on their climate footprint, particularly with regard to emissions, as their products are classified as ‘intermediate products’ and are not directly sold as end-products

An average hyperscale data centre consumes 11 to 19 million litres of water every day, only half the consumption of front-end manufacturing.

Recently, numerous reports 131 have emphasised the significant electricity consumption in front-end manufacturing by drawing comparisons with homes, 132 cities 133 134 and even national energy usage levels. 135 According to our calculations, the electricity consumption of the European semiconductor industry in 2030 will be around 47.4 tWh (a steep increase from 10tWh in 2021), which is around half that of European data centres (98.5 tWh). 136 Electricity is the biggest single source of GHG emissions

For others, such as hydrogen (H), the picture looks different. The production of H is based on cryogenic processing, which means that the temperature of the gas stream needs to drop to approximately −85°C. 76 This consumes considerable energy and thus emits high indirect GHG emissions in production

Fluorinated gases have a much higher GWP than CO2, and thus a high climate footprint, and account for 80%–90% of direct emissions in a fab. 41 They are reported under scope 1 of the GHG Protocol and are regulated in the European F-gas regulation that was updated in January 2024 and adopted on 7 February 2024. 42

The ecological impact of chemicals stems from three major sources

Fabs in regions with high water scarcity, such as Taiwan, emphasise water reuse and recycling, achieving rates of around 80%, while those in Europe typically have lower recycling rates (10%–14%).

If the goal of a 20% production share stated in the EU Chips Act is met, it is expected that the electricity consumption of the European semiconductor industry will be around 47.4 tWh in 2030, half that of European data centres (98.5 tWh).

But this position is increasingly untenable. If the EU Chips Act achieves its goal of 20% global production by 2030, emissions could increase up to eightfold, surpassing those of other emission-heavy industries. The climate issue will therefore become ever more pressing.

his week I spoke with Matilda Krieder, a researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, about a database she and her colleagues released this week showing how onshore and offshore wind developers use community benefit agreements

The cost of AI use at any normal human scale doesn’t waste a problematic amount of energy. The problem is the astronomical cost of creating AI systems massive enough to ensure corporate dominance

To GHG Protocol’s credit, the organization does ask companies to report location-based figures alongside their Rec-based figures. Despite that, no company includes both location-based and market-based metrics for all three subcategories of emissions in the bodies of their annual environmental reports.

About a year ago, the Wall Street Journal reported that Microsoft's $10-a-month Github Copilot (which generates code and suggests changes  to the software you're building) loses the company on average $20-a-user-a-month, and in some cases costs Microsoft as much as $80-a-user-a-month. While it's possible that Microsoft could have found ways to make Github Copilot more efficient, this seriously suggests that Microsoft 365 Copilot loses money in much the same way, though generating code is a little more compute-intensive.

Residents rarely learn how data centers may affect their lives until it’s too late. Big tech operators are aggressively deploying nondisclosure agreements to force local officials, construction workers and others to keep these projects under wraps.For tech firms, the incentives to build more of these centers are immense: A McKinsey analysis projected the generative A.I. business could eventually be worth nearly $8 trillion worldwide. Tech companies don’t want to tip off rivals that might try to swoop in and steal a viable site for development. That’s part of the reason they so zealously enforce nondisclosure agreements. But it’s more than that — they also seem to want to avoid angering locals who might learn of the coming disruptions and protest zoning changes.

In August, Germany’s Economy Ministry presented an “options paper” on the future of the country’s electricity market, proposing a mix of liberal and centralised elements of electricity markets, as is the case elsewhere in Europe. Among its proposals, the paper suggests creating a new “capacity market” that would pay generators a flat fee based on size, unlike the current liberal market that rewards them for the energy they sell.

Importantly, receiving nations were required to deposit money equivalent to those products in their central banks. This rebuilt financial health in Europe and order forms for US companies for a generation.

Since then, thousands of people across the country, including military service members, firefighters, and citizens have launched lawsuits against PFAS manufacturers. 3M paid $10.3 billion to settle lawsuits over contaminated drinking water; DuPont paid more than $1.2 billion; Tyco Fire Products, the makers of firefighting foam, settled for $750 million. Altogether, the chemical industry has paid $11 billion to cover the costs of cleaning up ground and water contamination. But so far, no individuals—including the Cotters—have been compensated for the potential effects of exposure to carcinogenic PFAS chemicals. 

Nonetheless, LPG remains an expensive and imported fossil fuel. Indonesia is now drawing up plans for a large-scale deployment of electrified rice cookers and induction stoves.

In short, rough consensuswas an apt description of this informal processin which a proposal must answer to criticisms,but need not be held up if supported by a vastmajority of the group

The IAB increasingly served as thesteward of TCP/IP and the Internet, but had nolegal mandate or enforcement mechanisms. Inother words, IAB-backed protocols were defacto standards, whose status as standardsdepended on broad consensus and widespreadimplementation.

For every euro spent on clean power in Europe over the 2022-40 period, 90 cents of grid investment will be required to achieve the EU’s climate ambitions. 

footrpint

The GLEIF also produces an official mapping file, linking LEI records to the corresponding OpenCorporates records for the same legal entities (and this provides a route from users of OpenCorporates records to BIC and ISIN identifiers, which are also mapped to the LEI). This relationship is underpinned by both organisations having a data model where one-legal-entity is represented by one and only one record; where both organisations have public benefit missions; and where both are committed to non-proprietary identifiers.

Instituting nondiscrimination or common carrier obligations on compute providers operating key points of the stack

The FTC has already outlined this principle in its recent Amazon Alexa case

The UK’s Competition and Markets Authority recently published its initial report on AI Foundation Models, which will be followed up with a subsequent workstream in early 2024

Across the Atlantic, compute power has been an important element in France’s national interest in building out its AI capabilities. Among other moves, France funded the creation of the Jean Zay supercomputer in 2019, operated by the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). The computer was used to train BigScience’s BLOOM large-scale AI model

Over 50 new semiconductor projects were announced worth $200 billion following the passage of the Act, according to the Semiconductor Industry Association.162 Among them is TSMC, which plans to make a $40 billion investment in a new facility in Phoenix, Arizona.163 This is particularly notable because it illustrates that market subsidies can function to exacerbate rather than ameliorate market concentration if not carefully calibrated: given the existing bottlenecks in chip fabrication, such investments can easily be captured by dominant players even if they introduce more geographical spread.164 Notably, the chips produced within TSMC’s new facility will still be sent back to Taiwan for packaging and assembly, subverting the hope of creating fully made-in-the-USA chips.165

A 25 percent investment tax credit for semiconductor manufacturing and related equipment

There are a few other pathways toward overcoming the compute barrier, significant among which is a degree of decentralized training. Federated learning could possibly be a way to achieve scale without centralization

For instance, Hugging Face has partnered with AWS in a revenue-sharing agreement to allow developers using Hugging Face to use AWS’s compute and software

Of particular note is that although TSMC is building a chip fabrication facility in Arizona under the US CHIPS Act, all of the chips fabricated at this facility will need to be sent to Taiwan for packaging, meaning that TMSC’s US chip production process will still require a global supply chain network

But this software dominance is also slowly being challenged. OpenAI developed Triton, an open-source software solution that it claims is more efficient than CUDA. Triton can only be used on Nvidia’s GPUs as of now.97 Meta developed PyTorch and then spun off the project as an open-source initiative housed under the Linux Foundation (still financially supported by Meta), and its new version performs relatively well on Nvidia’s A100.98 The benefit of PyTorch is that it can be used across a range of hardware, but on the flip side, it is not optimized for any particular chip

Cerebras differentiates itself by creating a large wafer with logic, memory, and interconnect all on-chip. This leads to a bandwidth that is 10,000 times more than the A100. However, this system costs $2–3 million as compared to $10,000 for the A100, and is only available in a set of 15. Having said that, it is likely that Cerebras is cost efficient for makers of large-scale AI models

Moreover, its proprietary CUDA compiling software is the most well known to AI developers, which further encourages the use of Nvidia hardware as other chips require either more extensive programming or more specialized knowledge.

While FLOP/s grew by more than 6 times between Nvidia’s A100 chips and its latest H100 chips, memory bandwidth (interconnect) only grew by 1.65 times.82 Apart from practical and technological constraints, there is an energy cost to memory bandwidth, with a significant portion of a chip’s energy usage being attributed to interconnect. Overall, this means that interconnect is an important current constraint to the growth of computational power

An important technological constraint with current memory technology is that while logic has only one goal to optimize for (maximizing the number of transistors on a chip), memory is trying to optimize for multiple goals (capacity, bandwidth, and latency).75 Latency has usually lagged behind the other two

This translates directly into cost increases: SOTA AI chips are 10–1,000 times more cost-effective than SOTA CPUs, and 33 times more cost-effective than trailing node AI chips. Thus a large AI model built on trailing node AI chips would be at least 33 times more expensive than models using leading node AI chips.61

in the 1990s and 2000s, the US government reduced its level of investment as interventionist policy fell out of vogue. This set the stage for Intel’s decline relative to firms like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, now the world’s dominant chip fabricator; and ASML, a Dutch company that is the sole manufacturer of the equipment needed to build state-of-the-art chips.

This trend has borne out historically: before the deep learning era, the amount of compute used by AI models doubled in about 21.3 months; since deep learning as a paradigm took hold around 2010, the amount of compute used by models started doubling in only 5.7 months12. Since 2015 however, trends in compute growth have split into two: the amount of compute used in large-scale models has been doubling in roughly 9.9 months, while the amount of compute used in regular-scale models has been doubling in only about 5.7 months

Third, relatedly, we need to excite people with big ideas that are congruent with the crisis, and that simultaneously speak to people’s deep economic and employment anxieties and the cost of living crisis.We need billions of dollars more spent on transformative climate infrastructure that will employ tens of thousands of people.Rather than trying to incentivize heat pumps with inadequate rebates, let’s just make them free! (As PEI does for households with incomes under $100,000.)Let’s talk about free public transit, and huge subsidies for e-bikes, to liberate people from punishing transportation expenses. And let’s propose paying for a chunk of all that with wealth and windfall profits taxes (a recent Abacus survey found increasing taxes on the richest 1% to be a massive vote-winner), and suing the corporations that got us into this mess (as California is doing).These represent transformative policies that tackle multiple crises at once and bolster solidarity.

Who will pick up the $280 billion bill?  So far, it is the U.S. public. As I argued last week, we already effectively own these liabilities. So, how do we get the money to pay for them? 

“It also involves cleaning up more than 100 years of industrial activity and if you look at all these producing fields in the Weald and in the east midlands, it’s a bit like the North Sea.

Utilization effectiveness

Aurora Serverless packs a number of database instances onto a single physical machine (each isolated inside its own virtual machine using AWS’s Nitro Hypervisor). As these databases shrink and grow, resources like CPU and memory are reclaimed from shrinking workloads, pooled in the hypervisor, and given to growing workloads

We weren’t satisfied that only a relatively small number of volumes and customers had better performance. We wanted to bring the benefits of SSDs to everyone. This is an area where scale makes things difficult. We had a large fleet of thousands of storage servers running millions of non-provisioned IOPS customer volumes. Some of those same volumes still exist today. It would be an expensive proposition to throw away all of that hardware and replace it

We didn’t have to worry much about the network getting in the way since end-to-end EBS latency was dominated by HDDs and measured in the 10s of milliseconds. Even our early data center networks were beefy enough to handle our user’s latency and throughput expectations. The addition of 10s of microseconds on the network was a small fraction of overall latency.

These platters have tracks that contain the data. Relative to the size of a track (<100 nanometers), there’s a large arm that swings back and forth to find the right track to read or write your data

Clean Energy Marshall Plan has the makings of a compelling pitch to U.S. domestic audiences: investing in the clean energy transition abroad will benefit businesses and workers at home. Evidence of that effect is already easy to find. The clean investment boom is turning novel technologies into market mainstays: emerging technologies such as hydrogen power and carbon capture now each receive more investment than wind

The Green Climate Fund, the sole multilateral public financial institution devoted to addressing climate change, could follow this approach, too. Almost 15 years after it was founded, the GCF has disbursed only 20 percent of the funding it has received

To complement the Clean Energy Finance Authority, the tariff could be lowered in exchange for foreign procurement of clean energy technologies or of clean products made in the United States

A carbon-based tariff, or a carbon border adjustment, should further motivate climate action by exempting countries that are hitting their nationally determined goals under the 2016 Paris climate agreement or those that fall below certain income and emission thresholds

To accomplish this, the United States must use expanded, stronger, and smarter trade authorities. For example, Washington should build into its tariffs on imported goods an assessment of how much carbon was used to produce them. Tariffs should be determined by the emission intensity of the trading partner’s entire industry, rather than company by company, to avoid “resource reshuffling,” whereby countries try to dodge penalties by limiting their exports to only products manufactured with clean energy instead of reducing their emissions overall. These tariffs should be aimed at all countries, but given its current production practices, China would be hit the hardest.

the term “rare-earth minerals” is a misnomer: these elements are abundant and geographically dispersed. Eighty percent of the world’s lithium reserves, 66 percent of its nickel reserves, and 50 percent of its copper reserves are in democracies. Eighty percent of oil reserves, by contrast, are in OPEC countries, nearly all of which are autocracies

Companies using these services cannot learn by using these digital technologies because they pay only for use, not for access to the intangibles on the cloud.

But the climate impact of data centres could be significantly worse than this. Because of the huge strain data centres are placing on power grids, EirGrid placed a de facto moratorium on new connections around Dublin, causing many to seek a connection to the natural gas network to generate electricity on-site.

The taxonomy is where the rules and data definitions are organised. It is comprisedof a set of elements (i.e., Key Performance Indicatorsand narratives) and all the presentation,calculation and standard logic rules that are in effect. Once created, the XBRL taxonomy is made public as an open sourcefileon the internet. Then, for a specific firm, software can be used to create an XBRL instance (the report itself), containing the specific facts and figures for a certain period. The XBRL instance can be checked against the taxonomy by all parties (reporting entity, a regulator, or even the public) in order toguarantee its data qualityand reliability, as the taxonomy contains data quality checks that any XBRL engine canvalidate

The disclosure required by paragraph 35 shall include the total energy consumption in MWh related to own operations disaggregated by: (a) total energy consumption from fossil sources ( 40 ) ; (b) total energy consumption from nuclear sources; (c) total energy consumption from renewable sources disaggregated by:

DPI can be seen as part of a broader effort to reinvent our relationship to the internet—and, more generally, our digital ecosystem. A large part of its normative appeal stems from the “P” in the acronym: the sense that core functionality on the internet (i.e., identity, payments, data exchange) should not merely serve private ends but rather be reimagined as a set of public goods

This is a good policy, as unbundled REC purchases have a bad reputation when they are used across regions and countries as a cheap substitute for actual investments. But here they are being purchased to match investments in new generating capacity.

To use an extreme and blunt example, if an AI were tasked to stop global warming it might suggest to simply remove all the humans; that might get the job done (solve the task) but not in a way that is aligned with the intent (solve climate change while preserving human life).

In this project, the data workers serve as community researchers. Every community researcher works for two to four months on their inquiry and is compensated for all their working hours. We collaborate with data workers globally. A decisive sampling criterion is that these are data workers who are already organized in workers councils, unions, communities, or advocacy organizations.

On the matter of regulation and legislation, the UK needs to adopt similar legislation to that already in place in the EU namely, the Taxonomy Climate Delegated Act, including the Assessment Framework, the Energy Efficiency Directive and its associated data centre delegated act to collect energy and other environmental data, this could be acheived by simply amending the existing Climate Change Agreement, extending the provisions to all data centres located in the UK and reducing the threshold for compliance reporting to 100kW.

Under the report’s net zero scenario, gas use would peak around the middle of this decade before halving by 2050, compared with 2022 levels. But the current trajectory suggests gas demand will continue to grow throughout the forecast, expanding by about a fifth by 2050.In the scenarios, demand for liquefied natural gas, which is cooled to be transported on ships, climbs by 40% and 30% above 2022 levels respectively.

BP has predicted that the world’s demand for oil will peak next year, bringing an end to rising global carbon emissions by the mid-2020s amid a surge in wind and solar power.

Putting the various figures together shows that, far from the modest 29% year-on-year increase in the incomplete NBS data, there was a record 78% rise in solar generation in May 2024.

Clean energy generated a record-high 44% of China’s electricity in May 2024, pushing coal’s share down to a record low of 53%, despite continued growth in demand. The new analysis for Carbon Brief, based on official figures and other data that only became available last week, reveals the true scale of the drop in coal’s share of the mix. Coal lost seven percentage points compared with May 2023, when it accounted for 60% of generation in China.

They present a significant policy opportunity supported by the country’s ongoing efforts to develop the green bond market and can catalyze promoting green and high-quality development, creating jobs, and delivering environmental benefits.The Greenpeace East Asia report analyzed over 8,000 projects covered by newly issued provincial and municipal government bonds in 2021 as a sample and found that one in five could have been issued as such Green and Sustainable Municipal Bonds.2

“For our customer base, there's a lot of folks who say ‘I don't actually need the newest B100 or B200,’” Erb says. “They don’t need to train the models in four days, they’re okay doing it in two weeks for a quarter of the cost. We actually still have Maxwell-generation GPUs [first released in 2014] that are running in production. That said, we are investing heavily in the next generation.”

As solar is displacing traditional assets, such as gas power plants, we are observing a relatively sharp increase in the price of some of the power reserves, which happens in the opposite direction than the prices on the day-ahead markets.

Germany's coalition government is set to overhaul the way renewable energy is subsidised so that power producers would get one-off support for their investment costs instead of a guaranteed price for power they produce, a finance ministry document showed on Friday.

Mark Boost, CEO of UK-based cloud company Civo is similarly disappointed in the outcome.Boost said the deal is "not good news" for the cloud industry, and added several important questions still need to be answered."We need to know more about how the process of compensation will work," he said. "Will all cloud providers in Europe be compensated, or just CISPE members? Is this a process that will be arbitrated by Microsoft? Where are the regulators in this?"Boost added that the deal will benefit CISPE members only in the short term, but that the cloud industry and its customers will pay the price in the long-term.

However, EFRAG's move to publish a draft for consultation at the same time as the ESRS at the end of January 2024, which is aimed at SMEs not covered by the CSRD, came as a surprise: With the so-called Voluntary ESRS for Non-Listed Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises the "VSME ESRS", EFRAG is addressing all those companies that are not covered by the CSRD and thus the aforementioned concretisations (i.e., ESRS and ESRS LSME), but which nevertheless wish to take similar measures.

To start, titanium ore is heated to 1,800 degrees Fahrenheit and reacted with chlorine gas and carbon-rich petroleum ​“coke.” This step yields a liquid chemical, titanium tetrachloride, and also produces carbon dioxide as a byproduct (similar to how blast furnaces for ironmaking release CO2).

There also exist well-known vulnerabilities for eBPF programs, which can allow attacksto break container isolation [13] and execute malicious code inthe kernel [22]. Since Wattmeter is built on top of eBPF and ac-cesses RAPL information, only privileged users should be allowedto access it.

Figure 3 shows the effect of EFS on the CPU and energy sharesbetween the two processes

Another framework for implementing custom scheduling poli-cies without direct kernel modification is Meta’ssched_ext.sched_extis a Linux kernel patch that proposes a new abstract schedulerclass, which can be instantiated with scheduling programs in eBPFat runtime. There are ongoing discussion of upstreamingsched_extinto Linux. We have chosen to implement the scheduling poli-cies proposed in this paper with ghOSt, but it is also possible toimplement them withsched_ext

He added that private companies, which will have a significant role in the transition, want to see policy certainty enhanced in the months ahead. The group is awaiting the finalisation of the Electricity Regulation Amendment Bill, which promises to open up the electricity market and put an end to Eskom’s longstanding monopoly, and the Integrated Resource Plan.

consumes 19% less energy per event in high performance mode

%. This shows, that the impact of load shaping heavily depends on the power proportionality53 of the underlying hardware, and that it is not a reasonable measure per se.

Although solar forecasts are not very promising this time, it again permits to discharge to 30%, as the carbon intensity during the next day is expected to be especially low. Instead of drawing carbon-intensive grid energy at night, the demand is thereby shifted to the next morning where the batteries are charged to 60% using cleaner energy.

Although the carbon-aware experiment uses 2.4 % more energy than the baseline (which is because not all power modes have the same energy-efficiency), its associated carbon emissions through grid power consumption are 35.9 % lower. In the following, we will briefly analyze the two experiments and to demonstrate how our integration enables research and development of carbon-aware applications.

The control unit adaptively adjusts the battery's minimum state of charge and grid charge rate over time. In particular, in case of promising forecasts for solar power production or low carbon intensity, it is able to temporarily deplete the battery to 30%.

This is especially the case when not testing virtualized applications on powerful hardware but embedded systems that often only run only one energy-hungry process at a time. In these systems, load shaping is likely rather performed on a device level, for example, through DVFS.

Therefore, if applications under test are deployed on physical nodes like single-board computers, it is recommended to use dedicated hardware for measuring the power usage of these devices. For example, in our experimental testbed we monitor the current and voltage of a RaspberryPi 4b with a USB to USB measuring device equipped with an INA219 DC current sensor.

Note: The physical node's power usage is controlled via DVFS, while the virtual node uses rate limiting on the executed process.

“These claims assume that a company that pollutes more now should be able to pollute into the future. This means Global North companies will continue to inequitably dominate use of our remaining carbon budget. These findings should raise real questions for any bodies that claim to set standards for voluntary corporate climate targets,” David Tong, Global Industry Campaign Manager for Oil Change International, said.

A major blindspot is the fact that SBTi does not take into account new companies with their share of emissions coming into existence in the future. In SBTi’s framework, existing companies are allocated a share of the carbon budget without leaving any room for new players, some of whom might be more efficient or even working in the decarbonisation space like solar technologies. This further entrenches fossil fuel developments by existing companies and also raises questions about equity.

Net-zero corporate pledges are voluntary, which means they can be reeled back in as quickly as they are announced.Shell scrapped its emission reduction target for 2035 when it sought to grow its gas business, for example, and BP walked back on some of its climate commitments when profits hit a record high. An Oil Change International assessment of the climate plans of eight oil majors—Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, TotalEnergies, BP, Eni, Equinor, and ConocoPhillips—released this year found that all eight continue to drive fossil fuel expansion and six have explicit goals to grow their total production volume this decade

Not all do so and there is no agreement on what a fair share is, but by claiming an individual target is Paris compliant is implicitly making an ethical claim that this represents your fair share of the global response, without saying how it is fair,” she said.

The Climate Policy paper points to issues that arise when individual countries or companies link their efforts to mitigate climate change to Paris Agreement goals. If such linking is indeed necessary, the authors say that assumptions about time scale, spatial scale and equity must be included in the analysis and presented transparently.The paper is “a welcome contribution” because it asks countries to center mitigation claims in a context of national contributions to global fair shares of the climate response, said Kate Dooley, a research fellow in the School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Melbourne. At present, many wealthy countries have exceeded their fair share of the carbon budget.

The distribution of emissions over time is not just a question of cumulative global emissions—it’s also a matter of equity. Rich, industrialized countries have already claimed a disproportionate share of the carbon budget that has brought us to around 1.2°C warming today. The U.S. has emitted about 25 percent of cumulative emissions; Europe, meanwhile, has emitted around 20 percent.

In fact, capturing CO2 from ethanol production is so easy that ethanol production is the biggest source of purified CO2 in the US, and the second biggest source in Europe. This is where we source the CO2 that we use in fizzy drinks, food production, fire extinguishers, etc.

In fact, capturing CO2 from ethanol production is so easy that ethanol production is the biggest source of purified CO2 in the US, and the second biggest source in Europe. This is where we source the CO2 that we use in fizzy drinks, food production, fire extinguishers, etc.

it did so by taking some short cuts. Android itself was an acquisition in 2005 (for $50 million, with a keyboard interface) and, in response to the iPhone, a new touch user interface was developed

In their annual financial report, companies will have to disclose sustainability information in the management report. The details of the sustainability information to be published are set out in Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2023/2772 of 31 July 2023, to which the French Decree 2023-1394

That’s no small task: In 2022, SAP spent approximately €7.2 billion in purchases from more than 13,000 suppliers worldwide, its annual report shows; 30% of that being on cloud services – more on that below.

He is referring to a mechanism SAP first tested in 2016 across 10 countries. This prices CO2 (from €40 to €400 per ton; depending on the flight and its distance) to release money for sustainability initiatives, as SAP ramps up not just its own internal decarbonisation programme (it aims to reach net zero by 2030) but continues to build out a suite of sustainability products for its expansive customer base.

As 45% of last year’s record solar additions were distributed generation, the exclusion of small solar installations is affecting these numbers a lot more than it used to.

If there was one universal piece of advice I had for marketers seeking to broadly improve their organic search rankings and traffic, it would be: “Build a notable, popular, well-recognized brand in your space

A module on “Good Quality Travel Sites” would lead reasonable readers to conclude that a whitelist exists for Google in the travel sector (unclear if this is exclusively for Google’s “Travel” search tab, or web search more broadly). References in several places to flags for “isCovidLocalAuthority” and “isElectionAuthority” further suggests that Google is whitelisting particular domains that are appropriate to show for highly controversial of potentially problematic queries. 

Our study suggests the transformation pathway will have three main phases.

Meanwhile, gas does not play a significant role in the power sector in our scenarios, as solar and wind can provide cheaper electricity while existing coal power plants

The upper panel in the figure shows the installed capacity of coal power plants and the lower panel their electricity production from 2021 to 2060.

What is happening in China with electric vehicles is pretty stunning. China is the world’s largest auto market by far — in 2022 China sold 26.8 million vehicles, the U.S. sold 13.8 million and Japan was third with 4.3 million.

There is mounting evidence that the demand for imported cooking oil in the UK and Europe is being met with virgin palm oil that has been fraudulently passed off as waste. This would cancel out the fuel’s emissions savings, due to the land clearances for oil palm plantations.

To produce the 12,750 MWh that will be generated by the data center at full capacity, 2660 t of pellets would have to be burned per year

Instead of wasting the 45°C hot air from equipment and servers in the atmosphere, the new data center will inject this flow into air-to-water heat pumps; these will raise the temperature from 45°C to 67-82°C in order to adapt to the current requirements of the district heating installations of Services Industriels de Genève (SIG).

First, it will require the operators of regional grids across the country to forecast their region’s transmission needs a full 20 years into the future, develop plans that take those forecasts into account, and update those plans every five years. In practice, this should mean a more robust consideration of new wind and solar options, as well as greater adherence to the net-zero emissions targets set by many U.S. states.

Over the past three years, battery storage capacity on the nation’s grids has grown tenfold, to 16,000 megawatts. This year, it is expected to nearly double again, with the biggest growth in Texas, California and Arizona.

The critical sixth key was the contest key: Bernie Sanders’s contest against Clinton. It was an open seat so you lost the incumbency key. The Democrats had done poorly in 2014 so you lost that key. There was no big domestic accomplishment following the Affordable Care Act in the previous term, and no big foreign policy splashy success following the killing of Bin Laden in the first term, so there were

Now, the United Nations has taken a first step toward filling in these data gaps with the latest installment of its periodic report on e-waste around the world. Released last month, the new Global E-Waste Monitor shows the staggering scale of the e-waste crisis, which reached a new record in 2022 when the world threw out 62 million metric tons of electronics. And for the first time, the report includes a detailed breakdown of the metals present in our electronic garbage, and how often they are being recycled.

Following an attributional approach, and with the assumptions retained, the Iroco study evaluates the greenhouse gas emissions attributable to one week's use of a mailbox at 63.2 gCO2eq.

However, corporate governance in the telecoms sector is notconducive to the kind of radical decisions that separationrequires. Decision makers and boards are incentivised onmetrics that require short term continuity, not disruption

Rural broadband in Europe is increasingly deployed in aneutral host model with a single fibre networkconnecting homes and multiple service providersdelivering services over that network.

as pure infrastructure players borrow atlower rates and expect lower returns, they will deployinfrastructure where vertically integrated players won’t,and with no (or less) public subsidies;

We have one leading example of voluntary structural separationresulting in increased valuation of the separated entities -Telecom NZ, in 2011. Post de-merger, after years of flat marketvaluation, both Chorus (infrastructure) and Spark (services) sawshare prices rise. Between 2015 and 2023, the combined market1 Tower companies (or towercos) are infrastructure companies that managemobile towers for multiple mobile network operators.capitalisation of Chorus and Spark grew by 150%, whereas thatof European and US vertically integrated telcos2 grew only by15%.The plan also delivered full FTTH coverage to 87% of NewZealand homes with 72% adoption.

So should we collectively accept a radical shift in our policy and regulatory framework in order to ensure that the beacon of the European economy can deploy infrastructure that Sweden, Denmark, Spain, France, and many of the smaller European countries started successfully deploying long ago? This, in a nutshell, is why the Commission never talks about Germany.

The article confirms many of my suspicions — that, as The Information wrote, "other software companies that have touted generative AI as a boon to enterprises are still waiting for revenue to emerge," citing the example of professional services firm KPMG buying 47,000 subscriptions to Microsoft's co-pilot AI "at a significant discount on Copilot's $30 per seat per month sticker price." Confusingly, KPMG bought these subscriptions despite not having gauged how much value its employees actually get out of the software, but rather to "be familiar with any AI-related questions its customers might have."

It's important to understand these complexities because they are currently being flattened not just by corrupt government officials in Global South countries or fossil fuel executives in Texas, but also by a whole ecosystem of pundits like Jordan Peterson, Michael Shellenberger, Alex Epstein and even Joe Rogan, who use the idea that fossil fuel development will solve poverty in Africa as justification for continuing fossil fuel's dominance in the world. In fact, fossil fuel development hasn't even solved energy poverty in the African countries that have embraced it; Nigeria has the continent's largest and oldest fossil fuel industry and yet still has the world's lowest energy access rates.

To plug the financing hole Intel has had to rely on a wide variety of capital sources to fund everything: traditional debt financing, government support, and even more creative financial engineering schemes like the Brookfield fab deal to find a way to pay for everything.

As noted by researchers at the University of Oxford and the Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change, carbon-intensive sectors like electricity generation actually contribute relatively little to the world economy, compared to high-value but lower-emitting sectors like IT, real estate, and social work. 

The above report is an underestimation of datacenter power demand, but there are plenty of overestimates too

The FTC, of which Khan is now chair, contends that Amazon has found a way to push up prices after all, without losing shoppers. It does this, the FTC argues, by imposing ever-higher fees on third-party sellers, who have no choice but to pass these costs on to shoppers by raising their prices. If those businesses try to sell more cheaply elsewhere, Amazon throttles their sales on its platform—which, thanks to the central place in e-commerce that Amazon has built up over the years, can be a death sentence for these businesses. So, according to the FTC, sellers generally absorb the high fees by inflating their prices not just on Amazon but across the web—precluding the price competition that could loosen Amazon’s grip on e-commerce.

The disclosure required by paragraph 33 shall include the total energy consumption in MWhrelated to own operations as follows

and superconductors will at some point do to conventional power cables what fibre-optics did to conventional telephone cables.

Because we use systemd for most of our service management, these stdout/stderr streams are generally piped into systemd-journald which handles the local machine logs. With its RateLimitBurst and RateLimitInterval configurations, this gives us a simple knob to control the output of any given service on a machine. This has given our logging pipeline the colloquial name of the “journal pipeline”, however as we will see, our pipeline has expanded far beyond just journald logs.

Overall, Iceland produces approximately 20 terawatt hours of electricity per year.

Landsvirkjun built Kárahnjúkar despite protests, it started operating in 2009. But the controversy changed Iceland's energy policy. A fourth aluminium smelter was never finished, and in an announcement made in 2022, Landsvirkjun writes that it "will for the time being not focus on attracting new large-scale customers in the metal industry or other industrial commodities."

Meta previously bet on CPUs and its own in-house chips to handle both traditional workloads and AI ones. But as AI usage boomed, CPUs have been unable to keep up, while Meta's chip effort initially fizzled.

It’s past time for the IT and BPO Services industry to jump to a new S-curve driven by technology arbitrage if they wish to get back to another season of hockey stick growth:

wrote about this in 2012 in a book called Liars and Outliers. I wrote about four systems for enabling trust: our innate morals, concern about our reputations, the laws we live under, and security technologies that constrain our behavior. I wrote about how the first two are more informal than the last two. And how the last two scale better, and allow for larger and more complex societies. They enable cooperation amongst strangers.

They were national strategic programs. The strategic programs were aligned with nuclear weapons programs. The government picked and enforced a single design for all of the reactors. The reactors were GW-scale due to thermal efficiencies required for cost effectiveness. The government ran human resourcing. The programs ran for 20 or 30 years. They built dozens of nuclear reactors to maintain the teams and momentum and to share lessons learned.

A key point to remember about the US DOE is that 55% of its budget is related to commercial nuclear generation. The other 45% covers dams, geothermal, wind, solar, tidal, wave, biomass and biofuel energy.

A second MoU on gas export partnership was agreed between Riverside LNG of Nigeria and Germany's Johannes Schuetze Energy Import AG. Under the accord, Nigeria will supply 850,000 tons of natural gas to Germany annually which is expected to rise to 1.2 million. The first deliveries will be in 2026, Ngelale said.The deal will help process about 50 million cubic feet per day of natural gas that otherwise would have flared.

Volkswagen teamed up with ClimatePartner GmbH to generate offsets so it can be “independent from the market where you can’t control what’s effective and what’s not,” said Esra Aydin, a spokesperson for the automaker. But the credits didn’t materialize in time last year and it ended up going back to the voluntary market where cheap renewable-energy credits were the only ones that worked with its budget.

In other words, the companies decided some offsets weren’t good enough to meet their own climate goals — and yet have continued selling them to customers as a feel-good solution.

In contrast with the precipitous fallings-off of platforms like Myspace and LiveJournal, the decays of which have been clear and irreversible, Tumblr has kept defying expectations and stayed somewhat thriving against all odds. That is, in part, thanks to the guidance and guardianship of Automattic, which acquired Tumblr for the bargain-bin price of $3 million.

The two corporations aren’t directly buying fuel from World Energy. Instead, they’ll purchase certificates representing SAF that gets pumped into the larger supply chain — then count the associated carbon reductions toward their sustainability goals. Microsoft agreed to buy certificates representing 43.7 million gallons of SAF over a 10-year period, while DHL signed a contract for 177 million gallons over seven years.

Provided that reliability and supply improve, the grid could become the optimal solution to provide almost 60% of people with access to electricity in each scenario.In the AC, Nigeria achieves universal access by stepping up efforts to provide off-grid solutions to those populations that live far from a grid.

However, some have criticised the CIPP for providing market-rate loans rather than special financing schemes, which will lead to high costs for Indonesia and could deter other countries from accepting similar deals in the future. 

Here’s another problem: from 2020 to 2022, shopify claims around 31,000 tonnes of carbon removal. But according to the CDR.FYI database, only 4,000 of the tonnes they have purchased have been actually physically removed from the atmosphere

Shopify don’t count the emissions footprint of the products sold by merchants in their actual climate data. No shipping, no manufacturing emissions, nothing (Amazon play a similar trick).

It spent just over $5m to advertise its compact Bolt option over the same time period. Ford spent $61.2m (£48.7m) to advertise its electric F150 , and around $9m to advertise its mid-size electric Mustang. Among the top automotive advertisers, only BMW and Hyundai are spending as much or more to market their more efficient EVs.

The CDP, previously known as the Carbon Disclosure Project and the most comprehensive global registry of corporate carbon emission commitments, recently said that of the 19,000 companies with registered plans on its platform, only 81 were credible.

Over a year that equates to roughly seven million in savings and is precisely why the biggest names in tech are moving to colder, more remote locations.

Downtime costs roughly $10,000 perminute in a hyperscale and is categorised as the highest risk.

The final coupon has been set at 4.183 percent

CSP makes it possible for server administrators to reduce or eliminate the vectors by which XSS can occur by specifying the domains that the browser should consider to be valid sources of executable scripts. A CSP compatible browser will then only execute scripts loaded in source files received from those allowed domains, ignoring all other scripts (including inline scripts and event-handling HTML attributes).

The approximate cause of power problems often isn’t that hard to find. Fixing them is often the hard part. Good luck.

Intel processors also support multiple P-states. P0 is the state where the processor is operating at maximum frequency and voltage, and higher-numbered P-states operate at a lower frequency and voltage to reduce power consumption. Processors can have dozens of P-states, but the transitions are controlled by the hardware and OS and so P-states are of less interest to application developers than C-states.

Intel processors have aggressive power-saving features. The first is the ability to switch frequently (thousands of times per second) between active and idle states, and there are actually several different kinds of idle states. These different states are called C-states. C0 is the active/busy state, where instructions are being executed. The other states have higher numbers and reflect increasing deeper idle states. The deeper an idle state is, the less power it uses, but the longer it takes to wake up from.

Even before Hardin’s ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’ was published, however, the young political scientist Elinor Ostrom had proven him wrong. While Hardin speculated that the tragedy of the commons could be avoided only through total privatisation or total government control, Ostrom had witnessed groundwater users near her native Los Angeles hammer out a system for sharing their coveted resource. Over the next several decades, as a professor at Indiana University Bloomington, she studied collaborative management systems developed by cattle herders in Switzerland, forest dwellers in Japan, and irrigators in the Philippines. These communities had found ways of both preserving a shared resource – pasture, trees, water – and providing their members with a living. Some had been deftly avoiding the tragedy of the commons for centuries; Ostrom was simply one of the first scientists to pay close attention to their traditions, and analyse how and why they worked.

The features of successful systems, Ostrom and her colleagues found, include clear boundaries (the ‘community’ doing the managing must be well-defined); reliable monitoring of the shared resource; a reasonable balance of costs and benefits for participants; a predictable process for the fast and fair resolution of conflicts; an escalating series of punishments for cheaters; and good relationships between the community and other layers of authority, from household heads to international institutions.

Among his proposed solutions to the tragedy of the commons was coercive population control: ‘Freedom to breed is intolerable,’ he wrote in his 1968 essay, and should be countered with ‘mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon’. He feared not only runaway human population growth but the runaway growth of certain populations. What if, he asked in his essay, a religion, race or class ‘adopts overbreeding as a policy to secure its own aggrandisement’? Several years after the publication of ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, he discouraged the provision of food aid to poorer countries: ‘The less provident and less able will multiply at the expense of the abler and more provident, bringing eventual ruin upon all who share in the commons,’ he predicted. He compared wealthy nations to lifeboats that couldn’t accept more passengers without sinking.