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Dennis Lee. I made that viral Spaghettio pie that everyone is crapping themselves over. January 2021. URL: https://foodisstupid.substack.com/p/i-made-that-viral-spaghettio-pie (visited on 2023-12-08).

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Oliver Tearle. Who Said, ‘A Lie Is Halfway Round the World Before the Truth Has Got Its Boots On’? June 2021. URL: https://interestingliterature.com/2021/06/lie-halfway-round-world-before-truth-boots-on-quote-origin-meaning/ (visited on 2023-12-08).

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If we want to promote their health and well-being into old age, we need to begin now, when they are infants and children

The internal changes that often accompany aging are more consequential, among them being that (a) fat replaces lean body mass, and many people gain weight; (b) bone and muscle loss occur; (c) lungs lose their ability to take in air, and our respiratory efficiency declines; (d) the functions of the cardiovascular and renal (kidney) systems decline; (e) the number of brain cells declines, as does brain mass overall; and (f) vision and hearing decline.

Life expectancy has been increasing in the United States along with the rest of the world

Older people experience age-based prejudice and discrimination. Inequalities among the aged exist along the lines of gender, race/ethnicity, and social class. This theory falls into the more general conflict theory of society.

Social aging refers to changes in a person’s roles and relationships, both within their networks of relatives and friends and in formal organizations such as the workplace and houses of worship.

With DSQL you don’t need to pick hardware, manage clusters, design for failover, think about patching engines or systems, monitor CPU and memory, or any of the many other tasks that come with good cluster management. When you get started with any database, you can basically ignore these things: buying excess CPU and memory at small scale is cheap, and monitoring is easy when you aren’t also trying to drive efficiency

. Thetraining of teachers in basic language research methods will need to become more common

The design and implementation of a school language policy are ultimately the responsibility of theschool's administration

It seems a very reasonable thing to ask schools to beresponsible for much of the working end of language planning

. These studies borrow the model of ‘languagepolicies across the curriculum’ developed for London schools and extend its original focus onmother-tongue concerns to include second language, bilingual, foreign language, and social justiceissues (Corson 1999)

The micro setting of the school as a site for language planning in now receiving moreattention,

‘unless there is a school language and learning policy across thecurriculum there will be a wastage of effort and often confusion’

researchers in the area have paid very littleattention to the school as the basic context for language change.

y. Australia's ‘National Policyon Languages’ released in 1987 is an example of a policy of this kind

: Each school should have an organizedpolicy for language across the curriculum,

. Schools invarious places within Britain, in other countries of the British Commonwealth, and in the UnitedStates began to develop their own language policies, using the original document as a referencepoint.

In 1966 members of the London Association for the Teaching of English began to develop andextend their interest in the concept of ‘language across the curriculum’

t identifies areas in the school's scope ofoperations and program where language problems exist

School language policies are viewed by many in education as an integral and necessary part of theadministration and the curriculum practice of modern schools.

...prev

The text Successful Writing stresses that when you perform research, you are essentially trying to solve a mystery—you want to know how something works or why something happened. In other words, you want to answer a question that you (and other people) have about the world. This is one of the most basic reasons for performing research.

How do you think attribution should work when copying and reusing content on social media (like if you post a meme or gif on social media)?

How do you think attribution should work when copying and reusing content on social media (like if you post a meme or gif on social media)?

For biloquialism to be an effective policy, then, it will have to be supported by a larger social context which respects rather than denigrates linguistic and cultural differences.

Observation teaches that, generally speaking, it is not well for the children that they should be so burdened. Neither is it well for the state. Beyond providing for the wife and daughters moderate sources of income, and very moderate allowances indeed, if any, for the sons, men may well hesitate, for it is no longer questionable that great sums bequeathed oftener work more for the injury than for the good of the recipients.

The problem of our age is the proper administration of wealth

In bestowing charity, the main consideration should be to help those who will help themselves;

Let the advocate of violent or radical change ponder well this thought.

The price which society pays for the law of competition

he man of wealth thus becoming the mere agent and trustee for his poorer brethren, bringing to their service his superior wisdom, experience and ability to administer, doing for them better than they would or could do for themselves.

This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of Wealth: First, to set an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those dependent upon him; and after doing so to consider all surplus revenues which come to him simply as trust fund

so that the ties of brotherhood may still bind together the rich and poor

I don’t think any of us disagree that it’s nice to have international students but then what arethe implications for teaching and learning because this course in its current format does notwork for that class. So does it mean that we change the learners or do we change the course?And then what does that mean for more local learners? Because we can’t do everything foreverybody.

Because I want them to understand what foreign students like myself are going through... . Ithink that local students can show more understanding to foreign students if foreign studentstalk to them privately outside the classroom.

She insisted on feminist perspectives. She also wanted to convince her students about herperspectives. I sometimes felt that there were limitations to discussing the history of universitiesonly from a feminist perspective.

There’s a gender issue. . . . It’s happened before and it’s with international students, male, andtheir respect for female instructors. ... The rules are different than they are in other culturesand it’s a problem for the student and for the instructor.... And it’s hard to confront. Notrespect as... it’s not a different sort of respect but just general respect for the teaching andlearning experience and sometimes that isn’t present.

A third perspective, gender, provides another interesting way to look at Kota’s academicsocialization. There were two contexts where gender issues surfaced. One was the doctoralseminar where Kota felt particularly powerless mainly because of his self-percetvedlimited language skills and his minority status as the only international student. Asdiscussed earlier, another significant reason for his marginality seemed to be relatedto the gap between his research interest and the kinds of research approaches that hadcurrency in the department. Interestingly, gender seemed to be also relevant to thisgap in a subtle but potentially significant way. Whereas feminism, critical theories, andissues of minority education were popular in the department, Kota was interested inexploring university—industry collaboration from a perspective of economics — a viewpointthat he felt might be considered as ‘a male perspective’

Researching the micro is very popularhere. ... Feminism is also popular. ... I gradually understood this tendency. .. .

I was isolated in that sense. ...

In the doctoral seminar I was the only one who was interested in looking at education from aperspective of economics.

I have always made a point to bring [international students’ experiences to the class.

We talk about globalization and internationalizationand much of what’s going on in the classrooms is purely Canadian ....

I felt so uncomfortable ....

I couldn’t say anything. The best I could do was to ask what they were talkingabout.

t theparties] they were all having fun talking about different things of which I had no backgroundknowledge.

But there’s no such responsibility when we meet in a pub at night ....

... in the classroom environment, people have the responsibility to listen and respond to me ifI start talking.

I feel as if I’m the only one outside the circle, simply listening....

It is also possible that Kota became more awareof and proactive about his participation and positioning through his engagement in thisresearch project, especially through interactive reporting with the researcher.

Importantly,however, Kota continuously attempted to analyze and understand the difficulties he wasfaced with, and implemented various strategies in order to improve his participation as wellas to construct a more positive identity.

His reports also indicated that he oftenfelt overwhelmed and frustrated with his studies in general and his class participation inparticular.

During the first year of his doctoral studies, Kota generally found it very difficult toparticipate actively in his courses. According to his weekly reports, he found it mostchallenging to participate in class discussions in his doctoral seminars; he often reportedthat he was the only person who did not provide any comments, while the rest of the classengaged in active and sometimes heated discussions.

The biggest concern with cookies is that they enable targeted online advertising by sharing your usage and browsing data with advertisers. In addition, certain advertisers use cookies that can span across multiple websites (third-party cookies), collecting extensive data about your browsing behaviour and enabling advertisers to generate a detailed user profile of you based on your site-specific activities. This profile is anonymous; however, in addition to being a potential privacy violation, it can compromise equity of future information access.

When downloading an app, stop and consider: Have you read the app’s terms of use? Do you know what you’re giving the app permission to access? (e.g., your camera, microphone, location information, contacts, etc.) Can you change the permissions you’ve given the app without affecting its functionality? Who gets access to the data collected through your use of the app, and how will it be used? What kind of privacy options does the app offer?

Social media can provide a safe place for some teens to get support: 68% of teens surveyed in the Pew survey said they had asked for and received support through social media during difficult times in their lives.

Cyberbullying is harassment through electronic technology. This may include harassment using text messages, social media, or online chat. Cyberbullies may harass their victims anonymously and can easily share their harassing messages and content with a large audience.

Additionally, the blue light emitted by computing devices affects levels of melatonin, the sleep-inducing hormone that regulates the body’s natural clock, or circadian rhythm. Disruptions to your circadian rhythm can cause fatigue, drowsiness, irritability, and an overall decrease in mental functions. Students who feel they must use their computer at night can use an app such as f.lux, which will adjust the light from the screen to match their local level of daylight in real-time.

Let’s face it, very few people read the “terms and conditions,” or the “terms of use” agreements prior to installing an application (app). These agreements are legally binding, and clicking “I agree” may permit apps (the companies that own them) to access your: calendar, camera, contacts, location, microphone, phone, or storage, as well as details and information about your friends.  While some applications require certain device permissions to support functionality—for example, your camera app will most likely need to access your phone’s storage to save the photos and videos you capture—other permissions are questionable. Does a camera app really need access to your microphone? Think about the privacy implications of this decision.

Some researchers have addressed these flaws in persona choice by contributing more theoretically-informed persona. For example, GenderMag is similar to the cognitive walkthrough like the one above, but with four customizable persona that cover a broad spectrum of facets of software use

There’s really nothing that can substitute for the certainty of actually watching someone struggle to use your design, but these analytical approaches are quick ways to get feedback, and suitable fallbacks if working with actual people isn’t feasible.

For example, if you are designing a course planner for students, you would want to recruit students (but what kind of students)?If your representative users are challenging to recruit, you might have to get creative. I’ve often had to walk into coffee shops and ask random strangers, or spam mailing lists to ask people to participate. You have to be a bit bold and courageous to find participants, and find ways of compensating them for their time and attention. If you’re working for a company that invests in a whole team to find people to participate in user studies, you might be able to delegate this recruiting work to them.

Observation, of course, requires empirical methods

.Even when they are not,'by abundant testimony of the medical fraternity continuancefor a -long time on her feet at work,' repeating this from day today, tends to injurious effects upon the body

although not- the wisest or best, are yet'not plainly and palpably unauthorized by law, then the courtcannot interfere

The statute of Oregon of 1903 providing that no female shall work in certainestablishments more than ten hours a day is not unconstitutional so faras resjects laundries.

generation is as deep and widespread as today’suncertainty over what constitutes British values. But this isonly one of the problems for English

The book Writing on the Wall: Social Media - The First 2,000 Years [l6] describes how, before the printing press, when someone wanted a book, they had to find someone who had a copy and have a scribe make a copy. So books that were popular spread through people having scribes copy each other’s books. And with all this copying, there might be different versions of the book spreading around, because of scribal copying errors, added notes, or even the original author making an updated copy. So we can look at the evolution of these books: which got copied, and how they changed over time.

unlearn the myth

use of mentor texts

Ms. Raniya created spacefor multilingual students’ code-meshing in her lit-eracy instruction.

language integrationhas not characterized curricular instantiations ofcode-switching with respect to Spanish or AAL usein the classroom.

white middle and upperclass Americans as “standard” English

“she getclothes on and go outside and barbeque.”

. The ways of your culture are familiar to you, often so deeply ingrained that they come naturally. Culture itself feels like home.

Of course, a wink can mean different things in different societies.

debris. Humans are born knowing how to blink; nobody has to teach us. On average, humans blink 15 to 20 times every minute.

The room for cooking (the kitchen) used to be separated from the room where people socialized (the living room or great room), as it was assumed that one person (the wife) would cook in the kitchen while another person (the husband) relaxed alone or with company in the living room.

home? For some people, home is a large, angular structure made of wood or brick, fixed on a permanent foundation of concrete, and rigged with systems to provide running water, electricity, and temperature control.

they assigned the ones they considered more rudimentary to earlier evolutionary stages, while the ones they considered more complex were assigned to the more advanced stages.

A “good” mother is a mother who puts her children at the center of her life at all times,

we must use shared ways of thinking about them.

What do you do in the morning to get ready for the day? That is cultural practice. What do you do when someone comes over to your house? That is cultural practice. What do you do when you’re hungry? That is cultural practice.

Blinking is biological. Acquired human behaviors—that is, behaviors that people are taught—are cultural. Winking is cultural.

“Even the great American democracy could not have been created without the annihilation of the Indians. There are cases in which the overall, final good justifies harsh and cruel acts that are committed in the course of history.”

likelihood to be a confounder in the relationship

The adjustment procedure operated at the linked trip level. Each linked trip was classified into a mutually exclusive trip type, and trip rate factors were then estimated and applied to linked trips. Unlinked trips and tours received their weights from linked trips.

In the same way that one might start an argumentative essay byreviewing the literature, staking out an intervention, making that interven-tion, defending it from counterarguments, and summarizing and suggestingnew avenues for research in the conclusion, a DJ might engage in stylisticpractices that referenced a song’s sampling pedigree, challenged one songwith another, sped up the beats per minute of one song so that it came intobetter rhythm with another, and leave the crowd with a body-jarring headbanger of an outro. The compositional elements are not dissimilar.

In this way DJs might be understood asperforming a literature review, paying tribute to the Marvin Gayes, the Slyand the Family Stones, and other artists who came before the newer sound.Such acts of mixing demonstrated a DJ’s bona fides.

Hip-hop’s willingness to sample and appropriatewords, lyrics, and beats has allowed hip-hop artists to do much more withmusic than was previously done. Far from the way white artists would stealblack artists’ songs in the early days of rock and roll, hip-hop artists oftenwillingly acknowledge what they take as a demonstration of their musicalknowledge. For example, DJs used to comb through record stores looking forthe most obscure beat to sample

“Real Gs move in silence like lasagna” is a prime exampleof how seriously hip-hop artists take language and wordplay. Upon hearingthe line, it doesn’t make much sense to most people. What do lasagna andsilence have in common? Yet, when one has the line printed, the messagebecomes clear. The silent “g” in “lasagna” makes the point about a “G” mov-ing in silence, “G” being the slang for a gangsta

These sorts of connections and complexrhyming make rap so interesting because words that do not seem to rhymeare actually quite connected together.

One does not need to understand the complexities of language tohear the ways in which these sounds connect in complex ways to producenot simply the rhyme at the end of the line but also the internal rhymes thatdraw on consonance and assonance to make some of the most complex raplyrics

Hip-hop has reshaped language. Hip-hop culture has added words nowprominent across music disciplines and the world. Terms such as “trap,”“ratchet,” “gully,” “twisted,” “gold digger,” “wanksta,” “bling,” “crib,” and “lit”all have a hip-hop provenance or have been popularized through hip-hop.To be sure, not all hip-hop linguistic innovations make their way into themainstream, but those that do often have a lasting influence

simplistic notion of the ways in which brain cellstransmit electrical charges, but that is what makes it powerful. From braincell transmissions to fires, the idea of it being lit expresses a kinetic form ofenergy that is both passionate creativity and a rocking good time.

ne of the first to use the term “lit” as a laudatory statement.

Now this workseems to occur largely in the iPhone’s notes app, but it still happens regularly,and I catch myself doing it as if I had a record deal and was going to be fea-tured on the next remix of a popular song. Big Daddy Kane rapped about hislyric creation process that

offers a new way to think aboutcomposition by asking writers to consider how the audience or the readermight respond and what role that response should have in composition.

English would arguethat Tupac is Shakespeare, that kind of comparison is not necessary to justifyhip-hop’s study. Shakespeare and Tupac are different, and both are worthy ofstudy in the same classroom

push “practical” knowledge and application in English andvirtually every other discipline. The turn toward studying hip-hop helps thisby breaking down the high-culture/low-culture divide that has caused someto be suspicious about the utility of English in college

This change hasled English studies to bridge the gap between the academy and popular cul-ture, allowing English as a discipline to push back against criticisms that allit does is read Shakespeare

Blackauthors of the city have long represented some of the most interesting writ-ing of the last century or so. Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, and ChesterHimes are virtuosos worthy of more study than they currently receive. Inmany ways, today’s hip-hop artists carry on the legacy of these authors

01118 1111118 lnto the (total) cost curve, wh ch tellsUS deCs±ZnVhen bVf AUtPUt iS aSSUming 1 alWayS hire the number

In order to take part in trade and politics, the demand of skills in reading and writing arose

through the practical perspective, education in literacy was the most important among the three disciplines

Old Education lacked heavy structure and only featured schooling up to the elementary level.

Next, focus in on several of these impossible wishes and use them as creative stimuli to generate ideas that are novel but more realistic.

Each member of the group gets a marker. Participants write their ideas on a paper and then rotate, adding their thoughts own original and ideas to the page as well as building upon those of their colleagues.

The foreign language programs in secondary schools and colleges established the effectiveness of the audio-lingual technique in teaching French, German, Spanish, and other world languages to English speakers learning a second language. These foreign language programs, as well as the ESL audio-lingual programs implemented during the late 1950s and early 1960s, were influenced by advances in the fields of structured linguistics and behavioral psychology.

At the turn of the twentieth century, in the midst of one of the largest waves of immigration into the United States, mainly from southern and eastern Europe, President Theodore Roosevelt urged that all newcomers learn English : “We should provide for every immigrant... the chance to learn English; and if after say five years he has not learned English, he should be sent back to the land from whence he came.” The national push for the rapid assimilation into American culture of all non-English-speaking populations, as reflected in President Roosevelt’s proclamation, provided the catalyst for the enactment of laws by state legislative bodies requiring English as the sole language of communication in both government affairs and education. This further spurred the growth of special curricula to help US-born and immigrant language-minority children learn English. In many cases, educators in American Indian boarding schools and in the segregated Mexican schools of the Southwest and other school settings applied these laws with so much force that students who were caught speaking their mother tongues were punished, sometimes physically, and parents were admonished for not encouraging their children to speak English.

The ELT (English Language Teaching) world continued to develop during the early twenty-first century, and new pedagogies were explored. While English language learners are, by definition, a diverse group, new attention was paid to understanding the implications of this diversity and how it could translate into more inclusive policies. Technology such as virtual reality was being explored to allow students to acquire language in a more stress-free and situational setting. The 2020s has also seen a rise in the use of artificial intelligence (AI), and it is also being explored as a tool to assist with language learning. Finally, interest in teaching English based on life skills increased, as some experts believed this was most helpful for English language learners. New strategies were also developed to manage the growing numbers of English language learners in the US. As migrant populations rose, many parts of the country saw significant increases in its English learning populations, raising new questions in school districts in how to best allocate state and federal funds to support the influx in students.

One type of ESL education is provided in the Newcomer Centers that originated in California schools. The Newcomer (or Welcome) Center is a school-within-a-school-type program for recent immigrant students. These centers typically operate in middle and high schools, preparing new arrivals for transition to mainstream education. English-language development is provided within class environments that are nurturing and supportive of language and cultural diversity.

Children and adolescents who are new arrivals without previous formal education present the greatest challenge. These students do not have the cognitive/academic skills underlying literacy in their first language, much less English. Even children who come to the United States as young children or are born in this country to parents who are poor and illiterate experience adjustment and learning difficulties in school. Children born in the United States of immigrant parents (also first-generation immigrant students) may be more fluent in English than in their heritage (home) language, or they may be more proficient in their native language than in English. Some of these first-generation immigrant students may even be balanced bilinguals, meaning they have equal proficiency in the heritage language and English.

The inadequacy of the audio-lingual programs, as well as the growth in the enrollment of a new generation of English-language learners different in many ways from those immigrant and nonimmigrant populations served by the earlier models of ESL, resulted in the expansion of English-language education. These new programs offer many instructional options to accommodate the varied needs of the learners. Recent immigrant students, for example, and a large number of first-generation immigrant students present distinctive challenges to educators based on the learners’ differing levels of English proficiency and prior education. Recent immigrant students with previous schooling in their home countries have greater ease in learning English and possess the basic knowledge and skills to cope with the academic demands of American schools.

English-language education for non-English speakers has gone through various phases of development since the early twentieth century.

this claim is now accepted by most scholars.

The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles

The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology

This article summarizes AAVE phonological features from the perspective of phonetic transcription. Some features are relatively easy to transcribe with familiar the International Phonetic Alphabet base symbols (e.g., [baef] for bath), whereas others may require the use of diacritics (e.g., [mae] for man or [bae:d] for bad). The importance of transcription detail when differentiating dialect variation from phonological delay or disorder is critical.

By Emily BazelonSept. 26, 2018

adjustment

Early literacy research has certainly not ignoredquestions about young children's dialogues with oth-ers around written language, or even the impact ofthese dialogues on literacy development (e.g.,Dyson, 1989; Eldredge, Reutzel, & Hollingsworth,1996; Ninio & Bruner, 1978; Whitehurst et al.,1999). But, there are many questions not yet an-swered or that merit further research, and relevant

focus on symbols as used to communicate withothers. This point comes through not only in themore socially oriented chapters but also in thosewith a more classic cognitive thrust (Gentner &Loewenstein; Goldin-Meadow). Common in the ac-quisition of different symbolic systems are the inter-actions with others, around and within that system.

symbolic dia-logues in spurring development of symbolic commu-nication and its attendant cognitive consequences.Despite the substantially different contexts

In the concluding chapter, editors Amsel andByrnes do a laudable job

effect of language onthought, but, on the other hand, she also reminds us,with a compelling data set

hat does this chapter have to do with earlyliteracy? Broadly speaking, as with the book as awhole, discussions ofsymbolic communication de-velopment of any kind are relevant to early literacybecause literacy is about symbolic communication. Itseems likely that there are lessons about development

for the develop-ment of model-based reasoning: inscription andmathematizing. Inscription refers to symbolic toolssuch as graphs, diagrams, and maps that are used torepresent the world. Mathematizing

The program of research addressed in thischapter focuses on how children become literate inmodel-based reasoning

explain the acquisition of symbolic sys-tems. The case under greatest consideration in thechapter involves developing shared meanings forindividual words

We are reminded in these chap-ters about how much commonality exists among is-sues and concerns in research on the acquisition oforal and written language,

The chapter is, perhaps, less respon-sive than the others to those questions.

Amsel and Byrnes argue compellingly, achild must coordinate multiple representational sys-tems. Multiple systems structure and are structuredby thought. Ferreiro and Teberosky s (1982) workillustrated clearly the complexity of sorting out sym-bolic systems, as children work to understand writ-ten language as distinct from and complementary tooral language, number systems, and related concepts.In the introduction, Scholnick suggests a part-nership metaphor for conceptual, linguistic, andnotational systems:

search onother symbol systems, even those associated withlearning in mathematics and science, as in Lehrerand Schauble's work, merits inclusion as well. We donot want to miss the forest of symbolic systems forthe tree of written language.

Lehrer and Schaubleare grappling with similar questions when consider-ing both the costs and benefits of inscription in thedevelopment of model-based reasoning

That interest is centered in determining whatcosts and benefits accrue from these different sourcesfor learning, when one is better suited than the otherfor a particular learning goal

ndeed, we found ourselves making many con-nections to early literacy when reading the Lehrer andSchauble chapter on mathematics and science

o use Ellin Scholnick's example (from theIntroduction), "Calling roses and daisies 'flowers' in-duces children to search for their similarities" (p. 14).The kinds of similarities recognized, however, varyover time and across domain. For example, whenasked to interpret the statement "A tape recorder islike a camera," 6-years-olds tended to identify similarsurface attributes (e.g., noting that they are the samecolor), whereas 9-year-old children and adults tendedto identify similarities in Ranction, that is, that theyboth can record something for later use (Centner,1988, as cited in the chapter, pp. 96-97).

Centner and Loewenstein's chapter focuses onthe development of analogical processing. Makingcomparisons and seeking similarities are posited asimportant vehicles in cognitive and language devel-opment.

like want occurs within these functional contexts.When considering this chapter, we drew paral-lels with Halliday's (e.g., 1976) systemic functionallinguistics and other work that has brought to theforeground the importance of language function inunderstanding written language acquisition.

Budwig discusses the needsand situations that give rise to "desire talk"

he case givengreatest attention regards acquisition of mental stateterms such as want.

that the SSSS model is intended to apply sim-ilarly to other symbolic systems

he clearly is dissatisfied withtraditional explanations from cultural theory and re-search about how enculturation or how appropria-tion of cultural resources including written languageoccurs. She writes, "Children are not transparent re-flectors of culture, and we need to know more abouthow they transform cultural knowledge and prac-tices" (p. 197). Attention to social relational influ-ences is posited as one mechanism for improvingthis situation:

Daiute argues strongly that the application ofa social relational lens has much to offer as a strate-gy for writing and as a tool for understanding writ-ing development.

Her data entail the social rela-tions among children during collaborative writingsessions, children's interactions with their teacher inconferences, and the children's writing itself. Heranalyses of these data include notable fmdings

heavily informed by the literature on narrative psy-chology and social development,

ter also illustrates the valueof reading widely across scholarly communities.

ustration of the new concepts, newknowledge, and new consciousness to wh

of print literacy to be learned from the developmentof other forms of symbolic communication

SSSS model

consciousness, and tbat tbeprocess of learning to read and write involves learn-ing tbese systems. In learning tbese systems, cbildrenmake a transition from tbinking of written symbolsas tokens for objects to tbinking of tbem as represen-tations for words and concepts. As evidence

The contribution issue. How does symbolic communicationin all its forms (speaking, gesturing, reading, and writing)contribute to cognitive development? Does the act of com-municating with symbols transform thinking beyond mere-ly communicating an intended message?The special status issue. Is there a uniformity of explanationsof the nature and consequences of symbolic communica-tion across different communicative systems? Is it necessaryor useful to distinguish particular forms of symbolic com-munication (e.g., spoken language, notational systems) forpurposes of explaining its nature or its consequences for cog-nition and development?The origin issue. Is it necessary or useful to evoke innate con-straints of one form or another or processes to explain the ac-quisition of a particular form of symbolic communication(e.g., the whole-object constraint in spoken language)? Aresome forms of symbolic communication completely free ofspecific constraints? What if any aspects of symbolic com-munication are universal? (p. ix)

model, as does his past work (e.g., 1994), of drawingfrom multiple research communities to develop en-compassing ideas ahout the nature and developmentof cognition.

it reflects the lack of agency many stu-dent users of nonstandard English perceive

Yet, in this exchange, the cooperatingteacher’s inquiry into Linda’s grammatical knowl-edge takes on a singularly evaluative aspect andoffers no evidence of guidance on how Lindamight phrase her statement in future lessons.

inimize their verbal participa-tion in class learning experiences

ccountive posi-tioning provides a means of centering the lan-guage-focused perspectives of Black and Latinxpreservice teachers in course-related interactions,in field experiences, and in teacher licensuretesting contexts.

Groups such as universityacademic departments use these to develop tea-cher licensure programs and accompanying cri-teria for program completion.

Efforts to address this under-representationinclude calls for teacher educators to consider howtheir pedagogies and programmatic structures maybetter support cultural and linguistic diversityamong preservice teachers

It was a grand opportunity for the low whites, who had no negroes of their own to scourge. They exulted in such a chance to exercise a little brief authority, and show their subserviency to the slaveholders; not reflecting that the power which trampled on the colored people also kept themselves in poverty, ignorance, and moral degradation.

Sometimes content goes viral in a way that is against the intended purpose of the original content. For example, this TikTok started as a slightly awkward video of a TikToker introducing his girlfriend. Other TikTokers then used the duet feature to add an out-of-frame gun pointed at the girlfriend’s head, and her out-of-frame hands tied together, being held hostage. TikTokers continued to build on this with hostage negotiators, press conferences and news sources. All of this is almost certainly not the impression the original TikToker was trying to convey.

Beginning teachers often focus so intensely on day-to-day struggles that they cannot recognize the small successes that occur over time.

alidate the teacher’s feelings

teacher who requires emotional support needs coping rae gies for responding to these challenges in a healthy way and reassurance to promote self-confidence.

Finally, you must examine theme in your basic analysis of literature

but it can also present a slightly biased story.

the narrator and author are different.

The narrator, or the person telling the story, is one of the most important aspects of a text.

But on the dank right, I believe that the liberal treatment of young white males has been one of the causes for this recoil and eruption. What you had was a toxic combination of a bad economy of young men being told repeatedly that they are the cancer of the planet, that their masculinity is toxic, that their skin is the blight of the world, and their heterosexuality is a hate crime.

And what happened in the last five years is that virtually every respected institution in the United States disgraced itself. The health industry, the military, the Supreme Court, Congress — everybody face planted, boom. What that left is that a lot of normies were gobsmacked, saying: What happened to the America I grew up in? Everything blew up. Nobody’s making sense. And it’s the lockdowns, it’s the vaccines, it’s the trannies, it’s just — it’s clown world.

Christendom that learns lessons from history. And some of those lessons that you learn from history, maybe the person who wrote that book or influenced this legislation, they may have been a feminist or liberal or whatever, but what’s important is whether it’s just and prudent and right. And if it is and it aligns with the Bible, then I’m more than happy to go with it.

Yeah, that’s hers. So basically, I believe that it would be wise and prudent for us to have a system of endowment for the wife. That would mean that if a husband just thought he found someone cuter, he would take a serious financial hit.

OK. So there’s a “no taunting the Christian majority” soft policy.

codemeshing this studentuses as well as the way the feedback she gets influ-ences her writing and her critical thinking.

these prac-tices make these students more academically suc-cessful and more confident in the use of theirlanguages.

They havealso experienced multilingualism themselves,and their multilingual backgrounds includelanguages such as Tamil, Hebrew, Frisian, Dutch,Basque, Spanish, German, Italian, Mandarin,and English

to implement an integrated language curriculumthat highlights the relationships between the lan-guages

is notwidespread either in the research community orin school practices.

Did you feel that setting was clearly very important here?

Mood is the feeling we get from a story; tone is a way of getting that feeling across.)

How do writers of prose fiction make us respond to the imaginary people they create

The ultimate reading experience comes as a result of the collaboration between the writer and the reader;

A well-written satire will cunningly strip down a certain practice and make it come out as the folly it really is.

We believe that this guest, with household income below $100,000, represents about 40% of our total sales, and based on our data, is dining out less often due to concerns about the economy and inflation. A particularly challenged cohort is the 25 to 35-year-old age group."

How we read is dictated largely by the experiences and contexts we each of us bring to a particular text,