Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript presents a very nice and very detailed approach to illustrate the anatomical hierarchies and also some differences of signal transmission in the olfactory vs. thermosensory-/hygrosensory systems.

The authors first provide a complete description of the Drosophila olfactory system, from first, second and third-order neurons in the lateral horn. Using a generally applicable analysis methods, they extract information flow and layered organisation between olfactory input and descending interneurons. Among the results is the interesting finding that downstream of the mushroom body and lateral horn, output neurons converge to presumably regulate behavior. In an additional set of analyses, Schlegel et al. describe and quantify inter- vs. intraindividual stereotypy of neurons and motifs. They actually compare neurons from three hemispheres of two brains and show an astounding degree of similarity across brains. This is somewhat reassuring and helpful to the field of Drosophila connectomics.

While the many details and data make the manuscript a somewhat strenuous read, and the sheer flood of data could be a bit overwhelming, the data and findings are impressive and important.

1) The work is very complementary to the data presented by Li et al. on the mushroom body.

2) The structure and the step-by-step approach to showing increasingly complex circuitry and by defining different layers of the circuitry is very helpful for the reader to get an impression of the complexity of this brain.

3) Of significant importance and of use for the community are, in addition to the data, the described methods tools for data analysis.

4) Using this type of analysis, the authors test hypotheses and prevailing assumptions in the field. For instance, they find that in early layers of the olfactory system neurons tend to connect to the next higher layer, whereas neurons in higher layers interconnect or even connect back to earlier layers. This is a very interesting finding that might have important implications regarding top-down feedback and recurrent loops in olfactory processing.

5) Analysis of connectivity in the antennal lobe suggests that the system is highly lateralized. This finding also has important implications and helps to explain why flies might be able to discern left from right odor sources.

6) The manuscript shows many examples of what other scientists/readers of the manuscript could extract from the raw anatomical data. This will be very useful for the community beyond the data that is actually already shown in the manuscript.

7) The authors also compare their findings to the connectome/motifs identified for the larval olfactory system. There are many similarities as expected.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Claudi et al. present a new tool for visualizing brain maps. In the era of new technologies to clear and analyze brains of model organisms, new tools are becoming increasingly important for researchers to interact with this data. Here, the authors report on a new tool for just this: exploring, visualizing, and rendering this high dimensional (and large) data. This tool will be of great interest to researchers who need to visualize multiple brains within several key model organisms.

The authors provide a nice overview of the tool, and the reader can quickly see its utility. What I would like to ask the authors to add is more information about computational resources and computing time for rendering; i.e. in the paper, they state "Brainrender uses vedo as the rendering engine (Musy et al., 2019), a state-of-the-art tool that enables fast, high quality rendering with minimal hardware requirements (e.g.: no dedicated GPU is needed)" - but would performance be improved with a GPU, runtimes, etc?

I would also be happy to see the limitations and directions expanded. For example, napari is a powerful n-dimensional viewer, how does performance compare (i.e. any plans for a napari plug in, or ImageJ plug in, or is this not compatible with this software's vision?). How does brain render compare (run time, computing wise) to Blender, for example, or another rendering tool standard in fields outside of neuroscience?

The methods are short (maybe check for all open source code citations are included, as needed), but they have excellent docs elsewhere; it would be nice to have minimal code examples in the methods though, i.e. "it's as easy as pip install brainrender" ... or such.

Lastly, I congratulate the authors on a clear paper, excellent documentation (https://docs.brainrender.info/), and I believe this is a very nice contribution to the community.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Schrieber et al., explores whether inbreeding affects floral attractiveness to pollinators with additional factors of sex and origin in play, in male and female plants of Silene latifolia. The authors use a combination of spatial sampling, floral volatiles, flower color, and floral rewards coupled with the response of a specialized pollinator to these traits. Their results show that females are more affected by inbreeding and in general inbreeding negatively impacts the "composite nature" of floral traits. The manuscript is well written, the experiments are detailed and quite elaborate. For example., the methodology for flower color estimation is the most detailed effort in this area that I can remember. All the experiments in the manuscript show meticulous planning, with extensive data collection addressing minute details, including the statistics used. However, I do have some concerns that need to be addressed.

Core strengths: Detailed experimental design, elaborate data collection methods, well-defined methodology that is easy to follow. There is a logical flow for the experiments, and no details are missing in most of the experiemnts.

Weaknesses: A recent study has addressed some of the questions detailed in the manuscript. So, introduction needs to be tweaked to reflect this.

Some details and controls are missing in floral scent estimation. Flower age, a pesticide treatment of plants that could affect chemistry..needs to be better refined. While the study is laser-focused on floral traits, as the authors are aware inbreeding affects the total phenotype of the plants including fitness and defense traits. For example, there are quite a few studies that have shown how inbreeding affects the plant defense phenotype. This could be addressed in the introduction and discussion.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this study, Zhang et al. systematically analyze the effect of xanthohumol (XN) and TXN, a xanthohumol derivative, in a model of high-fat diet (HFD) feeding to mice, inducing several pathologies related to the metabolic syndrome. They authors convincingly show that XN and TXN attenuate HFD-induced weight gain, hepatic steatosis and lipid accumulation in adipose tissues. Furthermore, they newly show that XN and TXN bind to the PPARgamma ligand-binding domain pocket and that this inhibitory effect on PPARgamma is at least in part responsible for the observe beneficial effects.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript describes a set of biochemical studies on the substrate and reaction specificity of PARP1, an important drug target and component of DNA damage response. The focus of the work is on the specific role of HPF1, and how PARP1's numerous activities are altered by complexation with it and with a variety of substrates. There are many important findings described in this paper, which will be of great interest to the researchers studying PARP1 and issues related to NAD+ metabolism. Perhaps the most significant finding is that HPF1 binding to PARP1 causes a shift from primarily PARylation activity to that of hydrolytic activity, yielding a large pool of free ADPR. The paper is very well written. Addressing the following issues would provide clarity.

1) The kcat enhancement from employing nucleosome substrates is exceedingly small, and probably will not ever be clearly correlated to a specific structural feature. However, more concerning is a possible uncontrolled variable when examining the nucleosome substrates. Specifically, the nucleosome substrates which yield a distinctly higher kcat (Table 1) are the larger, trivalent nucleosomes. It seems prudent to show that simply adding more potential binding sites, or perhaps just adding more protein itself is not causing these small increases in kcat (relative to DNA alone).

2) Concerning the assignment of E284 of HPF1 as the catalytic base in the deprotonation of the Ser hydroxyl, I'm wondering if there might be a dynamical explanation for its role instead. E284A causes a significant decrease in the KD for HPF1 binding, and an elimination of the observed PARylation activity, suggesting that it may play an allosteric role. Also, we see from Table 2 that H303Q also produces a large reduction in the activity and large reduction in the KD; the standard error on the H303Q binding data is very large, but does suggest that some observations were quite low (similar to E284A). Additionally, H303Q almost eliminates enzymatic activity as well. Overall, this set of data gives me pause about certainty of the assignment of E284 as the catalytic base, as there may be a more complex origin of the loss of enzymatic activity.

3) It may be that the reason that there is no apparent PARylation at the standard carboxylate residue sites (in the presence of HPF1) is that they are forming transient ester bonds with the anomeric carbon, which are labile to hydrolysis. I feel that a better development of the treadmilling effect would enhance the paper (e.g., mutation of the orthodox carboxylate nucleophiles and examination of changes in HPF1-induced hydrolytic activity). I'm not sure that it can be quantitatively shown that the shorter PAR chains in the presence of HPF1 account for the pool of free ADPR.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is an interesting manuscript which does a lot - both building and validating an epigenetic clock for the Amboseli baboons, and then looking to see which factors predict deviations in epigenetic age relative to chronological age. This is an important study, and perhaps the first of its kind from a free-ranging primate population. I believe it will be influential and well-cited.

In particular, it is extremely thorough in the data and analyses that it presents. It is also clearly structured and easy to follow, despite covering some dense material.

In sum, this manuscript is a high-quality and important manuscript that I believe will be influential.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This study indicated that transient receptor potential channel subfamily melastatin 4 (TRPM4), a Ca2+ and voltage activated non-selective monovalent cation channel, might contribute to pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy, although not through direct mechanical stretch-related activation. TRPM4 could possibly activate several Calmodulin (CaM)-related downstream signaling pathways, resulting in cardiac hypertrophy. However, the important question of what is mechanistic link of mechanical stretch and activation of TRPM4 ion channel is left unanswered.

Strength: The experiments are well designed with reliable data presented. The utilization of TAC mice model presented in this study was backed with proper reasoning with appropriate proof-of-concept results, especially concerning the 2-day TAC protocol.

Weakness: Trpm4cKO mice have been previously studied in another cardiac hypertrophy model by using angiotensin II, which lessened the novelty value in the findings of this study. Furthermore, the data presented in this paper were inadequate to fully answer their research questions and further in vivo and in vitro studies are needed to confirm the mechanism that can explain the phenomenon seen in the results.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors employed population receptive field (pRF) mapping to characterize responses to visual stimuli in early visual cortical areas V1-V3 and to compare the similarity of pRF properties in pairs of monozygotic versus dizygotic twins. They find closer correspondence of the anatomical location and spatial extent of the visual areas, pRF locations (polar angle and eccentricity) in the retinotopic cortical maps of visual space, and spatial selectivity of responses (pRFs size) in monozygotic twins, relative to dizygotic twins, indicating heritability of these structural and functional properties of early visual cortex.

The pRF mapping procedures used in this study are appropriate and standard in the field, and the statistical analysis and data presentation are thorough and rigorous. Given the many previous demonstrations of heritability in multiple aspects of visual perception and physiological responses to visual stimuli, it would be very surprising if any of the properties studied by the authors did not exhibit some amount of heritability. This paper therefore adds to the list of known heritable properties of the visual system but does not contribute theoretical or conceptual advances or challenge any existing frameworks.

The fact that pRF eccentricity was more correlated and showed less heritability than pRF polar angle is interesting but was not interpreted or followed up in any meaningful way. Overall, the analyses are basic (% overlap of retinotopic maps and the three main pRF parameters) and descriptive.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Using well-designed surveys, the authors collected mosquito samples and human data along with environmental variables to estimate parasite prevalence (PR) and the entomological inoculation rate (EIR) in three regions of Malawi. They developed advanced geostatistical models to estimate PR and EIR and illustrated the spatial-temporal variation. The online interactivity web-based application showing the spatial-temporal pattern of PR and EIR as well as hot spots in map is particularly useful for visual understandings. These estimations then allow to unveil the time-lagged relationship between PR and EIR. Their data and research approach add very useful information for improving vector-born disease control strategies. Certainly, the data and findings are very useful for malaria control in Malawi.

Their conclusion seems largely supported by their statistical models and data. However, some outstanding research questions remain. In addition, some statistical issues need to be justified and clarified.

1) While the spatial-temporal pattern of PR and EIR is illustrated, what are the mechanisms underlying those spatial-temporal variation? Specifically, I think environmental factors and spatial distribution of human population certainly play important roles. Indeed, environmental factors were included in their geostatistical models to estimate PR and EIR. However, the authors made no attempt to provide explanation and discussion for these results (results shown as tables in their appendix).

2) Furthermore, if environmental factors are left out of focus, what is the additional value of using modelled PfSR and PfEIR for evaluation instead of empirical (observed) PfSR and PfEIR? What is the scientific motivation and justification of using modelled PfSR and PfEIR instead of empirical ones to make the spatial-temporal map and further statistical analyses and then to draw their conclusion on the relationship between modelled PfSR and PfEIR? Statistically, if the same environmental variable is used to fit PfSR and PfEIR, then there is potential spurious correlation (statistical artifact) between the modelled PfSR and PfEIR. The authors need to demonstrated this is NOT the case in their results and analyses.

3) With A, B, C three regions separated by the national park in the middle (large spatial missing data), is the assumption of isotropic Gaussian process reasonable in their geostatistical model? Sites between A and B have very large distances, but there is no observation data in between. Alternatively, the authors can model the three regions separately?

4) For hotspot detection, it is unclear whether the hotspots are decided: (1) when the point estimates of PfEIR and PfPR exceed the threshold; or, (2) when the lower 95% confidence bound of the estimates exceed the threshold? If it is the case (1), please justify. Statistically, case (2) is more appropriate. The uncertainty associated with estimates needs to be carefully addressed throughout the manuscript. In any case, please elaborate how the exceedance probability is obtained. My similar concern also appears in other analyses, for example the confidence interval shown in Figure 4.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This work described a novel approach, host-associated microbe PCR (hamPCR), to both quantify microbial load compared to the host and describe interkingdom microbial community composition with the same amplicon library preparation. The authors used the host single (low-copy) genes as PCR targets to set the host reference for microbial amplicons. To handle the problem that in many cases, the host DNA is excessive compared to the microbiome DNA, the authors adjusted the host-to-microbe amplicon ratio before sequencing. To prove the concept, hamPCR was tested with the synthetic communities, was compared to the shotgun metagenomics results, was applied in the biological systems involving the interkingdom microbial communities (oomycetes and bacteria), or diverse hosts, or crop hosts with large genomes. Substantial data from diverse biological systems confirmed the hamPCR approach is accurate, versatile, easy-to-setup, low-in-cost, improving the sample capacity and revealing the invisible phenomena using regular microbial amplicon sequencing approaches.

Since the amplification of host genes would be the key step for this hamPCR approach, the authors might also include more strategy discussions about the selection of single (low copy) genes for a specific host and the primer design for the host genes to guarantee the hamPCR usage in the biological systems other than those mentioned in the manuscript.

Reviewer #1:

The question is interesting, and the paradigm in principle well suited to answer it. Unfortunately, a number of shortcomings hinder a clear interpretation of the results. I think that the paper, notably the EEG analyses, need to be revised substantially, which might affect the results. Therefore I will just list the main points which need to be addressed and not go in more detail.

The behavioral effect of adaptation on duration perception appears very unspecific, namely it occurs in all but the spatially neutral condition. The authors conclude that the inversely directed motion did not have an effect because it did not survive the Bonferroni correction, yet they report a p-value of 0.02 and Cohen's d of 0.58, suggesting a medium effect. In order to prove the absence of an effect, I suggest to report Bayes factors, and only interpret the effect as absent if the Bayes factor is conclusive towards the H0.

In my view, if there was an effect of inversely directed motion, this poses a question as to the successful demonstration of specific adaptation effects in the behavior, which needs to be taken into account in the interpretation.

The EEG analyses and displayed results show some important shortcomings, which hinder a clear interpretation at this stage. Just to list a few main points:

-As apparent from Figures 3-5, the time-frequency plots show a lot of stripes and pixels, when one would expect rather smooth transitions over frequency and time. This suggests that the parameters for the time-frequency transformation might not be appropriate.

-The analyses compare time windows that differ in many respects, for instance the 15 s long adaptation phase versus short-lived stimulus-evoked activity at reference onset. Interpreting these differences as specific to the duration distortion effects does not seem justified, due to the diverging inputs presented during those time windows.

-Important aspects of the paradigm are not taken into account in the EEG analyses, for instance the fact that participants perform a saccade between the offset of adaptation and the onset of the reference. The saccade-related signatures in the EEG have to be accounted or controlled for, especially for effects occurring after adaptation offset.

-Some of the effects (for instance the decoding analysis, or the linear mixed models testing for additive but not interactive effects) show differences in EEG activity related to visual processing of the stimuli, but might not specifically relate to the duration distortions. In my view, more trivial differences in processing the visual inputs should be accounted for (see also the point above), and clearly separated from specific timing effects.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this project, the authors set out to create an easy to use piece of software with the following properties: The software should be capable of creating immersive (closed loop) virtual environments across display hardware and display geometries. The software should permit easy distribution of formal experiment descriptions with minimal changes required to adapt a particular experimental workflow to the hardware present in any given lab while maintaining world-coordinates and physical properties (e.g. luminance levels and refresh rates) of visual stimuli. The software should provide equal or superior performance for generating complex visual cues and/or immersive visual environments in comparison with existing options. The software should be automatically integrated with many other potential data streams produced by 2-photon imaging, electrophysiology, behavioral measurements, markerless pose estimation processing, behavioral sensors, etc.

To accomplish these goals, the authors created two major software libraries. The first is a package for the Bonsai visual programming language called "Bonsai.Shaders" that brings traditionally low-level, imperative OpenGL programming into Bonsai's reactive framework. This library allows shader programs running on the GPU to seamlessly interact, using drag and drop visual programming, with the multitude of other processing and IO elements already present in numerous Bonsai packages. The creation of this library alone is quite a feat given the complexities of mapping the procedural, imperative, and stateful design of OpenGL libraries to Bonsai's event driven, reactive architecture. However, this library is not mentioned in the manuscript despite its power for tasks far beyond the creation of visual stimuli (e.g. GPU-based coprocessing) and, unlike BonVision itself, is largely undocumented. I don't think that this library should take center stage in this manuscript, but I do think its use in the creation of BonVision as well as some documentation on its operators would be very useful for understanding BonVision itself.

Following the creation of Bonsai.Shaders, the authors used it to create BonVision which is an abstraction on top of the Shaders library that allows plug and play creation of visual stimuli and immersive visual environments that react to input from the outside world. Impressively, this library was implemented almost entirely using the Bonsai visual programming language itself, showcasing its power as a domain-specific language. However, this fact was not mentioned in the manuscript and I feel it is a worthwhile point to make. The design of BonVision, combined with the functional nature of Bonsai, enforces hard boundaries between the experimental design of visual stimuli and (1) the behavioral input hardware used to drive them, (2) the dimensionality of the stimuli (i.e. 2D textures via 3D objects), (3) the specific geometry of 3D displays (e.g. dual monitors, versus spherical projection, versus head mounted stereo vision hardware), and (4) automated hardware calibration routines. Because of these boundaries, experiments designed using BonVision become easy to share across labs even if they have very different experimental setups. Since Bonsai has integrated and standardized mechanisms for sharing entire workflows (via copy paste of XML descriptions or upload of workflows to publicly accessible Nuget package servers), this feature is immediately usable by labs in the real world.

After creating these pieces of software, the authors benchmarked them against other widely used alternatives. IonVisoin met or exceeded frame rate and rendering latency performance measures when compared to other single purpose libraries. BonVision is able to do this while maintaining its generality by taking advantage of advanced JIT compilation features provided by the .NET runtime and using bindings to low-level graphics libraries that were written with performance in mind. The authors go on to show the real-world utility of BonVision's performance by mapping the visual receptive fields of LFP in mouse superior colliculus and spiking in V1. The fact that they were able to obtain receptive fields indicates that visual stimuli had sufficient temporal precision. However, I do not follow the logic as to why this is because the receptive fields seem to have been created using post-hoc aligned stimulus-ephys data, that was created by measuring the physical onset times of each frame using a photodiode (line 389). Wouldn't this preclude any need for accurate stimulus timing presentation?

Finally the authors use BonVision to perform one human psychophysical and several animal VR experiments to prove the functionality of the package in real-world scenarios. This includes an object size discrimination task with humans that relies on non-local cues to determine the efficacy of the cube map projection approach to 3D spaces (Fig 5D). Although the results seem reasonable to me (a non-expert in this domain), I feel it would be useful for the authors to compare this psychophysical discrimination curve to other comparable results. The animal experiments prove the utility of BonVision for common rodent VR tasks.

In summary, the professionalism of the code base, the functional nature of Bonsai workflows, the removal of overhead via advanced JIT compilation techniques, the abstraction of shader programming to high-level drag and drop workflows, integration with a multitude of input and output hardware, integrated and standardized calibration routines, and integrated package management and workflow sharing capabilities make Bonsai/BonVision serious competitors to widely-used, closed-source visual programming tools for experiment control such as LabView and Simulink. BonVision showcases the power of the Bonsai language and package management ecosystem while providing superior design to alternatives in terms of ease of integration with data sources and facilitation of sharing standardized experiments. The authors exceeded the apparent aims of the project and I believe BonVision will become a widely used tool that has major benefits for improving experiment reproducibility across laboratories.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this study, Boroumand et al investigate abundance and metabolic phenotype of Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo monocytes in the bone marrow (BM) following feeding a HFD for 3, 8 and 18 weeks compared with a control diet. The authors suggest that upon accumulation of white adipocytes in the BM (8 weeks of feeding), monocytes are skewed towards the Ly6Chi subset, which have been shown to give rise to many macrophage subsets in obese tissues. The authors further demonstrate metabolic changes in Ly6Clo monocytes which may contribute towards this phenotype. Finally, through a series of in vitro and ex vivo cultures, the authors suggest that the increase in Ly6Chi monocytes is due to conversion of Ly6Clo monocytes into Ly6Chi monocytes as a result of the increased prevalence of white adipocytes in the bone marrow.

Overall the findings of this work are interesting to the field and in the future it will be interesting to determine how these changes in the bone marrow relate to the different subsets of recruited macrophages present in obese tissues. For example, whether these monocytes preferentially generate CD9+Trem2+ Lipid associated macrophages recently described in obese adipose tissue (Jaitin et al, Cell, 2019) or if they are equally capable of generating monocyte-derived tissue resident macrophages in obese tissues.

The main strength of this paper is in the identification of the changes in the monocyte subsets abundance early after feeding a HFD and in uncovering the metabolic changes in and between these two monocyte subsets in obese mice. One concern regarding the data as a whole is that, while the authors have nicely indicated the number of samples/mice in each figure, there is no mention of how many times each experiment was performed. Including this would greatly aid in an understanding of the reproducibility of the results. Additionally, the inclusion of the different gating strategies used particularly for the first figures would be advantageous to fully appreciate the findings being presented. This is particularly relevant for the identification of Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo BM monocytes.

The conclusions made regarding the role of white adipocytes in skewing the monocyte subsets and particularly regarding the conversion of Ly6Clo monocytes to Ly6Chi are however less convincing. The authors use a culture strategy where they grow BM monocytes in vitro for 5 days. They then culture these 'monocytes' for a further 18 hours with conditioned media from BM adipocytes from control or HFD fed mice. They show that culture with 8 & 18 week conditioned media results in the increased abundance of Ly6Chi monocytes. The authors later claim this is not through proliferation of the existing Ly6Chi monocytes but conversion from Ly6Clo monocytes. However, the alternate explanation could be that there are some progenitors remaining in these cultures that can give rise to Ly6Chi monocytes following exposure to the conditioned media. To further validate these claims, it would be beneficial to sort Ly6Chi monocytes and culture them with the conditioned media to demonstrate the numbers do not increase. Moreover, it is important to demonstrate that there are no progenitors left in these cultures when the conditioned media is added. Indeed, later in the manuscript, when Ly6Clo monocytes are sorted and cultured with media from EWAT or BAT, it would be important to confirm that the sorted cells are a pure population of Ly6Clo monocytes with no contamination from progenitors that are also Ly6Clo that could give rise to Ly6Chi monocytes without going through the Ly6Clo monocyte stage.

In a similar vein, the authors suggest no conversion of Ly6Chi monocytes to Ly6Clo monocytes, but that Ly6Clo monocytes would convert into Ly6Chi monocytes (fig. 7). As this is a rather controversial claim, additional data in support of this conclusion would be beneficial. For example, after 18 hours of culture it is possible that if the authors are sorting Ly6Chi monocytes on the basis of Ly6Chi expression, that the antibody staining may be maintained for 18 hours. Similarly, after culture, it is possible that the cells are less healthy and hence non-specific binding should also be ruled out. Alternatively, qPCR for gene expression associated with Ly6Chi and Ly6Clo monocytes could be utilised to further substantiate the claims. For example, Spn expression for Ly6Clo monocytes, Ly6c2 expression for Ly6Chi monocytes.

Thus overall, this manuscript nicely demonstrates changes in the BM monocyte subsets and their metabolism, however some additional controls are required to further validate the claim that Ly6Chi monocytes are increased due to Ly6Clo monocyte conversion to Ly6Chi monocytes.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.64267

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-071126-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-071126-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-071126-1

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.64267

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-120308-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-120308-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-120308-1

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.64267

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-110721-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110721-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-110721-1

What is this?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Holt and colleagues investigate how the mechanoreceptor PIEZO1 mediates keratinocyte cell migration and re-epithelialization during wound healing. The authors utilized epidermal-specific Piezo1 knockout mice (Piezo1cKO) and epidermal-specific Piezo1 gain of function mice (Piezo1GoF) to investigate the contribution of keratinocyte Piezo1 to wound healing in vivo. Piezo1cKO mice exhibited faster wound closure, whereas Piezo1GoF mice exhibited slower wound closure compared to controls, suggesting that the presence of epidermal Piezo1 affects the speed of wound healing. To determine if these effects observed in vivo were due to changes in keratinocyte re-epithelization, the authors utilized an in vitro model of wound healing by inducing scratches to mimic "wounds" in keratinocyte monolayers. Similar to the in vivo findings, Piezo1cKO keratinocytes exhibited enhanced wound closure compared to controls. In a separate line of experiments, the authors found that enrichment of Piezo1 at the wound edge induces localized cellular retraction that slows keratinocyte re-epithelization and wound closure. Overall, major strengths are that the topic is of significant interest, Piezo channels and their function is of broad topical interest, and the manuscript is well written. Wound healing is a major health concern and understanding the mechanisms underlying how wounds heal could generate improved therapeutics for faster healing. The key weaknesses are that there are missing controls and missing cohorts (Piezo1GoF or Piezo1cKO) in several of the experimental data sets, and there is a concern about the wide variation in controls for some experiments.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Slavetinsky et al., describe the development of monoclonal antibodies targeting the S. aureus MprF lipid flippase, which is responsible for membrane incorporation of the phospholipid lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (LysPG). Incorporation renders the cell more positively charged and has been associated with increased virulence and resistance of MRSA to antibiotics and host antimicrobial peptides. MprF is a bifunctional protein; the N-terminal region translocates lipids (flippase), and the C-terminal region synthesizes LysPG. Overall, this is an interesting approach with significant potential.

Strengths:

Several epitopes on MprF (three outer loops) were targeted through the synthesis of peptides, which provided a number of antibodies that inhibit the flippase function. The authors identified one specific antibody (M-C7.1) that was shown to target a loop whose previous location was debatable; thus, these finding indicate the loop can be accessible from the outside of the cell. Antibody binding sensitized MRSA to host peptides and antibiotics (e.g., daptomycin). The antibody was shown to inhibit flippase function and also decreased bacterial survival in phagocytes. Overall, the antibody could be used as an anti-virulence agent, diminishing the severity of S. aureus-associated disease. The emergence of antibiotic resistance and difficult to treat S. aureus infections requires orthogonal therapeutic approaches; as such, the findings of this study could have significant impact.

Weaknesses:

A major emphasis of the study is that the antibody sensitizes S. aureus to host defenses. This reviewer would like to see dose-responses/titrations of the antibody vs the different CAMPs, using standard susceptibility testing methodology. In addition, during the preliminary ELISAs, have the authors established whether the mprF mutant has lower surface adhesion to maxisorp immuno plates? This would be an important control. When studying M-C7.1 mechanism of action, it is unclear why the data is being normalized to L-1 and why unbound cytochrome C is being quantified. It could be more intuitive to assess bound cytochrome C; can the raw data be included rather than normalized data? A control with delta-mprF alone would also be useful for these experiments. When assessing survival in phagocytes, Figure 5 would benefit from a delta-mprF control to compare M-C7.1 efficacy. This figure also requires statistical analysis. Overall, the conclusions of the study could be further strengthened from additional pre-clinical assessment of the antibody.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript from Eric Snyder's laboratory details cell lineage states that are controlled by NKX2-1 and oncogenic MAPK signaling in BRAFV600E-driven lung cancers. The work builds on previous works from Snyder's group that showed NKX2-1 suppresses a latent gastric differentiation program in KRASG12D-driven lung cancers. Switching the model from KRAS to BRAF, now the Snyder laboratory demonstrates multiple similarities between the oncogenic drivers and details key differences that have significant impact on our understanding of lung cancer etiology and possibly treatment. The depth of data analysis and breadth of methodology used represent a real tour de force in cancer modeling. The insights highlight the complex interplay between mitogenic signaling and developmentally-related pathways during cancer progression. The insights gleaned from the study have some potential in influence treatment strategies. As such, this study will appeal to a broad audience. The stated conclusions from the work are entirely sound and wholly supported by the data presented.

The authors demonstrate that: Simultaneous activation of BRAFV600E expression and deletion of NKX2-1 suppresses the efficiency of tumor initiation (tumor number goes down). In contrast, genetic deletion of NKX2-1 after tumors have established does not impact tumor maintenance but instead is compatible with tumor progression. Modeling the effects of MAPK pathway inhibition (BRAFi+MEKi), the authors demonstrate that BRAF/p53 (BP) tumors enter a state of quiescence. However, BP tumors with NKX2-1 deletion (BPN) fail to enter the quiescent state. Mechanistically, this is due to activation of a WNT-dependent activation of CyclinD2 that acts with CDK4/6 to suppress RB. Further treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors can drive cells into quiescence but does not lead to durable tumor growth inhibition as tumors rebound after treatment cessation. Consistent with their previous work in KRAS-driven lung cancers, deletion of NKX2-1 reveals a latent gastric cell differentiation program driven by relocalization of FOX factors toward gastric specific genes. Interestingly, MAPKi in BPN tumors further drives these cells toward a chief-like or tuft-like cell state that is also due to WNT-dependent signaling, and FOXA1/2-dependent effects at specific genes normally restricted to tuft and chief cells.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The data in the paper are mostly convincing, but might be somewhat over-interpreted: statistical analysis of the Tables is required. Yes, long slender bloodstream forms can definitely differentiate to pro cyclic forms and infect Tsetse. However, they take longer to differentiate than stumpy forms do, and even though morphologically stumpy forms are not an obligatory intermediate, expression of at least one stumpy-form mRNA (and presumably, others in the pathway) is definitely required. This should be stated in the Abstract. The conclusion that there is no cell-cycle arrest at all is not really supported by the data.

Joint Public Review:

This is an elegant study that delves into germline initiation and ovule development at a resolution not previously reported. The topic is of general significance for developmental biologists, and particularly interesting for groups studying the basis for germline development. Using a multitude of assays, starting from 3D segmentation analysis, progressing to modelling, reporter line analysis and mutant characterization, the authors document cellular components of ovule primordium growth and uncover new aspects of spore mother cell (SMC) emergence, in which ovule geometry appears to play a relevant role. The authors concluded that anisotropic growth is one of important factors to drive overall development of ovules, especially in Phase I, and that the L1 dome and the basal domain, but not the SMC and neighboring L2 companion cells, are consecutive sites of cell proliferation, thus contributing to morphological changes of ovules in Phases I and II. In terms of novelty, this work identified growth principles conducive to ovule primordium growth, added a layer of complexity to the nucellar epidermis towards SMC specification, and provided a new concept of SMC development: SMC fate emergence and SMC singleness resolution, where cell geometry plays a very active role

The katanin mutant is an interesting choice since it has been reported previously to impact cell growth. As expected, in katanin mutants, the primordium became enlarged in size and was more isotropic (lower height/width ratio) in shape. A reduced anisotropy also induced aberrant enlargement of SMC companion L2 cells in katanin mutant ovules. From PCNA and CYCB1.1 expression patterns, which are S- and M-phase markers, respectively, the authors found that the SMC precursor and its companion cells showed a highly frequent S-phase pattern. Taken together with infrequent divisions, the SMC and its neighbors have properties distinct to other ovular cells in longer S-phase duration. In addition, SMC singleness was suggested to be determined partly by Katanin-dependent anisotropic condition.

The claims made through the work are well documented and supported. In terms of experimental clarity and composition, the authors describe very well how the samples were obtained/how they were named, the statistical analysis appears robust and well described, and several of the markers analyzed provide a comprehensive landscape of what is occurring in the ectopic cells.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The neuroendocrine system of the maggot has been mapped in parts at both the light and electron microscopic levels in earlier studies. In this manuscript, Hückesfeld et al map the entire endocrine system all the way from its sensory input neurons to the interneurons and secretory neurons and the glands. This is invaluable for many reasons, including because information about external stimuli are likely integrated at the level of interneurons.

The authors use this connectome to model how and to what extent each sensory modality might influence the different neurosecretory cells. They use the CO2 sensing pathway to functionally validate their model in vivo using CaMPARI. Through this they validate a circuitry where CO2 sensing neurons in the trachea influence 4 types of neurosecretory cells via 4 interneuron pathways. Interestingly, they find that the CO2 sensory information is not necessarily what dominates the sensory input onto some these neurons.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.54491

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-170927-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-170927-1)

Curator: @scibot

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What is this?

DOI: DOI:10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.103

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz3173

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Curator: @scibot

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.37001

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.37001

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-090324-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-090324-1)

Curator: @scibot

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What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.045

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-180201-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-180201-1)

Curator: @scibot

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.42881

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-151208-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-151208-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-151208-1

What is this?

Dr. Tara C. Smith. (2021, January 23). A reminder: Especially among the elderly, some individuals will die shortly after receipt of the vaccine. What we need to understand is the background rate of such deaths. Are they higher then in the vaccinated population? We didn’t see that in the trials. Some data from @RtAVM. https://t.co/LJe9k1WJQC [Tweet]. @aetiology. https://twitter.com/aetiology/status/1352810672359428097

‘What Happens When the 1% Go Remote’. Bloomberg.Com, 16 December 2020. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-16/what-happens-when-the-1-move-to-miami-and-austin.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript Rao et al. describe an interesting relationship between KSR1 and the translation regulation of EPSTI1 (a regulator of EMT). They identified this relationship by polysome RNAseq of CRC cells in the context of KSR1 knockdown (KD) which they confirm by polysome QPCR. They then go on to show that KSR KD and add back influences EPSTI1 expression at the protein but not mRNA level and impacts cell viability, anchorage-independent growth, and possibly cell migration. They focus on the cell migration phenotype and show that it is associated with changes in EMT-related genes including E-cad and N-cad. Interestingly, add back of EPSTI1 can reverse the phenotype elicited by KSR1 deletion. Overall, this story is interesting and translation regulation by KSR1 has not been described previously. However, Rao et al. do not provide a mechanism for how KSR1 regulates the translation of EPSTI1, and it is unclear whether this occurs through eIF4E, as the authors suggest.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The paper is investigating the mechanism of lineage switch in lung cancer. In about 10-15% of lung cancers treated with inhibitors of oncogenic receptors such as EGFR or KRAS, cancer cells emerge over time with newly acquired features of neuroendocrine differentiation. The authors proposed that it is a direct result of inhibition of MAPK pathway signaling so that reduced MAPK activity activates previously silent genes regulating neural crest differentiation. While this theory is of interest, the experiments presented herein are construed on the opposite sequence by way of introducing activated MAPK via oncogenic KRAS or EGFR to 3 neuroendocrine cell lines resulting in lower expression of neuronal transcription factors. The authors propose MAPK-activated ETS family TFs are responsible for the repression of NE lineage.

Several principal issues presented by the authors raise some concerns:

1) Despite presenting some evidence to the effect of suppression of NE transcription factors by overactivating MAPK signaling, the conversion of adenocarcinoma to NE (the opposite transition) is not being addressed in the paper. Therefore, it is rather illogical to investigate the process of transition that is not taking place in the real world.

2) The authors do not consider a possibility of multi-clonality of human cancers and clonal competition as a mechanism leading to acquired resistance and the emergence of NE clones that are not suppressible by the inhibitors of MAPK pathway (e.g. EGFR inhibitors, or KRAS/RAF/MEK inhibitors). Starting the experiments with clonal populations of long-term cultured cell lines may be an insurmountable difficulty to switch these cells between the epithelial and NE phenotypes which proved to be frustratingly non-productive in the hands of the authors. Taken out of context of tumor microenvironment, these phenotypic transitions may be co-regulated by a combination of cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

3) Despite zeroing in on ETVs downstream of ERK1/2, the paper does not go as far as showing the direct effect of these TFs as repressors of NE differentiation (ASCL1, BRN2, NEUROD1 etc.).

4) The line of evidence that Dox-activated MAPK signaling via massive over expression of KRAS or EGFR induces dramatic increase in marks of transcriptionally active chromatin (such H3K27ac and others) is to be expected in this entirely artificial system. Indeed, the addition of doxycycline results in massive burst of proliferation and overexpression of ETV1 and ETV4, the canonical MAPK targets. Again, this switch appears unrelated with the opposite of epithelial-to-NE de-differentiation.

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.55771

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.55771

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.55771

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-110323-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-110323-1)

Curator: @scibot

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What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53403

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-100301-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-100301-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-100301-1

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53403

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-180807-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-180807-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-180807-1

What is this?

DOI: 10.7554/eLife.53403

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-ALT-120117-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-120117-1)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-ALT-120117-1

What is this?

AssayResult: 100

AssayResultAssertion: Normal

Comment: See Table S3 for details

AssayResult: 20.5

AssayResultAssertion: Normal

Comment: See Table S3 for details

AssayResult: 6.4

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 6.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 7.1

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 7.7

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 3.5

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 3.1

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.4

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.2

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.1

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 3.5

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.9

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.4

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 6.7

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 10.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.9

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4.9

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 8.6

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 4

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 6

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.4

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 7.1

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.5

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 2.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 2

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 2.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 3.1

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.6

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 3.5

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 5.8

AssayResultAssertion: Abnormal

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 11.5

AssayResultAssertion: Normal

ControlType: Normal, wild type TP53 from control 3

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 10.8

AssayResultAssertion: Normal

ControlType: Normal, wild type TP53 from control 2

Comment: See Table S2 for details

AssayResult: 13.6

AssayResultAssertion: Normal

ControlType: Normal, wild type TP53 from control 1

Comment: See Table S2 for details

HGVS: NM_000546.5:c.-117G>T

DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.003

Resource: (ZFIN Cat# ZDB-GENO-060207-1,RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-060207-1)

Curator: @evieth

SciCrunch record: RRID:ZFIN_ZDB-GENO-060207-1

What is this?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

SARM1 is an enzyme that is present in neurons and degrade NAD+. Previous studies have shown that disrupting SARM1 inhibits axon degeneration and thus it could be a target for treating neurodegenerative diseases. NAD+ is also an important metabolite that is required for many biological pathways. Thus, SARM1 activity must be carefully regulated. Recent studies have provided structural and biochemical insights about how SARM1 activity is auto-inhibited in basal states. The manuscript by Dr. Thompson and coworkers provide a nice new model regarding how SARM1 could be potentially activated. They provide strong in vitro data to support that phase transition, promoted by PEG molecules and citrate, could dramatically increase the activity of SARM1 TIR domain (which is the catalytic domain) in vitro. The authors also showed that in the worm, C. elegans, citrate promotes SARM1 puncta formation and axon degeneration, which is consistent with the in vitro data. They also generated multiple mutants of SARM1 TIR domain and showed many of the mutants have decreased phase transition and decreased activity in vitro. One of mutant, G601P, also showed decreased puncta formation when expressed in HEK 293T cells as SARM1 SAM-TIR domains E462A mutant (a catalytic mutant so that expression will not cause toxicity) fused with GFP.

The manuscript has many strengths, including the strong and very careful in vitro characterization of the purified SARM1 TIR domain, which provide a lot of useful information regarding the kinetic parameters, substrate specificity, and inhibition profiles. The worm data with citrate is consistent with the in vitro data, which is also a strength.

The impact of the finding lies in two aspects. First, it provides a new understanding about how SARM1 activity might be regulated in vivo by phase transition. This is especially true given most studies so far focuses on how it is inhibited at basal conditions. It also adds another example to the list of enzymes that are regulated by phase separation. Second, the finding that PEG and citrate strongly activate SARM1 in vitro also provides a much improved assay for the development of small molecule modulators of SARM1 for potential therapeutic applications.

There are two minor weaknesses associated with the studies of the manuscript. One is that all the in vitro studies used just the TIR domain of SARM1, not the full length SARM1. Another minor weakness is associated with the data in Figure 5. Most of the mutants have dramatically lower catalytic activities (>100-fold), but the precipitate formation is only modestly affected (2-fold). Although this does not affect the overall conclusion of the manuscript, it prevents the mutants from being more useful for mechanistic dissection.

Reviewer #1:

In this paper, the authors proposed a new approach by mounting a PDMS microwells of specific sizes on agar surface to confine swarming and planktonic SM3 cell, they found swarming bacteria exhibit a "single-swirl" motion pattern and concentrated planktonic bacteria exhibit"multi-swirls" motion pattern in the diameter range of 31-90 μm. The phase diagram shows that in smaller wells concentrated planktonic SM3 forms a single vortex and in larger wells swarming SM3 also breaks into mesoscale vortices.

After that, they conducted systematic experiments to explore parameters defining the divergence of motion patterns in confinement including cell density, cell length, cell speed and surfactant. They concluded that the single swirl pattern depends on cohesive cell-cell interaction mediated by biochemical factors removable through matrix dilution.

This paper gives a new method to discern swarmers from Planktonic Bacteria and carefully studies the factors that influence the formation of bacterial vortices under restriction. However, major revisions are required to improve the quality of this paper.

Major questions and comments:

1) When the authors put the PDMS chip mounting on the edge of the swarming colony, the PDMS chip is completely attached to agar or suspended in a bacterial solution. The distance between PDMS chip and agar surface should be quantified. It is better to have a schematic diagram of the experimental device.

2) Is the bacteria still expanding outward after a PDMS chip was mounted on agar surface? The effect of PDMS chips on the expansion of bacteria on the agar surface needs to be discussed.

3) "Diluted swarming SM3 show unique dynamic clustering patterns". In the diluted bacteria experiment, the authors found that the diluted swarming bacteria can form bacterial rafts and the concentrated planktonic SM3 disperse uniformly and move randomly. Hence, when bacteria expand and gradually fill up new empty microwells, is there a process of transition from raft to single vortex state?

4) In the experiment of altering the conditions of swarming SM3, the authors diluted the swarming cells in Lysogenic Broth (LB) by 20-fold, re-concentrated the cells by centrifugation and removed extra LB to recover the initial cell density. After these operations, they found the previous single swirl turned to multiple swirls and got a conclusion that matrix dilution can affect single swirl patterns. The authors think centrifugation may wash away some surrounding matrix or polymers on the surface of bacteria. Therefore, the steps of centrifugation need to be presented and the effect of centrifugation on the physiological behavior of bacteria should be discussed.

5) This article covers the PDMS chip directly on the agar surface and finds that swarm and planktonic bacteria have different spatial correlation scales in the restricted microwells. The authors have done a lot of experiments to prove the difference between clusters and planktonic bacteria and explain the reason for the single vortex. However, the conclusion is not clear. Therefore, the authors should focus more on the analysis of this new experimental phenomenon, such as critical length and vortex phase diagram, rather than just describing the experiments they did.

6) The authors mentioned the critical length for swarming SM3 is ~ 49 μm, whereas, for concentrated planktonic SM3, it is ~ 17 μm. Does this quoted data match what you get from their experimental method? I do not see any follow-up discussion and evidence.

7) As shown in Figure 1 and Movie_S1_mp4, the direction of the single vortex motion of bacteria is clockwise. However, the article simply ignores that the single vortexes of bacteria all present the same direction, and there is no analysis and reasonable explanation on the vortex direction. As shown in Movie_S5_mp4 on the numerical simulations of circularly confined SM3, simulated bacteria vortex counterclockwise in completely opposite directions. The influence of the microwell boundary on the direction of the vortex should be clearly explained at the level of bacterial movement and preferentially with theoretical simulation.

8) Swarming and concentrated planktonic Bacillus subtilis 3610 show the same motion pattern across different confinement sizes. However, the authors did not give definitive conclusions and evidence. As shown in Figure S1, bacillus subtilis 3610 show completely different cluster behavior. Therefore, the discussion of 3601WT may cause readers' confusion on the article. It may be better to put it in the supporting material.

Minor questions and comments

9) Figure 1C, 1D, 6A, 6B may be more convenient to have a scale bar.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors have succeeded in their attempt to develop and characterize a rigorous preclinical model of prenatal methadone exposure secondary to pre-pregnancy prescription opioid use. The model is a technical advance in terms of the opioid exposure being consistent throughout pregnancy and the outcome measures of methadone impact are rigorous. Many aspects neurodevelopment and key physiological processes are assessed and key knowledge is provided about the effects of prenatal methadone exposure on physical development, sensorimotor behavior and neuronal properties.

Major strengths include the thoroughness and rigor of analyses and the multiple body systems study. In addition, scientific questions are approached using physical, biochemical and behavioral assessments to fully characterize the effects of prenatal methadone exposure.

The strengths of this paper outweighs the weaknesses. Weakness are minor and include an incomplete assessment or discussion of whether withdrawal in the postnatal period may explain the pathophysiology described and changes in circuitry. Similarly, white matter analyses are not included MRI assessments confining the results to gray matter brain regions.

Reviewer #1:

In this manuscript, the authors look at the influence of root stock genotype on a single scion genotype in Vitis. This includes a lovely highly replicated design including differential water availability. While the experimental design is very elegant, I'm less sure that using general PCs or ML is the best approach to grab the signal of interest.

Is there evidence that the top 20 PCs of the metabolome or the top 100 PCs are an end point of gaining new information about the system. For example, if the top 20 PCs are all different descriptions of the water availability, then PC 21 might start to grab more information about the root-scion relationship. For example in this dataset, PC2-10 were largely about temporal block (line 314-316). In large genomic datasets like this, they have an immense amount of variation such that r2 is not a meaningful way to capture what is in a PC. I can understand the desire to minimize the statistical analysis but if the goal is to fully interrogate the dataset, the authors should provide an empirical reason for stopping at pre-ordained PCs. Or possibly better would be to grab the lsmeans for the main factors in the model to exclude factors of blocking and then run the PCs as that is the underlying interest in the experiment.

The focus on PCs or using ML on the full dataset also hinders the ability to get at the underlying root/scion and water availability connection. Given that phenology and blocking are the main sources of variance, using these approaches rather than a direct GLM or PC on lsmeans/BLUPs weakens the authors ability to use the power in their experimental design. PC and ML can only capture the largest components of variance while GLMS that account for these larger sources of variance can begin to dive into the underlying questions. There is a possibility that the authors did attempt these directed GLMS with no luck but that was not stated.

I think the use of PCs is maybe my biggest hindrance on the manuscript as the section on lines 409-430 which is the capstone of the paper but ends up being correlations of faceless PCs. Unfortunately this leaves the reader with the idea that phenology is simply too strong to obtain any information about the root/scion connection or the water availability connection.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors find that plin2 transcript is induced in intestine of 6 dpf zebrafish larvae following a single feeding, while plin3 transcript is expressed in the fasted and fed states in the intestine. They use TALENS to knock-in EGFP and TagRFPt into the plin2 and plin3 loci, with the encoded gene products being the fusion proteins EGFP-plin2 and Plin3-TagRFPt. The EGFP-plin2 protein shows greater induction of fluorescence following a meal. The overall aim of these initial expression characterizations and development of lipid droplet reporter knock-ins is to be able to monitor the life cycle of these organelles in a living whole organism.

Higher resolution photomicrographs of lipid droplets with these knock-in lines concurrently stained with the the fluorescent lipid dyes BODIPY 558/568 C12 and BODIPY FL-C12 are presented with a time series following feeding in intestine; additional cell types beyond enterocytes (i.e., hepatocytes, adipocytes, and cells surrounding lateral line structures) are presented.

The authors have provided a technical advance to the field of lipid droplet biology. With the tractable revisions set out below, their tools set the stage for chemical and genetic screens for factors and compounds that modulate the normal life cycle of these dynamic organelles.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In initial experiments, low levels of IL-33 were detected in Toxaplasma-infected mice. How do these levels compare with normal physiological levels? It would help the reader to understand the relative levels to expect.

The authors identify that most IL-33 is produced by stromal cells rather than hematopoietic cells. The frequency of tdTomato parasites appear to be much less than for the distribution of IL-33 producing cells. Does the parasite expression reflect 100% of parasites or are the number of IL-33-producing stromal cells stimulated in the infection much larger than the identifiable parasite number? That is, is the activation of the stromal cells a direct effect of the Toxaplasma infection or does it depend on intermediates to amplify the effect?

Although the data presented are interesting and the authors identify that both stromal cells and hematopoietic cells contribute to the protective effect of IL-33, it is somewhat confusing amongst the hematopoietic cells, which cells are really driving the response amongst those categorized as 'innate'. Within the hematopoietic compartment, a number of associations are delineated but the causal connections are less clear. The provision of exogenous cytokines indeed have the effect they show in their results, but it remains unclear to this reviewer, whether these effects directly act on the hematopoietic cells, or stromal cells which alone are not sufficient to contain the infection and thus develop a higher pathogen load confounding their contributions.

This work would be strengthened significantly by delineating more clearly the contributions of each compartment. Currently, the correlations are modelled on the responses in the omentum and it would be useful to understand if this reflects the broader response.

This work would benefit from a schematic to indicate how the authors believe the different cells are connected and which are the real drivers/where connections have been demonstrated in driving the immune response.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

1) I found the initial description of the overall structure confusing. At first the authors say the complex is a tetramer, which is not what was seen by the Conti lab and then follow that with a confusing discussion leading to the conclusion that the dimer with a rigid subunit and a flexible one is the functional unit. It rather feels like they arrive at this conclusion because that's what Conti's lab saw, rather than any other reason. Since the human complex is a tetramer, perhaps the tetrameric complex observed here is one possible form and that possibility should be considered more carefully. Please state whether there is any similarity in the arrangements between the human tetramer and the tetramer observed here. I found the figure 2 supp 1C was not easy to follow. Coloring each of the four protomers differently would make things clearer.

2) The authors previously determined the structure of yra1C domain bound to sub2 and several labs have shown this interaction activates Sub2 atpase activity. Are those interaction observed previously between Yra1 and Sub2 compatible with this new structure? If so, perhaps the authors could provide a model showing how Yra1 fits into this larger complex. Also, could Yra1 C domain and Gbp2 bind simultaneously to a single THO-Sub2 protomer or would one protomer bind Yra1 and perhaps another bind Gbp2? This is worth considering because this would strengthen the concept that TREX acts as a general platform engaging with multiple export factors to drive recruitment of multiple Mex67 molecules and eventual export of the Mex67:mRNP complex. In the human system, the SR proteins and Alyref have an overlapping binding site on Nxf1, suggesting they may not act together to recruit a single Nxf1, but rather they recruit different Nxf1 molecules perhaps to the same mRNP via a single multimeric THO platform.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Overall this is a well-done study, but some additional controls and experiments are required, as discussed below. The authors have done a considerable amount of work, resulting in quite a lot of negative data, and so should be commended for persistence to eventually identify the link between neutrophils with IL-18, though type I IFN signaling.

Major Comments:

• A major conclusion of this manuscript is prolonged type I IFN production following vaginal HSV-2 infection, but the data presented herein did not actually demonstrate this. At 2 days post infection, IFN beta was higher (although not significantly) in HSV-2 infection, but much higher in HSV-1 infection compared to uninfected controls. At 5 days post infection the authors show mRNA data, but not protein data. If the authors are relying on prolonged type I IFN production, then they should demonstrate increased IFN beta during HSV-2 infection at multiple days after infection including 5dpi and 7dpi.

• Does the CNS viral load or kinetics of viral entry into the CNS differ in mice depleted of neutrophils, IFNAR cKO mice, or mice treated with anti- IL-18? Do neutrophils and/or IL-18 participate at all in neuronal protection from infection?

• In Figure 3 the authors show that neutrophil "infection" clusters 2 and 5 express high levels of ISGs. Only 4 of these ISGs are shown in the accompanying figures. Please list which ISGs were increased in neutrophils after both HSV-2 and HSV-1 infection, perhaps in a table. Were there any ISGs specifically higher after HSV-2 infection alone, any after HSV-1 infection alone?

• The authors claim that HSV-1 infection recruits non-pathogenic neutrophils compared to the pathogenic neutrophils recruited during HSV-2 infection. Can the authors please discuss if these differences in inflammation or transcriptional differences between the neutrophils in these two different infections could be due to differences in host response to these two viruses rather than differences in inflammation? Please elaborate on why HSV-1 used as opposed to a less inflammatory strain of HSV-2. Furthermore, does HSV-1 infection induce vaginal IL-18 production in a neutrophil-dependent fashion as well?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this paper, the authors investigated the role of the N-terminal acetyltransferase Naa10 in mouse development. In addition, they identified a new paralog, Naa12, and demonstrated that it has a redundant role with Naa10 in controlling mouse embryonic development. The results are very clear and should be of interests to those working on development and N-terminal acetylation.

I have several comments for the authors to consider:

1) It is important to show that N-terminal acetylation is lost in the double knockouts. Only with that, the authors can conclude that they have identified the "the complete machinery for the process of amino-terminal acetylation of proteins in mouse development."

2) Naa12 is new, so if not done yet, the sequence needs to be deposited into Genbank.

3) The presentation needs to be polished.

i) The title "Naa12 rescues embryonic lethality in Naa10-Deficient 1 Mice in the amino-terminal acetylation pathway" is misleading. When I saw the title, I got the impression that Naa10-dficient 1 mice show embryonic lethality. I would suggest to change it to indicate that Naa10 and Naa12 have redundant roles in embryonic development. Also, "Naa10-Deficient 1 Mice" needs to be changed to "Naa10-deficient mice."

ii) In the impact statement "Mice doubly deficient for Naa10 and Naa12 display embryonic lethality...", the word "doubly " is unnecessary.

iii) Too many acronyms, which make the reading a bit difficult. The terms NTA and Nt-acetylation could be avoided. iv) At the end of page 9, please cite the sequence alignment in Fig. S6

v) On page 12, "Naa12 may rescue loss of Naa10 in mice" could be more assertive.

vi) Overall, I feel that the authors could polish the manuscript so that the salient points could be conveyed more easily to readers.

The sensing components of the device being worn on the hand are ECG, acoustic, motion, and temperature sensors. It incorporates an electrocardiogram to measure heart activity using amplifiers and resistors to calculate the voltage versus time using electrodes placed on the skin. Assembling the sensors with EGaIn alloy to connect the sensor electronics and polyimine films allows the device to possess its’ flexibility and stretchability. Using polyimine allows for the breaking and reforming of bonds to allow self-healing, and polymerization and depolymerization to recycle the product.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This is a highly interesting manuscript by Gonzalez-Calvo et al., describing the involvement of the CCP domain containing protein SUSD4 in the degradation of GluA4 receptors at cerebellar synapses. The novelty of this work lies in the specificity of this degradation pathway. In comparison, synaptic proteins involved in AMPA receptor endocytosis, such as GRIP1 and PICK1, play a role in multiple trafficking processes. In addition, CCP domain proteins play a role in synaptic pruning, which is closely related to LTD. We will return later to this point.

The paper will certainly enrich the field and further our understanding of cellular plasticity in the cerebellum. These are exciting findings that should be published. I have three relatively minor comments:

1) Figure 2E: it is surprising that the potentiation shown in WT mice is not longer lasting. Under the experimental conditions used here, plasticity seems to be biased towards depression. In the methods, the authors state that they use 2mM Calcium and 1mM Magnesium in their external saline. A recent study (Titley et al., J. Physiol. 597, 2019) has demonstrated that under realistic conditions (incl. an ion milieu of 1.2 mM Calcium and 1mM Magnesium), LTP results under most conditions - even those involving climbing fiber co-stimulation - while LTD only results from prolonged complex spike firing. Optimally, the authors would establish a real LTP control in their WT mice (using conditions as described in Titley et al or similar) and test for changes in the mutants. As LTP is not the focus of this paper and this might be out of the scope of this work, it should be acceptable to leave it as it is, but this caveat should at least be discussed.

2) Figure 3: The climbing fiber physiology is described in detail, but what is missing is a characterization of potential changes in the complex spike waveform, recorded in current-clamp mode. This should certainly be provided. This is important as it has been shown that changes in the complex spike waveform affect the probability for LTD induction (Mathy et al., Neuron 62, 2009). The CF-EPSC is a rather indirect measure.

3) Is synaptic pruning at parallel fiber synapses impaired in the SUSD4 mutants? The LTD deficit is quite obvious. In the light of the role of autophagy in pruning, and the molecular similarity between LTD and pruning, it would be of interest to see whether activity-dependent pruning at these synapses is altered. This aspect is somewhat addressed by the VGLuT1 measures shown in Figure 2, but should be discussed in more depth.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Galbraith et al., using systems immunology approach document in a very detailed manner, provide the textbook example of innate and adaptive immune responses over time following an infection. Here, their clinical assessment is linked to SARS-CoV2 infection. While novelty aspects are not immense, this study is nonetheless well executed, detailed and thorough.

The authors perform association studies and propose that simple seroconversion test should be considered in determining the clinical treatment. While some would argue that is already practiced and perhaps expected, the authors have done an excellent job at detailed immune analyses which they coupled with statistically sound associations. Thus these findings are important to document, and should be considered as experimental ex vivo evidence of what clinical practice may have implicitly already considered.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript the authors present a new and improved open-source option for a home cage pellet dispensing device that carries with it the ability to offer continuous monitoring of feeding behavior as well home-cage operant testing. This device solves many issues in the way individuals typically go about studying animal feeding behavior including but not limited to testing at only certain times of the day for limited amounts of time and food restriction in a manner that optimizes cost, functionality, scalability, and customizability over traditional or commercial options. Of note, besides offering the ability to capture massive amounts of home cage feeding and operant data directly in the vivarium of animal housing facilities, a major strength of this approach is that the authors demonstrate that the same amount of learning that would typically require 16 days (one-hour testing sessions) can be accomplished overnight (and with interesting circadian effects on decision-making that are often overlooked). The authors demonstrate useability of this device across institutions in other labs and integration with optogenetics (as well as citing recent studies integrating the device with recording systems).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors use smFRET and cross linking to constrain relative orientations of CC1-CC3 helices in STIM1 resting and active conformations. The data are excellent and especially because structures of full length STIM1 are currently lacking they paint an important picture of the structural basis for STIM1 activation. The number of smFRET pairs examined in the inactive state is fairly large and paints a good picture of the relative orientations of helices. In contrast, only a few pairs of sites were examined in activated STIM1 which paint a clear picture of CC1a1 dissociation from CC3, but the remaining postulated conformational changes during activation are inferred primarily from cross linking, and it would have been nice to probe those with smFRET as well. Nonetheless, the data yet provide very useful constraints on STIM1 conformational rearrangements that will be of great value to further structure-function studies.

Joint Public Review:

The manuscript by Tachinawa et al. presents a new method (named RhIP), to study incorporation of recombinant epitope-tagged histone dimers into permeabilized cell nuclei. Using RhIP, the authors demonstrate that both H3-H4 and H2A-H2B and their variants are incorporated in this setup. They proceed with investigating context-specific features of these events, providing evidence that ongoing replication and overall chromatin structure may influence histone dimer incorporation in RhIP. This argues for RhIP having the potential to reveal the mechanisms of chromatin assembly and disassembly genome-wide, and determine how cell cycle and chromatin structure influence these dynamics.

The system is capable of recapitulating major known chromatin assembly pathways and supports existing knowledge of histone dimer dynamics on chromatin. RhIP is also valuable in directly testing histone mutants or variants, as proven by authors.

H3.1 incorporation is shown to be exquisitely dependent on replication, demonstrating that replication itself, as well as replication-dependent chromatin assembly are successfully reconstituted with isolated nuclei, cytosolic extracts and recombinant histones.

The focus of the study is on the incorporation H2A variants, in particular H2A.Z. These data supports known notions about H2A.Z dynamics in chromatin, showing a preference for transcription start sites, and the dependence on the M6 region.

However, the major limitation of the current manuscript is that it remains unclear what properties are driving the observed RhIP effects. This is not fully elucidated and thus limits the ability of RhIP to enable the discovery of new mechanisms.

While replication-dependent mechanisms are well captured by RhIP, it is less clear if transcription and chromatin remodeling is functional in this system and thus if transcription-dependent nucleosome exchange processes are faithfully recapitulated. It is important to improve the comparison of RhIP with 'in vivo' (i.e. existing ChIP-seq datasets) localisation and explicitly develop hypotheses why in some cases the data matches the 'in vivo' situation and in others not. It would be helpful to improve the interpretation of the data to include all existing caveats to the assay setup.

Reviewer #1:

The definition of individuality and its neurogenetic basis is a fundamental problem in ethology and neuroscience. Individuals might fall into discrete groups of personality types; alternatively, individuals might be better described by a broader spectrum of independent traits. An unbiased and quantitative analysis of behavioural traits that make up an individual's personality is a prerequisite of investigating the neuronal and genetic basis of individuality. Given the technical challenges in systematically measuring many behavioural traits across sufficiently large and genetically defined populations and over long time-scales, these questions remain unanswered. This manuscript represents a tour-de-force trying to shed more light in these directions. Werkhoven and colleagues aim at characterizing structure in correlations among a large set of quantitative behavioural measures obtained from the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. The authors performed a large number of high throughput behavioural experiments that cover behavioural paradigms ranging from locomotion to perceptual decision-making. Data were acquired from an inbred, hence isogenic fly line, an outbred line, and various neuronal circuit manipulations. In addition, gene expression data were obtained from individuals. In this way, the authors were able to capture hundreds of behavioural metrics from hundreds of flies, while keeping their individual identities over the course of 13 days. They developed a computational analysis pipeline that quantifies the correlation matrix computed from these metrics. In a 2-step procedure, they condense this matrix into a "distilled" matrix, the entries of which contain all remaining behavioural covariates that were not a priori expected by the authors.

A central claim in this paper is that any structure in this distilled matrix should reveal the principal axes along which individuality should be described. Based on these measurements and analyses flies could not be categorized into discrete types. Moreover, behavioral covariates appear rather sparse and derive from a high-dimensional behavioral space. This would mean that each individual fly is better described by a large combinatorial set of parameters. The same qualitative finding was made between inbred and outbred flies, leading the authors to a conclusion that larger genetic diversity does not change the principal organization of behaviour. The authors perform a set of neuronal-circuit manipulations and claim in conclusion that specific neuronal activity patterns underlie structure in behavioural correlations. Some correlations between gene expression and behavioral metrics were discovered, for example gene expression of metabolic pathways can predict some variability found in the behaviour of flies. The behavioural pipeline is sophisticated and presents a great leap forward in enabling researchers to capture a large set of behavioural measures from a large fly population, keeping the identity of individuals. The work is also presenting an innovative and interesting analysis pipeline.

Although we applaud these ambitious experimental paradigms and computational techniques used, we have several major reservations about this work. Reading through the manuscript multiple times, one is left confused whether the major finding is that no structure whatsoever can be found in these data and to what extent the remaining sparse correlations are of biological / ethological relevance. Another major concern arises from the high level of trial-trial variability that is found in the data, which seems to preclude identification of persistent idiosyncrasies in the behavioural traits of individuals and impedes the reproducibility of the data matrices in two repetitions of the main experiment. We feel that most of the authors' conclusions and claims are confounded by these caveats.

1) Distinguishing persistent idiosyncrasies from trial-to-trial variability and reproducibility of decathlon data

A major challenge in measuring personality traits or individuality is to distinguish between persistent idiosyncrasies and trial-to-trial variation; the latter could result from inherent stochastic properties of behaviors, environmental or measurement noise. To identify an idiosyncratic behavioral trait in an animal one needs to show that individuals exhibit a distinct distribution in a behavioral metric that cannot be explained by trial-to-trial variability. Such a distinction cannot be made if a behavioral metric is measured just once or during a short period, but requires repeated measures over longer time-scales from a sufficiently large population of animals. Unfortunately, in this study many measures have been taken during just one 1-2hs episode per individual of a decathlon. For other measures that were taken repeatedly (circadian assays, unsupervised video acquisition) no efforts have been undertaken by the authors to make the above distinction. Hence, the authors' conclusion that there are no "types" of flies seems premature. In Figure S1 we are surprised to see how low most behavioral measures auto-correlate when recorded on two subsequent days; most auto-correlations further drop to meaningless values when compared over time-periods that correspond to the different epochs of a decathlon. This indicates that trial-to-trial variability dominates the data. In our view it makes little sense to ask whether two behavioral metrics are correlated or not, if their autocorrelations measured over the same time-scale are already extremely low. Moreover, Fig S5B shows that the two decathlons generate largely different data matrices (correlation ~0.25), raising concerns that the results are not reproducible. We wonder whether any structure in behavioral correlations was masked by various sources of noise in this study.

Related to above, there should be error bars and number of flies for the plots in Fig S1. This figure undermines the starting point of the paper claiming persistent idiosyncratic behaviors.

2) Given the concerns above, it is not surprising that the outbred fly line delivers another set of covariates which lack otherwise any further structure. If experiments with >100 inbred flies cannot deliver reproducible results, it cannot be expected that a similarly sized population of outbred flies would. Perhaps the needed population size must be orders of magnitudes larger in this case.

3) Figure 3. It is intriguing to observe how the relationship between switchiness and clumpiness is perturbed upon temperature shifts. But, it seems rather uncorrelated at the restrictive temperature in the Iso line, with a slightly positive value. However, the switchiness-clumpiness correlation is not reproducible in both perturbation types at permissive temperatures. Note, that at both temperatures the Shi and Trp datasets show no - or very low correlations: the Trp lines produce correlations from approx. -0.2 (permissive T) to 0.1 (restrictive T); the Shi lines 0, 0.1 respectively. Fig 3D is very misleading in showing the best fits to the combined datasets. We are not convinced that there is a robust sign-inversion in any of these correlation. The authors' major conclusion that " thermogenetic manipulation and specific neuronal activity patterns underlie the structure of behavioral variation" is not supported by these data. The effect of temperature in the control line, although interesting, is a major caveat for interpreting the results from the Shi and Trp results.

4) The authors measure a large set of low- and high-level behavioral metrics, e.g. walking speed and choices in Y-mazes respectively. A fundamental problem is that many of these metrics potentially have common underlying but trivial causes, e.g. covariation between speeds measured in various conditions is expected. Therefore, the authors condense their original correlation matrix (Fig 1E) into a distilled matrix (1G) by making such judgements. In the present form, it is impossible to evaluate how systematic or arbitrarily these choices were. In many cases, where the same measure was recorded repeatedly (e.g. circadian bout length) or across different conditions (e.g. mean speed) it is obvious, but for other cases it is not obvious at all for the non-expert: for example, why are circadian-bout-length and LED-Y-maze-choice-number lumped into one block of expected behavioral covariates? The current manuscript lacks detailed explanations how the authors systematically created the distilled matrix. Can the sparseness of the distilled matrix be a consequence of too generous pre-allocations? See also point (6). The bulk of the analysis in this paper is done on the "distilled matrices" which are produced by removing correlations within previously defined groups of behavioral metrics. This is said to cleanly reveal unexpected correlations, leading to a main result of the paper, the correlations between "Switchiness" and "Clumpiness". However, if the a priori categories were defined differently, then in the extreme case this correlation would have been completely removed. How sensitive is this correlation to the choice of categories, especially given that many of the Switchiness and Clumpiness metrics are from similar assays (Fig. S8)?

5) For the second pipeline that uses t-SNE and watershed (Fig. 2 and S3C), a previous publication from some of the authors [1] appears to show low repeatability of this analysis.Thus, the repeatability and noise levels of the pipeline must be investigated further. These were 3x 1h recordings per decathlon. Related to comments (1-2), the authors need to show that the differences across flies (Fig 2C,D) are not expected from the level of trial-to-trial variability. Perhaps more data from individual flies need to be recorded?

6) 1G: To our understanding, within-block entries to the distilled matrix should indicate zero correlations, because these are correlations between PCA-projections. But we see many nonzero entries. Given the information provided in the methods it is unclear why this is the case; this requires further explanation.

In any case, within-block correlations are expected to be at least very low. Hence, we expect the distilled matrix to be relatively sparse given how it was calculated. Of interest are then the across-block correlations, the authors should make this point more clear to the readers.

7) Some of the author's claims are related to the spectral dimensionality reduction technique described in Fig. S9. However, none of the real data shown in the main paper figures look qualitatively similar to the toy data. Indeed, the histograms from the main figures are on a log scale, and are thus not comparable to the toy data results. Although the technique might be well suited for certain classes of data, one interpretation of the main paper figures seems to be that no structure is revealed whatsoever. More work should be done to exclude this as a possible interpretation, at least by generating toy data that look like the real Datasets; also with respect to point (6) above.

8) Throughout the paper, the authors use the term "independence" for orthogonal / uncorrelated datasets. Correlation/uncorrelation - dependence/independence are not interchangeable terms. To my understanding PCA decomposes into independent variables only under certain circumstances (multivariate normal distributed data). Have the authors tested for independence?

[1] Todd, J.G., Kain, J.S. and de Bivort, B.L., 2017. Systematic exploration of unsupervised methods for mapping behavior. Physical biology, 14(1), p.015002.

Reviewer #1:

Major points:

1) On the conceptual level, the authors claim that low-intensity amplitude-modulated transcranial focused ultrasound stimulation (AM-tFUS) inhibits local inhibitory interneurons and excites excitatory neurons at high intensity. However, the problem I have with this is that these cell types are highly interconnected within the local circuits, and changing the activity of the inhibitory cell type should have the opposite effect on the excitatory cell type. This has been documented in many experiments (Babl et al., Cell Reports, 2019; Royer et al., Europ.Journ. of Neurosc., 2010), and it unclear why the authors did not see similar effects. Furthermore, it is particularly troubling that the authors observe sustained suppression (five minutes) of the inhibitory neurons yet fail to see any effects on the excitatory neurons (Fig. 3B,D). This conceptual problem raises questions about the experimental setup, which I address below.

2) The authors performed electrophysiological recordings while delivering AM-tFUS with different intensities. To claim the differential effects on the excitatory and inhibitory interneurons, the authors first need to isolate single units in their recordings. However, the authors fail to cluster single units, as documented in the methods section (line 338). There could be several reasons why the authors failed to complete this step. I suggest the following ways to remedy this problem: A. The authors should use a silicone probe with a higher density of recording sites (the distance between the individual sites can be as small as 25 um in some NeuroNexus probes) than the one used in the MS, or use a Neuropixels probe so that the clustering algorithms have a chance to isolate single units. Using NeuroNexus probes with 100 um separation between the recording sites makes it impossible for different channels to "see" the same neuron and severely limits the spike sorting algorithms that separate units based on their unique spatio-temporal waveforms. B. After clustering, the authors should use autoccorellograms to verify that the single units do not violate the refractory period (Hill et al., Journal of Neuroscience, 2011). This is particularly important in areas, such as the hippocampus, which has a high density of neurons, and care should be taken to avoid multiunit recordings. C. The authors should perform one long recording session that comprises all experimental manipulations-the delivery of AM-tFUS, the sham control, and the rest period-to trace how the same units change their firing rate as a function of the experimental manipulations. This would also be very helpful in understanding how the firing rate change in one class of neurons is accompanied by changes in another class. D. Although this might be tricky, the authors could try to perform electrophysiological recordings by lowering the electrode perpendicular to the brain surface. This would allow them to record excitatory neurons and inhibitory interneurons that are connected to each other within the local circuit. This type of recording, would give the authors a greater chance of observing how changes in the firing of the inhibitory cell type affects the activity of the excitatory cell type and vice versa. This type of recording would also be highly desirable for understanding changes in oscillations of the local field potential (LFP) (see below).

3) The authors should report the sites that they have recorded by labelling the electrode with fluorescent dye or performing lesions at the recording sites.

4) When analyzing the effect of AM-tFUS on theta frequency oscillations, the authors should perform current source density (CSD) analysis to verify that the observed effects are local and do not originate from distant sources by volume conduction (Buzsaki et al., Nat. Rev. Neurosc. 2016). Performing electrophysiological recordings perpendicular to the brain surface, as I recommend in 2D, would be necessary for this. The CSD analysis would identify the location in the hippocampus where the change in theta power occurs.

5) The authors argue that temperature changes of 0.2 degrees were not sufficient to alter the firing rate of the neurons. However, the paper to which they refer (Darrow et al., Brain Stim, 2019) shows, in Fig. 7, that heating up brain tissue with a laser even at 0.2C can induce changes in somatosensory evoked LFPs. The authors should perform control experiments that are analogous to those in the cited paper to manipulate the temperature while recording the neurons in order to verify that the observed effects are not due to the changes in temperature.

Minor points:

1) The authors should not use label cells in Fig. 3 as they cannot claim that they recorded single units.

2) In Fig. 5C, Fig. S3B,C, and Fig. S4B,C, the authors should show the full scale of the values. Furthermore, the outliers in these plots (not seen in the figures) may drive the general trends, and removing them should be considered.

3) During AM-tFUS at intermediate power intensity (Fig. 4D,G), the authors observe a very dramatic change in LFP power in the 1-3 Hz frequency range. Although there is no clear underlying change in the firing of neurons at this intensity (Fig. 3E,F,G,H), the authors could speculate on what is happening in this case.

4) Fig. 5B shows a clear reduction of power in the theta frequency range after AM-tFUS in the dentate gyrus as well as in CA1 and CA3. This effect is also seen in Fig. 4G and Fig. S1,2. Although this effect does not reach the level of statistical significance, the authors should report the p-values.

5) Although the suppression of firing rates for a five-minute period after low-intensity AM-tFUS application is interesting, I am not sure if such prolonged after-stimulation effects have ever been documented using other modes of neuromodulation. Therefore, the authors should discuss this effect in line with previous work.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this paper, Judd et al performed intersectional viral-mediated genetics to resolve a projection map from Ntsr1-positive and inhibitory neurons in the anterior interposed nucleus. They show that, in contrast of what is currently thought, inhibitory neurons that project to the inferior olive in fact bifurcate to multiple brainstem and midbrain areas. This is a thorough and timely paper, with valuable information for cerebellar scientists with implications that will be of interest to the general neuroscience audience. As a direct consequence of the vast amount of information, this paper summarizes a lot of data using acronyms and summary schematics, which makes it at times difficult to follow the core story. A bigger concern is that the main conclusion arguing that inhibitory neurons make widespread extra-cerebellar projections relies on the assumption that the Cre-lines used in the study are able to specifically/exclusively mark to those inhibitory neurons – these details were not fully worked out in this study.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The general thesis of the work, provided by the authors, is the demonstration that latrophilins 2 and 3 function as classical GPCRs at the synapse and that this activity is necessary for synapse formation at a specific synapse within the hippocampus. The topic is interesting and important for several reasons. First, the knowledge of GPCRs at synaptic connections is focused largely on neurotransmitter receptors in the literature – metabotropic GluR and AChR as well as neuromodulatory neurotransmitter receptors (NPY, Seratonin etc). The mechanism demonstrated in this work concerns the function of a GPCR receptor system that could confer specificity to synapse formation.

The effect sizes that are documented throughout this work are large, giving this reviewer confidence that the effects are robust and will be reproducible and, more importantly, are indeed a biological mechanism related to synapses.

The other major strength of the work is that the studies in neuronal cell culture are recapitulated in vivo providing additional confidence in the validity and importance of the work. Indeed, the concept of specificity requires this type of in vivo work as the identity of synapses in culture systems can not be readily determined.

A further strength is the rational and implementation of three mutant receptors that are used to dissect the signaling modalities of these receptors, validated for their effects on the protein and then used as rescue constructs in synaptogenesis assays.

Reviewer #1:

This is an interesting study of the effects of intracellularly-applied amyloid beta (Ab) in primary hippocampal cultures of embryonic rats or in area CA1 of hippocampal slices or anesthetized rats that are less than 35 days old (therefore prepubertal). In vivo, whole cell recordings were made of CA1 neurons which is difficult and therefore a strength. Both synthetic Ab and human-derived Ab were applied by adding them to the internal solution of a patch electrode. Several interesting effects were documented, such as increased evoked and miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) as well as some effects on IPSCs and neuronal properties. A major question is whether these effects were pharmacological or physiological.

An intriguing finding was that the increased EPSCs was reduced by inhibiting a PKC-mediated effect of nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, the effect of intracellular Ab on the recorded cell had effects on neighboring cells. Whether those were due to diffusion of NO, synaptic inputs from the recorded cell on neighboring cells, or release of Ab from the recorded cell was not clear. The authors suggested this is 'functional spreading of hyperexcitabiliity' similar to the way prions are spread transynaptically (actually this has been suggested for Ab too; see work by Karen Duff or Brad Hyman's groups) although this seems premature because the work that has been done with prions and Ab involves spread over a long time and a long distance relative to the results of the present study. Still the results are interesting and could be relevant in some way to the development of the disease or hyperexcitability.

MAJOR CONCERNS

One major issue is whether the results are relevant to Alzheimer's disease (AD) or represent interesting pharmacological data about what Ab can potentially do in some of its forms in normal tissue. The cultures are from embryonic rats and it is not clear how well they can predict what occurs in aged humans with AD. This issue is not only a question related to the preparation of tissue but the use of Ab intracellularly. It is not clear that synthetic or human Ab that is prepared outside the animal and used to fill electrodes to dialyze a cell is similar to the Ab generated in a cell of a person with AD. Independent of the methods to determine whether it is oligomeric outside the cell, once dialyzed it is not clear how it may change and where it would go. In AD Ab has a particular location and precursor where it forms and how it travels to the external milieu. As a product of its precursor APP, several peptides are produced besides Ab and many labs think they are as important as Ab in the disease. Although a strength to use atomic force microscopy to attempt to verify the form of Ab being used, it is not clear what form was actually in the dialyzed cell and how that compared to the form in AD.

How this work relates to other studies that are similar is important. It seems that few other studies that have applied Ab are mentioned because few have studied it intracellularly. However, they are relevant because adding Ab has been shown to cause an increase in hippocampal neurons of excitatory activity at low concentration but at higher concentrations synaptic transmission is weakened. Many studies of mouse models of AD pathology suggest reduced synaptic transmission and plasticity, although many others show hyperexcitability, often without adding Ab at all.

PKC and NO do a lot of things throughout the brain and body. How do the effects the authors have identified relate to all these other effects. For example, if PKC is activated by another mechanism, would it occlude the effects of Ab? What are the changes in PKC and NO in AD?

ADDITIONAL CONCERNS

I am not sure of the validation of Ab using the anti amyloid or 6E10 antibodies. The western blot shows a large region that both antibodies detect and the 6E10 antibody shows an even greater band. It is not clear what the large range of bands that are shown imply except nonspecificity. The antigen that the antibodies recognize should be stated exactly.

Clarifying sample sizes throughout the study is needed.

Do the cultures include interneurons? Are the excitatory and inhibitory neurons interconnected? This information will help interpret the results.

The external solution for cultures contains 5.4 mM K+ which is quite high, and can induce hyperexcitability. Therefore it is important to be sure controls did not show hyperexcitability even after persistent recordings. Similarly, the use of 100uM AMPA and GABA seem very high. Justifying these high concentrations is important. They should lead to hyperexcitability and toxicity (AMPA) over time. Another point of concern is that the concentration of K+ for the slice work is 3 mM, much different than cultures. There are also differences in Mg2+ and Ca2+, making data hard to compare in the two preparations.

Line 295 mentions 2 min recording periods were used to acquire sufficient events. One wants to know if this was done throughout the paper and if so, how many events per 2 min was considered sufficient?

Terms related to intrinsic membrane properties and firing need to be explained much more because each lab has a slightly different method.

In the statistics part of the Methods, why is Welch's ANOVA (followed by Games-Howell) used when variance was unequal. Usually the test to determine inequality is provided, so it is clear it was done objectively and with a reasonable test. Then if the data are unequal there is often a choice for a non parametric test, which is common. Some groups transform the data such as taking the log of all data values. If this reduces the variance between groups, sufficient to pass the test to determine inequality, it leads to a parametric test like a one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's posthoc test.

In the Results, Line 331 suggests that the authors think they know what a low concentration is for Ab. I don't think it is known in AD what is low and what is high. In other studies of Ab, low concentrations were picomolar (Puzzo et al., listed in the references). So it is not clear the term low is justified for 50 nM.

The bursts of activity are not quantified. What was defined as a burst? What was the burst frequency and did it change over the recording period?

In the section about mPSCs in culture, starting on Line 348, were these events EPSCs or IPSCs? It is important because in the section starting on Line 383 there were changes in IPSCs but the authors conclude a major role of EPSCs only. For example, Line 400 suggests that the effects of Ab were on AMPA receptor-mediated activity but it seems from the data there were also some effects on IPSCs.

Line 434. Provide evidence that the fluorescent probe accurately measures NO.

At the top of page 19 there is a section that needs to be moved earlier because it relates to the work in cultures. That earlier section needs to be reinterpreted given changes in membrane properties occurred. Also, if there is increased synaptic activity in cells dialyzed with Ab, TTX needs to be added to be sure of intrinsic properties. The increase in excitability the authors discuss could be due to the synaptic activity or changes in properties, or both and this needs clarification.

The last paragraph on page 20 is not useful because DRG neurons are so different from hippocampal neurons. One could have effects in DRG but not hippocampus, and vice-versa. The paragraph starting on Line 616 should be revised. It is not a series of compelling arguments in its present form. For example, saying that AMPAR are linked to epilepsy seems quite obvious, and does not mean that the work presented here is like epilepsy because AMPAR events increased in several assays. Increased AMPAR events also occur when there is a change in behavioral state, plasticity, etc.

In the conclusions, I don't think the data suggest a synaptic change in AMPAR alone. There are intrinsic changes and changes in GABAergic events. Many sites in the brain could have different effects but were not studied. It is not clear effects of NO were coordinated in the way they affected adjacent neurons to the recorded cell. NO simply could have diffused to an area around the recorded cell. I may have missed evidence to the contrary, but effects could have been mediated by axons of the recorded cell and not NO.

In Figure 1b, there is a representative example. Could the neurons be shown? Then one knows the relationship of the signal to the location of neurons.

Graphs should show points. This is one way to clarify sample size easily also.

MINOR POINTS

Line 169 mentions stable access resistance and one usually provides a number indicating how little it increased over time, such as 10-20%. Similarly the way synaptic events were discriminated by noise is not provided (line 291). Instead, a brief description is provided.

Line 292 mentions noise ~2 pA but it is much higher in the data shown in the figures.

Solvents of drugs are not listed at all, and controls that show no effect of vehicle need clarification in some cases.

On Line 371, Ab-mediated neurotransmission is used. I believe this needs to be modulated rather than mediated, or an explanation is needed.

On Line 381, how do the authors know that EPSCs are mediated primarily by AMPA receptors in this preparation?

On Line 393, what is the comparison of AMPA-mediated events to [where it is stated they are what is mostly changing]?

In all of the sections where drugs were applied, abbreviations need to be spelled out before the first use, concentrations need to be confirmed as specifically action on the intended receptor, and indirect effects on other cells need to be discussed if bath-applied.

The sentence starting on Line 417 is a repetition of a prior sentence on the previous page.

Line 433. Clarify what low concentrations mean here.

Line 444. mPSCs are referred to here. One needs to know what were the values for E and IPSCs.

In this section it is often stated that there is a decrease but actually the dialyzed cells are compared to controls so different language is needed.

Line 461. It is not clear that the hippocampus is the first site to be affected in AD. The entorhinal cortex is earlier in the studies of some, and in the mouse models it is usually the cortex that gets plaque first. In humans, the locus coeruleus may be earlier than the entorhinal cortex.

How the plots of current vs. spikes were done is important. If there were differences in membrane potential, that could affect the spike output. If there were differences in input resistance or threshold, that also could play a role. One can control for these potential confounds, so explanations are needed.

Line 472. Vm does not generate fluctuations in this case. Vm changes, and synaptic potentials get larger or smaller, add new components or lose them, etc.

Line 476. It is not clear why cells are firing at membrane potentials so hyperpolarized to threshold.

The streptavidin/calbindin labeling is good but the morphology of the cell is not like a pyramidal cell of area CA1 because there is a major branch of the dendrites at almost a right angle to the apical dendrites. The electrophysiology of this cell might be like an interneuron, and two of the figures show firing with a large afterhyperpolarization similar to an interneuron.

In Figure 3, what are EPSCs and what are spikes would be helpful to point out. The concentration, 500 nm, may never be reached in the brain of an individual with AD, or do the authors have evidence that concentration is relevant in vivo?

There are typos in figure headings, such as Contro instead of Control and in figure 4g, AMPAergic has the c below AMPAergi

Reviewer #1:

Huss et al. have developed a novel tool (ORACLE) for generating libraries of phage variants. They go on to apply this tool to study the residues important for T7 host specificity, providing a rich dataset for in-depth functional studies. They validate a subset of hits and use this information to engineer T7 variants that may be able to overcome bacterial resistance against a urinary tract infection associated strain, consistent with their in vitro results. Their approach provides both a valuable new tool and intriguing biological insights prompting future studies.

Major suggestions for improvement:

1) The writing could be much more concise.

2) Claims about generalizability should either be removed or supported by additional data. This study focused on a single phage gene and a single host bacterial species. As such, it is not clear if ORACLE will work well in other contexts.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors present data suggesting that RNF43 affects WNT5a signaling through turnover of ROR1 and ROR2 receptors on the cell surface. The strengths of this work are the many overexpression, knockdown and mutant cell lines the authors use to delineate specific protein interactions and localizations. The authors have done a good job of analyzing the interaction of multiple proteins within the Wnt signaling pathways to determine how RNF43 affects expression of proteins associated with non-canonical Wnt signaling. The weakness of this study is that most of these protein interactions were performed in 293 cells and not in melanoma cell lines. One melanoma cell line was used to relate the protein interactions studied in 293 cells to signaling in melanoma. The authors present data that suggest RNF43 decreases invasion and proliferation of melanoma cells in vitro. Analyzing the role of RNF43 in invasion, proliferation and signaling in more than one melanoma cell line would strengthen the authors conclusions about the role of RNF43 in Wnt5A signaling in melanoma.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The study aims to determine the mechanism of voltage-sensing in P2X2 receptor. These receptors are primarily activated by ligand, ATP but their activity is also regulated to some extent by voltage even though they lack a canonical voltage-sensing domain. To address this question, the authors introduce unnatural fluorescent amino acid throughout the structure of the P2X2 receptor. The interaction between excited state dipole and electric fields can cause shift in the fluorescence emission and excitation spectra. For a given probe, the extent of these shifts are directly proportional to the strength of the electric field. The authors exploit this phenomenon to determine the strength of the electric field in the various regions of the P2X2 receptor. The underlying premise is that the regions which sense the largest electric field are likely to be the primary sensors of membrane voltage.

Strengths:

The approach to localize the putative voltage-sensing region is novel and maybe broadly applicable to other voltage-regulated channels which lack canonical voltage-sensors.

Unnatural amino acid, ANAP was introduced and tested at 96 positions in the structure of P2X2 receptor. This is an insane amount of work and has to be a tour de force.

Weakness:

The main limitation of this approach is that ANAP is not going to be incorporated with equal efficiency at all sites and therefore, it is likely that some of the potential where the electric field is strong may remain undetected.

Overall, using ANAP scanning approach, they were able to identify couple of sites in TM2 helix which exhibits large electrochromic signals. Furthermore, they find that the interaction between Ala 337 and Phe44 is critical for voltage-dependent response. These studies lay the groundwork for further investigations of the mechanism of voltage-sensing these physiologically important ion channels.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript presents new data and a model that extend our understanding of color vision. The data are measurements of activity in human primary visual cortex in response to modulations of activity in the L- and M-cone photoreceptors. The model describes the data with impressive parsimony. This elegant simplification of a complex data set reveals a useful organizing principle of color processing in the visual cortex, and it is an important step towards construction of a model that predicts activity in the visual cortex to more complex visual patterns.

Strengths of the study include the innovative stimulus generation technique (which avoided technical artifacts that would have otherwise complicated data interpretation), the rigor of experimental design, the clear and even-handed data presentation, and the success of the QCM.

The study could be improved by a more thorough vetting of the QCM and additional discussion on the biological substrate of the activation patterns.

This looks like a good mechanism or process to protect ourselves against priming, intuitive heuristics, and other mischiefs from our System 1 (Thinking, Fast and Slow)

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Patients with myotonia congenita caused by loss-of-function mutations in ClC-1 experience muscle stiffness (due to hyperexcitability) as well as transient muscle weakness. This study examines the mechanisms underlying the transient muscle weakness seen myotonia congenita. The authors show that a ClC-1 null mouse exhibits the transient weakness after muscle stimulation observed in humans. Current clamp recordings of muscle fibers from ClC-1-null mice showed indicated myotonia after electrical stimulation that often terminated in a plateau potential for varying periods, during which the muscle was unexcitable, before repolarization to the resting membrane potential. The myotonia and plateau potentials could be recapitulated in wild type muscle fibers with acute pharmacological inhibition of ClC-1. Experiments in fibers from a non-conducting Cav1.1 knockin mouse indicated Ca2+ influx is important for sustaining, but not initiating, plateau potentials. Ranolazine blocked both the myotonia and development of a plateau potential in isolated muscle fibers, as well as the in vivo transient muscle weakness observed in ClC-1-null mice, implicating Na+ persistent inward currents through Nav1.4 (NAPIC) as the molecular mechanism.

Overall, the experiments presented in this work are well-executed and the results convincing. While the role of NAPIC in the development of myotonia in ClC mice has been previously reported this work provides the new insight that it is also responsible for the development of plateau potentials that underlie muscle weakness in myotonia congenita.

Joint Public Review:

The presented manuscript takes a very comprehensive look at the molecular underpinnings of the differential outcomes of IL-27 and IL-6 signaling. Both cytokines engage GP130 as a cellular receptor, however while IL-6 uses homodimers of this signal transducing receptor, IL-27 signals through a heterodimer of GP130 and IL-27Ra. Both receptor complexed lead to the phosphorylation and activation of STAT1 and STAT3 and, hence, to a similar transcriptional program. Strikingly, however, IL-27 responses lean more towards an anti-inflammatory nature (suppressing Th17 and supporting Treg responses), and IL-6 stimulates a classical inflammatory response (inhibiting Treg differentiation, supporting Th17 generation). The presented study deals with elucidating this functional pleiotropy of similar or identical signal transducers.

The authors follow a comprehensive and elaborated approach, combining in vitro experiments in cell lines and human Th1 cells with (phospho-)proteomics, transcriptome sequencing and mathematical modeling, which gives rise to an impressive data set presented in this manuscript. The large body of experimental work is complemented by mathematical modelling of the signaling pathway(s), which is used to discriminate feasibility of distinct hypothesis in terms of mechanisms behind differential STAT activation.

The major finding of the study is that IL-27, at least in certain cells (Th-1), leads to the stronger and more sustained activation of STAT1 as compared to IL-6, and that this higher activation of STAT1 is the basis of the differential transcriptional result. The subsequent -omics analyses support differences in signaling outcome between IL-6 and IL-27, and provide an interesting data base for the community. Finally, data re-analysis in a cohort of patients suffering from the autoimmune disease Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), reproduced the effects expected by the mathematical model, potentially pointing to differences in their response to different cytokines.

Overall, the extensive and complex study presents a comprehensive analyses of IL-6 and IL-27 signaling, puzzling together pieces that may have been around before but not put into meaningful context. It provides a compelling overall idea and model of how cytokine receptors make differential use of STAT proteins.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this manuscript, Levi-Ferber et al use C elegans to study how germline cells maintain pluripotency and avoid GED (germline ectopic differentiation) before fertilization. The authors previously showed that activation of the ER stress sensor Ire1 (but not its major downstream target Xbp1) enhances GED, and here they explore the mechanism of this effect.

The authors convincingly – and surprisingly – show that the Ire1-mediated GED increase results not from Ire1 activity in the germline but in the nervous system, specifically in certain sensory neurons. Worms lacking a specific neuropeptide (FLP-6) or a particular neuron that produces this peptide (ASE) also displayed increased GED. Although FLP-6 deficiency did not induce ER stress, ER stress did lead to a reduction of FLP-6 transcript (and protein) levels in an Ire1-dependent manner, suggesting this RNA is a target of Regulated Ire1-dependent decay (RIDD). The authors then go on to map out the signaling cascade that begins with FLP6 reduction in ASE by Ire1 and is transmitted to the gonad via an ASE-AIY-HSN circuit, including serotonin produced by HYE.

This paper is quite interesting and for the most part the data are very convincing and support the model. The demonstration that Ire1 and the ER stress response have non-cell autonomous effects is of particular interest, and is very well supported here. The description of this circuit linking particular neurons and signaling molecules to gonad pluripotency is also very strong.

A weakness of the paper is the link between RIDD of FLP6 and the disruption of this circuit. The data presented do clearly support the model. However, additional information would strengthen this considerably. The authors show that FLP6 mRNA levels are reduced in Ire1+ but not Ire-/- animals subjected to ER stress. They also show that GED results from the nuclease activity of Ire1 in the ASE; and that loss of FLP6 can also induce a similar effect. However, they do not show as clearly that Ire1's effects on GED are mediated primarily through FLP6.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Drs. Chen and colleagues report that augmentation of the integrated stress response (ISR) increases the oligodendrocytes and myelination during recovery after experimental demyelination in the presence of inflammation. Homozygous GADD43 KO mice or Sephin1 are used, respectively, to genetically and pharmacologically augment the ISR. Sephin1 treatment in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) shows increased remyelination in the spinal cord after inflammatory demyelination. Cuprizone administration to GFAP/tre;TRE/IFN-gamma double transgenic mice produced corpus callosum demyelination and CNS inflammation, with release of interferon-gamma initiated by removal of doxycycline from the drinking water. GADD43 KO did not change overall severity of cuprizone demyelination based on loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination in corpus callosum after 5 weeks of cuprizone with ectopic interferon-gamma. The authors state that GADD43 KO enhanced the recovery of oligodendrocytes and remyelination during the 3 weeks after removal of cuprizone from the diet, but an incorrect figure prevents evaluation of this result. In double transgenic mice, with initiation of CNS inflammation, but without the GADD43 null mutation, pharmacologically enhancing the ISR with Sephrin1, increased recovery of oligodendrocytes and remyelination at 3 weeks after removal of cuprizone from the diet. These effects of genetically or pharmacologically enhancing ISR were not observed in the absence of ectopic interferon-gamma. Genetic and pharmacologic enhancement of the ISR did not appear to significantly alter the progenitor or microglial response to cuprizone demyelination. The combination of Sephin1 with bazedoxifene (BZA) enhanced the oligodendrocyte density and remyelination during the recovery period to a similar extent as either treatment alone. The authors provide several results supporting their interpretation that augmenting the ISR can overcome inhibitory effects of inflammation to enhance oligodendrocyte density and remyelination. Clarifications of the methods, correction of missing data, and additional experiments are needed to support the authors' conclusions that the potentially significant findings that combination of Sephin1 and BZA protects remyelinating oligodendrocytes and promotes remyelination even in the presence of inflammation.

Major concerns:

1) The experimental design and interpretation of the results would be strengthened by examining an indicator of the ISR to allow the reader to interpret the extent of ISR activation and the effect of the genetic and pharmacologic modulators of the ISR. This analysis would be particularly helpful in the corpus callosum in conditions with and without cuprizone.

2) Cuprizone is started at 6 weeks of age which is designated as week 0 (W0). The studies use W0 for comparison to the treatment groups that are analyzed at W5 or W8. The authors refer to W0 as pre-lesion or baseline levels, which is appropriate. The authors' statements related to the vehicle condition are appropriate as is. However, it is not clear why the W8 age-match (non-cuprizone and non-IFN-gamma) was not used to more directly interpret the extent of recovery. Using W0, the comparison is 6 versus 14 weeks of age. Myelinated axons continue to significantly increase during this age interval in mice.

3) The data graphed in panel 3C for the KO genetic prolongation of the ISR is exactly the same and the data graphed in panel 5C for the Seph pharmacologic enhancement of the ISR. The graph in 3C is actually labeled for Seph and so must have been inadvertently inserted when the graph of the KO data was intended.

4) The combined Sephin1/BZA treatment does not appear to work through remyelination, based on the definition of thinly myelinated axons (g-ratio >0.8) as used by the authors. The authors state that the data shows the after cuprizone demyelination, mice treated with Sephin1/BZA "reached myelin thickness levels comparable to pre-lesion levels" and "restored myelin thickness to baseline levels". To support this interpretation, the authors would need to include analysis of the Sephin1/BZA mice at 5 weeks of cuprizone to show that the combined treatment, which is initiated at 3 weeks of cuprizone, did not protect oligodendrocytes or reduce demyelination during weeks 3-5 of cuprizone and Sephin1/BZA treatment.

5) Conditions during which augmenting ISR is protective of mature oligodendrocytes or protecting remyelinating oligodendrocytes should be more clearly presented in the Discussion. The prior EAE results are reported as protecting mature oligodendrocytes. The results (Figures 3B and 5B) show that genetically or pharmacologically augmenting the ISR did NOT protect from mature oligodendrocyte loss at 5W cuprizone. The results (Figure 5B) show increased oligodendrocytes at 8W cuprizone. The current results are interpreted as protecting remyelinating oligodendrocytes, which are presumably mature as well.

Reviewer #1:

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder show impaired fear extinction that leads to persistent fear memories. The CA1 subregion of the hippocampus has been implicated in the acquisition and extinction of contextual fear memories, and both mechanisms depend on glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in this region. Postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) is known to regulate structural and functional changes in glutamatergic synapses, but whether PSD-95 participates in the acquisition and extinction of contextual fear memories remains unclear. To address this question, here Ziółkowska and coworkers used nanoscale-resolution analyses of PSD-95 protein in the CA1 combined with genetic and chemogenetic manipulations in mice exposed to a classical Pavlovian contextual fear conditioning paradigm. The study revealed that PSD-95-dependent synaptic plasticity in the dorsal CA1 area is not necessary for fear acquisition or the initial phase of fear extinction, but is critical for updating a partially extinguished fear memory. In addition, phosphorylation of PSD-95 at serine 73 is necessary for contextual fear extinction-induced PSD-95 expression and remodeling of dendritic spines in this region, suggesting a potential mechanism for fear memory persistence.

This timely study provides important and novel findings with regard to the role of PSD-95 protein in fear extinction formation and helps to advance our understanding of how dendritic changes in the hippocampus regulates fear maintenance. The present findings should be of general interest to the scientific community because extinction-based therapies are the gold-standard treatment for many fear-related disorders. The manuscript is clear, and the experiments were well-designed and executed. While the study is elegant, there are several important points including data interpretation that need to be clarified.

Major points:

1) The authors identified changes in PSD-95 expression levels and spine density after both fear acquisition and fear extinction. Similarly, S73-dependent phosphorylation of PSD-95 and changes in spine density were also reported following both phases. How do the authors explain the lack of effects on fear acquisition and extinction after the infusion of S73-deficient PSD-95 expressing virus? Does this suggest that the observed dynamics of PSD-95 are not important for the fear memory expression? The interpretation of these findings should be clarified in the discussion.

Previous studies have demonstrated a key role of dorsal hippocampus CA1 area on fear retrieval and extinction acquisition using either lesion (e.g., Ji and Maren 2008, PMID: 18391185), or optogenetic tools (e.g., Sakagushi et al, 2015, PMID: 26075894). However, in the present study, chemogenetic inhibition of this same region had no effect on fear retrieval or extinction acquisition (Figures 5 and 6). How do the authors reconcile the lack of effects on fear retrieval and extinction acquisition with the previous literature? Similarly, previous studies on the role of hippocampal PSD-95 protein in extinction memory should be described and the main differences in the experimental design and findings should be discussed (e.g.; Nagura et al, 2012, PMID: 23268962; Cai et al, 2018; PMID: 30143658; Li et al 2017, PMID: 28888982)

2) The authors have used scanning electron microscopy to analyze the ultrastructure of dendritic spines and determine whether PSD-95 regulates extinction-induced synaptic growth. In addition, the authors complemented these studies by investigating the effect of PSD-95-overexpression and fear extinction training on synaptic transmission in the dorsal CA1 ex vivo. However, it is hard to understand what does the observed changes in dendritic spines and amplitude of EPSCs mean if the behavior of the animals was the same. This point should be discussed in the article.

3) In Figure 5, the authors showed that chemogenetic inactivation of CA1 changed PSD-95 expression in all the 3 subregions of CA1 (stOri, stRad and stLM). However, the extinction training behavior in Figure 1 demonstrated an effect only in 2 subregions (stOri and stLM). The authors should clarify this discrepancy. In addition, in the same series of experiments (Fig. 5Ciii), it is unclear whether the reduction in PSD-95 expression induced by chemogenetic inactivation is sufficient to bring the PSD-95 expression to the same post-conditioning levels.

4) The authors showed an interesting behavioral effect in the second part of the extinction phase (Figure 6C), similar to the results in Figure 4C. However, to confirm that phosphorylated PSD-95 is crucial for the maintenance of extinction memory, the authors may want to consider a direct comparison between the levels of phosphorylated PSD-95 right after extinction 1 and extinction 2. Differences in the expression would clarify whether the phosphorylated PSD-95 expression is further increased after additional extinction training, which would help to link the effect of chemogenetic inactivation on behavior. At least some discussion is needed for this part.

5) The authors used immunostaining and confocal tools to analyze 3 domains of dendritic tree of dorsal CA1 area in Thy1-GFP(M) mice (stOri, stRad and stLM) on different fear phases (conditioning and extinction). They found a significant decrease of PSD-95 expression, spine density and spine area in stOri and stRad during conditioning and a rescue of such decrease during extinction. However, the authors’ interpretation is that extinction resulted in an upregulation of PSD-95, which doesn't seem to be the case if you compare the numbers with the naïve group. Please clarify this point.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Parker and colleagues presents an extensive body of work on characterizing the role of FPA in the choice of polyadenylation sites in transcripts of A. thaliana. Investigation on the mechanistic details that FPA engages on the mRNA processing was first initiated with the in vivo pull-down followed by LC-MS/MS, which revealed the its protein interactome relevant for 3'-end processing. The main dataset pertaining to the manuscript title comes from the comparative transcriptome analysis of Col-0, fpa-8 mutant and the overexpressor of FPA, 35S:FPA:YFP. The strength of this work lies in the use of nanopore DRS by demonstrating the layers of FPA-dependent transcripts, including its own, and its comparison to datasets by Illumina RNA-Seq and Helicos DRS. The systematic analysis uncovered unexpected complexity in the A. thaliana NLR transcriptome under the control of FPA and thus delivers a new insight on NLR biology. Several studies anecdotally have reported the importance of using genomic DNA, but not a single cDNA species, for addressing full functionality of NLR genes. Recent advances in NLRome sequencing from multiple genomes of a species and NLR structure/function studies also highlight the importance of understanding modular nature of NLR. As alluded with the modular diversity of NLRs kept in the genomes of a species in recent studies, NLR genes are prone to reshuffle in the genome to generate different variants, including partial entities with the loss of some parts of the proteins or even chimeras, supposedly maximizing the repertoire for defense. This work adds the level of transcript diversity on that of genomic diversity; FPA, an essential factor for transcription termination determinant, targets numerous NLRs to control the layers of NLR transcriptome of an individual plant. Although it is yet to be clarified for the regulatory significance of FPA-mediated NLR transcript changes under biotic or abiotic conditions, the authors succeeded in employing fine genetic schemes utilizing FPA-defective vs. -overexpressing lines along with long-read nanopore DRS technology for the first time to uncover the breadth of differential transcript generation focused on 3'-end choices. This work is timely and impactful for NLR research owing to the above-mentioned recent advances in NLR field.

As this work is the first of its kind in utilizing nanopore DRS to address NLR transcriptome, several technical concerns can be addressed to corroborate the claims made in the manuscript, which authors can find in the following section (1-8). Regarding the organization of the manuscript, the authors may consider to rebalance the two parts: FPA interactome vs. FPA targets and NLRs. Overall, the manuscript can be seen as combining two stories; first to characterize FPA function in 3'-end processing of transcripts inferred by interacting proteomes and meta-analysis of ChIP-seq data; second part includes detailed analysis of NLR transcripts and others. Although the first half of the analysis is a necessary prelude to the following NLR analysis, the current title and academic novelty mainly lies, or were intended by the authors, on the NLR analysis. However, current manuscript has relatively enlarged section of the first with NLR analysis packed into a series of supplementary dataset. If authors wishes to opt for highlighting NLR analysis, the following suggestions would help (9-14).

1) Earth mover distance (EMD) has been applied to identify a locus with alternative polyadenylation. What is the basis of using EMD value of 25 as a cutoff? According to Figure 4 B,D, EMD can range from 0-4000. One would also wonder if the distance unit equals bp. In addition, EMD values of some genes (e.g. FPA and representative NLRs) can be specified in the main dataset so that significance of the cut-off values shall be appreciated.

2) Regarding the manual annotation of alternatively polyadenylated NLR genes (L1160-): Genes with alternative polyadenylation were identified and the ending location was supported when there were minimum four DRS reads. It would be relevant to provide the significance of "the four" based on read coverage statistics, for example, with average read number covering an annotated NLR transcript with the specification of an average size.

3) Figure 4E shows that Ilumina-RNAseq dataset detects the number of loci with a different order of magnitude compared with the other two methods. Reference-agonistic pipeline shall be appreciated, however, the method engaged might have elevated the counting of paralogous reads mapped to different locations than they should be. Along with paralogous read collapsing, this is always a problem with tandemly repeated genes, such as NLRs by and large. For example, NLR paralogs in a complex cluster with conserved TIR/NBS but diversified LRRs would have higher coverage in the first two domains but drop in the diversified parts. The authors need to specify their bioinformatic consideration to avoid such problems.

Although the tone of the Illumina read section was careful and the main 3'-end processing conclusion was made by nanopore DRS, the authors are also advised to clearly state the limitation of using Illumina-RNAseq to address alternative polyadenylating sites at the beginning of the section, for example what to be maximally taken out from Figure 4 E and 4F. This will give relative weights to each dataset generated by different methods. One advantage of using Illumina data would be that the expression level changes can be associated with changes in processing, it seems.

4) At the RPP7 locus, At1g58848 is identical in sequences with At1g59218 as is At1g58807 with At1g59214 (two twins in the RPP7 cluster by tandem duplication). It would be good to check whether the TE At1g58889 readthrough indeed occurs in the sister duplicate with a potential TE in the downstream of At1g59218. If not, it can be used as an example of duplication and neofunctionalization through an alternative polyadenylation site choices.

5) HMM search shall be revisited to confirm if they are to detect the TIR domain. Given that a large proportion of NLRs in A. thaliana carry TIR at their N-terminal ends and the specified examples included TIR-NLR, it is surprising to see no TIR domain in Figure 5.

6) L659-668: how does the new data relate to the previously TAIR annotated At1g58602.1 vs At1g58602.2 (Figure 6, Inset 1)? It would be good to see these clearly stated in the main text as compared to newly identified ones. From the nanopore profiling, At1g58602.2 appears to be the dominant form.

7) One thing to note is that in the overexpressor of which Hiks1 R is suppressed, there was hardly any At1g58602.1 produced in addition to the large reduction of At1g58602.2. Thus, relative functional importance of the two transcripts shall be discussed in line with the Hpa resistance data. Accordingly, L740-741 phrasing shall be revised to include the possibility of absolute or relative "depletion" of functional transcript(s) contributing to the compromise in Hpa resistance.

8) It would be necessary to state in the main text the implication of phosphorylation on the two Ser residues on Pol II at L245. A clear description distinguishing the effect of the two phosphorylation and the specificity of the antibodies is desirable, as the data was interpreted as if the two sites made differences, such that Ser2 was heavily emphasized (e.g. subtitle). Albeit low level, Ser5 data also shows an overlap with FPA ChIP-seq coverage at the 3' end. If there is a statistical significance to be taken account to interpret the coverage, please state it. Given that elongation occurs progressively, I wonder how much should be taken out from the distinction.

9) Figures presentation for RPP4 and RPP7 are great in detailing the FPA-dependent NLR transcript complexity. To make the functional link more evident, the authors may consider bringing up parts of the Figure 5-supplement to a main Figure to detail the revised annotation of NLRs. Given recent advances in NLR structure and function studies, extra domain fusion, fission and truncated versions of NLRs require a great deal of attention. For example, potential functional link to the NMD-mediated autoimmunity and revised annotation of At5g46470 (RPS6) needs a clear visual guidance preferably with a main figure (Figure 5-Supplement 3).

10) The section "FPA controls the processing of NLR transcripts" includes dense information and can be broken down to several categories. To this end, Supplement File 3 (NLR list) shall be revised to deliver the categorical classes and further details and converted to a main table.

For NLR audience, for example, it would be important to associate the information to raw reads to assess where the premature termination would occur. At least, the ways to retrieve dataset or to curate the termination sites shall be guided.

On the contrary, there is no need to include other genes in Figure 4 Sup4-8 under this section. They are not NLRs.

11) Figure 7 and IBM1 section can be spared to the supplement.

12) The list of "truncated NLR transcripts" in particular, either by premature termination within protein-coding or with intronic polyadenylation, should be made as a main table. The table can be preferably carrying details in which degree the truncation is predicted to be made. With current sup excel files, it is difficult to assess the breadth of the FPA effect on the repertoire of NLRs and their function. This way, functional implication of differential NLRs transcriptome can be better emphasized.

13) FPA-mediated NLR transcript controls, as to promote transcript diversity, is expected to exert its maximum effect if FPA level or activity is subject to the environmental stresses, such as biotic or abiotic stresses. The discussion on effectors targeting RNA-binding proteins (L909-918) is a great attempt in broadening the impact of this research. In addition, if anything is known to modulate FPA activity, such as biotic or abiotic stresses or environmental conditions, please include in the discussion.

14) NLR transcript diversity as source of cryptic variation contributing to NLR "evolution" is an interesting concept, however, evolutionary changes require processes of genic changes affecting transcript layers or stabilizing transcriptome diversity. In the authors' proposition in looking into accessions, potential evolutionary processes can be further clarified.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors investigate the role of Condensin and its loading in ensuring appropriate chromosome dynamics in the model organism Bacillus subtilis. The data are of high quality and generally support the ultimate conclusions.

The demonstration of collisions between ectopically-loaded Condensin and their negative impact on cellular viability are important insights, particularly in light of the recent single-molecular in vitro experiments demonstrating the ability of 2 Condensins to pass one another and thereby form Z-structures on DNA.

The main caveat is that the work lacks direct quantization of the levels of chromosome-associated Condensin—inclusion of experiments to evaluate this parameter would go a long way to validating (or refuting) the authors' conclusions.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript by Gabor Tamas' group defines features of ionotropic and metabotropic output from a specific cortical GABAergic cell cortical type, so-called neurogliaform cells (NGFCs), by using electrophysiology, anatomy, calcium imaging and modelling. Experimental data suggest that NGFCs converge onto postsynaptic neurons with sublinear summation of ionotropic GABAA potentials and linear summation of metabotropic GABAB potentials. The modelling results suggest a preferential spatial distribution of GABA-B receptor-GIRK clusters on the dendritic spines of postsynaptic neurons. The data provide the first experimental quantitative analysis of the distinct integration mechanisms of GABA-A and GABA-B receptor activation by the presynaptic NGFCs, and especially gain insights into the logic of the volume transmission and the subcellular distribution of postsynaptic GABA-B receptors. Therefore, the manuscript provides novel and important information on the role of the GABAergic system within cortical microcircuits.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This paper focuses on the role of historical evolutionary patterns that lead to genetic adaptation in cytokine production and immune mediated diseases including infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases. The overall goal of this research was to track the evolutionary trajectories of cytokine production capacity over time in a number of patients with different exposure to infectious organisms, infectious disease, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases using the 500 Functional Genomics cohort of the Human Functional Genomics Project. The identified cohort is made up of 534 individuals of Western European ancestry. Much of this focus is on the impact and limitations of certain datasets that they have chosen to use such as the "average genotyped dosage" to be substituted for missing variants and data interpretation. Moreover, some data pairings in the data set are not complete or had varying time points . Similarly, a split was done to look at before and after the Neolithic era and the linear regression correspond to those two eras. However, the authors do not comment or show the data to demonstrate why they choose that specific breakpoint as opposed to looking at every historical era transition, i.e., from early upper paleolithic to late upper paleolithic to Mesolithic to Neolithic to post-Neolithic to modern. Lastly, the authors should highlight additional limitations of this current study in terms of the generalizability to other populations or to clearly state that this is limited to the European population at the specified latitude and longitudes used.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In the manuscript by Willoughby et al. the authors examine the role of Rab25 in early embryogenesis in zebrafish. They implicate Rab25 activity in abscission and show various defects including delayed epiboly and altered cell behaviors associated with defective acting dynamics. This is an interesting and well-written paper that uses reverse genetics and microscopy to analyze the function of Rab25, a GTPase previously implicated in membrane recycling, in vivo. Their work illustrates how defects in cytokinesis affect epiboly and establish an interesting link to acto-myosin regulation of the mechanical properties of the EVL. While these pehnotypes are described and demonstrated clearly, the implication of membrane recycling is not fully supported in the present work. It is also unclear whether Rab25 plays a role in oogenesis that may account for some of the observed phenotypes.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors provide a novel case-study of the skeletal consequences of queen-only breeding in Damaraland mole-rats, one of the few eusocial mammals. Out of a population of adults, a queen will be selected as the sole female to breed with a male, and the non-breeders will provide support in the highly cooperative society. Once selected, a new queen will undergo a rapid skeletal transformation in which lumbar vertebrae expand. Supporting closely-timed pregnancies and lactation, mineral reserves will be excavated by bone-specific macrophages along the inner, or endosteal, lining of some limb bones. Unlike most other mammals, the skeletons of queens do not typically recover to their pre-pregnancy phenotype as rapid sequential pregnancies continually erode the limbs, leaving them vulnerable to fracture.

To understand the molecular mechanisms driving these phenotypic changes associated with breeding in queens, the authors artificially selected queens in captivity, recreated a eusocial society, and then tracked gene expression along with skeletal phenotypes throughout breeding cycles. After lumbar expansion in queens had completed only long bones showed gene expression consistent with breeding status. Specifically, results showed upregulation of differentiation and activity of bone-specific macrophages, call osteoclasts. These cells liberate minerals from bone and make components of the extracellular matrix available metabolism and development of embryos.

To understand if these changes were driven by the presence of sex-steroids, multiple cell types were harvested from the marrow of lumbar vertebrae and limb bones and treated with estradiol. No significant effect was found. Data, therefore, suggest that mechanisms shaping the postcranial skeleton were not consequences of sex-steroid mediated signaling pathways.

Non-recoverable bone loss in queens is unusual among mammals and is a vulnerability that potentially limits the number of pups a queen can produce. Vulnerable queens may therefore be protected in cooperative societies in which non-breeders can work more and offer queens more rest.

This study furthers the field of skeletal biology by exploring how enduring bone resorption contributes to the greater fecundity of one of the world's few eusocial mammals but has a potentially life-long consequence on limb performance and fracture resistance. The authors weave together multiple lines of evidence to better illustrate the enormous and rapid changes that occur as a female ascends to queen status, and what she sacrifices to build her colony. Results offer compelling and transdisciplinary insights into an extreme skeletal strategy and the impact of this work can be bolstered by only minor changes.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The authors set out to test a variety of factors that could impact poladenylation site (PAS) selection in yeast. To that end, they rigorously tested a collection of temperature-sensitive mutations in polyadenylation machinery components and utilized a custom 3'-end sequencing method to assess PAS selection genome-wide. The most common result associated with polyadenylation machinery dysfunction was global switching to a more distal PAS. Further, the authors test an interesting phenomenon of cordecypin-induced switching to the distal PAS and reveal through metabolomics that enhanced nucleotide biosynthesis may be the root cause. The enhanced nucleotide pools was found to alter elongation rate leading to alterations in PAS choice. Finally, the authors find that convergent genes are influenced by the nucleosome landscape to impact APA events.

Overall, this is a rigorous and thorough study that brings together multiple regulatory components that impact PAS selection. The model presented by the authors is supported by their work and provides the field with a clear picture of the complex nature of cleavage and polyadenylation in yeast.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript reports data from unique experiments in which a paralysed person reported sensations evoked by microstimulation of the somatosensory cortex. The main emphasis of this paper is on the effects of increase in stimulation frequency. It was discovered that depending on the electrode used, the peak intensity was felt at different frequencies. Accordingly, the electrodes and stimulation sites were divided into three groups-Low, Intermediate and High frequency preferring. Overall, it was noticed that in most electrodes increasing stimulation frequency beyond about 100 Hz led to less intense sensation. Without knowing the exact somatosensory circuits involved in processing, the connection with recently discovered human vibrotactile psychophysics phenomena and cortical recordings in mice are speculative, but are in close agreement with the current observation and thus the manuscript would benefit from expanding discussion on this. I personally don't think there is any contradiction with non-human primate studies, as the authors state, rather it should be viewed as a significant extension to those studies and warrants viewing them in a new light.

A very interesting observation is that three types of frequency-intensity effects are associated with different perceptual qualities. However, types of seemingly distinct sensations might be attributed to semantics describing sensation of periodic stimulation at different intensities. Subjective reports of one subject are very valuable to set future directions for this kind of investigation, but may not be enough to generalise those findings just yet.

The location of electrodes belonging to three different frequency-intensity effect groups appeared to be not at random, but whether it reflects cortical organisation or some other factors like systematic variation in electrode depth might have influenced the result, needs to be confirmed. Only a small number of electrodes was tested - 8 in the Medial Array and 11 in the Lateral Array.

Three frequency-intensity effect group electrodes also differed in median intensity reported across all frequencies, which cautions that the reported perceptual quality differences at least partly might be attributed to the overall level of intensity sensation. It has to be noted that the overall frequency-intensity response profile did not change by changing the stimulation current, however some shifts seems to be present. Alternatively, such frequency-intensity effect profiles represent circuits tuned to detection of specific features of stimuli. This possibility is indeed very intriguing.

As those experiments performed on a human subject with implanted electrodes are absolutely unique, the data are exceptionally interesting regardless of limitations generalising those findings. Unlike animal experiments humans can describe sensations evoked by cortical microstimulation so there is no substitution for these experiments and every piece of evidence is highly valuable. These results give ground for new hypotheses to better understand how the somatosensory system works and generate ideas for designing future human psychophysics and animal model experiments. From a practical point of view, it is exceptionally valuable for informing the design of stimulation protocols for bidirectional brain-computer interfaces (BCIs).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this study, Hallast and colleagues performed a detailed genetic analysis of the AZFc region of the Y-chromosome in a large cohort of 1190 Estonian men with idiopathic infertility and >1100 controls from the same population. They focused on partial deletions of the AZFc regions, because their clinical significance remains controversial and published reports are often contradictory. The authors performed a comprehensive genetic analysis, which in addition to a standard AZFc deletion protocol with gene dosage of the key AZFc genes, included also Y-haplogroup determination and re-sequencing of the retained DAZ, BPY2 and CDY genes. The authors showed that gr/gr deletions were enriched in infertile men, thus confirming that this deletion is a risk factor for impaired spermatogenesis. An important novel finding is identification of a previously unknown structural variant: a long r2/r3 inversion, which likely destabilizes two palindromes and leads to deletions. This variant is fixed in the Y lineage R1a1-M458, which is common in some Central European populations. In the Estonian study group, nearly all patients with this variant and a gr/gr deletion, had a severe impairment of spermatogenesis. The authors mentioned that the variant largely 'destroys' two palindromes, P1 and P2. One would like to see more discussion what are the structural and functional consequences - e.g. are any loci for e.g. non-coding RNA affected by a deletion in men with this inversion in comparison to those without?

The authors also speculated in the discussion that deletion on this background might lead to progressive worsening of the reproductive phenotype. This is based on just one control individual, a young man with borderline reproductive parameters, and corroborating this hypothesis would require further studies, including repeated evaluation of the same individuals over a long period of time.

This is a high quality study, performed by collaborators from the UK and Estonia, with an excellent track record in the analysis of the Y-chromosome structure and evolution, and in reproductive genetics and clinical andrology, respectively. The data presentation and figures are very informative and convincing. Among the strengths of the study, I have to emphasise a detailed phenotypic evaluation of the study subjects, including several parameters of testis function, semen analysis, and reproductive hormone profiles. Hence, the results and conclusions are valuable and add to the understanding of the consequences of the partial AZFc deletions. The authors also provided useful guidelines how to identify men with this variant in labs performing genetic analysis of infertile couples.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In this study, Lee et al. reanalyzed a previous fMRI dataset (Aly et al., 2018) in which participants watched the same 90s movie segment six times. Using event-segmentation methods similar to Baldassano et al. (2017), they show that event boundaries shifted for the average of the last 5 viewings as compared to the first viewing, in some regions by as much as 12 seconds. Results provide evidence for anticipatory neural activity, with apparent differences across brain regions in the timescale of this anticipation, in line with previous reports of a hierarchy of temporal integration windows.

– One of the key findings of the paper – long-timescale anticipatory event reinstatement – overlaps with the findings of Baldassano et al., 2017. However, the previous study could not address the multiple time scales/hierarchy of predictions. Considering that this is the novel contribution of the current study, more statistical evidence for this hierarchy should be provided.

– The current hierarchy of anticipation is closely linked to (and motivated by) previous studies showing evidence of a hierarchy of temporal integration windows. Indeed, the question of the study was "whether this hierarchy also exists in a prospective direction". This question is currently addressed somewhat indirectly, by displaying above-threshold brain regions, but without directly relating this hierarchy to previous findings of temporal integration windows, and without directly testing the claimed "posterior (less anticipation) to anterior (more anticipation) fashion" (from abstract).

– The analysis is based on averaging the data of the 5 repeated viewings and comparing this average with the data of the first viewing. This means that the repeated viewing condition had much more reliable data than the initial viewing condition. This could potentially affect the results (e.g. better fit to HMM). To avoid this bias, the 5 repeated viewings could be entered separately into the analysis (e.g., each separately compared to the first viewing) and results averaged at the end. Alternatively, only the 6th viewing could be compared to the first viewing (as in Aly et al., 2018).

– Correlation analysis (Fig 6). "we tested whether these correlations were significantly positive for initial viewing and/or repeated viewing, and whether there was a significant shift in correlation between these conditions". It was not clear to me how we should interpret the correlation results in Figure 6. Might a lower correlation for repeated viewing not also reflect general suppression (e.g. participants no longer paying attention to the movie)? Perhaps comparing the correlations at the optimal lag (for each cluster) might help to reduce this concern; that is, the correlation difference would only exist at lag-0.

– Correlation analysis (Figure 6). "For both of these regions the initial viewing data exhibits transitions near the annotated boundaries, while transitions in repeated viewing data occur earlier than the annotated transitions" How was this temporal shift statistically assessed?

– Not all clusters in Figure 2/6 look like contiguous and meaningful clusters. For example, cluster 9 appears to include insula as well as (primary?) sensorimotor cortex, and cluster 4 includes both ventral temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex/TPJ. It is thus not clear what we can conclude from this analysis about specific brain regions. For example, the strongest r-diff is in cluster 4, but this cluster includes a very diverse set of regions.

– In previous related work, the authors correlated time courses within and across participants, providing evidence for temporal integration windows. For example, in Aly et al., 2018 (same dataset), the authors correlated time courses across repeated viewings of the movie. Here, one could similarly correlate time courses across repeated viewings, shifting this time course in multiple steps and testing for the optimal lag. This would seem a more direct (and possibly more powerful) test of anticipation and would link the results more closely to the results of the previous study. If this analysis is not possible to reveal the anticipation revealed here, please motivate why the event segmentation is crucial for revealing the current findings.

Joint Public Review:

Hsiang-Chun Chang et al. investigated the role of ALR, component of the mitochondrial MIA40/ALR protein import apparatus, in cytosolic Fe/S cluster biogenesis performing loss-of-function (silencing) and gain-of-function (over-expression) experiments with MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblast) and HEK293 (human embryonic kidney) cells. They find that downregulation of ALR impairs maturation of cytosolic Fe/S cluster proteins, while activities of mitochondrial Fe/S cluster proteins such as complex I and II are unaffected. Furthermore by reducing ALR expression cells up-regulate cellular iron transporter transferrin receptor 1 (Tfrc) and consequently cellular iron levels increase. The authors reveal that ALR down-regulation post-transcriptionally regulates Trfc through stabilization of Trfc mRNA mediated by IRP1, which is activated by absence of its mature Fe/S cluster. Additionally they demonstrate that only over- expression of full-length ALR, mainly located in the mitochondria and not the cytosolic short from ALR can reverse cytosolic Fe/S cluster maturation and therefore IRP1 activity and cellular iron levels. In the last part of their manuscript the authors present evidence about the mechanism by which ALR carries out this function. They find that ALR enables mitochondrial import of ABCB8 but not ABCB7, two mitochondrial proteins involved in the maturation of cytoplasmic Fe/S clusters. This transport into mitochondria requires functional MIA40/ALR in the IMS and further the TIM23 complex to the inner mitochondrial membrane. ABCB8 interacts directly with MIA40 by 5 cysteines (difulfide bond formation) and therefore these conserved cysteins are necessary for recognition and binding, which is not the case for ABCB7. These data add an interesting view on how ALR expression is linked to Fe/S cluster protein maturation, cellular iron homeostasis and their potential impact on related dieases.

The strength of the manuscript are the well designed and performed experiments presenting evidence of how mitochondrial function of ALR is linked to the sulfur redox homeostasis and cellular iron regulation. Interestingly, reduction in cytsolic Fe/S cluster maturation and therefore increased cellular iron levels is also associated with increased sensitivity of cells to oxidative stress and this might be a plausible explanation for the previously described impact of full length ALR expression on oxidative stress in various disease models (PMID: 30579845).

The drawn conclusions that the mechanistic studies about the role of ALR for Fe/S cluster maturation and cellular iron uptake may parallel the disease phenotype of patients with mutations in ALR gene GFER may be in parts speculative. The reported ALR mutations are varying and result either in partial functional or truncated protein expression (PMID: 20593814, PMID: 25269795). ALR is expressed in several isoforms (varying between two or three depending on the organ) of different size (15kDa, 21kDa, 23kDa). Most of the data showing the short form ALR (15kDa) solely in the cytosol and the full length ALR (23 kDa) as wells a second immuno-reactive band of 21 kDa ALR, both in cytosol and mitochondria (PMID: 30579845). While over-expressing full length ALR the authors show in the manuscript higher expression level in the cytosol than in the mitochondria fraction (w-blot, which is not reflected in the graph of Fig. S3 B). It was reported earlier that continuous over-expression of full length ALR in mammalian cells leads to the accumulation of full length ALR not only in the mitochondria but also in the cytosol (PMID: 23676665), which is also in agreement to observations of cytosolic occurrence of full length ALR (see above). This raises the question whether the conclusions made in the manuscript may be due to its cytosolic accumulation rather than or in addition to its mitochondrial localization. The presented study refers at several points to a study by Lange et al 2001 demonstrating that ALR rescues cytoplasmic Fe/S cluster maturation defects in Erv1- null yeast. There has been contradictory evidence published about the role of ALR in the maturation and export of cytosolic Fe-S cluster proteins. Lange et al. claimed that ALR interacts with Atm1 (an ABC transporter in the inner membrane of the mitochondria) and facilitates the export of Fe-S proteins to the cytosol. However, later it was suggested that, in yeast cells, ALR plays neither a direct nor an indirect role in cytosolic Fe-S cluster assembly and iron homeostasis. It is claimed that Iron homeostasis is independent of Erv1/Mia40 function in various yeast strains (Erv1 mutant) and that the finding by Lange et al. is based on only one Erv1 mutant strain, mainly due to strongly decreased glutathione (GSH) levels (PMID: 26396185).

Additionally, this statement is reinforced by a study in human cells, demonstrating that depletion of ALR does not impact the maturation of cytosolic Fe-S proteins assembled via the CIA pathway (PMID: 25012650). Furthermore, this study in mammalian cells has pointed out the role of ALR in exporting MitoNEEt to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). MitoNEEt is a Fe-S protein that is synthesized in the mitochondrial matrix. Upon synthesis, MitoNEEt translocates through the inner membrane of the mitochondria by ABCB7 and then through the IMS by ALR to the OMM where it contributes to cell proliferation (PMID: 25012650).

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Mobile genetic elements like phages, transposons, plasmids, and conjugative elements are widespread in prokaryotes and confer important traits to their hosts, including antibiotic resistance and virulence. In this study, the authors convincingly demonstrate that the mobile element ICEBs1 of Bacillus subtilis confers a fitness advantage to its host by delaying entry into metabolically costly developmental processes (biofilm formation and sporulation). The gene devI is identified as being responsible for delaying initiation of development, but the mechanistic basis for this could be further explored. Their results show that, in addition to conferring novel phenotypes, mobile elements exert influence by tuning existing host pathways, a paradigm that could be extended to many other prokaryotes.

Strengths:

The paper is written very clearly, the experimental data is convincing, the interpretations and conclusions are justified by the data.

The authors implemented clever genetic approaches to quantitatively compare the fitness of strains harboring or lacking ICEBs1 in co-culture. I appreciated the use of the conjugation mutant (comEK476E) to prevent ICE transfer that would confound the analysis. Similarly, the authors genetically separate the developmental pathways under which ICEBs1 confers an advantage (biofilm formation and sporulation), by deleting the spo0A promoter under sigH control to prevent sporulation but retain biofilm formation. Finally, to assess the contribution of ICE-encoded genes to fitness, the authors take advantage of a "locked-in" ICE variant (∆attR, oriT*) that cannot excise and replicate - thereby eliminating the confounding variable of gene dosage from ICE replication.

As mentioned above, the effects of ICEBs1 on development set an important precedent for how mobile genetic elements interact with their hosts. They are often regarded as autonomous elements, but the authors provide an example of how these elements can influence host pathways.

Suggestions for improvement:

The authors show that the gene devI is necessary and sufficient for ICE-mediated delay of development initiation. Gene expression analyses suggest this delay affects the earliest stages of development (genes under control of spo0A, the master regulator of sporulation, are affected). I think the authors could investigate the mechanism of spo0A inhibition in more detail. Which aspect of spo0A function is affected by DevI? Starvation sensing, spo0A expression, activation of upstream kinases (KinA?), phosphorelay, or binding of Spo0A~P to promoters?

Ectopically expressed DevI (Fig 5) seemed to have a stronger inhibition of sporulation than ICEBs1 alone (Figure 2) - does the constitutively expressed protein block rather than delay sporulation? I wonder if the authors would like to comment on how, in the wild-type ICEBs1 context, DevI activity is eventually overcome by cells that eventually do sporulate after a delay. Furthermore, will cells that successfully transfer ICEBs1 be relieved of DevI-mediated sporulation inhibition?

The data in Fig 4 suggest that devI is not the only ICEBs1-encoded factor providing a fitness advantage. Do the unknown factor(s) also delay development, or do they work via other mechanisms: i.e. does the ∆devI mutant have a sporulation delay? Any idea what the other factors might be (from bioinformatics for example)?

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Ruberto et al. utilize hepatocyte-specific Klf10 knock-out mice to demonstrate expression changes of rhythmic transcripts, highlighting dysregulated glucose and lipid metabolism as an enriched gene set. They demonstrate that KLF10 is necessary for proper glycemic control in mice and that KLF10 coordinates suppression of metabolic gene expression in the liver in response to high sugar diet. The authors corroborate their findings by analyzing gene expression changes of primary hepatocytes stimulated with fructose and high glucose. Finally, the authors identify KLF10 target genes using ChIP-seq and validate Acss2 and Acacb as target genes suppressed in mice following a high sugar diet. Novel aspects of this work include the metabolic characterization of a hepatocyte-specific Klf10 knock-out mouse, identification of KLF10 target genes in hepatocytes using ChIP-seq, and description of circadian transcript expression with Klf10 loss.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

This manuscript titled "Human Erbb2-induced Erk Activity Robustly Stimulates Cycling and Functional Remodeling of Rat and Human Cardiomyocytes" directly compared a number of previously identified candidate mitogenic genes in different cardiomyocytes and different maturity status and investigated the pathway involved. The authors found that the human Erbb2 triggers the strongest proliferative effect in both human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Neonatal Rat Ventricular Myocyte, and was associated with the Erk pathway. The authors then proved this association by demonstrating that inhibition with Mek inhibitor and Erk inhibitor attenuates the human Erbb2-induced response. In addition, the authors found that Yap8SA failed to trigger proliferation in the cardiomyocyte tested due to negative feedback loop. Thus, this study provides helpful information regarding the relative effectiveness of a number of candidate genes.

Strengths:

— This study investigates five candidate genes in different species and different maturation status of cardiomyocyte. In each setting, all genes are studied. Therefore, direct comparison regarding their effectiveness can be made.

— Furthermore, this study demonstrated the mechanism on how the differing responses arose, providing in-depth information.

Weakness:

— Although this study showed induced proliferation of cardiomyocyte following candidate genes expression, the authors did not present sufficient proof that the function would improve. Cardiomyocyte harbor differing functions and parameters that represents it should ideally be investigated.

Joint Public Review:

The manuscript by Liu and colleagues is a very elegant study demonstrating the emergence of ectopic beta cells after beta cell specific ablation in zebrafish pancreas in a context in which vascularization of the larvae was altered in either npas4l mutants or etv2 morphants. Provocatively, the authors demonstrate the mesodermal origin of ectopic and functional beta cells using 2 mesodermal mapping strategies. This study is very well conducted with appropriate controls and rigorous statistical analyses. This study will likely impact the field of pancreas regeneration providing a novel source for beta cells within the adjacent mesodermal tissue.

Joint Public Review:

Although sensory neurons are thought to be the primary detectors of environmental stimuli in skin, it is more and more appreciated that non-neuronal cell types also play important roles. Previous work from the Stucky group (and others) has shown stimulation of optical excitation of keratinocytes can evoke action potentials in sensory neurons and behavioral responses suggesting functional connectivity. Earlier work from the Stucky group provided evidence that keratinocytes are thermosenstive and required for normal temperature sensation.

Here, they look into whether these cells are also important for mechanosensation. Using K14-Cre-dependent conditional KO mice, functional assays and behavioral analysis, Moehring and collaborators report that the mechanosensitive channel Piezo1 is expressed in keratinocytes in mice and humans and claim that it contributes to normal touch sensation. The in vitro data convincingly show that keratinocytes have mechanically evoked currents mediated by Piezo1. Interestingly, this work shows that recruitment of epidermal, non-neuronal Piezo1 by mechanical stimulation of keratinocytes could contribute significantly to touch through activation of cutaneous sensory fibers (mechanoreceptors). Specifically, they provide evidence that removing Piezo1 from keratinocytes reduces the frequency of spiking in select types of sensory neurons to punctate and dynamic touch stimuli. Finally, they supply quite surprising data documenting significant behavioral deficits in Krt-conditional knockout mice.

Overall, this work provides an intriguing series of observation and potentially fundamental discovery. However, concerns remain as to how the relatively subtle differences in the skin-nerve recordings result in such profound behavioral effects? Similarly, it is hard to understand how loss of the related channel Piezo2 in sensory neurons completely abolishes many touch responses if mechanosensitivity of keratinocytes is sufficient to evoke touch behaviors (as their experiments applying Yoda-1 to the hindpaw of mice would suggest). Altogether, this work suggests a novel role for epidermal Piezo1 in normal touch but the key neuro-epithelial signaling remains to be identified.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

The manuscript by Rosello et al., describes the application of cytosine base editing to efficiently introduce known and predictable mutations into disease genes in vivo in zebrafish, and examine signaling pathways and model disease. The majority of the data presented is analysis of editing precision and efficiency in somatically targeted embryos, with one example of a precise edited germline allele recovered. A direct comparison of the cytosine base editor BE4 and an improved version ancBE4max indicates both are highly efficient at somatic base editing. ancBE4max reduces alteration of bases outside the base editing window, and the data suggests loci for which BE4 base editing has failed can be targeted with ancBe4max. The authors demonstrate efficient base editing in embryos at multiple cancer genes (up to 91%), introducing activating mutations into oncogenes and nonsense mutations in a number of tumor suppressors. A S33L allele was introduced into the b-catenin gene ctnnb1 to activate the wnt signaling pathway as evidenced by expression of the wnt reporter Tg(tcf:GFP). Another novel aspect of this study is that the authors have expanded base editing target site selection by switching out the ancBe4max SpCas9 PAM-interacting motif domain with the domain from Spymac, which recognizes an NAA PAM. ancBe4maxSpymac editing efficiency was modest (16-19%). The method reported here has strong potential for effective combinatorial mutagenesis to map complex genetic interactions that underly disease pathogenesis. Overall, this study demonstrates cytosine base editing is an efficient and powerful method for introducing precise in vivo edits into the zebrafish genome.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

While I am not sufficiently qualified to comprehensively assess the molecular dynamics simulations, all interpretations seem careful and remain within the described limitations of the various metrics that the authors report.

The experiments are well executed; the results are presented clearly and interpreted carefully. This is a rigorous and important biophysical study that provides a solid foundation for the investigation of archaeal genome biology. The authors' new findings raise interesting questions, and although addressing them is outside the scope of this study, the article would perhaps benefit from a more detailed discussion of the biological implications of the results. The manuscript does not indicate whether the cryo-EM maps and atomic models were deposited in the EMDB and PDB. I strongly encourage the authors to do that: it would add a lot of value not only for the readers of this study, but also for the wider structural biology community.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

Previous research showed a close link between sub-clinical AFib (Atrial Fibrillation) and ESUS (Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source). As such, current established clinical care for ESUS patients is long-term monitoring for evidence of AFib and anticoagulant treatment for an individual with high risk for AFib. Nevertheless, questions are still unanswered about who the individuals with high-risk for ESUS are and how to properly identify this population.

This research tries to identify the fibrotic properties of ESUS patients and its pro-arrhythmic potential using computational modeling of patient's left atria reconstructed from cardiac LGE-MRI (Late-Gadolinium Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging). Ultimately, their results of the comparison between left atria of ESUS and AFib patients revealed that the fibrotic substrate that could induce arrhythmia in ESUS and AFib patients are indistinguishable, raising more questions that would need to be addressed in further studies.

This study uses a sophisticated personalized computational modeling approach that has been validated in previously published papers. This study is also well designed, clearly written, with robust data and proper statistical analysis.

What is left unclear is what is unique about the fibrotic substrate in ESUS patients in comparison to AFib patients in the future.

Reviewer #1 (Public Review):

In the days of the COVID-19 pandemic vaccines, mechanisms of vaccine administration are important and of broad interest. Vaccines are most often given into the skin. Antigen-presenting cells of the skin are responsible for eliciting the immune response in draining lymph nodes. Langerhans cells, the dendritic cell variant of the epidermis, are one of these cutaneous antigen presenting cells that are believed to do this job. They migrate from the skin, the site of antigen/vaccine uptake to the draining lymph nodes, where lymphocytes are located and where the immune reaction will be initiated. With their sophisticated experiments, the authors challenge this view. They use leading edge methodology (mouse models) that strongly suggest that there may be yet another subset of skin antigen presenting cells, that is responsible for carrying antigen from skin to lymph — at least in the steady-state skin. This population resides in the dermis (the connective tissue part of skin), as opposed to the classical Langerhans cells, which sit in the epidermis. This may be relevant to the maintenance of immunologic tolerance to innocuous substances in the absence of an overt inflammation. The data suggest that Langerhans cells may not play the crucial role they were thought to play. This is certainly a conceptual advance that — like always in science, especially when experimental systems are complex, as they are here — needs to be underpinned by future studies. In the long run, it will be very interesting (but much more difficult to study) to see whether this also holds true for human skin.

Reviewer #1:

The manuscript by Rae et al. reports the development of a new protocol for labeling genetically-tagged proteins of interest with heavy atom particles for visualization by electron microscopy. The optimized protocol builds on the established use of the enzyme APEX fused to the target of interest. APEX oxidizes diaminobenzidine, DAB, which in turn converts silver and gold metal salts to particulates in close proximity to the APEX-fused protein of interest. The optimized protocol is related to the contrast-enhancement method reported by Sedmak et al., 2009 and Mavlyutov et al., 2017. The changes to the method may improve the proportionality of the signal such that the number of APEX tags present in a sample is better correlated with the number of heavy atom particles. While the study appears to be sound, it is an extension of an established labeling method.