- Mar 2021
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
It is difficult to overestimate the importance of this paper. The full connectome of the Drosophila central complex is both the beginning and the end of an era. It provides the first comprehensive dataset of arguably the most enigmatic brain region in the insect brain. This endeavor has generated ground truth data for years of functional work on the neural circuits the connectome outlines, and constitutes an unparalleled foundation for exploring the structure function relations in nervous systems in general. This will be of great importance far beyond work on the Drosophila brain, and will have far reaching implications for comparative research on insect brains and likely also smoothen the path toward understanding navigation circuits in vertebrate nervous systems. Based on presented data, the paper develops overarching ideas (at exquisite detail) of how sensory information is transformed into head direction signals, how these signals are used to enable goal direction behavior, how goals are represented, and how internal state can modulate these processes. The connectome enables the authors to base these ideas and their detailed models on actual biological data, where earlier work was forced to indirectly infer or speculate. While significantly going beyond models of central-complex function that existed previously, the authors have to be much credited for incorporating huge amounts of existing knowledge and data into their interpretations, not only work from Drosophila, but also from many other insects. This makes this paper not only an invaluable resource on the connectome of the Drosophila central complex, but also a most comprehensive review on the current state of the art in central-complex research. This unifying approach of the paper clearly marks a reset of central-complex research, essentially providing a starting point of hundreds of new lines of enquiry, probably for decades to come.
Given the type and amount of data presented, the paper is clearly overwhelming. That said, it also clearly needs to be presented in the way it was done, mostly because no single aspect of the function of this neuropil makes as much sense in isolation as it makes sense when viewed in conjunction of all its other functions. The complexity of the neural circuits discussed is clearly reflected in the enormous scope of the paper. Nevertheless, the authors have done a fantastic job in breaking the circuits and their function down into digestible bits. The manuscript is very systematic in its approach and starts with sensory pathways leading to the CX, covering the clearly delineated head direction circuits and then moving on to the more complex and less understood parts, always maintaining a clear link between structure and function. As function is necessarily based on previous work, including that from other species, the results part is interwoven with interpretation, but this is clearly necessary to keep the text readable. The authors have made considerable efforts to provide additional introductions and summaries whenever needed, almost creating nested papers embedded within the overall paper.
The figures are equally overwhelming as the text at first sight, but when taking the time to digest each one in detail, they present the data in a rich and clear manner. The figures are often encyclopedic and will serve as reference about the central complex for years. The summary graphs that are presented in regular intervals are welcome resting places for the reader, helping to digest all the detailed information that has preceded or that will follow.
The analysis performed in the paper is excellent, comprehensive and should set the standard for any future work on this topic. Also, the text is very honest about the limits of the conclusions that can be reached based on this kind of data, which is important in generating realistic and feasible hypotheses for future experiments.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Brascamp and colleagues address pupil-size changes around perceptual switches in perceptual multistability. Several previous studies have found pupil dilation around or after the switch and some have found pupil constriction, though the latter was typically less robust. Moreover, while most previous studies included some controls for the effect of reporting and for the physical stimulus change, to my knowledge, so far, no study has fully crossed the factors report/no-report and endogenous/exogeneous switch. In the present study, this gap is filled using a binocular-rivalry stimulus and an OKN-based no-report paradigm. This allows the authors to isolate the constriction component from the dilation component and interestingly they find the constriction more robustly tied to the perceptual switch, while the dilation component is mostly related to the response. Experiments are soundly conducted and analysed and results are interpreted with appropriate care. Since the results challenge frequent interpretations as to why perceptual switches in multistability may cause pupil-size changes, the paper is of high relevance to the fields of pupillometry and multistability, but also to other areas where pupillometry is used as index of perceptual and cognitive processes. I only have some minor questions and requests for clarification with regard to result presentation and interpretation.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Strengths and Weaknesses. The authors did quite a lot to establish gene expression and function of the annelid's trunk cells and compare them to photoreceptors of the annelid's eye. They isolated the cells with FACS and characterized gene expression in detail, they knocked down r-opsin with TALEN in the trunk and found a significant difference in a crawling response, and they express the opsin in cell culture to confirm wavelength and G-protein sensitivity. As a potential link between light sensitivity and mechano-sensitivity, they report r-opsin function and light intensity influence expression of atp2b2, a gene that modulates neuronal sensitivity in other organisms. Wavelength and G-protein activation data are valuable because I can think of few or no other organisms in the entire group of lophotrochozoan animals, where this level of experimental manipulation could be done. In short, a strength of this manuscript is the detailed characterization of the trunk receptor cells, which express r-opsins. The authors have brought much evidence to the claim that these TRE cells have both light and mechano-sensitive gene expression and function. Based on these findings in an annelid worm, I believe the paper is a significant advance, and of interest to a broad audience by adding to a growing set of discoveries of similar hybrid sensory cells.
If a hybrid mechano/photo-receptor is indeed an ancient cell type in bilaterians, this would bring many evolutionary implications for sensory biology. However, in these evolutionary interpretations is where I find a weakness of the manuscript. Namely, with only a handful of species shown thus far to have the hybrid cell type - and many differences in detail about these cell types in different organisms - we can not yet make firm conclusions about whether the multi-functional cells were ancestral. I believe other interpretations are equally valid (and still interesting) and should be given more consideration. Namely, it seems possible that photo- and mechan- sensory processes "joined forces" (e.g. through separate co-option events) in new cell-types, multiple times during evolution. The current manuscript loosely indicates ancestral multi-functionality is more parsimonious. However, no detail is given about that. I suppose the authors mean a single origin of hybrid cell types requires fewer evolutionary transitions than multiple origins. However, such a parsimony count does not count the transitions requiring loss of phototransduction in mouse hearing and do not count transitions to loss of mechanosensitivity in eye photoreceptor cells.
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freakonomics.com freakonomics.com
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The opioid crisis really began with prescription pills, then moved into heroin, and now synthetic fentanyl, which presents a particularly high risk of overdose.
substitutes
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The Suboxone helps. I don’t have cravings.
Replacement
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And I think that repealing the X-waiver isn’t entirely going to open the floodgates for prescribers who want to prescribe buprenorphine. There’s still some education and some stigma that needs to be addressed before more people are going to be willing to prescribe.
Barriers
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So first of all, in order to write a prescription for buprenorphine, you have to get something called an X-waiver, which means that you have to take an eight-hour training program and you have to apply to the D.E.A. to get a special waiver.
A lot more barriers for suppliers to jump through
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And one unintended consequence of the crisis is that many people who have legitimate need for pain management and who have never abused those drugs now find it much harder to get the medicine they need
unintended consequences
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URL
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1:
The authors have acquired a substantial multimodal dataset and have used careful statistical approaches throughout. The data are acquired and analysed using appropriate methods.
Overall, this is an impressive body of work that aims to answer an interesting question. However, a number of questions over the methods and interpretation make the authors' conclusions difficult to justify.
When comparing between older and younger adults it would also be helpful to know the amount of grey matter in the voxels of interest. It might be expected that older adults might have more atrophy and therefore lower GABA+, than younger adults and this should be controlled for in the statistical models. The authors have put assumptions into their quantification, which are reasonable but are still assumptions. It would be helpful to directly test for a difference in grey matter fraction in the voxel between the two groups, and include this in the model if necessary.
The authors then look at behaviour, where they use a previously described task which consists of bimanual tapping, with switching between two patterns. The results are complex as there are a number of behavioural metrics, and no clear pattern emerges. While older adults produced more errors in continuation, they also produced more fully correct switching transitions. Older subjects were slower than younger adults in all trials. While this task produces a very rich dataset, which is helpful for analysing complex behaviour, it is not clear how each metric should be interpreted in terms of the underlying neural mechanisms, and how they can be usefully combined, could be given.
In terms of connectivity, the authors found no significant group X task difference between in-phase and anti-phase conditions. They therefore look at the groups and tasks separately. They show different changes in connectivity between age groups in different frequency bands, for example between left and right M1 in the alpha/mu and beta, between EMG and left M1 in the theta band. I am not sure that describing EEG-EMG connectivity as cortico-spinal is strictly accurate - there may be a number of other factors in this -corticomuscular would seem to be more precise. The frequency bands used are not typical, and it would be helpful to have an a priori explanation of which are being tested and why - as well as details about correction for multiple comparisons across these bands.
Finally, the authors bring their GABA, behaviour and connectivity metrics together in a number of mediation analyses. They demonstrate a relationship between cortico-cortical connectivity and behaviour, which is mediated by age.
The authors describe their finding of higher GABA+ in the occipital cortex as a posterior-anterior gradient, which I think is not justified by the results - there could be a number of other reasons for this, for example that different functional networks have different GABA+ levels, which is not related to their anatomical position. With only three voxels it is difficult to make a general claim such as this, and this should probably be reworded.
The authors state that higher GABA+ indicated neural system integrity and better functioning in the older group. This seems to be rather over-interpreting their results - there are many other metrics of integrity and functioning that have not been assessed here. I would suggest rewording.
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freakonomics.com freakonomics.com
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it might actually kind of remind people that they could sell this medication.
Consequence: finding a different market from a safe one to where you can male a higher profit
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So bring it right back here to your community health center and we’ll give you a $10 gift card.”
Insentive to decrease the supply
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So when the prescription market contracted by regulation and policies, you had a big opportunity for these other people to come in with higher quality and lower-priced product..
Competition
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Oxycontin was a time-released version of oxycodone that Purdue aggressively marketed to the medical community, saying it “might” be less addictive than other opioids.
trying to make money by saying that this 'might' be a soultion but not actually caring if it was or not
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economic cost of prescription-opioid abuse. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recently put that number at nearly $80 billion a year,
physical money cost on society
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www.medrxiv.org www.medrxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
This paper presents the exciting statement that increasing viral loads within a community can be used as an epidemiological early-warning indicator preceding increased positivity. It would be interesting to support this claim to present both Ct and positivity on the same graph to demonstrate that indeed, declining Ct can be used as an early marker of a COVID-19 epidemic wave. Percentage of positive test data should not only include the ones obtained in the present study but should be compared with "national data" as the present study design includes a bias in patients selection that might not reflect the "true" situation at the time. Only with this comparison, we could claim that the present study design could predict COVID-19 epidemic waves. A correlation of Ct with clinical evidence to rank the confidence of positive results is also included and further support the high specificity of the RT-PCR for detecting SARS-CoV-2 (99.995%).
In a serological investigation, it was observed that some of these RT-PCR-positive cases do not appear to seroconvert and that possible re-infections might occur despite the presence of anti-spike antibodies. Although, reported on few individuals and therefore to be taken with extreme caution, this add some piece of information to the current unknown of the serological response of COVID-19 patient and would be of uttermost importance in the context of the current vaccination campaign.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Sensorimotor integration is required for the accurate execution of volitional movements, but the neural circuits underlying sensorimotor integration are still not fully understood. The whisker system of the rodent has emerged as one model of sensorimotor integration with many recent studies focused on the synaptic organization of the underlying circuitry. Here, Yamawaki et al report results regarding the synaptic organization of the ascending sensory pathways related to mouse forelimb somatosensory and motor cortex. Using anatomical and functional approaches, they elucidate the circuitry from the cuneate nucleus through thalamus to forelimb S1 and M1. This work complements recent studies in the mouse of other aspects of the forelimb sensorimotor pathways and leads to informative comparisons to the circuit organization of the whisker system. The studies are well executed and well explained. The use of multiple approaches compensates for the limitations of each individual technique, although some limitations such as any effects of viral tropism are difficult to overcome. Overall, this work contributes to a better understanding of the wiring diagram of sensorimotor circuits in the mouse.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Joint Public Review:
Worker bees perform specialised tasks: young workers nurse larvae, older ones forage for either nectar or pollen. Behaviours - including these specialist ones - arise when a stimulus (nectar, pollen or larvae) exceeds a certain 'response threshold' of the organism. This threshold can be modulated by neuropeptides to alter behaviour.
The study first shows that response thresholds to task-related stimuli differ among nurse bees, nectar and pollen foragers. Pollen foragers are most responsive to sucrose and pollen, and nurse bees most responsive to chemical stimuli of larvae. Then, taking a proteomic approach, they identify a neuropeptide, Tachykinin related protein (TRP), to be expressed in a task-specific pattern: low in nurse bees and highest in the nectar foragers.
This work provides valuable resource information on the abundance of brain neuropeptides in two species of bees. The study is exceptional in its breath of techniques used and the addition of manipulative experiments which are difficult to do in honey bees. Through their studies the authors identify a neuropeptide that modulates response thresholds of bees.
The study would have been exceptional if the authors had included studies on the expression of the tachykinin receptor. The level of tachykinin expression increases between nurse bees and foragers, but does not involve changes in spatial expression (Takeuchi et al., 2004 ref. 56). So, it is likely that the specificity of the effects of tachykinin are due to differences in the spatial expression of the receptor.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The authors developed a very interesting tool, named NICEdrug.ch, used it to identify drug metabolism and toxicity, and finally predicted druggability of disease-related enzymes and reposition drugs. Comprehensive integration effort based on publicly available datasets and several previous methods developed by the authors (e. g. BridgeIT, BNICE.ch, ATLAS of Biochemistry) results with a resource named NICEdrug.ch. The idea is interesting and addresses a very important problem in the field. The manuscript is clearly written, provides enough analysis of overall challenges and an overview of the most important results. Also, it presents figures that are remarkable.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Kinetochores are huge protein assemblies on chromosomes which are used as attachment point for microtubules and allow microtubules to pull chromosomes into daughter cells during cell division. The proteins that form the kinetochore are well known, but the temporal regulation of the assembly of all these proteins into functional kinetochores is less understood.
In this paper the authors have identified phosphorylation sites in the 'CCAN' of budding yeast, the 'inner', i.e. chromatin-proximal, part of the kinetochore. They characterize in detail the function of phosphorylation of Ame1 (CENP-U in humans), which is part of CCAN. The data support the idea that a cluster of phosphorylation sites in Ame1 is phosphorylated by mitotic CDK1 and serves as phospho-degron for the E3 ligase SCF/Cdc4.
The authors show phosphorylation of these CDK1 consensus sites in vivo and their phosphorylation by CDK1/Clb2 in vitro. Genetic experiments and molecular dynamics simulations support the idea that phosphorylation sites on Ame1 can serve as phospho-degron for SCF/Cdc4. Even the non-phosphorylatable mutant of Ame1 is stabilized in an SCF mutant background, though, suggesting that this phospho-degron is not the only way in which SCF influences kinetochore protein levels.
Mutants in the characterized phosphorylation sites do not impair budding yeast growth. This suggests that the degron characterized in this paper may be important for fine-tuning, but is not essential for the proper execution of mitosis. The observations overall add to prior evidence that kinetochore assembly can be regulated by phosphorylation and/or ubiquitination.
Interestingly, the authors find that phosphorylation of Ame1 by CDK1 in vitro is impaired when Ame1 binds Mtw1, another kinetochore protein. The fact that Mtw1 seems to shield these sites from phosphorylation leads the authors to put forward an interesting model: they propose that cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and SCF-dependent degradation of kinetochore subunits allows for excess subunits during kinetochore assembly in S-phase (which will speed up assembly) while depleting any excess subunits after assembly, when the kinetochore needs to be functional.
This is an interesting model. The in vivo evidence is still limited, though. For now, it remains unknown whether the phosphorylation status of kinetochore-bound and free Ame1 is indeed different, whether more soluble Ame1 exists in S-phase, whether too early degradation of Ame1 (or possibly other kinetochore proteins) indeed impairs kinetochore assembly, or whether a failure to remove the soluble pool after assembly leads to mitotic defects. It is an attractive proposal, though, that can now be further explored experimentally.
In addition to the specific characterization of Ame1 sites, the paper also includes comprehensive data on CCAN phosphorylation sites obtained by mass spectrometry which can serve as basis for future studies.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The manuscript is somewhat readable but the many acronyms for the cell types in model and biology make it difficult to follow. Is there a reason why the biological neuron names cannot be used in the model? The presentation of data in figures can be more powerful. In many cases, the data in figures and the supplemental videos show apparently different results. This can be an artifact of how the videos were made and if yes, these can be improved. Tail tip coordinates can be plotted to show the behaviors in much better detail.
Especially for beat and glide swimming, the points regarding burst firing, inhibition, etc. have not been robustly made.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The study presents relatively high and robust sensitivity of Abbott ID NOW for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in an ambulatory population, utilizing the RT-PCR methodology as a comparative correlation. The study was well designed and enrolled both symptomatic and asymptomatic populations to provide sufficient statistical power for the comparative analysis of the methodologies, as well as to represent accurately the patient populations. This is a useful and timely study that has a great impact in clinical setting for the rapid detection of COVID-19.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The goal of this manuscript is to develop gene-agonistic approaches for promoting cone survival in retinal degenerative diseases. Based on their previous studies, the authors tested a total of 20 genes by subretinal delivery using an AAV vector which utilized a cone-specific promoter. Most of these genes augmented glucose utilization. Interestingly, only Txnip showed a positive result by prolonging cone survival (tested up to 50 days in rd1 retina). Txnip therapy also appears to be effective in rd10 and rho-/- retina. Additional strength of this study is the use of Txnip C247S allele that blocks its association with thioredoxin. Furthermore, additional work on how Txnip may contribute to cone survival by better utilization of lactate for energy is well presented though the conclusion on "heathier" mitochondria require additional data. This manuscript is potentially of great interest. The data are extensive and biological implications of the study are clear. However, the broad conclusions with respect of Txnip therapy for RP (or even AMD) are less than justified based on the data. Two weaknesses are apparent: the first is related to the method of quantification using whole mount retina, and the second related to the duration of the study. Immunostainings of retinal sections (and even TEMs) are critical to elucidate the structure of surviving cone photoreceptors (specially in the absence of rods) and their relationship to other cells (e.g., RPE, bipolar cells, glia). Similarly, Prusky's OMR can't be equated to visual acuity. The authors need to show cone structure/function at P50 and beyond (how long do the cones survive?) in rd1 and other models before claiming the potential benefit of Txnip for retinal and macular degeneration.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
Oon and Prehoda report pulsatile contraction of apical membrane in the process of Par protein polarization in Drosophila neuroblasts. This explains how/why actin filament was required to localize/polarize Par complex. Specifically, using spinning disc confocal microscopy with high temporal resolution, they found the directed actin movement toward the apical pole, which nicely correlates with concentration of aPKC. They also show that myosin II is involved in this pulsatile movement of actin filament. This very much resembles the observation in C. elegans embryos, and nicely unifies observations across systems. Although descriptive in nature, I think this is an important observation and indicates a universal mechanism by which cells are polarized. I think this is a well executed study.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The primary objective of this manuscript was to examine if multi-kinase inhibitor YKL-05-099 can inhibit salt inducible kinases (SIKs) with the goal to examine a new class of bone anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis. They found that YKL-05-099 was successful in increasing anabolism and, surprisingly, decreasing bone resorption, leading them to investigate why this inhibitor differed from the effects of deletion of SIK2 and SIK3. They found that YKL-05-099 also inhibited the CSF1 (M-CSF) receptor, thus, inhibiting osteoclast activity. This is an interesting manuscript but there are some flaws in the conduct of the experiments and in the analyses which lessen its impact. Nevertheless, it opens the way for another possible oral therapeutic for osteoporosis.
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
One of the most consistent and thus surprising patterns revealed by experimental evolutionary studies is the observation of a very predictable pattern of increase in fitness of replicate populations. The fitness increase tends to be very rapid at the beginning and then slows down but continues to increase for tens of thousands of generations (e.g. the Lenski LTEE). The studies from the Desai group specifically two: one by Kryazhmisky et al and one by Jonnson et al further established that the pattern of decrease in the fitness gain is due to really counterintuitive patterns of global epistasis. In particular it is not due to the evolution running out of adaptive mutations but rather to the fact that the same adaptive mutations are less beneficial on fitter backgrounds (Kryazhmisky et al). Johnson et al further found that the fitter backgrounds are more fragile with deleterious mutations being more deleterious on fitter backgrounds. All of this is rather bizarre at first glance as the microscopic epistasis is known to be highly idiosyncratic.
This paper, along with one by Lyons et al (Nat Ecol Evol 2020), resolves this paradox and shows that the observed pattern of global epistasis is in fact directly dependent on microscopic epistasis being widespread, involving multiple loci - with most parts of the organisms being connected in an "everything affecting everything" pattern, and being idiosyncratic. The Lyons et al paper focused on the data showing the epistasis is in fact idiosyncratic - their key observation - and provided an intuition for why such widespread idiosyncrasy would result in the observed pattern of global epistasis. Although neither set of authors seems to use this term, this should fit the notion of the Anna Karenina principle: "All happy families are alike; each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way." That is, in order for the right things to happen, most things need to go right, but in order for things to fail, anyone of many such things can go wrong. The more adapted systems are more fragile and more difficult to improve, because in both cases it is easier to disrupt what is already working.
The Reddy and Desai paper takes this notion and develops a very simple and transparent quantitative theory of this principle that generates specific quantitative predictions about the dynamics of adaptation that we, as a field, will spend considerable time now testing. The work has the potential to become a seminal paper in the field.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
This study builds upon previous findings by the authors and others that the Hedgehog (Hh) co-receptor Ihog not only binds Hh to trigger Hh signal transduction, but also engages trans-homophilic interactions in cell-cell adhesion. Using experimental manipulation and mathematical modeling, the authors assessed the role of Ihog trans-homophilic binding in stabilizing cytoneme structure and the relative strengths of Ihog-Ihog and Hh-Ihog binding. These findings led to a model whereby the weaker Ihog-Ihog trans interaction promotes direct membrane contacts along cytonemes and that Hh-Ihog binding releases Ihog from trans Ihog-Ihog complex. The studies are well designed and executed, and the findings are convincing.
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Homology directed repair (HDR) assayEach variant was introduced into a HA-FLAG-tagged full-length PALB2 complementary DNA (cDNA) expression in the pOZC plasmid by site-directed mutagenesis using pfu turbo. Variants were verified by Sanger sequencing. Cotransfection of PALB2 expression constructs and the I-SceI expression plasmid into B400/DR-GFP reporter cells was performed at a 5:1 molar ratio using Xtremegene 9 transfection reagent (Roche). At least two independent clones containing each variant were analyzed in duplicate. PALB2 expression and transfection efficiency was verified by western blotting. Green fluorescence protein (GFP) expressing cells were quantified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Fold increases in GFP-positive cells, which are equivalent to HDR fold change, were normalized and rescaled relative to a 1:5 ratio derived from the p.Y551X pathogenic variant control and the wild-type PALB2 control.
AssayGeneralClass: BAO:0003061 reporter protein
AssayMaterialUsed: CLO:0036938 tumor-derived cell line
AssayDescription: Stable expression of wild type and variant PALB2 cDNA constructs in Trp53 and Palb2-null mouse cell line containing DR-GFP reporter; I-SceI endonuclease introduces a double-stranded break in the reporter construct and efficient repair results in GFP expression, which is detected by flow cytometry
AssayReadOutDescription: Homology directed repair (HDR) activity fold change, measured as GFP-positive cells and normalized relative to wild type PALB2 (set to 5.0) and the p.Y551X truncating variant (set to 1.0).
AssayRange: scaled score
AssayNormalRange: >4.4
AssayAbnormalRange: ≤1.7 for "deleterious" variants and ≤2.4 for "hypomorphic"variants
AssayIndeterminateRange: >2.4-<4.4
ValidationControlPathogenic: 7
ValidationControlBenign: 4
Replication: At least 2 independent clones per variant, each analyzed in duplicate
StatisticalAnalysisDescription: Not reported
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0
ControlType: Normal; wild type PALB2 cDNA
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.5
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.03
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.5
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.05
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.6
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.15
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.6
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.07
Comment: This variant was reported as c.2145_2146delT p.(Asp715Glufs2), however the numbering implies the deletion of two nucleotides. The deletion of TA, c.2145_2146delTA, gives the reported protein change (p.(Asp715Glufs2), and was assumed to be the intended variant. Use this evidence with caution.
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Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.8
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.14
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 0.8
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.13
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 1
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 1.5
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.16
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 1.7
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.34
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 1.7
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.84
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 2.4
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
StandardErrorMean: 0.22
Comment: This variant is reported as a potential hypomorphic variant.
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.6
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.28
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.6
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.01
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.6
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.11
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.7
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.13
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.8
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.18
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 3.9
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.04
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.07
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.16
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.1
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.56
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.02
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.21
Comment: This variant was reported as c.398C>G p.(Ser133Thr), however the given allele from reference sequence is incorrect and does not match the actual sequence at the given position. The opposite nucleotide change, c.398G>C, gives the reported protein change (p.(Ser133Thr)), and was assumed to be the intended variant. Use this evidence with caution.
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.02
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.4
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
StandardErrorMean: 0.09
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.4
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.39
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.23
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.16
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.09
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.57
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.57
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.13
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.92
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.06
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.11
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.23
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.79
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.24
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.67
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.29
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.93
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.44
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.71
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.01
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.08
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.04
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.49
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.57
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.27
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 4.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.6
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.08
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.15
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1.01
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.58
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.32
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1.21
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.1
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.56
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.1
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.7
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.1
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.39
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.33
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.7
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.3
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.84
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.3
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.46
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.4
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.13
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.16
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1.15
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 5.8
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.1
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.13
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1.39
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.4
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.45
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.4
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.96
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 1.55
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.05
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.8
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 6.9
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.35
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.1
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.43
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.2
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.01
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.3
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.08
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.61
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.15
-
Results for individual PALB2 variants were normalized relative to WT-PALB2 and the p.Tyr551ter (p.Y551X) truncating variant on a 1:5 scale with the fold change in GFP-positive cells for WT set at 5.0 and fold change GFP-positive cells for p.Y551X set at 1.0. The p.L24S (c.71T>C), p.L35P (c.104T>C), p.I944N (c.2831T>A), and p.L1070P (c.3209T>C) variants and all protein-truncating frame-shift and deletion variants tested were deficient in HDR activity, with normalized fold change <2.0 (approximately 40% activity) (Fig. 1a).
AssayResult: 7.7
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
StandardErrorMean: 0.15
-
A total of 84 PALB2 patient-derived missense variants reported in ClinVar, COSMIC, and the PALB2 LOVD database were selected
HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.100C>T p.(Arg34Cys)
Tags
- Variant:68
- ClinVarID:126779
- Variant:8
- CAID:CA288475
- CLO:0036938
- Variant:31
- CAID:CA161336
- CAID:CA10583357
- CAID:CA7963665
- Variant:51
- Variant:47
- ValidationControl:Benign
- ClinVarID:141974
- BAO:0003061
- CAID:CA269522
- CAID:CA7963440
- CAID:CA269663
- CAID:CA299799
- CG:BulkAnnotation
- Variant:61
- ClinVarID:182770
- CAID:CA7963328
- Variant:86
- CAID:CA348301
- CAID:CA269645
- CAID:CA269551
- ClinVarID:570698
- Variant:18
- Variant:79
- Variant:13
- ClinVarID:128144
- Variant:91
- ClinVarID:482010
- ClinVarID:128138
- Variant:15
- Variant:89
- Variant:53
- Variant:30
- Variant:82
- ClinVarID:230665
- ClinVarID:143008
- ClinVarID:185273
- CAID:CA288451
- Variant:57
- ClinVarID:126734
- CGType:FunctionalAssayResult
- CAID:CA186642
- CAID:CA269619
- ClinVarID:126767
- ClinVarID:1243
- ClinVarID:182773
- CAID:CA288460
- ClinVarID:141320
- CAID:CA269666
- CAID:CA331796
- ClinVarID:182775
- CAID:CA10583375
- CAID:CA288472
- ValidationControl:WildType
- Variant:65
- Variant:17
- CAID:CA299747
- CAID:CA269654
- Variant:60
- Variant:2
- ClinVarID:186029
- Variant:59
- ClinVarID:126640
- CAID:CA299750
- Variant:45
- ClinVarID:142048
- CAID:CA166991
- Variant:29
- CAID:CA269636
- ClinVarID:241550
- Variant:16
- ClinVarID:183828
- CAID:CA151239
- Variant:39
- Variant:37
- Variant:23
- CAID:CA277851
- CAID:CA279502031
- CAID:CA10579945
- ClinVarID:657328
- Variant:14
- CAID:CA161327
- CAID:CA191059
- Variant:80
- ClinVarID:126755
- ClinVarID:141936
- CAID:CA190922
- CAID:CA395137900
- ClinVarID:419370
- ClinVarID:186939
- ClinVarID:141256
- CAID:CA288441
- Variant:77
- ClinVarID:142504
- CAID:CA299737
- Variant:36
- ClinVarID:126669
- CAID:CA168427
- HGNC:26144
- Variant:70
- ClinVarID:126590
- Variant:87
- CAID:CA168538
- CAID:CA294249
- ClinVarID:185069
- ClinVarID:232317
- ClinVarID:126652
- CAID:CA333921
- Variant:84
- Variant:75
- Variant:41
- Variant:4
- ClinVarID:126591
- CAID:CA7963465
- CAID:CA168345
- CAID:CA167348
- Variant:3
- ClinVarID:245657
- MONDO:0016419
- ClinVarID:126709
- Variant:21
- ClinVarID:241560
- ClinVarID:126716
- ClinVarID:216752
- CAID:CA16620143
- Variant:1
- AssayControl:Normal
- CAID:CA151242
- Variant:50
- ClinVarID:182774
- CAID:CA294118
- ClinVarID:126595
- ClinVarID:188058
- ClinVarID:126747
- ClinVarID:185108
- Variant:55
- CAID:CA151222
- CGType:Variant
- CAID:CA170010
- CAID:CA163734
- ClinVarID:232781
- Variant:56
- Variant:38
- ClinVarID:217917
- Variant:32
- Variant:6
- ClinVarID:126774
- CAID:CA395139263
- CAID:CA288488
- Variant:25
- CAID:CA299753
- Variant:42
- ClinVarID:229738
- Variant:5
- CAID:CA288398
- CAID:CA294144
- Variant:34
- ClinVarID:142079
- ClinVarID:126630
- CAID:CA10579994
- Variant:69
- CAID:CA151230
- CAID:CA191499
- CAID:CA193659
- ClinVarID:126670
- Variant:44
- ClinVarID:126683
- Variant:10
- Variant:24
- ClinVarID:126582
- Variant:46
- Variant:28
- Variant:64
- CAID:CA164933
- CAID:CA197176
- ClinVarID:142465
- ClinVarID:186840
- Variant:78
- ClinVarID:128134
- ClinVarID:126777
- ClinVarID:126647
- Variant:33
- Variant:20
- CAID:CA196017
- Variant:35
- Variant:90
- CAID:CA151236
- CAID:CA161333
- Variant:48
- CAID:CA10580054
- ClinVarID:126726
- Variant:62
- Variant:74
- Variant:19
- Variant:76
- CAID:CA151249
- CAID:CA161330
- ClinVarID:184941
- CAID:CA269558
- FuncAssay:1
- ClinVarID:241553
- CAID:CA269622
- CAID:CA167019
- CAID:CA288435
- CAID:CA288386
- ClinVarID:126732
- ClinVarID:140850
- ClinVarID:225856
- Variant:52
- CAID:CA269610
- ClinVarID:582957
- Variant:22
- ClinVarID:126761
- Variant:85
- Variant:54
- Variant:7
- CAID:CA251717
- AssayRangeType:Quantitative
- CAID:CA10583351
- CAID:CA395137415
- ClinVarID:126739
- CAID:CA151233
- CAID:CA7963609
- Variant:83
- ClinVarID:126682
- ClinVarID:126782
- ClinVarID:126738
- ClinVarID:233127
- Variant:63
- CAID:CA7963488
- Variant:43
- CAID:CA190537
- Variant:27
- Variant:9
- Variant:11
- CGType:FunctionalAssay
- CAID:CA169555
- CAID:CA196291
- ClinVarID:232977
- CAID:CA339433
- Variant:88
- ClinVarID:136133
- Variant:12
- ClinVarID:126638
- Variant:49
- Variant:58
- ClinVarID:230588
- Variant:72
- ClinVarID:126741
- Variant:26
- ClinVarID:126731
- ValidationControl:Pathogenic
- ClinVarID:126674
- CAID:CA10580016
- CAID:CA166841
- ClinVarID:126780
- Variant:67
- Variant:71
- CAID:CA279533895
- Variant:81
- Variant:73
- Variant:40
- CAID:CA395139751
- CAID:CA269483
- CAID:CA269625
- Variant:66
- ClinVarID:126742
- ClinVarID:187262
- CAID:CA151212
- ClinVarID:232905
- ClinVarID:126699
- CAID:CA168501
- CAID:CA7963617
- ClinVarID:220218
- ClinVarID:241525
- ClinVarID:126746
- CAID:CA10579934
- ClinVarID:126594
- ClinVarID:480232
- ClinVarID:126613
Annotators
URL
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1:
In this manuscript, Fernandez et al examine the impact of defective telomere length maintenance on type II alveolar epithelial cells, which are thought to be central to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis in dyskeratosis congenita (DC) and related telomere biology disorders. Murine models have been used to address how telomere dysfunction in AT2 cells drives pulmonary fibrosis however these models have limitations. Therefore, the investigators' study of human AT2 cells/organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iAT2 cells) in the presence and absence of a known DC pathogenic variant provides an exceptional model. In addition, the investigators use expression profiling to uncover decreased canonical WNT signaling in iAT2 cells with telomere dysfunction and then demonstrate rescue of telomere dysfunction and iAT2 cell growth with the addition of a GSK3 inhibitor, a canonical WNT agonist. The data appear to be of high quality, the approaches and interpretation appropriate, with some noted exceptions below. Given the importance of the problem (dysfunctional telomere-induced pulmonary fibrosis) and the apparent benefit of GSK3 inhibition of iAT2 cell growth and telomere dysfunction, which extends the work published by this group previously on intestinal organoids (might enhanced canonical WNT signaling more broadly affect other tissues with telomere-induced senescence?), this work is significant.
A few aspects of the studies dampen the ability to draw certain conclusions. For example, the authors use iPSCs that are 5 vs 25 passages after introduction (or not) of the DKC1 A386T mutation for the generation of iAT2 cells. They then show iAT2 DKC1 mutant organoids generated from the later passage iPSCs have an apparent growth defect as early as Day 50 but that those generated from the earlier passage iPSCs do not at Day 70 [with caveats the images are of different quality (comparing Fig. 1B and Fig. S3D) and quantitative data (similar to Fig. 1C) are lacking for the iAT2 organoids generated from the early passage iPSCs]. They argue that progressive telomere shortening is the cause of the growth defects. If this is the case, then the iAT2 cells generated from the earlier passages should eventually show growth defects with progressive telomeres shortening, which was not shown.
The telomere length analysis of the iAT2 cells at Day 50 and Day 70 are not markedly different, and neither the % p21 + nor TIF+ cells is shown for Day 50. Therefore, the conclusion that it is the accumulation of short uncapped telomeres in the DKC1 mutant iAT2 cells that alters gene expression and induces senescence at Day 70 ignores the extent of these changes at Day 50.
The statement that CHIR99021 (when present in the medium from Day 49-70) rescued the growth defect seems generous; the effect is partial and the assay is for organoid formation efficiency only. Moreover, it is most likely prohibiting the further accumulation of senescent cells rather than rescuing cells that were not previously growing.
It is striking that prolonged CHIR99021 treatment (ie, through to Day 70) resulted in increased telomerase activity, and more so in mutant compared to wild type cells. First, how reproducible was this effect? I appreciate that the authors have not explored this for this manuscript, however, TERT expression does not rescue DKC1 mutants but TERC does. Were TERC levels increased? Also, given this robust increase, it is striking that no difference is detected in TeSLA assays given the proportion of very short detected telomeres that would presumably be substrates for telomerase. It is noteworthy that, in the protocol to derive iAT2 cells, CHIR99021 is present in the media prior to Day 28. This raises the question of whether there is rescue of telomerase in the cells exposed to CHIR99021 in the interval of iAT2 specification?
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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Olaparib sensitivity assayFor the sensitivity assay in HeLa, 240 000 cells were seeded into one well of a six-well plate before being transfected 6–8 h later with 50 nM control or PALB2 siRNA using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen). The next morning, cells were complemented with 800 ng of the peYFP-C1 empty vector or the indicated siRNA-resistant YFP-tagged PALB2 construct using Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) for 24 h and then seeded in triplicates into a Corning 3603 black-sided clear bottom 96-well microplate at a density of 3000 cells per well. The remaining cells were kept and stored at −80°C until processed for protein extraction and immunoblotting as described above. Once attached to the plate, cells were exposed to different concentrations of olaparib (Selleckchem, #S1060) ranging from 0 (DMSO) to 2.5 μM. After 3 days of treatment, nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 (Invitrogen) at 10 μg/ml in media for 45 min at 37°C. Images of entire wells were acquired at 4x with a Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader followed by quantification of Hoechst-stained nuclei with the Gen5 Data Analysis Software v3.03 (BioTek Instruments). Cell viability was expressed as percentage of survival in olaparib-treated cells relative to vehicle (DMSO)-treated cells. Results represent the mean ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate.
AssayGeneralClass: BAO:0003009 cell viability assay
AssayMaterialUsed: CLO:0003684 HeLa cell
AssayDescription: HeLa cells were treated with PALB2 siRNA followed by transfection peYFP-PALB2 expressing PALB2 variants (or empty vector) and exposed to olaparib (2.5 µM) for 3 days. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33342 and measured as an indicator of cell viability.
AssayReadOutDescription: Cell viability expressed as percentage of survival in olaparib-treated cells relative to vehicle (DMSO)-treated cells
AssayRange: %
AssayNormalRange: Not reported
AssayAbnormalRange: Not reported
AssayIndeterminateRange: Not reported
ValidationControlPathogenic: 1
ValidationControlBenign: 3
Replication: At least 3 independent experiments, each performed in triplicate
StatisticalAnalysisDescription: Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's multiple comparison post-test
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 5
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
Approximation: Exact assay result value not reported; value estimated from Figure 6C.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: -98
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 48
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
Approximation: Exact assay result value not reported; value estimated from Figure 1D.
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 100
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
ControlType: Normal; wild type PALB2 cDNA
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 106
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 108.6
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 64.45
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 84.49
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0058
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 92.43
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 88.66
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: 0.727
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 96.63
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 97.59
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 94.36
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 98.94
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 87.19
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: 0.341
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 98.25
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 57.61
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 109.2
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 95.47
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 97.77
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 103.5
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 100.7
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 102.6
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 77.32
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0002
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 82.22
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.004
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 96.97
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 102.1
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 101.6
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 109.7
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 109.4
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 107.5
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 100.5
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 103.3
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 108.7
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 106.8
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 94.01
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 92.68
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 92.03
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 93.06
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 86.49
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: 0.3376
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 76.21
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0001
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 85.76
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0445
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 47.64
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
PValue: < 0.0001
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 86.51
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: 0.2166
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 97.46
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 91.53
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: > 0.9999
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 82.06
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0058
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 76.45
AssayResultAssertion: Indeterminate
PValue: 0.0001
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
-
SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
AssayResult: 86.74
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
PValue: 0.1836
Comment: Exact values reported in Table S3.
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To this end, 44 missense variants found in breast cancer patients were identified in the ClinVar database (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar) and/or selected by literature curation based on their frequency of description or amino acid substitution position in the protein (Supplemental Table S1).
HGVS: NM_024675.3:c.104T>C p.(Leu35Pro)
Tags
- ClinVarID:217917
- ClinVarID:126779
- Variant:6
- Variant:32
- CAID:CA395139263
- Variant:25
- ClinVarID:126774
- Variant:38
- Variant:31
- Variant:8
- ValidationControl:Benign
- Variant:42
- CAID:CA7963418
- Variant:39
- CAID:CA193686
- CAID:CA269663
- CAID:CA299799
- CG:BulkAnnotation
- Variant:5
- Variant:34
- Variant:18
- ClinVarID:126693
- ClinVarID:128124
- Variant:13
- AssayControl:Abnormal
- CAID:CA395140053
- CAID:CA161321
- Variant:15
- Variant:24
- ClinVarID:126683
- Variant:10
- Variant:30
- Variant:28
- Variant:44
- CAID:CA161318
- CAID:CA331799
- ClinVarID:126647
- CGType:FunctionalAssayResult
- CAID:CA186642
- ClinVarID:126593
- ClinVarID:487020
- Variant:33
- Variant:20
- Variant:35
- CAID:CA269619
- CAID:CA151236
- CAID:CA239946
- CLO:0003684
- FuncAssay:3
- CAID:CA161333
- CAID:CA331796
- CAID:CA269666
- CAID:CA288392
- BAO:0003009
- Variant:19
- ValidationControl:WildType
- Variant:17
- CAID:CA269654
- CAID:CA196624
- FuncAssay:1
- ClinVarID:126708
- CAID:CA348162
- ClinVarID:187058
- Variant:2
- ClinVarID:241553
- CAID:CA299750
- CAID:CA288386
- Variant:45
- Variant:29
- CAID:CA269636
- CAID:CA269585
- ClinVarID:183828
- CAID:CA269610
- Variant:16
- CAID:CA334766
- ClinVarID:582957
- Variant:22
- CAID:CA151239
- ClinVarID:126761
- Variant:23
- CAID:CA277851
- CAID:CA288504
- UO:0000187
- CAID:CA279502031
- ClinVarID:126727
- Variant:37
- Variant:7
- CAID:CA395139336
- AssayRangeType:Quantitative
- ClinVarID:657328
- Variant:14
- CAID:CA151233
- ClinVarID:126755
- CAID:CA294183
- ClinVarID:126682
- ClinVarID:126738
- ClinVarID:126782
- CAID:CA161315
- CAID:CA395144524
- CAID:CA395139432
- CAID:CA288441
- Variant:43
- ClinVarID:126781
- Variant:27
- Variant:36
- FuncAssay:2
- ClinVarID:126669
- Variant:9
- Variant:11
- CGType:FunctionalAssay
- HGNC:26144
- ClinVarID:657666
- ClinVarID:126743
- ClinVarID:232977
- ClinVarID:126590
- ClinVarID:188387
- ClinVarID:126652
- Variant:12
- CAID:CA279500276
- ClinVarID:126741
- CAID:CA279500159
- CAID:CA7963442
- Variant:26
- Variant:41
- ClinVarID:126731
- Variant:4
- ValidationControl:Pathogenic
- CAID:CA7963465
- ClinVarID:128150
- ClinVarID:220168
- Variant:3
- ClinVarID:126760
- ClinVarID:422560
- MONDO:0016419
- Variant:21
- ClinVarID:126716
- Variant:40
- Variant:1
- CAID:CA269625
- AssayControl:Normal
- CAID:CA151242
- ClinVarID:182774
- ClinVarID:126699
- ClinVarID:126747
- CAID:CA168501
- ClinVarID:126758
- CAID:CA10579934
- CGType:Variant
Annotators
URL
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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Reviewer #1 (Public Review):
The authors used a CRISPR screen to investigate the basis of metastasis of ovarian cancer (OC) cells. Overall, they identified two key genes, IL20RA, one of which was studied in detail. They identify an IL20/IL20RA communication between ovarian cancer cells and peritoneal mesothelial cells to promote M1 macrophages and prevent dissemination of the cancer cells. IL-20 mediated crosstalk is blocked in metastasized OC cells by decreased expression of IL-20RA. Interestingly, IL20RA is also decreased in cells from OC patients with peritoneal metastasis, and reconstitution of IL20RA in metastatic OC cells suppresses metastasis. Moreover, OC cells induce mesothelial cells to produce IL20 and IL24.
Overall, this is a nice study. It is well-written, and the data are clear. A range of methodologies are used that support the conclusions, with both over-expression and under-expression related studies supporting some key conclusions.
The overall model is that there is crosstalk between disseminated OC cells and mesothelial cells and macrophages. OC cells when disseminated into the peritoneal cavity stimulate mesothelial cells to produced IL20 and IL24, which via IL20RA trigger STAT3 to produced OAS/RNase L and production of IL-18, to promote an M1 phenotype. The M1 phenotype lowers metastasis. Highly metastatic cells block this pathway by decreasing IL20RA expression.
These findings are interesting, with potential therapeutic ramifications.
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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A cell-based functional assay for PALB2 variants
AssayGeneralClass: BAO:0003061 reporter protein
AssayMaterialUsed: CLO:0037317 mouse embryonic stem cell line
AssayDescription: Stable expression of wild type and variant PALB2 cDNA constructs in Trp53 and Palb2-null mouse cell line containing DR-GFP reporter; I-SceI endonuclease introduces a double-stranded break in the reporter construct and efficient repair results in GFP expression, which is detected by flow cytometry
AssayReadOutDescription: Relative homologous recombination (HR) efficiency represented as mean percentages of GFP-positive cells among the mCherry-positive cells relative to wild type, which was set to 100%
AssayRange: %
AssayNormalRange: HR levels comparable to that of cells expressing wild type PALB2; no numeric threshold given
AssayAbnormalRange: HR levels ≤40% of wild type
AssayIndeterminateRange: Not reported
ValidationControlPathogenic: 12
ValidationControlBenign: 9
Replication: 2 independent experiments
StatisticalAnalysisDescription: Not reported
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Source Data
AssayResult: 115.71
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardErrorMean: 3.09
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 80.95
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 0.01
StandardErrorMean: 0
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file. Discrepancy in “Supplementary Data 1” file: nucleotide reported as c.3191A>G.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 101.02
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 5.45
StandardErrorMean: 3.86
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file. Discrepancy in “Source Data” file: protein reported as T1064C.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 84.43
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 2.77
StandardErrorMean: 1.96
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file. Discrepancy in “Source Data” file: protein reported as L855P (based on matching values reported in the “Supplementary Data 1” file to values reported in the “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 15.58
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 6
StandardDeviation: 0.52
StandardErrorMean: 0.37
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector (set 5)
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 7.93
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 6
StandardDeviation: 0.56
StandardErrorMean: 0.39
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector (set 4)
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 8.71
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 6
StandardDeviation: 1.75
StandardErrorMean: 1.24
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector (set 3)
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 7.11
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 6
StandardDeviation: 2.37
StandardErrorMean: 1.68
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector (set 2)
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 7.83
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 6
StandardDeviation: 1.13
StandardErrorMean: 0.8
ControlType: Abnormal; empty vector (set 1)
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 100
AssayResultAssertion: Normal
ReplicateCount: 38
StandardDeviation: 0
StandardErrorMean: 0
ControlType: Normal; wild type PALB2 cDNA
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 97.16
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 1.32
StandardErrorMean: 0.93
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 30.35
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 3.64
StandardErrorMean: 2.57
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 20.32
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 0.49
StandardErrorMean: 0.35
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 7.42
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 2.87
StandardErrorMean: 2.03
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
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Source Data
AssayResult: 91.47
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 8.63
StandardErrorMean: 6.1
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 100.19
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 5.64
StandardErrorMean: 3.99
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 10.53
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 2.79
StandardErrorMean: 1.97
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 90.64
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 1.82
StandardErrorMean: 1.29
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 11.37
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 0.36
StandardErrorMean: 0.26
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 70.86
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 17.18
StandardErrorMean: 12.15
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 81.81
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 7.45
StandardErrorMean: 5.27
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 90.54
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 10.24
StandardErrorMean: 7.24
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 13.45
AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 2.2
StandardErrorMean: 1.55
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 92.2
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 19.94
StandardErrorMean: 14.1
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 90.79
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 6.38
StandardErrorMean: 4.51
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
-
Source Data
AssayResult: 69.83
AssayResultAssertion: Not reported
ReplicateCount: 2
StandardDeviation: 5.94
StandardErrorMean: 4.2
Comment: Exact values reported in “Source Data” file.
Tags
- Variant:68
- Variant:56
- UO:0000187
- CAID:CA151250
- ClinVarID:126774
- Variant:54
- AssayRangeType:Quantitative
- CAID:CA395139673
- ClinVarID:461007
- CLO:0037317
- ValidationControl:Benign
- BAO:0003061
- CAID:CA395137855
- CAID:CA658658444
- CAID:CA161315
- Variant:61
- CG:BulkAnnotation
- ClinVarID:186939
- ClinVarID:142079
- Variant:63
- Variant:69
- FuncAssay:2
- AssayControl:Abnormal
- CGType:FunctionalAssay
- HGNC:26144
- ClinVarID:126582
- CAID:CA196291
- ClinVarID:460996
- Variant:70
- CAID:CA279524947
- CAID:CA299784
- Variant:64
- ClinVarID:484186
- Variant:49
- Variant:57
- Variant:58
- ClinVarID:230588
- CAID:CA395137656
- CGType:FunctionalAssayResult
- ValidationControl:Pathogenic
- ClinVarID:182786
- ClinVarID:1245
- ClinVarID:126740
- ClinVarID:567901
- CAID:CA161333
- CAID:CA167348
- ClinVarID:182773
- Variant:67
- CAID:CA10580054
- Variant:62
- MONDO:0016419
- CAID:CA299747
- Variant:21
- ValidationControl:WildType
- Variant:65
- Variant:1
- CAID:CA269654
- FuncAssay:1
- AssayControl:Normal
- Variant:66
- CAID:CA269625
- ClinVarID:126749
- Variant:60
- Variant:59
- CAID:CA151212
- CAID:CA494163316
- CAID:CA288478
- CAID:CA395137985
- CAID:CA163622
- ClinVarID:126758
- ClinVarID:126747
- Variant:55
- ClinVarID:126761
Annotators
URL
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