It is hypothesized that abuse places individuals at risk for the types of internal conflicts that result in somatic symptom disorders. For example, women who have suffered sexual abuse in childhood have increased rates of chronic pelvic pain when compared with those without a history of abuse.
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Medically unexplained syndromes have persisted as clinical problems for practitioners. Patients often present with many symptoms that are not associated with abnormalities demonstrable by physical examination or laboratory or radiological studies. The symptoms are often clustered together as syndromes with a variety of proposed etiologies, including environmental exposures, infections (e.g., chronic Lyme (Borrelia burgdorferi) disease, Candida, Epstein–Barr virus), or multiple chemical sensitivity.
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In other patients, the process may be more persistent, and the symptoms may be disabling. In yet others, somatic symptoms may be a more culturally appropriate expression of other psychiatric disorders like depression or generalized anxiety.
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The term somatic symptom disorder (SSD) as defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), is broadly characterized by somatic (physical) symptoms that are either very distressing or result in significant disruption of functioning, as well as excessive and disproportionate thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding those symptoms.
SSD
Once, as they thus lay at hull in a terrible storm, a strong young man, called John Howland, coming on deck was thrown into the sea; but it pleased God that he caught hold of the top-sail halliards which hung overboard and ran out at length; but he kept his hold, though he was several fathoms under water, till he was hauled up by the rope and then with a boat-hook helped into the ship and saved; and though he was somewhat ill from it he lived many years and became a profitable member both of the church and commonwealth.
During a storm, a young man named John Howland flew overboard, but was subsequently rescued. He got sick as a result but survived and ended up living a good life.
But at length all opinions, the captain’s and others’ included, agreed that the ship was sound under the water-line, and as for the buckling of the main beam, there was a great iron screw the passengers brought out of Holland, by which the beam could be raised into its place; and the carpenter affirmed that with a post put under it, set firm in the lower deck, and otherwise fastened, he could make it hold.
There were concerns about the safety of continuing travel on the ship after damage sustained due to harsh weather. In the end the decision was made to continue traveling, and some repairs to the main beam could be made using an iron screw that the passengers had brought.
to smite the young man with a grievous disease, of which he died in a desperate manner, and so was himself the first to be thrown overboard.
One of the sailors was an asshole, especially to the sick members of the ship, but then he himself fell ill and was thrown overboard.
Fostering the therapeutic alliance requires developing trust, conveying empathy, and collaborating about treatment goals. Depending on the skills, attitudes, and orientation of clinicians and the systems in which they work, the clinical encounter can increase social distance and exacerbate the effects of vulnerability on health, or it can lead to productive engagement with patients to mitigate or even eliminate the effects of vulnerability on health.
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Health care systems wishing to recruit and retain clinicians caring for vulnerable populations should provide opportunities for clinicians to develop these intrapersonal and interpersonal skills and enhance the clinical resources that allow clinicians to feel successful in this work.
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Clinicians who have been able to sustain therapeutic relationships with vulnerable patients and maintain fulfilling careers in the care of vulnerable populations tend to
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Fourth, after identifying vulnerability, the clinician should not forget the important step of exploring with the patient, in a supportive and nonjudgmental manner, how the vulnerability may be affecting health and care and how to mitigate these effects.
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Third, in the process of assessment, the clinician should be sensitive to the concerns of patients with respect to shame and stigma.
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The first is that in the pursuit of identifying vulnerability, the clinician should be reminded of the importance of simultaneously identifying and acknowledging an individual’s strengths, resilience, and range of resources, such as one’s belief in a higher power or support from a religious community; or the love and support provided by a spouse, friend, or pet.
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Table 18-2.Common pitfalls in assessing for vulnerability.
Failing to recognize the contribution of psychosocial vulnerabilities to the patient’s illness.
Failing to acknowledge vulnerability and to explore how vulnerability may be affecting care.
Failing to address specific vulnerabilities.
Failing to integrate knowledge of vulnerability into treatment plans.
Failing to recognize the shame and stigma associated with vulnerabilities.
Neglecting to identify and acknowledge strengths, resilience, and range of resources.
hen faced with a patient who is doing poorly from a clinical standpoint, many clinicians do not reflect on the psychosocial factors that may be influencing the patient’s course. They may simply throw up their arms and attribute a patient’s clinical decline to his or her social milieu in a global or at times derogatory fashion, referring to such a patient as “nonadherent,” a “difficult patient,” or a “social nightmare,” without digging deeper.
DIG
While there are many reasons for the observed variation in quality and health outcomes, one of the most important and frequently least appreciated factors is the patient’s social context
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Eliciting the patient’s story can also improve patient trust, satisfaction, and adherence. It enriches and brings meaning to interactions and allows providers to be more effective and engaged.
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The same factors that influence how people think about health and illness also impact other aspects of their lives, and eliciting information about these influences can uncover perspectives important to health care.
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However, if clinicians consciously strive to transmit a sense of trust, caring, and respect, along with a desire to enter into true partnership, they increase the likelihood of forming productive relationships with patients. Some guidelines to consider in this process include the following:
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What Is the Therapeutic Alliance? ++ In the field of medicine, a therapeutic alliance exists when the patient and provider develop mutual trusting, caring, and respectful bonds that allow collaboration in care and treatment.
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The clinician has the ability to collaborate on treatment plans and to facilitate entry into the various health and social systems that can help address vulnerabilities. The therapeutic alliance can help patients feel assured that clinicians will not abuse the disclosure of information (e.g., leading to rejection or legal action) but will help them access resources critical for their health.
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Key dimensions of the therapeutic alliance include: ++ Mutual trust—Patients need to trust in their clinicians’ integrity and competence, and clinicians need to trust that patients enter the relationship trying to do their best. Empathy—Demonstrating empathy, or recognizing and understanding the beliefs and emotions of another without injecting one’s own, allows the clinician to connect emotionally with the patient without pity or overidentification. Respect—Expressing respect for patients and treating them with dignity are important and require creating a context in which communication can occur as equals. Collaboration—Collaboration requires a meaningful partnership in which the clinician and patient perceive that they are working together toward a common goal and committed to resolving conflicts that inevitably emerge about treatment goals.
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The third mechanism, also an indirect one, is mediated entirely through the therapeutic alliance. In this path, the vulnerability affects components of the relationship or therapeutic alliance with the provider (such as open disclosure, mutual trust, caring, and engagement), thereby limiting the benefits of a collaborative relationship on care.
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A second path is an indirect one, where the vulnerability attenuates the benefits of medical treatment on coexisting medical conditions; that is, the vulnerability presents a barrier to optimal acute, chronic, and/or preventive care, thereby accelerating disease course.
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The first path is a direct one, a situation in which the vulnerability in and of itself leads to poor health.
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Figure 18-1. Creating a context for effective intervention in the clinical care of vulnerable patients.
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Unfortunately, vulnerable patients experience a triple jeopardy when it comes to health care: they are more likely to be ill; more likely to have difficulty accessing care, and when they do, the care they receive is more likely to be suboptimal.
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Social characteristics—living in poverty, having a low level of education and limited literacy skills, being from a community that has experienced racism and discrimination, having no health insurance, speaking little English, among other factors—make individuals vulnerable to contracting illness and to facing overwhelming obstacles in the care of that illness.
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By using an open standard (Iceberg, Delta Lake, Hudi), a company can switch their compute engine (e.g., moving from Databricks to Snowflake) without re-engineering their entire ETL pipeline or re-extracting data.
This takes a huge piece away from the ETL market
Researchers who study college writing have discovered that most students struggle with writing when they first enter the discourse community of their chosen majo
That would make a lot of sense because the student would know as much about the subject compared to a student that has already been there for a number of years.
The environmental scientist would ask questions like: how much has the water risen since we last checked?
It's good to be worrying about the sea levels rising especially when it comes to environmental problems and global warming
nderused skills such as soliciting the patient’s attribution for a problem, offering praise and support, listening carefully to the patient’s description of a problem, and explicitly confronting problematic or confusing behavior inform the patient that a serious attempt is underway to understand and successfully manage the patient’s concerns.
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Indications for referral include inability to make a diagnosis, an objective assessment that the patient is not benefiting from evaluation or treatment, or the clinician’s feeling of being threatened or in danger.
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What did you say or do that contributed to moving beyond the difficulty? What did the patient contribute to changing your relationship in a positive direction? What was it about the environment or circumstances of your encounter that improved the situation or your relationship? What changes did you make in your internal appraisal or perception of this patient that made a difference? What will you do differently the next time?
Reflection
CASE ILLUSTRATION 4 (CONTD.)
The patient is reasoned with and agrees to a treatment plan
Over time, patients learn to respond to the support offered and begin to take a more active role in their care. Of course, there is always the risk that a passive–aggressive individual attempting to control the relationship will choose to seek another clinician who can be more easily manipulated.
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The next step is to ask what the patient thinks would be helpful in solving the problem.
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“Am I encouraging patients to take a more active role in their care?” and “Am I giving patients the chance to say why they’re not using the treatments I thought we agreed on?”
Questions the clinician might ask themselves
Finally, the patient’s previous experiences with clinicians may have been so hierarchical and paternalistic that the thought of disagreeing or negotiating a position does not come to mind, even when the suggested approach is not acceptable.
Reasonings
When problems are being discussed, this type of patient’s nonverbal behavior is usually engaged and active: leaning forward, bright affect, and dynamic gestures. As recommendations for evaluation and treatment are made, however, the patient typically becomes withdrawn, eye contact diminishes, and language becomes significantly less animated. Verbally, during the discussion of evaluation and treatment, the patient becomes quiet, volunteers little, and characteristically offers no solutions to problems. In fact, as the clinician makes recommendations, the patient often responds with the classic, “I’d like to do that but … .”
Overview of patient archatype
Summary ++ Exploring the reasons for a patient’s demands in a nonjudgmental manner allows most demands to be understood and addressed. Knowing the cause of the demand, a plan that is mutually agreeable can then be negotiated. If such a negotiation is not possible, the patient should be informed of realistic limits to what the clinician can offer. The patient can then decide whether she is willing to accept the clinician’s boundaries or should seek alternative services.
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Until there is an agreement on the need for education by clinician and patient, however, the patient might perceive education as the clinician’s way to control the visit.
Sometimes, education is ignored
Once validating the patient’s experience, only then should the clinician give a rationale for why she is not in favor of using opioids for chronic pain:
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Another useful question is: “How had you hoped I could help you?” This gives the patient the opportunity to express dissatisfaction with the extent of evaluation, treatment, or perceived commitment by the clinician; it often lightens the clinician’s burden, since the patient’s request may be significantly less difficult than what the clinician anticipated.
Note what the patient actually wants, not what you assume they want
This point cannot be stressed enough: To provide meaningful reassurance, the patient’s feelings about what caused the symptom must be elicited and validated.
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Sometimes the reason for an unexpected demand involves secondary gain, such as workers’ compensation, a disability claim or lawsuit, or seeking psychoactive medication. Another possibility is that the patient has found something online, talked to a friend, or read something in the press. The patient may be concerned that the clinician is withholding a more expensive test or treatment to limit cost. Finally, it may be that the patient is frustrated with the lack of relief because additional testing or treatment is actually indicated. By listening carefully to a patient’s concerns, the clinician may rethink the diagnosis and/or seek alternatives to the current treatment plan.
Reasons for demanding patients
These demands are often tied to dissatisfaction with the recommended evaluation, treatment concern about the accuracy of the diagnosis, or a failure to solicit important aspects of the history
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Recognizing the sources of these intense responses can be most helpful in assisting clinicians to focus on the patient and avoid unproductive replays of unsettling past experiences.
More implicit bias, towards silent patients
Further questioning can also result in the diagnosis of an anatomic cause, like sensori-neuro hearing loss, or a psychiatric condition. Testing a hypothesis too early runs the risk of insulting patients and worsening the relationship.
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When confronted with a silent patient, exploring the behavior is usually best begun by reflecting, “You seem quiet today.” This offers the patient the opportunity to acknowledge the behavior and share the reason for it.
How to effectively handle a silent patient
CASE ILLUSTRATION 2
Mr. K answers shortly and appears quiet due to a death in the family. Diagnosed with depression
The patient’s reasons must be sought directly before mistakenly projecting our own beliefs onto the patient. By working hard to avoid being defensive, clinicians can acknowledge and then constructively resolve the cause of the anger. Confronted with such a responsive approach, most angry people are satisfied and resume an effective collaborative relationship with their clinician.
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CASE ILLUSTRATION 1
Ms B is reassured and solutions are presented to avoid a mistake in the future
In this case, the clinician can address the denial: “Maybe ‘angry’ is too strong a word. You seem upset, I’d like to help. Can you tell me more about it?” This invitation offers patients the opportunity to explicitly express their feelings and conveys a sense of curiosity (as opposed to judgment) while simultaneously cultivating partnership.
Appropriate responses to angry patients
They expect timely service, relevant and up-to-date information about diagnostic tests and treatments, and advice on how to cope with their illness. Interactions that fall short, at least from the patient’s perspective, may cultivate feelings of shame and rejection. The resulting humiliation can easily turn to anger.
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Table 4-3.
Difficulty in getting to the office
Problems with the office staff
Anger toward the illness from which the person suffers
Anger at the cost of health care
Problems with consultants to whom the clinician referred the patient
Unanticipated problems from a procedure or medication recommended by the clinician
Previous unsupportive or condescending treatment by a clinician
Absent or miscommunication between members of the health care team
Other significant news or problems unrelated to health care service, such as work- or family-related conflicts
More subtle behaviors that may indicate anger include refusing to answer questions; failing to make eye contact; or constructing nonverbal barriers to communication, such as crossed arms, turning away from the clinician, or increasing the physical distance between them.
Subtle anger behavior indicators
Table 4-1.
Recognize your own reactions to the encounter
Seek broader possibilities for the patient’s emotions or problems
Respond directly to the patient’s emotions
Solicit the patient’s perspective on why there is a problem
Seek to discover a common goal for the visit
The key to success is to carefully examine how visits are progressing while monitoring one’s own internal thoughts and emotions in response to the patient and the interaction.
key to success
Subject: English 1110 Section 102: Absence Dear/Hello Professor [Last name], l was unable to attend class today, so I wanted to ask if there are any handouts or additional assignments I should complete before we meet on Thursday? I did review the syllabus and course outline, and I will complete the quiz and reading homework listed there. Many thanks, [First name] [Last name]
Having an example of how to write to a professor incase something we're to happen is great for someone who has never had to send a email.
Many students feel intimidated asking for help with academic writing; after all, it’s something you’ve been doing your entire life in school. However, there’s no need to feel like it’s a sign of your lack of ability; on the contrary, many of the strongest student writers regularly seek help and support with their writing (that’s why they’re so strong). College instructors are familiar with the ups and downs of writing, and most colleges have support systems in place to help students learn how to write for an academic audience. The following sections discuss common on-campus writing services, what to expect from them, and how they can help you.
Me being a brand new writer when it comes to academic level writing there is most defiantly a big feeling of intimidation. I also a dense of security when it comes to writing because you will have professor that will correct your mistakes
Combining different points in the same paragraph will divide your reader’s attention and dilute your argument
Focus on one idea at a time to avoid confusion and distractions.
It is the most important information you select to argue for your point of view.
An introduction to each paragraph
security, data lineage, and deployment pipelines around LangChain often exceeds the licensing cost of Dataiku, which provides these "out of the box."
Dataiku's secret sauce is the LLM mesh connectors and that integration impact. Since everyone uses the same platform, within Dataiku you are able to have everyone use the same data security levels
abstracts model APIs to provide cost tracking, PII (Personally Identifiable Information) filtering, and model-agnosticism
The monitoring of SOTA model APIs is key. Think you can use open-source models with Dataiku but it is a little harder
Dataiku manages the infrastructure and data layer (ETL, storage, model monitoring, and security).
Dataiku is more focused on the RAG pipeline, choosing data, etc as well as connecting to the tools themselves
I sympathize most sincerely with a calamity as the scarcity of provisions and the want of the necessarys of life to the poorer sort.
she is not effected as much by the shortages as most people.
I hope the considerations of the miserys that attend so advanced an age will help time to wear it off
the grandmother was considered very old and sick
“Because we’ve always done it that way” is not a valid reason to not try a new approach. It may very well be that the old process is a very good way to do things, but it also may just be that the old, comfortable routine is not as effective and efficient as a new process could be.
Change can and usually is a good thing, and a good learning experience.
The team is a creative mix of engineers, designers, and analysts
All of these brilliant minds and creative professions coming together to build something great in a creative way.
Stay open to different approaches even if you aren’t immediately comfortable with the ideas.
I agree, being uncomfortable means you probably have a grand idea!
Some people naturally seem to think more creatively than others, but we all have the capacity to create and devise.
I feel like the more we immerse ourselves in different experiences the more creative we can be. For instance, a person who's lived in one room and never gone outside and looks out the window vs a person who walks outside everyday and enjoys nature.The person who is active and engages their senses may have an advantage of expanding their creative mind than a person who just stares out a window.
Figure 7.6 You may feel like you cannot come up with new ideas, but even the process of combining and recombining familiar concepts and approaches is a creative act. A kaleidoscope creates a nearly infinite number of new images by repositioning the same pieces of glass.
The creative mind is like a kaleidoscope. I like that concept.
“Creating new out of old or new out of nothing is how we ended up with manned space flight, cell phones, the Constitution, and rap music.”
Creativity shapes our world.
Figure 7.5 Bloom’s Taxonomy is an important learning theory used by psychologists, cognitive scientists, and educators to demonstrate levels of thinking. Many assessments and lessons you’ve seen during your schooling have likely been arranged with Bloom’s in mind. Researchers recently revised it to place creativity -- invention -- as the highest level.
I like how research will change the mindset and old way of thinking.
In what ways could thinking creatively help you be a better student? Write a one-paragraph reflection on that aspect and how you could realistically go about being more creative.
Creativity can help me be a better student by allowing me to use my mind in a different way. Now, I will rely on what makes ME unique and how I will go about solving a problem in my own unique way. I will think outside the box and go beyond the usual ways of learning. For instance, instead of reading about how to grow roses, I will grow some myself.
immerse themselves
This is a good learning tool. It helps to better understand the thing that you're learning, involving yourself as a whole, not just thinking about it, but being about it.
While apps, software programs, thinking games, and thought exercises may help you stretch your brain, don’t let their simplicity fool you into thinking that cultivating an inquisitive, thoughtful mind is easy or automatic.
Don't they aid in cultivating an inquisitive, thoughtful mind? It may not be easy, that may not be the goal is for it to be easy, it's to aid right ? I mean, that's what I would use them for.
Google. The use of this familiar site has become so commonplace as to render the proper name of the company into a verb—to google a topic. Basic
I said this today to a classmate, and then I wondered, what did we say before "Google", look it up? LOL! It made me think for a brief moment.
From 2003-2004 to 2016-2017, special education enrollment fell by 32,000 students, while statewide enrollment grew by approximately one million.
Discrepancies in data and why we should pay attention to all of it to make sure we understand the whole picture.
branch of the ED, fol-lowed up on reports that districts in Texas were misusing and misinterpreting a TEA special education accountability system to reduce the number of students identified as children with disabilities. Under TEA’s Performance-Based Monitoring Analysis System (PBMAS), districts received a perfect rating if the percent of students in the district identified as children with disabilities under IDEA was below
WOW!! As someone who was born and raised in rural Texas, I completely believe this. Students are denied access to a quality education to ensure district leaders "appear" successful. A quality education is a right, but in Texas, data shows something different....
On the other hand, districts sometimes fail to comply with the Child Find component of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which requires that districts identify, evaluate, and provide specialized ser-vices to children with disabilities. Researchers
Data helps in making sure there is some sort of accountability....
which found that the Texas Education Agency systematically denied students special education services
I hope that more data like this can come to light and not be ignored to support our education system
By prioritizing data use for educational leaders at the program level, training on data use moves beyond the quantitative methods course and instead is emphasized throughout the curriculum. Embedding an emphasis on quantitative data in preparation does not preclude a focus
It almost sounds like this article is saying that quantitative is the ONLY kind of data. I do like much of what is being suggested here, but why no mention of the value of qualitative data? (Also, I haven't read the whole article yet, so I might be eating my words later).
Educational data offer a powerful tool for supporting equity.
Absolutely. The "Power of Data" has helped me bring the amazing work done in our Center to support first gen students.
PhD or EdD programs can require students to develop quantitative data skills necessary to analyze district- or school-level data.
I think one challenge with this, in my personal situation, is that I feel like my math skills were already lacking when I took stats and quant, so it was really hard to understand some of the concepts. It makes me think that (as much as I wouldn't have liked it back then) there should be some lower level requirements to prepare for this in programs leading up to PhD or EdD programs.
correlation and causation and discuss the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences from statistical analyses.
This is such an important thing for people to understand.
Most importantly, the figure highlights the states that have the lowest rates of enrollment in special education.
This seems like the only piece of data that can really be used here right? Quant is not a strength for me so I could be wrong.
The article outlines three basic metrics that stakeholders can use to identify potential noncompliance with the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act.
I appreciate that they are using data in this way, it seems like a way to work toward more equitable use of data perhaps.
languaging shapes our experiences, stores them,retrieves them and communicates them in an open-ended process.Languaging both shapes and is shaped by context.
Context is important when it comes to language. It gives us the power to communicate our needs
lurilingualism
The ability to use multiple languages, highlighting an individual's interconnected, evolving linguistic repertoire.
The term languag-ing is needed to refer to the simultaneous process of continuous becom-ing of ourselves and of our language practices, as we interact and makemeaning in the world.
Languaging is needed to refer to the process of ever growing language as we interact with the world.
Janguaging that the act of knowing, in the behavioral coordinationwhich is language, brings forth a world.
languaging is the act of knowing, bringing forth a world.
anguaging that the act of knowing, in the behavioral coordinationwhich is language, brings forth a world.
Languaging is the act of knowing, brings forth a world
Language, VoloSinov says, acquires life‘in concrete verbal communication, and not in the abstract linguisticsystem of language forms, nor in the individual psyche of speakers’(2929/1973: 95).
Language can only exist in concrete communication
Bakhtin posited that language isinextricably bound to the context in which it exists and is incapable ofneutrality because it emerges from the actions of speakers with certainperspective and ideological positioning.
So he's saying that languages can't be changed because it is bound to its original context? Is this why we can directly link Latin to english or some borrowed words from the french?
heteroglossia
the presence of two or more voices or expressed viewpoints in a text or other artistic work.
competence versus performance, the former referring to the tacitknowledge of the language system and the latter, the use of language in con-crete situations.
competence is the tactic knowledge of the language, Performance is the use of language
One trend pursued universal structuresacross human languages; the other followed how human beings put touse their linguistic knowledge in real-life contexts.
Langue is the independent system of an individual user Parole the use of langue by individuals in a series of speech
gender morphologies and event reporting indifferent languages.
This showed the development of gender and word relation. My best example would be foreign languages such as German or Spanish. Both languages have masculine and feminine terms.
linguistic signs are arbitrary, that is, a linguistic sign is an associationbetween a sound image and a concept, and the sound-meaning associationis established by arbitrary convention for each language.
languages can have signs
monolingual perspectives
the assumption that nation-states should operate on one language
sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic literature.
Sociolinguistic: focusing on how social factors shape language use Psycholinguistic:How the human mind aquires, produces, and comprehends language.
converting live, streaming data into vectors in real-time—and immediately performing a join against its current working memory.
Often times data will just be streamed directly into Estuary, but you need real-time data to aggregate somewhat histrocial events into the agentic database.
GPU will do real-time instant decisions - TigerGraph will look historically at the different lookups, etc to deliver data to the agent that it might need.
I find McArthur's argument persuasive because he presents AI in multiple uses, like a wingman or as a safe training ground to practice conversations with, rather than a replacement for human connection. By pointing out that AI can "rehearse your banter with you," he shows how technology can help build the user's confidence and their social skills before they face the pressures of a real date.
Having a backup plan in case anything goes wrong is crucial. I appreciate how it outlines the steps to take in case of an emergency.
When you consider the word thinking, does your mind drift toward: School Work Relationships Free time
It depends on the current situation, location and/or state-of-mind. For instance, when I'm driving and listening to music, my mind may drift to think about relationships. When I'm in class, my mind drifts on school and sometimes work if I'm scheduled to work after school. When I don't have school or work I then think about how to plan my day. At a certain time of the day, like at 5pm, I may think about food, what to eat, how much of it, etc. There's never a day or time when I'm not thinking, i think dreaming is a form of thinking, LOL. Our minds just never rest.
components, get the data I needed, ignore the unimportant information, and run the numbers. Then she had me watch a TED talk with some more information.
Without the assistance of the success counselor they may have given up. These components are key steps in learning .
I miss thinking hard.
the dynamic, complexrelationship between language use and identity formation
discussed in class. speaks on how people discuss things can shape perceptions (of others, self, etc.) rhetoric shapes culture and vice versa.
As a rhetoric of becoming, Asian American rhetoric is also an exampleof hybridity. Operating in a space that is “crisscrossed with a variety of lan-guages, experiences, and voices” and that “intermingles with the weightof particular histories that will not fit into the master narrative of a mono-lithic culture” (Giroux 1992, 209), Asian American rhetoric draws upondiscursive practices both from the European American tradition and fromAsian, as well as other ethnic and worldly, traditions.
discussed in class. pressures that create conditions. noting that AA are not fully foreign or domesticated (a little like limbo) Hybridity in connection with the "rhetorics of" versus the "rhetorics from" the group.
Therefore, to remember rhetorically, for Asian Americans, isto investigate histories that are formed through the transnational tiesamong Asia and the United States, and to trace and stitch togethermemories of seemingly disparate moments and cultural sites
discussed in class: good summary of points Q: would be interesting to compare AA rhetoric to Asian rhetoric.<br /> engaging with the past and the present. the continuation of symbols. connections to the notion of hybridity on pg 5
tremendous
discussed in class. what they feel is missing, the gap they want to fill
As the reader may have already noticed, we have chosen “Asian
discussed in class. section covers a discussion of rhetoric vs rhetorics.
Wethink often of these two encounters because they keep reminding us ofthe need to perform a narrative where Asian Americans, or any otherethnic minorities, for that matter, can use a language that, in the wordsof Gloria Anzaldúa, “they can connect their identity to, one capable ofcommunicating the realities and values true to themselves”
reinforcement of reason for adding personal anecdotes at beginning of
More specifically, Carroll sees their performances as recuperating theclassical rhetorical canon of delivery or “the language of the body.”
body rhetoric??
developed the rhetoric of self-resistance by articulating bicultural realities and by enacting the rolesand responsibilities they were committed to fulfilling in their work
fighting back
w Asian American feministrhetoric depends on alternative forms of institutional or public mem-ory, and how space, history, and memory intersect with one anotherto inform and constitute the articulation and performance of AsianAmerican rhetoric
specifically, "how space, history, and memory intersect with one another to inform and constitute the articulation and performance of Asian American rhetoric."
The seven chapters in the first section of this book all center o
explaining the chapters of their book
. Rather, we want to use this kind of grouping to furtherforeground two major themes that have emerged from these chaptersand that are so central to the understanding and development of AsianAmerican rhetoric.
their aim
many separate national identities will inevitably inflect orintrude upon the making of Asian American rhetoric
remembered the "melting pot" metaphor
n, to dismantle those struc-tures that act to maintain cultural control either through discourses ofdominance (such as explicit legal restrictions against Asians and AsianAmericans) or through the more subtle hegemonic acts of educationaland cultural production that define what it means to be a citizen
aims of resistance
“Words have histories. They have been in otherpeople’s mouths and on other people’s pens. They have circulated otherDiscourses and within other institutions. They have been part of specifichistorical events and episodes. Words bring with them as potential situatedmeanings all the situated meanings they have picked up in history and inother settings and Discourses”
LOVE
, rhetoric is seen as more than just theart of discovering the available means of persuasion. Rather, it is part ofthe knowledge-making process that is situated in every specific occasionof language use and that is always socially and politically constructed
the authors' own wider definition of rhetoric
hetoric—the systematic and effectiveuse of symbolic resources—was not an Anglo-American phenomenononly, and that the use and study of rhetoric existed in other com-munities and in other regions around the world.
the expansiveness of rhetoric
both been mobilized by, and directly participatesin, an ongoing dialogue that aims to reexamine and reconceptualizerhetoric’s purposes and functions beyond the paradigm of western rhet-oric.
one
factors that have been converging in the recent past.
contributing factors
“I would rather not sell him,” said Mr. Shelby, thoughtfully; “the fact is, sir, I’m a humane man, and I hate to take the boy from his mother, sir.”
This line shows how cruel the institution of slavery truly can be. Mr. Haley just like many others are ruthless enough to destroy a family unit for their own benefits without any hesitation.
as if they had fairly gained the other side of the river
A reference to the earlier "Jordan's Banks"; during the Israelites' exodus out of Egypt, they had to cross the Jordan river during a high tide, about 3,000 feet. But when the priests crossed with the ark, the river stopped up behind them, so that the Israelites walked on dry ground (ref. Joshua 3:15-17).
“O, I’m going to glory,—won’t you come along with me? Don’t you see the angels beck’ning, and a calling me away? Don’t you see the golden city and the everlasting day?”
Does not appear to be a real hymn, but shares lyrics and themes with "I'm Going Home to Glory". This hymn holds less merit in a religious sense and is moreso a representation of African American oral tradition.
“Die on the field of battle, Die on the field of battle, Glory in my soul.”
A real Christian hymn depicting valorous martyrs who stand in the face of evil and persecution; seen by many (African-) Americans in the 19th century as a song of hope and victory.
it supports ~85% of Postgres features compared to CockroachDB's ~54%.
Yuga supports postgres extentions which make the ecosystem extremely robust
highly compatible with existing Postgres code, engineering teams can migrate with minimal rewriting of the application layer.
This is probably a big decision when actually going to market
CockroachDB focuses on ease of geo-distribution and strict data consistency, whereas YugabyteDB prioritizes deep PostgreSQL feature compatibility and high-performance throughput by reusing the original Postgres query engine.
Cockroach is more about just being like insanely resilient - Yuga is about having more functionality while still being disributed
Burns emerges from this study withtion. Archives have often been figurephors construct archives as optical dof the past. In Burns' memorable phrmirrors than like chessboards."25 In ordto be alert to the formal language, pr(in this case, both notaries and "ordinwhich those writing (or represented inachieve
I think this alternative, less glamorous view of archives "less like mirrors than like chessboards" really gets at what Yale has been writing about so far in this essay. Archives and the work that archivists do seem to often get either underplayed or misinterpreted. Some of the specific ends achieved, like the duality of record keeping in 1940's Germany referenced in the Yale's introduction, indicate that archives are not just optical devices. This quote is a very simple but effective way of describing archives and I will keep it in mind.
proffers an Afrocentric model in which Nommo is graphi-cally posited as the center around which eight elements—rhythm,soundin’, stylin’, improvisation, storytelling, lyrical code, image mak-ing, and call and response
nommo and its 8 ( eight ) elements
he modes are (1) call-response, a series of spontane-ous interactions between speaker and listener; (2) signification, the artof humorous put downs, usually through verbal indirection; (3) tonalsemantics, the conveying of meanings in Black discourse through spe-cifically ethnic kinds of voice rhythms and vocal inflections; and (4)
Black Modes of Discourse, smitherman
The E-Marketer Master Plan
meow meow
One important fact to observe is that the frequencies don't change in a transposition, so there's just as many e's here as there are here, and that would be true for the entire transposition cipher so we can use frequency analysis to determine which method was used in encrypting a message. So, for example, here's two messages one was encrypted using a substitution cipher and one was encrypting using a transposition Cipher. Use this letter counter app to help you figure out which is which method
So far, we've just looked at a couple of substitution ciphers where the way you create the ciphertext is you substitute a letter from the cipher alphabet for a letter from the plain alphabet. Well, there's another type of encryption known as transposition. In that case, you don't substitute letters. You just rearrange the letters in the original message, and there's lots of rearrangements. So, for example, if you have a message with 100 letters who's basically a hundred factorial ways that those could be rearranged, so this is quite a good way to encrypt text. And, for example, if we take the the message hello world, this is a transposed message and transpose it. You would see something like this. Can you see the transposition rule? You can see it from the first word. I'm simply reversing every five letter sequence in the original message. So, hello becomes this world becomes this, and so on.
So far we've been talking about substitution ciphers, where ciphertext letters are substituted for plaintext letters. A transposition cipher is one where the letters in the message are rearranged -- the alphabet is unchanged. 。 Plaintext: hello world this is a transposed message • Transposed: olleh dlrow isiht artas sopsn semde egas
stargazer(CRSP_ADL_1, CRSP_ADL_2, CRSP_ADL_3, title = "ADL Models of Monthly Excess Stock Returns", header = FALSE, type = "latex", column.sep.width = "-5pt", no.space = T, digits = 3, column.labels = c("ADL(1,1)", "ADL(2,2)", "ADL(1,1)"), dep.var.caption = "Dependent Variable: Excess returns on the CSRP value-weighted index", dep.var.labels.include = FALSE, covariate.labels = c("$excess return_{t-1}$", "$excess return_{t-2}$", "$1^{st} diff log(dividend yield_{t-1})$", "$1^{st} diff log(dividend yield_{t-2})$", "$log(dividend yield_{t-1})$", "Constant"), se = rob_se_CRSP_ADL)
If you want view the table in the consola, change type="latex" by type="text"
# plot logarithm of dividend yield series plot(StockReturns[, 2], col = "steelblue", lwd = 2, ylab = "Logarithm", main = "Dividend Yield for CRSP Index")
Alternative link to Stock Returns: https://www.princeton.edu/~mwatson/Stock-Watson_3u/Students/EE_Datasets/Stock_Returns_1931_2002.xlsx With this data is:
StockReturns <- ts(StockReturns[, 3:4], start = c(1931, 1), end = c(2002, 12), frequency = 12)
plot(StockReturns[, 2], col = "steelblue", lwd = 2, ylab = "Logarithm", main = "Dividend Yield for CRSP Index")
And when you work with a team, you are stuck anyway with the worst possible tool that satisfies the need of the dumbest member of the team. Usually the manager.
This should be true to every team work
eLife Assessment
This important study examines how mismatched light and temperature cycles shape Drosophila locomotor timing and temperature-dependent timeless splicing, and leverages long-term early/late selection lines to probe evolutionary plasticity. The strength of evidence is incomplete at present, mainly because startle/masking under step cues could confound the behavioural readouts, and tim's involvement remains correlative. The authors should address masking in the behaviour analyses and provide causal support for tim's role.
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
This manuscript addresses an important question: how do circadian clocks adjust to a complex rhythmic environment with multiple daily rhythms? The focus is on the temperature and light cycles (TC and LD) and their phase relationship. In nature, TC usually lags the LD cycle, but the phase delay can vary depending on seasonal and daily weather conditions. The authors present evidence that circadian behavior adjusts to different TC/LD phase relationships, that temperature-sensitive tim splicing patterns might underlie some of these responses, and that artificial selection for preferential evening or morning eclosion behavior impacts how flies respond to different LD/TC phase relationship
Strength:
Experiments are conducted on control strains and strains that have been selected in the laboratory for preferential morning or evening eclosion phenotypes. This study is thus quite unique as it allows us to probe whether this artificial selection impacted how animals respond to different environmental conditions, and thus gives hints on how evolution might shape circadian oscillators and their entrainment. The authors focused on circadian locomotor behavior and timeless (tim) splicing because warm and cold-specific transcripts have been described as playing an important role in determining temperature-dependent circadian behavior. Not surprisingly, the results are complex, but there are interesting observations. In particular, the "late" strain appears to be able to adjust more efficiently its evening peak in response to changes in the phase relationship between temperature and light cycles, but the morning peak seems less responsive in this strain. Differences in the circadian pattern of expression of different tim mRNA isoforms are found under specific LD/TC conditions.
Weaknesses:
These observations are interesting, but in the absence of specific genetic manipulations, it is difficult to establish a causative link between tim molecular phenotypes and behavior. The study is thus quite descriptive. It would be worth testing available tim splicing mutants, or mutants for regulators of tim splicing, to understand in more detail and more directly how tim splicing determines behavioral adaptation to different phase relationships between temperature and light cycles. Also, I wonder whether polymorphisms in or around tim splicing sites, or in tim splicing regulators, were selected in the early or late strains.
I also have a major methodological concern. The authors studied how the evening and morning phases are adjusted under different conditions and different strains. They divided the daily cycle into 12h morning and 12h evening periods, and calculated the phase of morning and evening activity using circular statistics. However, the non-circadian "startle" responses to light or temperature transitions should have a very important impact on phase calculation, and thus at least partially obscure actual circadian morning and evening peak phase changes. Moreover, the timing of the temperature-up startle drifts with the temperature cycles, and will even shift from the morning to the evening portion of the divided daily cycle. Its amplitude also varies as a function of the LD/TC phase relationship. Note that the startle responses and their changes under different conditions will also affect SSD quantifications.
For the circadian phase, these issues seem, for example, quite obvious for the morning peak in Figure 1. According to the phase quantification on panel D, there is essentially no change in the morning phase when the temperature cycle is shifted by 6 hours compared to the LD cycle, but the behavior trace on panel B clearly shows a phase advance of morning anticipation. Comparison between the graphs on panels C and D also indicates that there are methodological caveats, as they do not correlate well.
Because of the various masking effects, phase quantification under entrainment is a thorny problem in Drosophila. I would suggest testing other measurements of anticipatory behavior to complement or perhaps supersede the current behavior analysis. For example, the authors could employ the anticipatory index used in many previous studies, measure the onset of morning or evening activity, or, if more reliable, the time at which 50% of anticipatory activity is reached. Termination of activity could also be considered. Interestingly, it seems there are clear effects on evening activity termination in Figure 3. All these methods will be impacted by startle responses under specific LD/TC phase relationships, but their combination might prove informative.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors aimed to dissect the plasticity of circadian outputs by combining evolutionary biology with chronobiology. By utilizing Drosophila strains selected for "Late" and "Early" adult emergence, they sought to investigate whether selection for developmental timing co-evolves with plasticity in daily locomotor activity. Specifically, they examined how these diverse lines respond to complex, desynchronized environmental cues (temperature and light cycles) and investigated the molecular role of the splicing factor Psi and timeless isoforms in mediating this plasticity.
Major strengths and weaknesses:
The primary strength of this work is the novel utilization of long-term selection lines to address fundamental questions about how organisms cope with complex environmental cues. The behavioral data are compelling, clearly demonstrating that "Late" and "Early" flies possess distinct capabilities to track temperature cycles when they are desynchronized from light cycles.
However, a significant weakness lies in the causal links proposed between the molecular findings and these behavioral phenotypes. The molecular insights (Figures 2, 4, 5, and 6) rely on mRNA extracted from whole heads. As head tissue is dominated by photoreceptor cells and glia rather than the specific pacemaker neurons (LNv, LNd) driving these behaviors, this approach introduces a confound. Differential splicing observed here may reflect the state of the compound eye rather than the central clock circuit, a distinction highlighted by recent studies (e.g., Ma et al., PNAS 2023).
Furthermore, while the authors report that Psi mRNA loses rhythmicity under out-of-sync conditions, this correlation does not definitively prove that Psi oscillation is required for the observed splicing patterns or behavioral plasticity. The amplitude of the reported Psi rhythm is also low (~1.5 fold) and variable, raising questions about its functional significance in the absence of manipulation experiments (such as constitutive expression) to test causality.
Appraisal of aims and conclusions:
The authors successfully demonstrate the co-evolution of emergence timing and activity plasticity, achieving their aim on the behavioral level. However, the conclusion that the specific molecular mechanism involves the loss of Psi rhythmicity driving timeless splicing changes is not yet fully supported by the data. The current evidence is correlative, and without spatial resolution (specific clock neurons) or causal manipulation, the mechanistic model remains speculative.
This study is likely to be of significant interest to the chronobiology and evolutionary biology communities as it highlights the "enhanced plasticity" of circadian clocks as an adaptive trait. The findings suggest that plasticity to phase lags - common in nature where temperature often lags light - may be a key evolutionary adaptation. Addressing the mechanistic gaps would significantly increase the utility of these findings for understanding the molecular basis of circadian plasticity.
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This study attempts to mimic in the laboratory changing seasonal phase relationships between light and temperature and determine their effects on Drosophila circadian locomotor behavior and on the underlying splicing patterns of a canonical clock gene, timeless. The results are then extended to strains that have been selected over many years for early or late circadian phase phenotypes.
Strengths:
A lot of work, and some results showing that the phasing of behavioral and molecular phenotypes is slightly altered in the predicted directions in the selected strains.
Weaknesses:
The experimental conditions are extremely artificial, with immediate light and temperature transitions compared to the gradual changes observed in nature. Studies in the wild have shown how the laboratory reveals artifacts that are not observed in nature. The behavioral and molecular effects are very small, and some of the graphs and second-order analyses of the main effects appear contradictory. Consequently, the Discussion is very speculative as it is based on such small laboratory effects
Author response:
Public Reviews:
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
This manuscript addresses an important question: how do circadian clocks adjust to a complex rhythmic environment with multiple daily rhythms? The focus is on the temperature and light cycles (TC and LD) and their phase relationship. In nature, TC usually lags the LD cycle, but the phase delay can vary depending on seasonal and daily weather conditions. The authors present evidence that circadian behavior adjusts to different TC/LD phase relationships, that temperature-sensitive tim splicing patterns might underlie some of these responses, and that artificial selection for preferential evening or morning eclosion behavior impacts how flies respond to different LD/TC phase relationship
Strength:
Experiments are conducted on control strains and strains that have been selected in the laboratory for preferential morning or evening eclosion phenotypes. This study is thus quite unique as it allows us to probe whether this artificial selection impacted how animals respond to different environmental conditions, and thus gives hints on how evolution might shape circadian oscillators and their entrainment. The authors focused on circadian locomotor behavior and timeless (tim) splicing because warm and cold-specific transcripts have been described as playing an important role in determining temperature-dependent circadian behavior. Not surprisingly, the results are complex, but there are interesting observations. In particular, the "late" strain appears to be able to adjust more efficiently its evening peak in response to changes in the phase relationship between temperature and light cycles, but the morning peak seems less responsive in this strain. Differences in the circadian pattern of expression of different tim mRNA isoforms are found under specific LD/TC conditions.
We sincerely thank the reviewer for this generous assessment and for recognizing several key strengths of our study. We are particularly gratified that the reviewer values our use of long-term laboratory-selected chronotype lines (350+ generations), which provide a unique evolutionary perspective on how artificial selection reshapes circadian responses to complex LD/TC phase relationships—precisely our core research question.
Weaknesses:
These observations are interesting, but in the absence of specific genetic manipulations, it is difficult to establish a causative link between tim molecular phenotypes and behavior. The study is thus quite descriptive. It would be worth testing available tim splicing mutants, or mutants for regulators of tim splicing, to understand in more detail and more directly how tim splicing determines behavioral adaptation to different phase relationships between temperature and light cycles. Also, I wonder whether polymorphisms in or around tim splicing sites, or in tim splicing regulators, were selected in the early or late strains.
We thank the reviewer for this insightful comment. We agree that our current data do not establish a direct causal link between tim splicing (or Psi) and behaviour, and we appreciate that some of our wording (e.g. “linking circadian gene splicing to behavioural plasticity” or describing tim splicing as a “pivotal node”) may have suggested unintended causal links. In the revision, we will (i) explicitly state in the Abstract, Introduction, and early Discussion that the main aim was to test whether selection for timing of eclosion is accompanied by correlated evolution of temperature‑dependent tim splicing patterns and evening activity plasticity under complex LD/TC regimes, and (ii) consistently describe the molecular findings as correlational and hypothesis‑generating rather than causal. We will also add phrases throughout the text to point the reader more clearly to existing passages where we already emphasize “correlated evolution” and explicitly label our mechanistic ideas as “we speculate” / “we hypothesize” and as future experiments.
We fully agree that studies using tim splicing mutants or manipulations of splicing regulators under in‑sync and out‑of‑sync LD/TC regimes will be essential to ascertain what role tim variants play under such environmental conditions, and we will highlight this as a key future direction. At the same time, we emphasize that the long‑term selection lines provide a complementary perspective to classical mutant analyses by revealing how behavioural and molecular phenotypes can exhibit correlated evolution under a specific, chronobiologically relevant selection pressure (timing of emergence).
Finally, we appreciate the suggestion regarding polymorphisms. Whole‑genome analyses of these lines in a PhD thesis from our group (Ghosh, 2022, unpublished, doctoral dissertation) reveal significant SNPs in intronic regions of timeless in both Early and Late populations, as well as SNPs in CG7879, a gene implicated in alternative mRNA splicing, in the Late line. Because these analyses are ongoing and not yet peer‑reviewed, we do not present them as main results.
I also have a major methodological concern. The authors studied how the evening and morning phases are adjusted under different conditions and different strains. They divided the daily cycle into 12h morning and 12h evening periods, and calculated the phase of morning and evening activity using circular statistics. However, the non-circadian "startle" responses to light or temperature transitions should have a very important impact on phase calculation, and thus at least partially obscure actual circadian morning and evening peak phase changes. Moreover, the timing of the temperature-up startle drifts with the temperature cycles, and will even shift from the morning to the evening portion of the divided daily cycle. Its amplitude also varies as a function of the LD/TC phase relationship. Note that the startle responses and their changes under different conditions will also affect SSD quantifications.
We thank the reviewer for this perceptive methodological concern, which we had anticipated and systematically quantified but had not included in the original submission. The reviewer is absolutely correct that non-circadian startle responses to zeitgeber transitions could confound both circular phase (CoM) calculations and SSD quantifications, particularly as TC drift creates shifting startle locations across morning/evening windows.
We will be including startle response quantification (previously conducted but unpublished) as new a Supplementary figure, systematically measuring SSD in 1-hour windows immediately following each of the four environmental transitions (lights-ON, lights-OFF, temperature rise and temperature fall) across all six LDTC regimes (2-12hr TC-LD lags) for all 12 selection lines (early<sub>1-4</sub>, control<sub>1-4</sub>, late<sub>1-4</sub>).
Author response image 1.
Startle responses in selection lines under LDTC regimes: SSD calculated to assess startle response to each of the transitions (1-hour window after the transition used for calculations). Error bars are 95% Tukey’s confidence intervals for the main effect of selection in a two-factor ANOVA design with block as a random factor. Non-overlapping error bars indicate significant differences among the values. SSD values between in-sync and out-of-sync regimes for a range of phase relationships between LD and TC cycles (A) LDTC 2-hr, (B) LDTC 4-hr, (C) LDTC 6-hr, (D) LDTC 8-hr, (E) LDTC 10-hr, (F) LDTC 12-hr.
Key findings directly addressing the reviewer's concerns:
(1) Morning phase advances in LDTC 8-12hr regimes are explained by quantified nocturnal startle activity around temperature rise transitions occurring within morning windows. Critically, these startles show no selection line differences, confirming they represent equivalent non-circadian confounds across lines.
(2) Early selection lines exhibit significantly heightened startle responses specifically to temperature rise in LDTC 4hr and 6hr regimes (early > control ≥ late), demonstrating that startle responses themselves exhibit correlated evolution with emergence timing—an important novel finding that strengthens our evolutionary story.
(3) Startle responses differed among selection lines only for the temperature rise transition under two of the regimes used, LDTC 4 hr and 6 hr regimes. Under LDTC 4 hr, temperature rise transition falls in the morning window and despite early having significantly greater startle than late, the overall morning SSD (over 12 hours morning window) did not differ significantly among the selection lines for this regime. Thus, eliminating the startle window would make the selection lines more similar to one another. On the other hand, under LDTC 6 hour regime, the startle response to temperature rise falls in the evening 12 hour window. In this case too, early showed higher startle than control and late. A higher startle in early would thus, contribute to the observed differences among selection lines. We agree with the reviewer that eliminating this startle peak would lead to a clearer interpretation of the change in circadian evening activity.
We deliberately preserved all behavioural data without filtering out startle windows since it would require arbitrary cutoffs like 1 hr, 2 hr or 3 hours post transitions or until the startle peaks declines in different selection lines under different regimes. In the revised version, we will add complementary analyses excluding the startle windows to obtain mean phase and SSD values which are unaffected by the startle responses.
For the circadian phase, these issues seem, for example, quite obvious for the morning peak in Figure 1. According to the phase quantification on panel D, there is essentially no change in the morning phase when the temperature cycle is shifted by 6 hours compared to the LD cycle, but the behavior trace on panel B clearly shows a phase advance of morning anticipation. Comparison between the graphs on panels C and D also indicates that there are methodological caveats, as they do not correlate well.
Because of the various masking effects, phase quantification under entrainment is a thorny problem in Drosophila. I would suggest testing other measurements of anticipatory behavior to complement or perhaps supersede the current behavior analysis. For example, the authors could employ the anticipatory index used in many previous studies, measure the onset of morning or evening activity, or, if more reliable, the time at which 50% of anticipatory activity is reached. Termination of activity could also be considered. Interestingly, it seems there are clear effects on evening activity termination in Figure 3. All these methods will be impacted by startle responses under specific LD/TC phase relationships, but their combination might prove informative.
We agree that phase quantification under entrained conditions in Drosophila is challenging and that anticipatory indices, onset/offset measures, and T50 metrics each have particular strengths and weaknesses. In designing our analysis, we chose to avoid metrics that require arbitrary or subjective criteria (e.g. defining activity thresholds or durations for anticipation, or visually marking onset/offset), because these can substantially affect the estimated phase and reduce comparability across regimes and genotypes. Instead, we used two fully quantitative, parameter-free measures applied to the entire waveform within defined windows: (i) SSD to capture waveform change in shape/amplitude and (ii) circular mean phase of activity (CoM) restricted to the 12 h morning and 12 h evening windows. By integrating over the entire window, these measures are less sensitive to the exact choice of threshold and to short-lived, high-amplitude startles at transitions, and they treat all bins within the window in a consistent, reproducible way across all LDTC regimes and lines. Panels C (SSD) and D (CoM) are intentionally complementary, not redundant: SSD reflects how much the waveform changes in shape and amplitude, whereas CoM reflects the timing of the center of mass of activity. Under conditions where masking alters amplitude and introduces short-lived bouts without a major shift of the main peak, it is expected that SSD and CoM will not correlate linearly across regimes.
We will be including a detailed calculation of how CoM is obtained in our methods for the revised version.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
The authors aimed to dissect the plasticity of circadian outputs by combining evolutionary biology with chronobiology. By utilizing Drosophila strains selected for "Late" and "Early" adult emergence, they sought to investigate whether selection for developmental timing co-evolves with plasticity in daily locomotor activity. Specifically, they examined how these diverse lines respond to complex, desynchronized environmental cues (temperature and light cycles) and investigated the molecular role of the splicing factor Psi and timeless isoforms in mediating this plasticity.
Major strengths and weaknesses:
The primary strength of this work is the novel utilization of long-term selection lines to address fundamental questions about how organisms cope with complex environmental cues. The behavioral data are compelling, clearly demonstrating that "Late" and "Early" flies possess distinct capabilities to track temperature cycles when they are desynchronized from light cycles.
We sincerely thank the reviewer for this enthusiastic recognition of our study's core strengths. We are particularly gratified that the reviewer highlights our novel use of long-term selection lines (350+ generations) as the primary strength, enabling us to address fundamental evolutionary questions about circadian plasticity under complex environmental cues. We thank them for identifying our behavioral data as compelling (Figs 1, 3), which robustly demonstrate selection-driven divergence in temperature cycle tracking.
However, a significant weakness lies in the causal links proposed between the molecular findings and these behavioral phenotypes. The molecular insights (Figures 2, 4, 5, and 6) rely on mRNA extracted from whole heads. As head tissue is dominated by photoreceptor cells and glia rather than the specific pacemaker neurons (LNv, LNd) driving these behaviors, this approach introduces a confound. Differential splicing observed here may reflect the state of the compound eye rather than the central clock circuit, a distinction highlighted by recent studies (e.g., Ma et al., PNAS 2023).
We thank the reviewer for highlighting this important methodological consideration. We fully agree that whole-head extracts do not provide spatial resolution to distinguish central pacemaker neurons (~100-200 total) from compound eyes and glia, and that cell-type-specific profiling represents the critical next experimental step. As mentioned in our response to Reviewer 1, we appreciate the issue with our phrasing and will be revising it accordingly to more clearly describe that we do not claim any causal connections between expression of the tim splice variants in particular circadian neurons and their contribution of the phenotype observed.
We chose whole-head extracts for practical reasons aligned with our study's specific goals:
(1) Fly numbers: Our artificially selected populations are maintained at large numbers (~1000s per line). Whole-head extracts enabled sampling ~150 flies per time point = ~600 flies per genotype per environmental, providing means to faithfully sample the variation that may exist in such randomly mating populations.
(2) Established method for characterizing splicing patterns: The majority of temperature-dependent period/timeless splicing studies have successfully used whole-head extracts (Majercak et al., 1999; Shakhmantsir et al., 2018; Martin Anduaga et al., 2019) to characterize splicing dynamics under novel conditions.
(3) Novel environmental regimes: Our primary molecular contribution was documenting timeless splicing patterns under previously untested LDTC phase relationships (TC 2-12hr lags relative to LD) and testing whether these exhibit selection-dependent differences consistent with behavioral divergence.
Furthermore, while the authors report that Psi mRNA loses rhythmicity under out-of-sync conditions, this correlation does not definitively prove that Psi oscillation is required for the observed splicing patterns or behavioral plasticity. The amplitude of the reported Psi rhythm is also low (~1.5 fold) and variable, raising questions about its functional significance in the absence of manipulation experiments (such as constitutive expression) to test causality.
We thank the reviewer for this insightful comment and appreciate that our phrasing has been misleading. We will especially pay attention to this issue, raised by two reviewers, and clearly highlight our results as correlated evolution and hypothesis-generating.
We appreciate the reviewer highlighting these points and would like to draw attention to the following points in our Discussion section:
“Psi and levels of tim-cold and tim-sc (Foley et al., 2019). We observe that this correlation is most clearly upheld under temperature cycles wherein tim-medium and Psi peak in-phase while the cold-induced transcripts start rising when Psi falls (Figure 8A1&2). Under LDTC in-sync conditions this relationship is weaker, even though Psi is rhythmic, potentially due to light-modulated factors influencing timeless splicing (Figure 8B1&2). This is in line with Psi’s established role in regulating activity phasing under TC 12:12 but not LD 12:12 (Foley et al., 2019). This is also supported by the fact that while tim-medium and tim-cold are rhythmic under LD 12:12 (Shakhmantsir et al., 2018), Psi is not (datasets from Kuintzle et al., 2017; Rodriguez et al., 2013). Assuming this to be true across genetic backgrounds and sexes and combined with our similar findings for these three transcripts under LDTC out-of-sync (Figure 2B3, D3&E3), we speculate that Psi rhythmicity may not be essential for tim-medium or tim-cold rhythmicity especially under conditions wherein light cycles are present along with temperature cycles (Figure 8C1&2). Our study opens avenues for future experiments manipulating PSI expression under varying light-temperature regimes to dissect its precise regulatory interactions. We hypothesize that flies with Psi knocked down in the clock neurons should exhibit a less pronounced shift of the evening activity under the range LDTC out-of-sync conditions for which activity is assayed in our study. On the other hand, its overexpression should cause larger delays in response to delayed temperature cycles due to the increased levels of tim-medium translating into delay in TIM protein accumulation.”
Appraisal of aims and conclusions:
The authors successfully demonstrate the co-evolution of emergence timing and activity plasticity, achieving their aim on the behavioral level. However, the conclusion that the specific molecular mechanism involves the loss of Psi rhythmicity driving timeless splicing changes is not yet fully supported by the data. The current evidence is correlative, and without spatial resolution (specific clock neurons) or causal manipulation, the mechanistic model remains speculative.
This study is likely to be of significant interest to the chronobiology and evolutionary biology communities as it highlights the "enhanced plasticity" of circadian clocks as an adaptive trait. The findings suggest that plasticity to phase lags - common in nature where temperature often lags light - may be a key evolutionary adaptation. Addressing the mechanistic gaps would significantly increase the utility of these findings for understanding the molecular basis of circadian plasticity.
Thank you for this thoughtful appraisal affirming our successful demonstration of co-evolution between emergence timing and circadian activity plasticity.
Reviewer #3 (Public review):
Summary:
This study attempts to mimic in the laboratory changing seasonal phase relationships between light and temperature and determine their effects on Drosophila circadian locomotor behavior and on the underlying splicing patterns of a canonical clock gene, timeless. The results are then extended to strains that have been selected over many years for early or late circadian phase phenotypes.
Strengths:
A lot of work, and some results showing that the phasing of behavioural and molecular phenotypes is slightly altered in the predicted directions in the selected strains.
We thank the reviewer for acknowledging the substantial experimental effort across 7 environmental regimes (6 LDTC phase relationships + LDTC in-phase), 12 replicate populations (early<sub>1-4</sub>, control<sub>1-4</sub>, late<sub>1-4</sub>), and comprehensive behavioural + molecular phenotyping.
Weaknesses:
The experimental conditions are extremely artificial, with immediate light and temperature transitions compared to the gradual changes observed in nature. Studies in the wild have shown how the laboratory reveals artifacts that are not observed in nature. The behavioural and molecular effects are very small, and some of the graphs and second-order analyses of the main effects appear contradictory. Consequently, the Discussion is very speculative as it is based on such small laboratory effects.
We thank the reviewer for these important points regarding ecological validity, effect sizes, and interpretation scope.
(1) Behavioural effects are robust across population replicates in selection lines (not small/weak)
Our study assayed 12 populations total (4 replicate populations each of early, control, and late selection lines) under 7 LDTC regimes. Critically, selection effects were consistent across all 4 replicate populations within each selection line for every condition tested. In these randomly mating large populations, the mixed model ANOVA reveals highly significant selection×regime interactions [F(5,45)=4.1, p=0.003; Fig 3E, Table S2], demonstrating strong, replicated evolutionary divergence in evening temperature sensitivity.
(2) Molecular effects test critical evolutionary hypothesis
As stated in our Introduction, "selection can shape circadian gene splicing and temperature responsiveness" (Low et al., 2008, 2012). Our laboratory-selected chronotype populations—known to exhibit evolved temperature responsiveness (Abhilash et al., 2019, 2020; Nikhil et al., 2014; Vaze et al., 2012)—provide an apt system to test whether selection for temporal niche leads to divergence in timeless splicing. With ~600 heads per environmental regime per selection line, we detect statistically robust, selection line-specific temporal profiles [early4 advanced timeless phase (Fig 4A4); late4 prolonged tim-cold (Fig 5A4); significant regime×selection×time interactions (Tables S3-S5)], providing initial robust evidence of correlated molecular evolution under novel LDTC regimes.
(3) Systematic design fills critical field gap
Artificial conditions like LD/DD have been useful in revealing fundamental zeitgeber principles. Our systematic 2-12hr TC-LD lags directly implement Pittendrigh & Bruce (1959) + Oda & Friesen (2011) validated design, which discuss how such experimental designs can provide a more comprehensive understanding of zeitgeber integration compared to studies with only one phase jump between two zeitgebers.
(4) Ramping regimes as essential next step
Gradual ramping regimes better mimic nature and represent critical future experiments. New Discussion addition in the revised version: "Ramping LDTC regimes can test whether selection-specific zeitgeber hierarchy persists under naturalistic gradients." While ramping experiments are essential, we would like to emphasize that we aimed to use this experimental design as a tool to test if evening activity exhibits greater temperature sensitivity and if this property of the circadian system can undergo correlated evolution upon selection for timing of eclosion/emergence.
(5) New startle quantification addresses masking
Our startle quantification (which will be added as a new supplementary figure) confirms circadian evening tracking persists despite quantified, selection-independent masking in most of the regimes.
bullshit
I hate to be that person, but when I read the title and this section, it took me by surprise. Personally, it does not give off "professionalism" and instead gives off "I'm trying to be cool with my modern language" vibes.
Languagingand ethnifyingaremanipulable,performedandimagined,and yet important.zeeand ethnifyingareimpactedbyglobalization andalso bytheocal.3.Languagingandethnifyingcanbedisruptedorsupportedbyeducation.
I thought these three summarized points were important to highlight because it shows the hard meanings drawn in the article.
languages may not only be ‘markers of identity’ butalso sites of resistance, empowerment, solidarity or discrimination.
More support of the power behind language
The ability “to language” and “to ethnify”is precisely then the most important signifying role of human beings—that whichgives life meaning.
language gives life meaning
“thus firm, non-porous and relatively inelastic ethnic boundaries, many of whichwere highly arbitrary, came to be constructed and were then strengthened by thegrowth of stereotypes of ‘the other.’
This quote from Vail (1991:12), supports the claim that it was missionaries and colonial officers who imposed these 'invented' monolithic languages. Vail states that even though the things being imposed were arbitrary or out of the norm they are still strengthened and in tuen evolve through time.
contributors to this volume have used languageand ethnicity practices as the lens to study important processes of how individ-uals and groups have transformed themselves or remained the same by makinglanguaging practices the focal center of our acts of identity.
This statement really shows the type of power having a voice has. It gives the person an 'identity'
Exeunt MONTAGUE and LADY MONTAGUE] Benvolio. Good-morrow, cousin. Romeo. Is the day so young? Benvolio. But new struck nine. Romeo. Ay me! sad hours seem long. 185Was that my father that went hence so fast? Benvolio. It was. What sadness lengthens Romeo's hours? Romeo. Not having that, which, having, makes them short. Benvolio. In love? Romeo. Out— 190 Benvolio. Of love? Romeo. Out of her favour, where I am in love. Benvolio. Alas, that love, so gentle in his view, Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof! Romeo. Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, 195Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here? Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Here's much to do with hate, but more with love. Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! 200O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! serious vanity! Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! 205Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Dost thou not laugh? Benvolio. No, coz, I rather weep.
Romeo finally walks in but Benvolio notices Romeo’s gloom and tries to find out what’s wrong.
[Enter ROMEO] Benvolio. See, where he comes: so please you, step aside; I'll know his grievance, or be much denied. Montague. I would thou wert so happy by thy stay, To hear true shrift. Come, madam, let's away. 180 [Exeunt MONTAGUE and LADY MONTAGUE] Benvolio. Good-morrow, cousin. Romeo. Is the day so young? Benvolio. But new struck nine. Romeo. Ay me! sad hours seem long. 185Was that my father that went hence so fast? Benvolio. It was. What sadness lengthens Romeo's hours? Romeo. Not having that, which, having, makes them short. Benvolio. In love? Romeo. Out— 190 Benvolio. Of love? Romeo. Out of her favour, where I am in love. Benvolio. Alas, that love, so gentle in his view, Should be so tyrannous and rough in proof! Romeo. Alas, that love, whose view is muffled still, 195Should, without eyes, see pathways to his will! Where shall we dine? O me! What fray was here? Yet tell me not, for I have heard it all. Here's much to do with hate, but more with love. Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! 200O any thing, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! serious vanity! Mis-shapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health! 205Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is! This love feel I, that feel no love in this. Dost thou not laugh? Benvolio. No, coz, I rather weep. Romeo. Good heart, at what? 210 Benvolio. At thy good heart's oppression. Romeo. Why, such is love's transgression. Griefs of mine own lie heavy in my breast, Which thou wilt propagate, to have it prest With more of thine: this love that thou hast shown 215Doth add more grief to too much of mine own. Love is a smoke raised with the fume of sighs; Being purged, a fire sparkling in lovers' eyes; Being vex'd a sea nourish'd with lovers' tears: What is it else? a madness most discreet, 220A choking gall and a preserving sweet. Farewell, my coz. Benvolio. Soft! I will go along; An if you leave me so, you do me wrong. Romeo. Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; 225This is not Romeo, he's some other where. Benvolio. Tell me in sadness, who is that you love. Romeo. What, shall I groan and tell thee? Benvolio. Groan! why, no. But sadly tell me who. 230 Romeo. Bid a sick man in sadness make his will: Ah, word ill urged to one that is so ill! In sadness, cousin, I do love a woman. Benvolio. I aim'd so near, when I supposed you loved. Romeo. A right good mark-man! And she's fair I love. 235 Benvolio. A right fair mark, fair coz, is soonest hit. Romeo. Well, in that hit you miss: she'll not be hit With Cupid's arrow; she hath Dian's wit; And, in strong proof of chastity well arm'd, From love's weak childish bow she lives unharm'd. 240She will not stay the siege of loving terms, Nor bide the encounter of assailing eyes, Nor ope her lap to saint-seducing gold: O, she is rich in beauty, only poor, That when she dies with beauty dies her store. 245 Benvolio. Then she hath sworn that she will still live chaste? Romeo. She hath, and in that sparing makes huge waste, For beauty starved with her severity Cuts beauty off from all posterity. She is too fair, too wise, wisely too fair, 250To merit bliss by making me despair: She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow Do I live dead that live to tell it now. Benvolio. Be ruled by me, forget to think of her. Romeo. O, teach me how I should forget to think. 255 Benvolio. By giving liberty unto thine eyes; Examine other beauties. Romeo. 'Tis the way To call hers exquisite, in question more: These happy masks that kiss fair ladies' brows 260Being black put us in mind they hide the fair; He that is strucken blind cannot forget The precious treasure of his eyesight lost: Show me a mistress that is passing fair, What doth her beauty serve, but as a note 265Where I may read who pass'd that passing fair? Farewell: thou canst not teach me to forget. Benvolio. I'll pay that doctrine, or else die in debt. [Exeunt]
Before going any further, My hypothesis is that Romeo's reason for feeling down has something to do with love.
Montague. I neither know it nor can learn of him. Benvolio. Have you importuned him by any means? 165 Montague. Both by myself and many other friends: But he, his own affections' counsellor, Is to himself—I will not say how true— But to himself so secret and so close, So far from sounding and discovery, 170As is the bud bit with an envious worm, Ere he can spread his sweet leaves to the air, Or dedicate his beauty to the sun. Could we but learn from whence his sorrows grow. We would as willingly give cure as know.
I wonder what problem's Romeo is facing that makes him want to isolate himself.
You Capulet; shall go along with me: And, Montague, come you this afternoon, 120To know our further pleasure in this case, To old Free-town, our common judgment-place. Once more, on pain of death, all men depart. [Exeunt all but MONTAGUE, LADY MONTAGUE, and BENVOLIO] Montague. Who set this ancient quarrel new abroach? 125Speak, nephew, were you by when it began? Benvolio. Here were the servants of your adversary, And yours, close fighting ere I did approach: I drew to part them: in the instant came The fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepared, 130Which, as he breathed defiance to my ears, He swung about his head and cut the winds, Who nothing hurt withal hiss'd him in scorn: While we were interchanging thrusts and blows, Came more and more and fought on part and part, 135Till the prince came, who parted either part. Lady Montague. O, where is Romeo? saw you
Benvolio explains that the servants of both houses started fighting first. He tried to stop them, but then Tybalt being the hot head he is, came and attacked him he later gets asked by Lady Montague if he was involved in the fight which he wasnt
Exeunt all but MONTAGUE, LADY MONTAGUE, and BENVOLIO] Montague. Who set this ancient quarrel new abroach? 125Speak, nephew, were you by when it began? Benvolio. Here were the servants of your adversary, And yours, close fighting ere I did approach: I drew to part them: in the instant came The fiery Tybalt, with his sword prepared, 130Which, as he breathed defiance to my ears, He swung about his head and cut the winds, Who nothing hurt withal hiss'd him in scorn: While we were interchanging thrusts and blows, Came more and more and fought on part and part, 135Till the prince came, who parted either part. Lady Montague. O, where is Romeo? saw you him to-day? Right glad I am he was not at this fray. Benvolio. Madam, an hour before the worshipp'd sun Peer'd forth the golden window of the east, 140A troubled mind drave me to walk abroad; Where, underneath the grove of sycamore That westward rooteth from the city's side, So early walking did I see your son: Towards him I made, but he was ware of me 145And stole into the covert of the wood: I, measuring his affections by my own, That most are busied when they're most alone, Pursued my humour not pursuing his, And gladly shunn'd who gladly fled from me.
Montague is asking who started the fight
Prince Escalus. Rebellious subjects, enemies to peace, Profaners of this neighbour-stained steel,— Will they not hear? What, ho! you men, you beasts, That quench the fire of your pernicious rage With purple fountains issuing from your veins, 105On pain of torture, from those bloody hands Throw your mistemper'd weapons to the ground, And hear the sentence of your moved prince. Three civil brawls, bred of an airy word, By thee, old Capulet, and Montague, 110Have thrice disturb'd the quiet of our streets, And made Verona's ancient citizens Cast by their grave beseeming ornaments, To wield old partisans, in hands as old, Canker'd with peace, to part your canker'd hate: 115If ever you disturb our streets again, Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace. For this time, all the rest depart away: You Capulet; shall go along with me: And, Montague, come you this afternoon, 120To know our further pleasure in this case, To old Free-town, our common judgment-place. Once more, on pain of death, all men depart.
Prince Escalus is letting them know their actions are causing a huge disturbance.
Enter BENVOLIO] Benvolio. Part, fools! Put up your swords; you know not what you do. [Beats down their swords] [Enter TYBALT] Tybalt. What, art thou drawn among these heartless hinds? 80Turn thee, Benvolio, look upon thy death. Benvolio. I do but keep the peace: put up thy sword, Or manage it to part these men with me. Tybalt. What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word, As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee: 85Have at thee, coward! [They fight] [Enter, several of both houses, who join the fray; then enter Citizens, with clubs]
Why doesnt Tybalt like peace?
Sampson. Gregory, o' my word, we'll not carry coals. Gregory. No, for then we should be colliers. Sampson. I mean, an we be in choler, we'll draw. Gregory. Ay, while you live, draw your neck out o' the collar. 20 Sampson. I strike quickly, being moved. Gregory. But thou art not quickly moved to strike. Sampson. A dog of the house of Montague moves me. Gregory. To move is to stir; and to be valiant is to stand: therefore, if thou art moved, thou runn'st away. 25 Sampson. A dog of that house shall move me to stand: I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's. Gregory. That shows thee a weak slave; for the weakest goes to the wall. Sampson. True; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels, 30are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push Montague's men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Gregory. The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. Sampson. 'Tis all one, I will show myself a tyrant: when I 35have fought with the men, I will be cruel with the maids, and cut off their heads. Gregory. The heads of the maids? Sampson. Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads; take it in what sense thou wilt. 40 Gregory. They must take it in sense that feel it. Sampson. Me they shall feel while I am able to stand: and 'tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh. Gregory. 'Tis well thou art not fish; if thou hadst, thou hadst been poor John. Draw thy tool! here comes 45two of the house of the Montagues. Sampson. My naked weapon is out: quarrel, I will back thee. Gregory. How! turn thy back and run? Sampson. Fear me not. Gregory. No, marry; I fear thee! 50 Sampson. Let us take the law of our sides; let them begin. Gregory. I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as they list. Sampson. Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it.
Proving he's the "stronger" or "better" servant does nothing for Sampson as the people he's trying to compete against fall in the same category as him already. Us human's tend to seek completion with the urge to prove ourselves when there is no need to.
Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it.
Sampson wants a fight but would prefer the other side to start it. I'm assuming "biting my thumb" is a form of insult used back then and he will do this to get the reaction he wants out of the other servants.
Sampson. Gregory, o' my word, we'll not carry coals. Gregory. No, for then we should be colliers. Sampson. I mean, an we be in choler, we'll draw. Gregory. Ay, while you live, draw your neck out o' the collar. 20 Sampson. I strike quickly, being moved. Gregory. But thou art not quickly moved to strike. Sampson. A dog of the house of Montague moves me. Gregory. To move is to stir; and to be valiant is to stand: therefore, if thou art moved, thou runn'st away. 25 Sampson. A dog of that house shall move me to stand: I will take the wall of any man or maid of Montague's. Gregory. That shows thee a weak slave; for the weakest goes to the wall. Sampson. True; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels, 30are ever thrust to the wall: therefore I will push Montague's men from the wall, and thrust his maids to the wall. Gregory. The quarrel is between our masters and us their men. Sampson. 'Tis all one, I will show myself a tyrant: when I 35have fought with the men, I will be cruel with the maids, and cut off their heads. Gregory. The heads of the maids? Sampson. Ay, the heads of the maids, or their maidenheads; take it in what sense thou wilt. 40 Gregory. They must take it in sense that feel it. Sampson. Me they shall feel while I am able to stand: and 'tis known I am a pretty piece of flesh. Gregory. 'Tis well thou art not fish; if thou hadst, thou hadst been poor John. Draw thy tool! here comes 45two of the house of the Montagues. Sampson. My naked weapon is out: quarrel, I will back thee. Gregory. How! turn thy back and run? Sampson. Fear me not. Gregory. No, marry; I fear thee! 50 Sampson. Let us take the law of our sides; let them begin. Gregory. I will frown as I pass by, and let them take it as they list. Sampson. Nay, as they dare. I will bite my thumb at them; which is a disgrace to them, if they bear it.
Sampson is purposely being aggressive with the other servants with the intention to get under their skin forcing them to make a wrong move to where his reaction wont make him be in the wrong.
True; and therefore women, being the weaker vessels, 30are ever thrust to the wall
Discrimination against women was a lot more accepted during this time of writing than it is today.
Ministry of Justice advised entities (ZBO's, UO's) to reconsider usage of Zivver, after FTM published investigative work into Kiteworks. IND as UO of the Ministry of Justice decided to leave Zivver, effective in 2026
Civio sued the Spanish gov for transparency of BOSCO, an algorithm on deciding energy poverty vouchers, in 2018. Supreme court has sided with them in #2025/09 ordering the release of source code.
hackers posting publicly th
This part of the reading reminds me of the leak from the Tea app, which was an app where women could upload their IDs to verify their gender and then share information about male romantic partners. The server/database of information was left completely opened and unprotected by the creator, who had no background knowledge in cybersecurity.
How comfortable are you with Google knowing (whether correctly or not) those things about you?
It might be overly cynical of me, but I can't help but feel blasé about how much data Google has collected on me. I feel at this point that cybersecurity is so hard to obtain for the average person, and I've almost given up.
Reviewer #1: This manuscript addresses a highly relevant public health issue. Overall the manuscript is well-structured and presents important findings however, a few refinements could enhance clarity. Specifically, the discussion could be strengthened by drawing clearer implications for policy and scalability,how lessons from high-fidelity can be adapted to low fidelity settings. Adding explanatory footnotes to some of the tables and ensuring that figures and tables, supporting materials are properly referenced intext .
Reviewer #2: This manuscript addresses an important and understudied implementation science topic: implementation fidelity of tuberculosis (TB) screening among diabetes mellitus (DM) patients in routine care settings in Tanzania. The topic is relevant to TB–DM collaborative activities and aligns well with global priorities. However, several substantive issues need to be addressed before the findings can be interpreted with confidence.
Sampling strategy There is a lack of clarity and internal consistency between the sampling strategy described in the Methods and the way provider numbers are reported in the Results. The Methods indicate that 2–4 healthcare providers were selected per facility using proportional allocation and simple random sampling, yet Table 1 reports aggregate numbers by facility type (e.g., dispensary, health centre, hospital) without indicating how many providers were recruited from each of the 20 facilities. This makes it difficult to assess representativeness and raises concerns about clustering (e.g., whether multiple providers came from the same facility). The authors should clearly report the number of participants recruited per facility, ideally in a supplementary table, and explain how the stated sampling strategy was operationalised.
Outcome definition and interpretation The primary outcome is provider-level implementation fidelity, measured through self-reported adherence to TB screening guideline components. However, the Results and Discussion repeatedly imply patient-level screening coverage (e.g., statements suggesting that a certain proportion of DM patients were screened for TB). No patient-level numerator or denominator is presented, and the Methods do not describe record review or observation. The authors should consistently frame the outcome as provider-level fidelity, revise language that implies patient screening coverage, and explicitly acknowledge the absence of patient-level screening data as a limitation if such data were not collected.
Unsupported causal explanations The Discussion attributes low implementation fidelity (17%) to factors such as lack of integrated TB–DM training and provider role allocation, yet these explanations are not adequately supported by the study data. Training does not appear to remain significant in adjusted analyses, and several explanatory statements are not referenced. In addition, the Discussion suggests that degree-holding providers may focus on administrative duties, while the Methods state that staff in administrative roles were excluded from the study. These contradictions should be resolved, and causal language should be softened or removed where not directly supported by evidence.
Discussion focus The Discussion begins by restating the study’s aim and strengths rather than clearly summarising the key findings. Several paragraphs repeat results or focus heavily on comparisons with other studies, with limited interpretation of what the findings mean for the Ubungo or Tanzanian primary care context. The Discussion would be strengthened by focusing on (i) the most poorly implemented screening components, (ii) why dispensaries showed lower fidelity, and (iii) the implications for TB–DM integration, supervision, and training in similar settings.
Statistical reporting The analytical approach (modified Poisson regression) is appropriate for the outcome, but there appear to be potential reporting errors (e.g., confidence intervals in Table 4 where bounds appear inconsistent). These should be carefully checked. In addition, typographical errors (e.g., “modified poison regression”) should be corrected.
Limitations section The limitations are acknowledged; however, they could be more clearly framed from an implementation science perspective, including reliance on self-reported practices, absence of observational or record-based verification, and the cross-sectional design limiting causal inference.
Reviewer #1: PLOS Global Public Health ECONOMIC AND HEALTH IMPACTS OF BOVINE TUBERCULOSIS ON RURAL ZAMBIAN COMMUNITIES
General Assessment This manuscript addresses a relevant and timely topic, exploring the economic and health impacts of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) on rural communities in Zambia through a mixed-methods approach. The work is valuable and provides important insights into the socioeconomic vulnerabilities associated with bTB. However, several areas require clarification and strengthening to enhance the scientific robustness and public health relevance of the study.
Major Comments 1. Missing epidemiological context on zoonotic TB in humans The manuscript discusses the public health implications of bTB but does not provide available data on M. bovis infection prevalence in humans at: • national level, • district level (Lundazi and Monze), • or from comparable regions in sub-Saharan Africa. To address this gap, please consider integrating key global references on zoonotic TB, such as: • WHO (2017). Roadmap for Zoonotic tuberculosis https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241513043 • Olea-Popelka, F., & Fujiwara, P. I. (2018). Building a Multi-Institutional and Interdisciplinary Team to Develop a Zoonotic Tuberculosis Roadmap. Frontiers in Public Health, 6, 167. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2018.00167/full Including these references will help contextualize the burden of zoonotic TB and strengthen the public health discussion and better support conclusions.
Public health implications are underdeveloped While the economic impact of bTB is well described, the public health dimension is comparatively limited. The manuscript would benefit from: • more explicit discussion of zoonotic risks for different demographic groups, • potential barriers to diagnosis and reporting of M. bovis in rural healthcare settings, • implications for One Health surveillance. This would provide a more balanced interpretation aligned with the study objectives.
Limited comparison with existing literature The discussion currently focuses mainly on East and Southern Africa. It would be helpful to cite global and regional reviews addressing the wildlife–livestock–human interface, which is central to bTB epidemiology in Zambia. Please consider adding: De GARINE-WICHATITSKY M, CARON A, KOCK R, et al. 2013 (Cambridge): A review of bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife–livestock–human interface in sub-Saharan Africa https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/epidemiology-and-infection/article/review-of-bovine-tuberculosis-at-the-wildlifelivestockhuman-interface-in-subsaharan-africa/19D207B4D88531AB03A96FEF7BF6F95E Munyeme et al. (2011). A Review of Bovine Tuberculosis in the Kafue Basin Ecosystem https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3087610/ These references are particularly relevant given the role of Kafue lechwe as a reservoir species and the importance of studying disease dynamics at the domestic–wildlife–human interface.
Interpretation of increased vulnerability in elderly respondents The interpretation that elderly individuals are more affected because of reduced immunity and lower awareness requires careful qualification. While it is plausible that older adults may be more likely to progress to clinical disease due to immunosenescence, the study did not include any diagnostic testing for M. bovis infection in humans. Without diagnostic data, such as tuberculin skin testing (e.g., the Mantoux test), interferon-gamma release assays, or microbiological confirmation, the study cannot infer the true prevalence of mycobacteria infection across age groups. It is important to acknowledge that younger individuals may have similar or even higher infection rates but remain asymptomatic due to a more effective immune response. Thus, the distinction between: • infection prevalence (which requires diagnostic testing), and • clinical disease expression (more common in immunosuppressed or elderly individuals) should be clearly stated to avoid overinterpretation of the findings.
Methodological clarifications required Several methodological details require further explanation: • Clarify whether “strong cough” and “diseased animals” were self-reported or confirmed by veterinary staff. • Consider discussing potential confounders affecting milk/meat yield (other diseases, nutrition, seasonality). • Income calculations assume fixed milk prices; please comment on possible seasonal or regional/geographic price variability. Addressing these points will improve methodological transparency.
Minor Comments 1. Some sections require language editing to improve clarity and flow. 2. Figures and tables would benefit from clearer captions and more detailed descriptions. 3. A brief description of cattle management systems in Lundazi and Monze would provide useful context for interpreting transmission risks. 4. The Discussion could better highlight the value added by the mixed-methods approach. 5. You may consider revising the reference list, as several entries appear duplicated. Specifically, the following references are listed more than once: Demetriou 2020 (Refs. 23 and 26) Oloya et al. (Refs. 29 and 37) Ameni et al. (Refs. 30, 38, and 45) Kansiime et al. (Refs. 28 and 36) Kazwala et al. (Refs. 32 and 39) Mfinanga et al. (Refs. 33 and 40) Duguma et al. (Refs. 34 and 41) Kassa et al. (Refs. 35 and 42) Additionally, two reviews by Tschopp (Refs. 18 and 24) appear very similar and may need verification to confirm they are distinct publications. A careful review of the reference list is recommended to avoid redundancy and improve clarity.
Overall Recommendation The manuscript provides useful insights but requires substantial revisions. Strengthening the epidemiological context, integrating key references, and refining the public health discussion will significantly improve the impact and clarity of the work and enhance its contribution to PLOS Global Public Health.
39 percent of college freshmen reported reading nothing for pleasure in a week.
As a college student, I feel that the reason why college students are less likely to read for pleasure is because they have no free time to do so.
What’s more, the American survey for 2018 found that all three younger age cohorts managed to fit in at least two hours of television-watching daily.
I noticed that adults ages 20-34 have primarily lower reading time, and I infer the reasoning behind that to be that since most of them are outside of school, they don't use any of their free time to read because they don't need to.
As U.S. children move from lower to middle to high school, their overall amount of pleasure reading (on average) declines.
As we discussed prior in class, there are many factors to this. One big factor is the usage of social media growing.
Because often we romanticize print reading, instinctively leading us to judge reading onscreen as lacking.
I have noticed the negative connotation to digital print, within peers and even educators.
the writer
Who is "the writer"
This is the full workflow diagram. First, each molecule has a universal adapter + sample barcode ligated to each 5' end. Then, only 1 strand of each molecule is amplified using GSP1 (which is pretty nonspecific amplification) and a universal adapter primer over 10 PCR cycles. The resulting molecules should have a PCR multiplexing tag on the end, I guess. Then, only 1 strand of each amplified molecule is amplified using GSP2 (which is super selective) and a universal adapter primer over 10-14 PCR cycles. The resulting molecules should have a second adapter sequence by the end. An indexing primer is then attached to the second adapter sequence of each molecule.
This matters in policymaking, as it frames an argument that laws and rights afforded to humans should also be applied to machines carrying out automated processes.
These myths matter in policymaking because they can lead people to believe machines deserve the same rights or freedoms as humans.
Given their origins, these myths inevitably skew to the techno side of techno-social equilibrium. They pollinate the social imagination with metaphors that lead to conclusions, and those conclusions shape a collective understanding. But if we want a socially oriented future for technology, we need myths that animate the social imagination of technology rather than overwrite it.
This paragraph talks about that these myths focus too much on technology itself and ignore social impacts. These ideas shape how society thinks about technology.
There’s a competing set of interests at play: New technologies need simple metaphors to thrive, but simple metaphors aim to reduce complexity. Meanwhile, corporate boardrooms and founders believe in (or at least invest in) compelling myths and reward communications specialists for reinforcing these myths amongst consumers.
The author explains a tension that the technology needs simple explanations to spread, but those explanations often hide complexity. Companies invest in these myths because they help attract consumers.
documentation of the Keeping API. Tested it in Postman already, see [[Keeping Ton API token]] ao. - [ ] vraag #teamfinance wat we uit die API zouden willen halen voor onze interne info.
Heading Upstairs With Roy Lichtenstein<br /> by [[Deborah Solomon]] in The New York Times<br /> accessed on 2026-02-05T09:42:59
And please note that the figures in the Schlemmer are walking up the staircase. Upward movement in art often hints at lofty belief, as in, say, Titian’s “Assumption of the Virgin” or Barnett Newman’s emphatically vertical “zips.” Downward motion, by contrast, can evoke Dada irreverence and, in particular, Marcel Duchamp’s “Nude Descending a Staircase,” the Cubist painting that created a brouhaha at the Armory Show of 1913 because neither a nude nor the alleged staircase could be located in its welter of tilting planes.
But a generation ago, corporations turned to art to burnish their reputations and acquire a patina of class. Art sponsorship was seen as good business, a mark of prestige, a win-win, not something that took up too much space in the lobby or was too elitist to appeal to customers.
Lichtenstein, a pioneer of postmodern recycling, swiped the subject of his mural from a beloved masterpiece of German painting — Oskar Schlemmer’s “Bauhaus Stairway,” of 1932, which is owned by the Museum of Modern Art. The painting depicts an actual staircase at the Bauhaus, the progressive art school that opened in Weimar, Germany, in 1919, and exemplified the modern movement at its most extroverted and techno-friendly. Artists claimed a bond with designers and engineers and set out to repair the world.
The variants confirmed in this family were MYH7-A934V and MYH7-E1387K (Fig. 3A).
Variants that cause HCM.
Words like “reverse,” “remand,” and “vacate” meanthat the higher court thought the lower court had it wrong.
What's the rationale behind reversing a decision vs remanding it? Isn't reversing a decision also saying that the lower court had it wrong?
"!(2>3) + 2
!(2>3) + 0:5
z <- (1 > 2)
is.logical(z)
Consulta realizada correctamente
These examples demonstrate how R handles "conflicts" between different types of operations and how it manages collections of data (vectors). 1. !(2>3) + 2 → FALSE
This is another result of Operator Precedence. In R, the addition operator (+) is much stronger than the negation operator (!).
What you expect: NOT (2 > 3) is NOT FALSE, which is TRUE. Then TRUE + 2 should be 3.
What R does: It groups the + 2 with the expression immediately to its left.
First, it evaluates the comparison: (2 > 3) is FALSE.
Now the expression is !FALSE + 2.
Because + happens before !, R calculates FALSE + 2 first.
FALSE is coerced to 0. So, 0 + 2 = 2.
Finally, it applies the negation: !2.
In R, any non-zero number is treated as TRUE for logical operations. Therefore, NOT 2 (NOT TRUE) becomes FALSE.
This uses the same precedence rule but adds Vectorization into the mix.
Step-by-Step:
2 > 3 is FALSE.
0:5 creates a vector: c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
R evaluates the addition first: FALSE + c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
FALSE becomes 0, and is added to every number in the vector (Recycling). Result: c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Now R applies ! to that entire vector: !c(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
The Result:
!0 is TRUE (because 0 is the only "False" number).
!1, !2, !3, etc., are all FALSE (because non-zero numbers are "True").
This is the simplest case because of the Parentheses.
The parentheses force R to finish the comparison (1 > 2) before doing anything else.
1 > 2 is strictly a logical comparison, so the result stored in z is the logical value FALSE.
Since z is a "logical" data type, is.logical(z) correctly returns TRUE.
The Golden Rule for R Logic
If you are combining a logical test (!, >, ==) with an arithmetic operation (+, *, /), always wrap your logical test in parentheses.
Bad: !x + y (Does !(x+y))
Good: (!x) + y (Does (Not x) + y)
"!(1>2) * 3
3 * !(1>2)
This is a classic "trap" in the R language caused by Operator Precedence. It’s the coding equivalent of the math rule that multiplication comes before addition (BODMAS), but with a twist that is unique to R.
Here is exactly why those two lines give different results: 1. !(1>2) * 3 → TRUE
In R, the multiplication operator (*) has a higher precedence than the negation operator (!).
The Math: R doesn't see "Not (1 > 2), then times 3." Instead, it groups the * and the ! together in a way that prioritizes the multiplication first.
The Step-by-Step:
First, it evaluates the comparison: (1 > 2) is FALSE.
Now the expression is !FALSE * 3.
Because * is stronger than !, R tries to do FALSE * 3 first.
As we discussed, FALSE is converted to 0. So, 0 * 3 is 0.
Finally, it applies the ! to that result: !0.
In R, any number that is exactly 0 is FALSE, and anything else is TRUE. Therefore, !0 becomes TRUE.
When you flip the order, the grouping changes because the ! is now tucked inside the operation differently.
The Step-by-Step:
First, it evaluates the comparison: (1 > 2) is FALSE.
Now the expression is 3 * !FALSE.
R evaluates the negation: !FALSE is TRUE.
Now the expression is 3 * TRUE.
R converts TRUE to 1 for the computation: 3 * 1 is 3.
How to avoid this confusion
The "Safe Way" is to always use parentheses around your logical negations if you plan to do math with them. This forces R to do exactly what you want: R
(!(1 > 2)) * 3
Pro Tip: In the R terminal, you can type ?Syntax to see the full list of which operators are "stronger" than others. You'll see that * and / are way up at the top, while ! is surprisingly far down!
Note that the logical data type objects are automatically converted to a ‘numeric’ type when used inside a computation: TRUE is replaced by 1 and FALSE by 0.2 2
Why isn't FALSE simply 0?
A relapse to old conditions would be disastrous to both-not the least so to him who serves-and would sweep away civilization with it. …
No on is suggesting a relapse into old conditions. Not moving forward because the past was bad makes no sense. I think Carnegie would get along well with Dolores Umbridge. "Progress for progress's sake must be discouraged."
The conditions of human life have not only been changed, but revolutionized, within the past few hundred years. In former days there was little difference between the dwelling, dress, food, and environment of the chief and those of his retainers. . . . The contrast between the palace of the millionaire and the cottage of the laborer with us today measures the change which has come with civilization. This change, however, is not to be deplored, but welcomed as highly beneficial. It is well, nay, essential for the progress of the race, that the houses of some should be homes for all that is highest and best in literature and the arts, and for all the refinements of civilization, rather than that none should be so.
Ridiculous. He states that a few living in absoulote luxury while the rest live in squalor is better than everyone living in squalor. A fair point - IF those were the only two options. Assuming that they are is a logical fallacy.
That trend could help explain what has been to datean asymmetry in polarization, where congressional Republicans have moved right fasterthan liberals have moved left
Because fewer democrats are turning out to the primary. Interesting idea that we condone the polarization in a way.
The set of people who turn out to vote in Republican primaries are now moreconservative than before, and the set of people who turn out to vote in Democratic pri-maries are more liberal.
Leading to more extreme leaders (polarization)
As theDemocratic and Republican parties became more homogenous, they sent clearer signals tovoters in the rest of the country.
But why was the south a model?
conservatives in the non-South sorted more thoroughlyinto the Republican Party
Afraid they would be left behind? Ask in class
mirroring thedivergence starting in the South a decade earlier.
But why?
Polarization
Polarization in the non-south happens after the southern flip
Sorting only
Mostly people are aggressively sorting into their parties, identifying with these politics and so on. The rise of identity based politics.
"Almost overnight, comics were brought down to a level appropriate only for the youngest or dimmest of readers,"
"Dimmest of readers" not to be offensive but this illustrates the point of keeping people uninformed.