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  1. Oct 2025
    1. looked up at the stars and gazed at the moon.

      looked up at the stars and gazed at the moon. Because there are many cycles that exist within the cycles of the seasons, like the cycle of the moon and the cycle of the stars. And we understood these relationships because they were the most foundational forms of the ways we lived our lives. Not distanced, but in constant relationship, constant attunement, constant attentiveness to the variation of how the seasons expresses itself in form, in the circular nature of existence. Each day, each year, we observed this. We participated in this.

    2. controlled so that we can be the master of the seasons versus the participant in a relationship with seasons,

      controlled master

      instead of participants

    1. Synthèse sur les Biais Cognitifs et le Raisonnement Humain

      Résumé

      Ce document de synthèse analyse les concepts clés relatifs aux biais cognitifs, au raisonnement humain et aux stratégies de "débiaisage", en s'appuyant sur l'expertise de Wim De Neys, chercheur au CNRS spécialisé en psychologie du raisonnement. Les principaux points à retenir sont les suivants :

      1. Nature des Biais Cognitifs : Loin d'être de simples "défauts de conception", les biais cognitifs sont avant tout des stratégies de pensée rapides et adaptatives (heuristiques) forgées par l'évolution.

      Elles permettent de prendre des décisions efficaces dans un monde complexe, bien qu'elles puissent conduire à des erreurs systématiques et prévisibles dans des contextes spécifiques.

      2. Le Modèle Système 1 / Système 2 : Le raisonnement humain est modélisé par l'interaction de deux systèmes.

      Le Système 1 est intuitif, rapide et automatique, gérant la grande majorité de nos tâches cognitives quotidiennes.

      Le Système 2 est délibéré, lent et coûteux en ressources cognitives, activé pour les tâches complexes.

      L'idée que le Système 1 est intrinsèquement "irrationnel" est une simplification excessive ; il est essentiel et souvent correct.

      3. La Détection des Conflits Cognitifs : Contrairement à l'idée classique selon laquelle les individus sont des "avares cognitifs" aveugles à leurs propres erreurs, les recherches de Wim De Neys démontrent que le cerveau détecte souvent un conflit lorsque la réponse intuitive (Système 1) contredit un principe logique ou probabiliste.

      Ce signal de "doute" se manifeste par des temps de réponse plus longs, une activation de zones cérébrales spécifiques (cortex cingulaire antérieur) et une baisse de la confiance, même lorsque l'individu donne la mauvaise réponse.

      4. L'Inefficacité du Débiaisage Général : Les tentatives de rendre les gens globalement "plus rationnels" en les incitant à activer plus souvent leur Système 2 se heurtent à un obstacle majeur : le problème du transfert.

      Les compétences acquises dans un domaine spécifique ne se généralisent que très difficilement à d'autres contextes.

      5. L'Efficacité de l'Entraînement Intuitif : La stratégie la plus prometteuse pour corriger les biais consiste à entraîner le Système 1 lui-même.

      En expliquant aux individus les principes logiques sous-jacents à une tâche spécifique, on peut modifier leurs intuitions.

      Après un tel entraînement, la première réponse générée devient souvent la bonne, sans nécessiter l'activation coûteuse du Système 2.

      6. Le Rôle de l'Argumentation et de l'IA : Le raisonnement n'est pas seulement une activité individuelle mais aussi une compétence sociale, utilisée pour argumenter et délibérer en groupe.

      Dans ce contexte, de nombreux biais (comme le biais de confirmation) peuvent être surmontés.

      L'intelligence artificielle (IA) émerge comme un outil potentiellement puissant, capable d'agir comme un partenaire de débat neutre et informé pour faciliter le débiaisage individuel, à condition d'être utilisée de manière interactive et critique plutôt que passive.

      1. La Nature Duplice des Biais Cognitifs

      Les biais cognitifs, identifiés depuis un demi-siècle par des psychologues et économistes comportementaux comme Daniel Kahneman et Amos Tversky, désignent les failles systématiques du raisonnement humain.

      Ils incluent des phénomènes tels que le biais d'ancrage, l'effet de cadrage, le biais de confirmation ou l'erreur de conjonction.

      Ces découvertes ont contribué à démanteler le mythe de l'homo economicus, l'agent parfaitement rationnel agissant toujours dans son meilleur intérêt.

      Cependant, les biais ne sont pas de simples "erreurs" ou "vices de conception".

      Ce sont avant tout des stratégies cognitives rapides et adaptatives, appelées heuristiques, façonnées par l'évolution.

      Elles permettent à l'esprit humain de naviguer et de prendre des décisions efficaces dans un environnement complexe, avec des contraintes de temps et d'information.

      Fonction Adaptative : Dans la grande majorité des situations quotidiennes, ces raccourcis mentaux sont "super efficaces" et produisent des réponses correctes.

      Source d'Erreur : Ils deviennent problématiques lorsqu'ils entrent en conflit avec des principes logiques ou probabilistes dans des situations spécifiques, conduisant à des erreurs de jugement.

      Risque de Sur-interprétation : L'omniprésence du concept de biais cognitif peut mener à une erreur de diagnostic, décrite par la "loi de l'instrument" :

      "lorsqu'on ne possède qu'un marteau, tout finit par ressembler à un clou".

      Attribuer toutes les divergences d'opinion à des biais cognitifs est une simplification abusive.

      2. Le Modèle du Double Processus : Système 1 et Système 2

      Le modèle le plus populaire pour décrire le fonctionnement du raisonnement humain est celui du duo Système 1 / Système 2, popularisé par Kahneman.

      Système 1 (Pensée Intuitive) :

      Caractéristiques : Rapide, automatique, ne nécessite pas d'effort ou de ressources cognitives.  

      Exemples : Répondre à "5 + 5", connaître le nom du président, conduire une voiture sur un trajet familier.   

      Rôle : Il gère l'écrasante majorité des tâches cognitives quotidiennes (estimé à 99,9%).

      Il est essentiel au fonctionnement humain.

      Système 2 (Pensée Délibérée) :

      Caractéristiques : Lent, contrôlé, demande de l'effort et charge les ressources cognitives (mémoire de travail).   

      Exemples : Calculer "22 x 54", apprendre une nouvelle compétence, analyser un argument complexe.   

      Rôle : Il est activé pour résoudre des problèmes qui dépassent les capacités du Système 1.

      L'idée commune que le Système 1 est la source de toutes les erreurs ("irrationnel") et le Système 2 le garant de la rationalité est une simplification.

      Le Système 1 génère très souvent des réponses correctes et valides.

      Les biais apparaissent principalement dans les situations où la réponse intuitive rapide du Système 1 entre en conflit avec la conclusion logique qui nécessiterait l'intervention du Système 2.

      Exemple Classique : La Négligence des Taux de Base Un problème typique illustrant ce conflit est présenté :

      1. Données : Un échantillon de 1000 personnes contient 995 hommes et 5 femmes.

      2. Description : On tire une personne au hasard qui "aime bien faire du shopping".

      3. Question : Est-il plus probable que cette personne soit un homme ou une femme ?

      La réponse intuitive (Système 1), activée par le stéréotype, est "une femme".

      La réponse logique (Système 2), basée sur les probabilités (taux de base), est "un homme".

      La majorité des gens se trompent en suivant leur intuition, illustrant un biais cognitif.

      3. La Détection des Conflits Cognitifs : Le Cœur de la Recherche de Wim De Neys

      La vision classique de Kahneman suggère que les gens se trompent car ils sont des "avares cognitifs" (cognitive misers), évitant l'effort du Système 2 et ne se rendant donc pas compte du conflit entre leur intuition et la logique.

      Les travaux de Wim De Neys remettent en cause cette idée.

      Ils montrent que, même lorsque les individus donnent une réponse incorrecte basée sur leur intuition, leur cerveau détecte souvent le conflit sous-jacent.

      Méthodologie et Preuves : Les expériences comparent des problèmes "conflictuels" (où intuition et logique divergent) à des problèmes "non conflictuels" (où elles convergent).

      Les résultats montrent que pour les problèmes conflictuels, même chez les personnes qui se trompent :

      1. Le Temps de Réponse Augmente : Les participants prennent plus de temps pour répondre, signe qu'un processus supplémentaire a lieu.

      2. Activation Cérébrale Spécifique : L'imagerie cérébrale (IRMf) montre une activation accrue du cortex cingulaire antérieur, une région connue pour son rôle dans la détection des conflits.

      3. Mouvements Oculaires (Eye-tracking) : Les participants ré-inspectent visuellement les informations conflictuelles (par exemple, les taux de base dans l'exemple précédent).

      4. Baisse de la Confiance : Les individus rapportent un niveau de confiance en leur réponse plus faible, ce qui est une manifestation comportementale du doute.

      Cette détection est un processus implicite et automatique.

      Des expériences où le Système 2 est délibérément surchargé (par une tâche de mémorisation simultanée) montrent que cette détection de conflit persiste.

      Cela suggère que nous ne sommes pas totalement aveugles à nos biais ; un signal d'alerte, un "doute", est généré, même si nous ne l'écoutons pas toujours.

      4. La Question du "Débiaisage" : Stratégies et Limites

      La question centrale est de savoir s'il est possible de "débiaiser" les gens, c'est-à-dire de les rendre plus rationnels et moins sujets aux erreurs de jugement.

      L'Approche "Système 2" et le Problème du Transfert :

      ◦ L'idée d'apprendre aux gens à simplement "activer leur Système 2 plus souvent" est largement considérée comme inefficace.   

      ◦ La raison principale est le problème du transfert : une compétence apprise pour résoudre un type de problème (par exemple, la négligence des taux de base) n'est pas spontanément appliquée à d'autres types de problèmes, même s'ils reposent sur des principes logiques similaires.

      Le "transfert" d'une compétence d'un domaine à un autre est extrêmement difficile à obtenir.

      L'Approche "Système 1" : Rééduquer l'Intuition :

      ◦ Une stratégie plus efficace consiste à se concentrer sur des biais spécifiques, tâche par tâche.    ◦

      L'intervention consiste à expliquer clairement à une personne pourquoi son intuition est incorrecte et quel est le principe logique à appliquer.   

      ◦ Des projets comme Kojitum proposent des exercices basés sur ce principe.   

      ◦ Fait crucial : cet entraînement ne fonctionne pas seulement en forçant l'usage du Système 2.

      Il modifie directement le Système 1. Après l'intervention, la première réponse générée intuitivement devient la bonne. On "crée de bonnes intuitions".

      En somme, l'espoir de rendre les gens globalement plus rationnels par une intervention unique est illusoire.

      La voie la plus prometteuse est une éducation ciblée qui vise à corriger et à affiner les intuitions du Système 1 sur des problèmes spécifiques et importants.

      5. Le Rôle du Contexte Social et de l'Argumentation

      La théorie argumentative du raisonnement, développée par Hugo Mercier et Dan Sperber, propose que la fonction première du raisonnement n'est pas la recherche de la vérité en solitaire, mais la capacité à argumenter et à interagir dans un contexte social.

      Le Biais de Confirmation Recontextualisé : Ce biais, qui nous pousse à chercher des informations confirmant nos croyances, semble être un défaut majeur du raisonnement individuel.

      Cependant, dans un contexte de débat, il devient un outil efficace pour défendre son point de vue.

      La Sagesse des Groupes : Lorsque les gens raisonnent en groupe, échangent des arguments et justifient leurs positions, de nombreux biais individuels ont tendance à disparaître.

      Le groupe parvient collectivement à une meilleure solution, car les arguments sont mis à l'épreuve.

      Justification et Système 2 : C'est principalement le Système 2 qui permet de générer des justifications et des arguments explicites pour convaincre les autres, une fonction sociale essentielle.

      6. Perspectives Futures : L'Intelligence Artificielle et le Raisonnement Humain

      L'émergence des intelligences artificielles (IA) génératives comme ChatGPT offre de nouvelles perspectives pour le raisonnement humain.

      Potentiel Positif :

      Débiaisage Ciblé : Des études montrent que l'IA peut être un outil efficace pour débiaiser les individus, y compris sur des sujets comme les théories du complot.

      L'IA est perçue comme neutre et peut fournir des contre-arguments très spécifiques et bien informés que des interlocuteurs humains n'ont pas toujours.  

      Partenaire de Débat : L'IA peut servir de partenaire dans un "contexte argumentatif".

      Interagir avec une IA, lui demander des justifications et la mettre au défi peut stimuler la réflexion critique, de la même manière qu'un débat en groupe.   

      Assistant Pédagogique : Utilisée intelligemment, l'IA peut devenir un "professeur personnel", aidant les apprenants à améliorer leur travail en fournissant des retours et des explications.

      Risques et Limites :

      Usage Passif : Si l'IA est utilisée comme un simple "moteur de réponse" pour obtenir des solutions sans effort, elle risque de ne pas stimuler, voire d'atrophier, les compétences de pensée critique et d'évaluation de l'information.   

      Biais de Complaisance : Les IA sont souvent conçues pour être complaisantes, ce qui peut renforcer les biais de l'utilisateur au lieu de les remettre en question.  

      L'Importance de l'Usage : L'impact de l'IA sur le raisonnement dépendra fondamentalement de la manière dont elle est utilisée.

      Un usage actif et dialogué est bénéfique, tandis qu'un usage passif est préjudiciable.

    1. eLife Assessment

      This is a fundamental study that provides a detailed single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic map of the mouse trabecular meshwor, identifying three distinct trabecular meshwor subtypes with specific functional roles. It links the glaucoma-associated transcription factor LMX1B to mitochondrial regulation in TM3 cells and demonstrates that nicotinamide treatment prevents IOP elevation in Lmx1bV265D/+ mutant mice, highlighting a potential metabolic therapeutic strategy for glaucoma. This convincing work would be further supported by data that link the transcriptional data with mitochondrial functional assays.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This study provides a comprehensive single-cell and multiomic characterization of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in the mouse eye, a structure critical to intraocular pressure (IOP) regulation and glaucoma pathogenesis. Using scRNA-seq, snATAC-seq, immunofluorescence, and in situ hybridization, the authors identify three transcriptionally and spatially distinct TM cell subtypes. The study further demonstrates that mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically in one subtype (TM3), contributes to elevated IOP in a genetic mouse model of glaucoma carrying a mutation in the transcription factor Lmx1b. Importantly, treatment with nicotinamide (vitamin B3), known to support mitochondrial health, prevents IOP elevation in this model. The authors also link their findings to human datasets, suggesting the existence of analogous TM3-like cells with potential relevance to human glaucoma.

      Strengths:

      The study is methodologically rigorous, integrating single-cell transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility profiling with spatial validation and in vivo functional testing. The identification of TM subtypes is consistent across mouse strains and institutions, providing robust evidence of conserved TM cell heterogeneity. The use of a glaucoma model to show subtype-specific vulnerability, combined with a therapeutic intervention-gives the study strong mechanistic and translational significance. The inclusion of chromatin accessibility data adds further depth by implicating active transcription factors such as LMX1B, a gene known to be associated with glaucoma risk. The integration with human single-cell datasets enhances the potential relevance of the findings to human disease.

      Weaknesses:

      Although the LMX1B transcription factor is implicated as a key regulator in TM3 cells, its role in directly controlling mitochondrial gene expression is not fully explored. Additional analysis of motif accessibility or binding enrichment near relevant target genes could substantiate this mechanistic link. The therapeutic effect of vitamin B3 is clearly demonstrated phenotypically, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain somewhat underdeveloped - for instance, changes in mitochondrial function, oxidative stress markers, or NAD+ levels are not directly measured. While the human relevance of TM3 cells is suggested through marker overlap, more quantitative approaches, such as cell identity mapping or gene signature scoring in human datasets, would strengthen the translational connection.

      Overall, this is a compelling and carefully executed study that offers significant advances in our understanding of TM cell biology and its role in glaucoma. The integration of multimodal data, disease modeling, and therapeutic testing represents a valuable contribution to the field. With additional mechanistic depth, the study has the potential to become a foundational resource for future research into IOP regulation and glaucoma treatment.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This elegant study by Tolman and colleagues provides fundamental findings that substantially advance our knowledge of the major cell types within the limbus of the mouse eye, focusing on the aqueous humor outflow pathway. The authors used single-cell and single-nuclei RNAseq to very clearly identify 3 subtypes of the trabecular meshwork (TM) cells in the mouse eye, with each subtype having unique markers and proposed functions. The U. Columbia results are strengthened by an independent replication in a different mouse strain at a separate laboratory (Duke). Bioinformatics analyses of these expression data were used to identify cellular compartments, molecular functions, and biological processes. Although there were some common pathways among the 3 subtypes of TM cells (e.g., ECM metabolism), there also were distinct functions. For example:

      • TM1 cell expression supports heavy engagement in ECM metabolism and structure, as well as TGFβ2 signaling.

      • TM2 cells were enriched in laminin and pathways involved in phagocytosis, lysosomal function, and antigen expression, as well as End3/VEGF/angiopoietin signaling.

      • TM3 cells were enriched in actin binding and mitochondrial metabolism.

      They used high-resolution immunostaining and in situ hybridization to show that these 3 TM subtypes express distinct markers and occupy distinct locations within the TM tissue. The authors compared their expression data with other published scRNAseq studies of the mouse as well as the human aqueous outflow pathway. They used ATAC-seq to map open chromatin regions in order to predict transcription factor binding sites. Their results were also evaluated in the context of human IOP and glaucoma risk alleles from published GWAS data, with interesting and meaningful correlations. Although not discussed in their manuscript, their expression data support other signaling pathways/ proteins/ genes that have been implicated in glaucoma, including: TGFβ2, BMP signaling (including involvement of ID proteins), MYOC, actin cytoskeleton (CLANs), WNT signaling, etc.

      In addition to these very impressive data, the authors used scRNAseq to examine changes in TM cell gene expression in the mouse glaucoma model of mutant Lmxb1-induced ocular hypertension. In man, LMX1B is associated with Nail-Patella syndrome, which can include the development of glaucoma, demonstrating the clinical relevance of this mouse model. Among the gene expression changes detected, TM3 cells had altered expression of genes associated with mitochondrial metabolism. The authors used their previous experience using nicotinamide to metabolically protect DBA2/J mice from glaucomatous damage, and they hypothesized that nicotinamide supplementation of mutant Lmx1b mice would help restore normal mitochondrial metabolism in the TM and prevent Lmx1b-mediated ocular hypertension. Adding nicotinamide to the drinking water significantly prevented Lmxb1 mutant mice from developing high intraocular pressure. This is a laudable example of dissecting the molecular pathogenic mechanisms responsible for a disease (glaucoma) and then discovering and testing a potential therapy that directly intervenes in the disease process and thereby protects from the disease.

      Strengths:<br /> There are numerous strengths in this comprehensive study including:<br /> • Deep scRNA sequencing that was confirmed by an independent dataset in another mouse strain at another university.<br /> • Identification and validation of molecular markers for each mouse TM cell subset along with localization of these subsets within the mouse aqueous outflow pathway.<br /> • Rigorous bioinformatics analysis of these data as well as comparison of the current data with previously published mouse and human scRNAseq data.<br /> • Correlating their current data with GWAS glaucoma and IOP "hits".<br /> • Discovering gene expression changes in the 3 TM subgroups in the mouse mutant Lmx1b model of glaucoma.<br /> • Further pursuing the indication of dysfunctional mitochondrial metabolism in TM3 cells from Lmx1b mutant mice to test the efficacy of dietary supplementation with nicotinamide. The authors nicely demonstrate the disease modifying efficacy of nicotinamide in preventing IOP elevation in these Lmx1b mutant mice, preventing the development of glaucoma. These results have clinical implications for new glaucoma therapies.

      Weaknesses:<br /> • Occasional over-interpretation of data. The authors have used changes in gene expression (RNAseq) to implicate functions and signaling pathways. For example: they have not directly measured "changes in metabolism", "mitochondrial dysfunction" or "activity of Lmx1b".<br /> • In their very thorough data set, there is enrichment of or changes in gene expression that support other pathways that have been previously reported to be associated with glaucoma (such as TGFβ2, BMP signaling, actin cytoskeletal organization (CLANs), WNT signaling, ossification, etc. that appears to be a lost opportunity to further enhance the significance of this work.

    4. Reviewer #3 (Public review):

      Summary:In this study, the authors perform multimodal single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of 9,394 mouse TM cells, identifying three transcriptionally distinct TM subtypes with validated molecular signatures. TM1 cells are enriched for extracellular matrix genes, TM2 for secreted ligands supporting Schlemm's canal, and TM3 for contractile and mitochondrial/metabolic functions. The transcription factor LMX1B, previously linked to glaucoma, shows the highest expression in TM3 cells and appears to regulate mitochondrial pathways. In Lmx1bV265D mutant mice, TM3 cells exhibit transcriptional signs of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with elevated IOP. Notably, vitamin B3 treatment significantly mitigates IOP elevation, suggesting a potential therapeutic avenue.

      This is an excellent and collaborative study involving investigators from two institutions, offering the most detailed single-cell transcriptomic and epigenetic profiling of the mouse limbal tissues-including both TM and Schlemm's canal (SC), from wild-type and Lmx1bV265D mutant mice. The study defines three TM subtypes and characterizes their distinct molecular signatures, associated pathways, and transcriptional regulators. The authors also compare their dataset with previously published murine and human studies, including those by Van Zyl et al., providing valuable cross-species insights.

      Strengths:

      (1) Comprehensive dataset with high single-cell resolution<br /> (2) Use of multiple bioinformatic and cross-comparative approaches<br /> (3) Integration of 3D imaging of TM and SC for anatomical context<br /> (4) Convincing identification and validation of three TM subtypes using molecular markers.

      Weaknesses:

      (1) Insufficient evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction to TM3 cells in Lmx1bV265D mice: While the identification of TM3 cells as metabolically specialized and Lmx1b-enriched is compelling, the proposed link between Lmx1b mutation and mitochondrial dysfunction remains underdeveloped. It is unclear whether mitochondrial defects are a primary consequence of Lmx1b-mediated transcriptional dysregulation or a secondary response to elevated IOP. Additional evidence is needed to clarify whether Lmx1b directly regulates mitochondrial genes (e.g., via ChIP-seq, motif analysis, or ATAC-seq), or whether mitochondrial changes are downstream effects.<br /> Furthermore, the protective effects of nicotinamide (NAM) are interpreted as evidence of mitochondrial involvement, but no direct mitochondrial measurements (e.g., immunostaining, electron microscopy, OCR assays) are provided. It is essential to validate mitochondrial dysfunction in TM3 cells using in vivo functional assays to support the central conclusion of the paper. Without this, the claim that mitochondrial dysfunction drives IOP elevation in Lmx1bV265D mice remains speculative. Alternatively, authors should consider revising their claims that mitochondrial dysfunction in these mice is a central driver of TM dysfunction.

      (2) Mechanism of NAM-mediated protection is unclear: The manuscript states that NAM treatment prevents IOP elevation in Lmx1bV265D mice via metabolic support, yet no data are shown to confirm that NAM specifically rescues mitochondrial function. Do NAM-treated TM3 cells show improved mitochondrial integrity? Are reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduced? Does NAM also protect RGCs from glaucomatous damage? Addressing these points would clarify whether the therapeutic effects of NAM are indeed mitochondrial.

      (3) Lack of direct evidence that LMX1B regulates mitochondrial genes: While transcriptomic and motif accessibility analyses suggest that LMX1B is enriched in TM3 cells and may influence mitochondrial function, no mechanistic data are provided to demonstrate direct regulation of mitochondrial genes. Including ChIP-seq data, motif enrichment at mitochondrial gene loci, or perturbation studies (e.g., Lmx1b knockout or overexpression in TM3 cells) would greatly strengthen this central claim.

      (4)Focus on LMX1B in Fig. 5F lacks broader context: Figure 5F shows that several transcription factors (TFs)-including Tcf21, Foxs1, Arid3b, Myc, Gli2, Patz1, Plag1, Npas2, Nr1h4, and Nfatc2-exhibit stronger positive correlations or motif accessibility changes than LMX1B. Yet the manuscript focuses almost exclusively on LMX1B. The rationale for this focus should be clarified, especially given LMX1B's relatively lower ranking in the correlation analysis. Were the functions of these other highly ranked TFs examined or considered in the context of TM biology or glaucoma? Discussing their potential roles would enhance the interpretation of the transcriptional regulatory landscape and demonstrate the broader relevance of the findings.

      Other weaknesses:

      (1) In abstract, they say a number of 9,394 wild-type TM cell transcriptomes. The number of Lmx1bV265D/+ TM cell transcriptomes analyzed is not provided. This information is essential for evaluating the comparative analysis and should be clearly stated in the Abstract and again in the main text (e.g., lines 121-123). Including both wild-type and mutant cell counts will help readers assess the balance and robustness of the dataset.

      (2) Did the authors monitor mouse weight or other health parameters to assess potential systemic effects of treatment? It is known that the taste of compounds in drinking water can alter fluid or food intake, which may influence general health. Also, does Lmx1bV265D/+ have mice exhibit non-ocular phenotypes, and if so, does nicotinamide confer protection in those tissues as well? Additionally, starting the dose of the nicotinamide at postnatal day 2, how long the mice were treated with water containing nicotinamide, and after how many days or weeks IOP was reduced, and how long the decrease in the IOP was sustained.<br /> (3) While the IOP reduction observed in NAM-treated Lmx1bV265D/+ mice appears statistically significant, it is unclear whether this reflects meaningful biological protection. Several untreated mice exhibit very high IOP values, which may skew the analysis. The authors should report the mean values for IOP in both untreated and NAM-treated groups to clarify the magnitude and variability of the response.<br /> (4) Additionally, since NAM has been shown to protect RGCs in other glaucoma models directly, the authors should assess whether RGCs are preserved in NAM-treated Lmx1b V265D/+ mice. Demonstrating RGC protection would support a synergistic effect of NAM through both IOP reduction and direct neuroprotection, strengthening the translational relevance of the treatment.<br /> (5) Can the authors add any other functional validation studies to explore to understand the pathways enriched in all the subtypes of TM1, TM2, and TM3 cells, in addition to the ICH/IF/RNAscope validation?<br /> (6) The authors should include a representative image of the limbal dissection. While Figure S1 provides a schematic, mouse eyes are very small, and dissecting unfixed limbal tissue is technically challenging. It is also difficult to reconcile the claim that the majority of cells in the limbal region are TM and endothelium. As shown in Figure S6, DAPI staining suggests a much higher abundance of scleral cells compared to TM cells within the limbal strip. Additional clarification or visual evidence would help validate the dissection strategy and cellular composition of the captured region.

    1. eLife Assessment

      This is a valuable methodological contribution towards accurate characterization of viral genetic diversity using long-read sequencing and unique molecular identifiers (UMIs). However, the methods are currently incomplete and the sensitivity is not rigorously demonstrated. Addressing these gaps would strengthen the manuscript and make it a key addition to the field.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Tamao et al. aimed to quantify the diversity and mutation rate of the influenza (PR8 strain) in order to establish a high-resolution method for studying intra-host viral evolution. To achieve this, the authors combined RNA sequencing with single-molecule unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to minimize errors introduced during technical processing. They proposed an in vitro infection model with a single viral particle to represent biological genetic diversity, alongside a control model using in vitro transcribed RNA for two viral genes, PB2 and HA.

      Through this approach, the authors demonstrated that UMIs reduced technical errors by approximately tenfold. By analyzing four viral populations and comparing them to in vitro transcribed RNA controls, they estimated that ~98.1% of observed mutations originated from viral replication rather than technical artifacts. Their results further showed that most mutations were synonymous and introduced randomly. However, the distribution of mutations suggested selective pressures that favored certain variants. Additionally, comparison with a closely related influenza strain (A/Alaska/1935) revealed two positively selected mutations, though these were absent in the strain responsible for the most recent pandemic (CA01).

      Overall, the study is well-designed, and the interpretations are strongly supported by the data. However, the following clarifications are recommended:

      (1) The methods section is overly brief. Even if techniques are cited, more experimental details should be included. For example, since the study focuses heavily on methodology, details such as the number of PCR cycles in RT-PCR or the rationale for choosing HA and PB2 as representative in vitro transcripts should be provided.

      (2) Information on library preparation and sequencing metrics should be included. For example, the total number of reads, any filtering steps, and quality score distributions/cutoff for the analyzed reads.

      (3) In the Results section (line 115, "Quantification of error rate caused by RT"), the mutation rate attributed to viral replication is calculated. However, in line 138, it is unclear whether the reported value reflects PB2, HA, or both, and whether the comparison is based on the error rate of the same viral RNA or the mean of multiple values (as shown in Figure 3A). Please clarify whether this number applies universally to all influenza RNAs or provide the observed range.

      (4) Since the T7 polymerase introduced errors are only applied to the in vitro transcription control, how were these accounted for when comparing mutation rates between transcribed RNA and cell-culture-derived virus?

      (5) Figure 2 shows that a UMI group size of 4 has an error rate of zero, but this group size is not mentioned in the text. Please clarify.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary:

      This manuscript presents a technically oriented application of UMI-based long-read sequencing to study intra-host diversity in influenza virus populations. The authors aim to minimize sequencing artifacts and improve the detection of rare variants, proposing that this approach may inform predictive models of viral evolution. While the methodology appears robust and successfully reduces sequencing error rates, key experimental and analytical details are missing, and the biological insight is modest. The study includes only four samples, with no independent biological replicates or controls, which limits the generalizability of the findings. Claims related to rare variant detection and evolutionary selection are not fully supported by the data presented.

      Strengths:

      The study addresses an important technical challenge in viral genomics by implementing a UMI-based long-read sequencing approach to reduce amplification and sequencing errors. The methodological focus is well presented, and the work contributes to improving the resolution of low-frequency variant detection in complex viral populations.

      Weaknesses:

      The application of UMI-based error correction to viral population sequencing has been established in previous studies (e.g., in HIV), and this manuscript does not introduce a substantial methodological or conceptual advance beyond its use in the context of influenza.

      The study lacks independent biological replicates or additional viral systems that would strengthen the generalizability of the conclusions. Potential sources of technical error are not explored or explicitly controlled. Key methodological details are missing, including the number of PCR cycles, the input number of molecules, and UMI family size distributions. These are essential to support the claimed sensitivity of the method.

      The assertion that variants at {greater than or equal to}0.1% frequency can be reliably detected is based on total read count rather than the number of unique input molecules. Without information on UMI diversity and family sizes, the detection limit cannot be reliably assessed.

      Although genetic variation is described, the functional relevance of observed mutations in HA and NA is not addressed or discussed in the context of known antigenic or evolutionary features of influenza. The manuscript is largely focused on technical performance, with limited exploration of the biological implications or mechanistic insights into influenza virus evolution.

      The experimental scale is small, with only four viral populations derived from single particles analyzed. This limited sample size restricts the ability to draw broader conclusions about quasispecies dynamics or evolutionary pressures.

    1. Look at the different ethics frameworks and see which ones might have something to say about those different ways of forming connections with others.

      Two ethics frameworks that would apply to the different ways social medias allow connections to others are Aztec Virtue Ethics and Relational Ethics. Each of these frameworks emphasize the importance of community and relationships to excel as an individual. The isolating nature of many social media sites directly opposes these philosophies. They would likely be against the individualized use of social media and advocate for not using social media or to use it in ways that help build or find community.

    2. One difference you may notice with different social media sites is in how you form connections with others. Some social media sites don’t have any formal connections. Like two users who happen to be on the same bulletin board. Some social media sites only allow reciprocal connections, like being “friends” on Facebook Some social media sites offer one-way connections, like following someone on Twitter or subscribing to a YouTube channel.

      I think combining both one-way and two-way connection types is a very good design. One-way follow means you support the creator, which helps high-quality content makers to get more exposure and possibly earn more. At the same time, when people follow each other back, it becomes a two-way connection, which keeps the social part of the app. Just like a chat app, two-way connection makes sure we don’t get disturbed by too many strangers. TikTok uses this kind of mixed design, and I think it is very useful and thoughtful.

    3. Friction [e30] is anything that gets in the way of a user performing an action. For example, if you have to open and navigate through several menus to find the privacy settings, that is significant friction. Or if one of the buttons has a bug and doesn’t work when you press it, so you have to find another way of performing that action, which is significant friction. Designers sometimes talk about trying to make their user interfaces frictionless, meaning the user can use the site without feeling anything slowing them down. Sometimes designers add friction to sites intentionally. For example, ads in mobile games make the “x” you need to press incredibly small and hard to press to make it harder to leave their ad: Fig. 5.6 An ad on a mobile device, which has an incredibly small, hard to press “x” button. You need to press that button to close the ad. If you miss the “x”, it takes you to more advertising.

      I think the example of "friction" is fascinating because it shows how small design choices can completely change user behavior. The Twitter pop-up that asks users to read the article before retweeting might seem minor, but it introduces a brief comment of reflection that slows down impulsive sharing. As someone who often scrolls through social media quickly, I realized how little time I spend verifying what I see online. Adding friction can be an ethical design choice--not to frustrate users, but to protect them from misinformation and emotional manipulation. It makes me wonder whether platforms should use more friction, not less, in areas related to mental health or political content.

  2. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    1. Scrolling. October 2023. Page Version ID: 1179993722. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scrolling&oldid=1179993722#Infinite_scrolling (visited on 2023-11-24).

      This article introduces the definition of scrolling and different types of scrolling. I was not trying to pay attention to the scrolling when I was viewing the website or watching a TV show. After I read this article, I found out how useful the scrolling was.

    2. What is user friction? Why you're losing users and how to stop. August 2023. URL: https://www.fullstory.com/user-friction/ (visited on 2023-11-24).

      I actually found this article really interesting, since it spoke to things I feel myself and many other users have experienced online before. Many of us have rage clicked at old websites that refuse to load, even though there's no logical indication that brute force will somehow force the program to work. And cognitive or emotional friction is a very real issue, as sometimes when the website or UI is frustrating enough it's easier to just abandon it altogether.

    3. Movieclips. The Social Network (2010) - A Billion Dollars Scene (6/10). April 2017. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5fJmkv02is (visited on 2023-11-24).

      This movie clip gives insight into Web 2.0. It talks about how the age of privacy is long gone and we as a society are not getting it back, foreshadowing how now everything on social media is for the public view. It talks about the early stages of Facebook and introducing online communication. Furthermore, they talk about discouraging introducing ads to Facebook, showing how Web 2.0 was about expanding as quickly as possible instead of immediate revenue.

    4. Comedy Central. Drunk History - John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Had Beef. February 2018. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6Ove4_JsCM (visited on 2023-11-24).

      This video humorously recounts the rivalry and conflicts between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson in American history. Though presented as comedy, it helped me grasp how their differing political philosophies shaped the nation's early development. This approach to teaching history through entertainment also highlights the diversity of social media content—information doesn't always need to be delivered in a formal, serious manner. Sometimes, a lighthearted approach can make people more willing to explore and discuss history.

    5. What is user friction? Why you're losing users and how to stop. August 2023. URL: https://www.fullstory.com/user-friction/ (visited on 2023-11-24).

      To summarize this article, user friction is anything that prevents someone from using the website or app in the way that it is intended and how they want. Emotional friction occurs when the user has a complex negative emotional reaction caused by the site and is hindered from completing the task. Interaction friction happens when the site is not easy to navigate. Cognitive friction is when the site isn't setup in the way that a user is used to, and so they give up on trying to figure out the new terms.

    6. Conspiracy Theories Abounded in 19th-Century American Politics

      I thought it was interesting how conspiracy theories were spread around for so long. It is a kind of political propaganda that somehow spreads faster when it is a little too crazy to believe. I feel like the creation of forum in the digital age aided the spread of conspiracy theories because people can easily find other people who believe the same conspiracy and they can spur each other on.

    7. Tom Knowles. I’m so sorry, says inventor of endless online scrolling. The Times, April 2019. URL: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/i-m-so-sorry-says-inventor-of-endless-online-scrolling-9lrv59mdk (visited on 2023-11-24).

      I think infinite scroll is one of the biggest reasons why people can’t stop watching short videos. When there is no pause, time passes very fast without us noticing. This is already hard for adults to control, and it is even harder for teenagers. I remember during one of our family dinners, I saw my 13-year-old cousin watching short videos on the sofa for the whole afternoon. This is really scary. Even when I used to be addicted to games, I never played for that long without stopping. I think people must quickly find ways to stop this kind of design from hurting teenagers.

    8. Movieclips. The Social Network (2010) - A Billion Dollars Scene (6/10). April 2017. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k5fJmkv02is (visited on 2023-11-24).

      This is one of my favorite movie scenes, sourced from social media. It marks the root of the conflict between Eduardo and Mark. Sean recognized Facebook's potential and immediately began sowing the seeds to push Eduardo out of Facebook.

    9. Social networking service. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186603996. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_networking_service&oldid=1186603996#History (visited on 2023-11-24).

      The Wikipedia article on Social networking services traces how early online communities evolved from simple bulletin boards to complex social ecosystems. What stood out to me was how the article highlights the shift from chronological, user-driven spaces to algorithmic, engagement-driven platforms. This connects directly to the discussion in Section 5.6 about "friction" and "affordances"--as platforms became more automated, they started shaping our behavior through invisible design choices. Reading this made me realize that social media's design evolution isn't just technical progress; it's a history of how digital architectures have gradually gained power over attention and emotion.

    10. Comedy Central. Drunk History - John Adams and Thomas Jefferson Had Beef. February 2018. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l6Ove4_JsCM (visited on 2023-11-24).

      I’ve actually seen that Drunk History episode about John Adams and Thomas Jefferson — it’s hilarious but also surprisingly informative. The way they mix comedy and historical storytelling makes the rivalry between the two feel way more human. I think that’s what makes the show valuable as a “source”: it uses humor to make history memorable. It’s not an academic source, obviously, but it helps people care about the story enough to maybe look deeper. It reminds me that education doesn’t always have to be serious to be meaningful.

    11. Federal Trade Commission. FTC Alleges Facebook Resorted to Illegal Buy-or-Bury Scheme to Crush Competition After String of Failed Attempts to Innovate. August 2021. URL: https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2021/08/ftc-alleges-facebook-resorted-illegal-buy-or-bury-scheme-crush-competition-after-string-failed (visited on 2023-11-24).

      I found point to be an interesting detail: "Over time, users of a personal social network build more connections and develop a history of posts and shared experiences, which they cannot easily transfer to another personal social networking provider". I wonder how often social media companies will deliberately make it difficult to transition for the sake of user retention.

    1. In order to loop a set number of times, we can use the range function to effectively make a list of numbers to go over, so we can loop that many times. For example, if we wanted to ask “Are we there yet?” repeatedly, 10 times, we can do this:

      This saved lots of time when I was programming in Java and Python. The loop can save lots of time, and programmers do not need to repeat for so many times. We can even use the for loop for counting numbers and print something with patterns.

    1. The students feel a sense of ownership over the space, and the room abides by the band’s rules, even if the musicians aren’t there.

      The author is giving a sense of how the dynamic works in the band to the audience who is reading.

    2. “There are a few football players who don’t respect the effort we put in, and they get irritated that we have to practice on their field and they have to practice somewhere else,” said Nina. “But that’s just three seniors with big egos.”

      They are showing frustration of the disrespect they get from player's on the football team. All they honestly won't is some recognition and respect for what they work so hard for.

    3. That spotlight, while thrilling, can also be terrifying.

      This can be a relation for many and it could be a connection to anything. The thrill and excitement you get from doing something so fun also come's with it's cons of being terrified of what may happen.

    4. “Ravenna is sort of a nothing town; people aren’t given a lot of opportunity,” said Ashley, the photographer. “When I was growing up there, it seemed that most people’s mentality was ‘this town is garbage and that’s all it will ever be, so no sense in trying to make it any better.’”

      This quote is giving a sense of frustration of the town that she is apart of. And also claiming that people aren't given a lot of opportunity which gives a sense of how little the town may be.

    5. “It’s very rewarding when you can go on the field and do something awesome with your friends,”

      Being a cheerleader, I understand these words completely. When I'm able to show off skills my team and I have been working on for long periods of time, I always feel accomplished and proud.

    6. “I think a lot of it is because we have all seen each other go through some bad times,” said Stephen Richardson, 18, at right, citing early season rehearsals “where everybody sucks pretty bad.”

      I can relate to going through tough times with teammates. These are the times that you bond the most over your shared interest/ passion because everyone supports each other through really rough patches.

    7. While there are cliques — it’s high school! — band members consider themselves to be relatively welcoming and close-knit, especially compared to bands at larger schools.

      Considering how small the school is, the handful of people who share a common interest are bound to bond over it. Programs at larger schools could become more disconnected.

    8. Emmanuel, at right, is hungry for opportunities beyond his hometown. But he also sees himself as a boomerang — someone who will inevitably be drawn back to this corner of the world when “quiet” and “boring” no longer seem so bad.

      This highlights conflicts and aspirations. The sentence "hungry for opportunities beyond his hometown" suggest ambition and a desire to explore beyond what he is used to.

    9. “There are very few anxieties I’ve felt more extreme than that of being a first-time freshman at band camp,” she said. But the people she met “make all of that anxiety feel like it fizzles away.”

      Sometimes it can be hard to understand different peoples experiences when it comes to things like anxiety. However when you know you are surrounded by people who understand and care for you, it is easier to get comfortable and begin to feel more at home.

    10. “It felt like I was a part of something special and important. I felt that I could make a difference on a large team of people all striving for something we cared about.”

      It seems like Ashlee enjoys surrounding herself with people of common interest in order to push each other towards a common goal. It always feels good to be surrounded by people who have the same if not more drive than you do.

    11. It’s the sort of place you leave — dwarfed by its next-door neighbor, Kent, home to Kent State University, which has more undergraduates (more than 20,000) than Ravenna has people (just over 11,000).

      This is something I find hard to relate to. I'm originally from Burbank CA where walt Disney studios and universal studios are right next to each other so everything is typically crowded and loud.

    12. “Ravenna is a town that people don’t stay in. It’s OK to grow up in, but it’s not somewhere you stay.”

      This shows Trinity reflecting on how Ravenna is a good place to grow up but not necessarily to stay forever.

    13. “There’s some kids who are obviously really weird,” said Jason Marin, 18, below, who plays the snare drum. “And there’s kids who just want to play music on a football field.”

      Not everyone is a family in band, some others just play music just to play music.

    14. Now, she and Nina help recruit new kids into their cohort, visiting the local middle school for a club fair in the hopes of enticing some of the outgoing eighth graders.

      Recruiting new members for band is something that Julia and Nina want to expand on to show how this family thhing can be very useful for others.

    15. “My girlfriend and best friend are both fellow ‘band kids’ and I genuinely don’t know where I’d be right now without them.”

      The person saying this shows that theyre closest friends are from band. Almost like a family.

    16. But the people she met “make all of that anxiety feel like it fizzles away.”

      Julia feels more comfortable by meeting new people, getting our her shell.

    17. “Every extracurricular a person can sign up for adds anxiety and stress, but few have given me the type of support system I gained from band,”

      Here Julia is explaining how band gives her a support system even though it can be stressful.

    18. “It felt like I was a part of something special and important. I felt that I could make a difference on a large team of people all striving for something we cared about.”

      Ashley feels like being in a band is something very special to her and her band.

    19. “There are very few anxieties I’ve felt more extreme than that of being a first-time freshman at band camp,”

      Julia is talking about her experience with the high school band and how nervous she felt.

    1. it is great having so much to access with the internet you can look up whatever your searching and you can even use ai to find something very specific it is hard to find just by searching in the search bar

    1. putting down information and little notes well you are writing an essay helps out a lot with remembering what had happened exactly or even for remembering dates places and name

    1. OCRmyPDF adds an optical character recognition (OCR) text layer to scanned PDF files, allowing them to be searched.

      PDF and OCR conversion of image or scanned pdf to OCRed PDF. Command line on Windows when used with winget installation py -m ocrmypdf --sidecar R.txt --output-type pdf R.pdf R_01.pdf

    1. While the Something Awful forums had edgy content, one 15-year-old member of the Something Awful forum called “Anime Death Tentacle Rape Whorehouse” was frustrated by content restrictions on Something Awful, and created his own new site with less restrictions: 4Chan.

      Genuinely mindblowing name. I thought this story would be a singular instance, but the twist that it ended up being the massive platform we know as 4chan. Is the point of social media to allow complete and unrestricted socialization, or something else entirely? The point I'm trying to make and I think the major takeaway we can glean from 4chan now that it's a few years removed, is that complete lack of restriction on the internet usually serves to enable people to engage is violent or degenerate behaviors with significantly less consequences than there would be in the real world.

    2. While mainstream social media platforms grew in popularity, there was a parallel growth of social media platforms that were based on having “no rules”, and were sources for many memes and pieces of internet culture, as well as hubs of much anti-social behavior (e.g., trolling, harassment, hate-groups, murders, etc.).

      This makes me wonder, should we have restrictions on what can be posted on social media? Isn't that taking away freedom of speech? Is it the CEO's responsibility to ensure that the social media site is being used for good? Does the CEO carry that burden, or is it on the individual users?

  3. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    1. Thus, whereas middle-class children are often treated as a project to be developed, working-class and poor children are given boundaries for their behavior and then allowed to grow

      Such a disparity is not a matter of whether there is love or not, but rather a practical constraint on whether financial circumstances allow parents to devote time and energy. I can appreciate the importance of family support for academic performance, and parents from low-income families are not unwilling to provide that support — instead, they have been drained of their capacity by the pressure of making ends meet.

    2. The study generated the often-cited finding that over a year's time, pro-fessional parents utter an average of eleven million words to their toddlers. The corresponding figures for working-class and welfare families were six and three million, respectively.

      During group projects, I noticed that classmates from highly educated families tend to excel at expressing their views clearly and grasping academic concepts quickly. Only now do I realize this is the result of long-term immersion in a language-rich environment. Such early language advantages translate into subsequent reading skills, writing abilities, and even critical thinking. In contrast, children from low-income families, due to a lack of such linguistic input, gradually fall behind academically — and this gap is far harder to bridge than the one addressed by taking after-school classes.

    3. Poor nutri-tion and inadequate health care have long-term effects on children's in-tellectual development. Exposure to lead paint affects children's nervous systems, resulting in hyperactivity and irritability, with long-term con-sequences for both intellectual and emotional development.

      I came into contact with children from impoverished communities during my volunteer work. Some of them did have issues with inattention and emotional sensitivity. At the time, I thought these were personality issues, but now I realize they are physical and psychological trauma caused by an impoverished environment. Addressing academic gaps cannot rely solely on after-school tutoring provided by schools; it more importantly requires society to tackle basic issues faced by low-income families, such as nutrition, housing safety.

    4. The ... soccer team's new warm-up suits, socks and shirts cost the Tallingers $100. Piano runs $23 per weekly lesson per child. Tennis clinic is $50; winter basketball $30. It costs the family money to drive to out-of-state tournaments and stay overnight. Fees for Garrett's summer camps have varied; some have cost $200 per week .. . [Mrs. Tallinger] reported expenditures for Garrett alone as exceeding $4,000 per year, a figure that other middle-class families also report."

      Such spending disparities are not a choice between luxury and frugality, but rather a gap in whether one can meet developmental needs. During my study-abroad experience, classmates from affluent families around me often gained access to resources like research internships and overseas exchange programs much earlier. In contrast, financially constrained classmates might have to work multiple jobs at the same time to support their studies, making it hard for them to devote time to enhancing their soft skills. Economic resources thus exert an invisible monopoly over individuals' development opportunities.

    5. It shows that children from families in the top 20 percent of the income distribution already outscore children from the bottom 20 percent by 106 points in early literacy. This difference is nearly twice the size of the gap between the average reading skills of white and both black and Hispanic children at that age, and nearly equal to the amount that the typical child learns during kindergarten. Moreover, the reading gap was even larger when the same children were tested in fifth grade. Gaps in mathematics achievement are also substantial

      This data shocked me profoundly — when children first enter the formal education system, the income-related gaps in early literacy skills actually far exceed racial gaps, and are equivalent to an average child’s entire year of kindergarten learning outcomes. I have observed the "differences in starting points" among students from different countries, but never realized that the impact of "family income" on educational starting points could be so direct and profound. This shows that the pursuit of "educational equity" does not start from primary or secondary school; instead, it is already shaped in the family environment during children’s preschool years. Children from low-income families, right from the "starting line," face insurmountable barriers.

    1. Here are the 12 Principles of the Agile Manifesto, briefly stated:

      Customer satisfaction – Deliver valuable software early and continuously.

      Welcome change – Even late in development, embrace changing requirements.

      Frequent delivery – Deliver working software regularly, from weeks to months.

      Collaboration – Business people and developers must work together daily.

      Motivated individuals – Build projects around trusted, supported team members.

      Face-to-face communication – The most effective way to convey information.

      Working software – The primary measure of progress.

      Sustainable pace – Maintain a steady, continuous development rhythm.

      Technical excellence – Continuous attention to quality improves agility.

      Simplicity – Maximize the amount of work not done; keep things simple.

      Self-organizing teams – The best designs and solutions emerge from them.

      Regular reflection – Teams should reflect and adjust to improve effectiveness.

    Annotators

    1. In the mid-1990s, some internet users started manually adding regular updates to the top of their personal websites (leaving the old posts below), using their sites as an online diary, or a (web) log of their thoughts. In 1998/1999, several web platforms were launched to make it easy for people to make and run blogs (e.g., LiveJournal and Blogger.com).

      I find this passage particularly interesting because it reminds me how similar our current use of social media is to the original concept of blogging. People initially treated websites as “diaries” for documenting life and sharing thoughts. While today's platforms offer more powerful features, their core purpose remains self-expression and connecting with others. This also illustrates how the internet has evolved incrementally—from simple personal journals to today's complex social networks—reflecting humanity's enduring pursuit of communication and connection.

    2. In the first decade of the 2000s the way websites worked on the Internet went through a transition to what is called “Web 2.0 [e10].”

      In my English class we were required to read this article called "The I in Internet". It talked about how the new wave of social media, Web 2.0, prioritized individuals and one's self. It turned into a community where everyone started portraying their best selves. It is interesting to see how social media has changed overtime, as it was once seen as much more positive entity then it is now.

      Here is a link to the article: https://lab.cccb.org/en/the-i-in-the-internet/

    3. Facebook was launched in 2004 and soon put most of its competitors out of business, while YouTube, launched in 2005 became a different sort of social networking site built around video.

      It’s kind of wild to think about how fast Facebook and YouTube took over once they launched. It’s like the early 2000s were this experimental stage where everyone was just figuring out what “social media” even meant — then suddenly, Facebook standardized connection and YouTube redefined entertainment. What strikes me is how each platform shaped the internet differently: Facebook made networking social, and YouTube made content social. I was too young to see the early chaos.

    4. In the mid-1990s, some internet users started manually adding regular updates to the top of their personal websites (leaving the old posts below), using their sites as an online diary, or a (web) log of their thoughts. In 1998/1999, several web platforms were launched to make it easy for people to make and run blogs (e.g., LiveJournal and Blogger.com). With these blog hosting sites, it was much simpler to type up and publish a new blog entry, and others visiting your blog could subscribe to get updates whenever you posted a new post, and they could leave a comment on any of the posts.

      I never experienced that phase myself, but my parents did. They loved posting on blogs, writing thoughtful, lengthy entries sharing deep reflections or life stories. Readers back then were more patient in understanding each other's perspectives—they didn't jump to judge or criticize others' views as readily as people do today.

    1. Je suis finalement parvenu à passer entre les mailles du filet en partant au Canada dans le cadre d’un échange académique d’un an à la suite duquel j’ai décidé de rester vivre au Canada

      Jerome talks about his movement of pattern into moving to Canada for an academic year.

    1. During theeighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the amassing of archives was an integralcomponent of nation-building and colonization, which objectified collectivememory and entrusted an emergent class of experts to steward these materi-als in service to the national mythos

      This helps us see the bigger picture and bigger impacts of collected data. The data isn't just one individual point that connects to a report, it is far more complex than that

    2. . That is, databases are an artifact ofarchaeological knowledge production and also structure subsequent knowl-edge production

      I like the way they worded this. It connects databases to the past and present which helps when thinking about why or what the data represents and will be used for in the future.

    1. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

      I think this quote will inspire many people to follow their dreams no matter what. To never give up and hard work will pay off.

    2. But something slowly began to dawn on me: I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I’d been rejected, but I was still in love.

      I think the fact that he never gave up and did what he loved no matter what the outcome was at the time, is very inspirational.

    3. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.

      I think its amazing that he was so scared to take such a big risk and it all worked out for him in the end.

    4. After six months, I couldn’t see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life, and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.

      I thought this was interesting because for a while I wasn't sure what I wanted to do and felt hopeless with college.

    5. Except that when I popped out, they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking, “We’ve got an unexpected baby boy. Do you want him?” They said, “Of course.”

      I think that it's amazing how he dealt with such negative things before he was even born and now is such a big success is very encouraging.

    1. I came here after getting this warning during the build process and was confused as to why. The mdn webdocs specifically says "The autofocus attribute should be added to the element the user is expected to interact with immediately upon opening a modal dialog."
    2. Also just because some popular websites does something doesn't mean you should too. WebAIM Million 2021 revealed that 97.4% of the top 1 million home pages had detectable WCAG 2 errors (not warnings). They found that 40% of home pages had skipping heading levels; developers aren't exactly great at picking the right tool for the job, not even the developers of the most popular sites.
    3. More actionsWarnings make sense in two cases: something should just not be used ever, as it has no legitimate uses, or extremely rare there exists a better alternative In this case both are false. autofocus has many legitimate uses - including literally Internet's most popular website; and the alternatives of hand-writing JS code doing the pre-focusing, or not pre-focusing are both actively worse. Therefore this warning needs to go. (and all other warnings that don't fit into those two categories)
    1. She expressed surprise: “I didn’t even know that because screenwriters never get to meet each other.

      this shows how these instances are of gender inequality can be so individually isolating, where you don't even realize the bigger picture and gender gap.

    1. “the historian who never wrote,”

      Makes me look to the often "invisible" work of women. It gestures toward the kind of intellectual labor that often goes unrecognized, especially when done by women. It reflects how Harsh’s deep archival and curatorial work, though not always expressed in traditional scholarly formats, was essential to shaping Black historical memory. The line reminds me of how much invisible labor women have done, collecting, preserving, mentoring, organizing knowledge, without being credited as authors or theorists.

    2. None of the city’s public or academic libraries officially excluded Black readers, but as Hughes noted while staying at the University of Chicago, many were made “foreign” to Bronzeville’s residents

      Scattered things (people).

    3. FIGURE 5.2

      Every single image within this book has struck me. I think Helton has done an amazing job choosing what should be included image wise. Each one leaves me wanting more. The visual selections don’t just complement the text, they carry their own emotional and historical weight.

    4. Until 1920, the Harshes were the only African American family on their block, but by 1930, Black migrants from the South became their neighbors on all sides.

      People as scattered things.

    5. however, on opening day and in the years after, did not transform their encounters with the collection into famous works.

      This challenges the intellectual (?) idea to center the famous. Instead we center the ORDINARY READER. To me this sentence reclaims the everyday intellectual lives of ordinary library patrons, people who can be eaisly overlooked. It's a quiet but important act of historical recovery.

    6. FIGURE 5.1

      I love this photo. It looks like a photo from a movie. I think it highlights the ordinary (the group of children by the counter, the librarians behind the counter, no one looking at the camera). This chapter really highlights the Ordinary Reader and their key importance.

    7. rage born of history’s deniala —but the marrow of their everyday intellectual practice engaged problems of scale and scope, classification, and taste—all of which revel in the idea of blackness as “too much to know” rather than too little.102

      I love the sentence "rage born of history's denial." I think it really captures the powerful, emotional force behind the intellectual resistance that collecting and archiving became. This isn't just academic curiosity held by collectors, it is knowledge-making that is driven by historical erasure and systematic injustice.

    1. illy Bishop, William Barker, and Raymond Collishaw, were elevated to the status of “knights of the sky

      the glorification of these 3 men in a air battle that claimed the lives of 1563 men.

    1. Elizabeth and Leicester

      Through the inclusion of Elizabeth, in conjunction with the decaying description of Thames River, Eliot continues his complex commentary on love in modern society. First, Eliot begins this section of The Fire Sermon with the following lines: "The river sweats Oil and tar" (266-67). The contrast between the verb "to sweat"--a natural process to regulate temperature--and artificial/manmade substances such as "oil" or "tar" highlight the contradictory nature of River Thames. The once pure and sacred area now lies bare: the "nymphs have departed," the bank has lost its sole, and the water runs polluted. Now, Eliot's reference to Queen Elizabeth here ties to similar themes. For instance, she was once celebrated for her virginity. Society at the time was transfixed by her feminine purity, therefore hitting similar notes to the previously discussed trends of the land/river. However, her key connection to River Thames comes from Froude's Queen Elizabeth in her interaction with Leicester at the "water-party", seen through the eyes of De Quadra. He states, "In the afternoon, we were in a barge, watching the games on the river. She was alone with the Lord Robert and myself, on the poop, when they began to talk nonsense, and went so far, that Lorb Robert at l said, as I was on the spot there was no reason why they should not be married, if the queen pleased." Here, Elizabeth and Leicester are openly flirting, even suggesting marriage, with the river as the backdrop. This moment highlights a dramatic social scandal of the time given Leicester's past wife and complex relationship with Elizabeth. Here, it is being put on full display to the public eye. Therefore, Eliot continues to explore complex nature of love (as seen previously with the clerk and the typist) with this citation. Furthermore, as previously discussed, river Thames comes to mimic this decay alongside the thorny state of human relationships at the time through the unnatural pollution imagery.

    1. Family violence harms everyone, but not equally; women are three times more likely than men to be victims. In the case of deadly violence, government statistics show us that 33 percent of female victims of homicide—but just 3 percent of male victims—are killed by spouses, partners, or ex-partners. Nationwide, the most recent annual death toll from family violence was 1,351 women. Overall, women are more likely to be injured by a family member than to be mugged or raped by a stranger or hurt in an automobile accident

      It’s honestly really sad to see that women are often victims of homicide or violence, especially when it’s by their own family members. The fact alone is heartbreaking and shows how serious and personal this problem is. It makes me wonder if the government or police are doing anything to address and prevent this kind of violence.

    2. The debt problem is getting worse as interest rates increase; analysts project rates will reach about 5 percent annually for loans made in 2023. At that rate, a typical young graduate will be saddled with about $300 per month in debt payments. Worse off will be students who do not complete their degrees—perhaps 40 percent of those who take out loans—and are left with debt and less opportunity to land a good-paying job

      I agree with this because debt is a big financial problem for many college students. Some students take out a lot of loans to pay for school, but later realize they can’t borrow any more money and end up dropping out.

    3. High in the Andes Mountains of Peru, families send their children to the local school. But “local” can mean three miles away or more, and there are no buses, so these children, almost all from poor families, walk an hour or more each way. Schooling is required by law, but in the rural highlands, some parents prefer to keep their children at home where they can help with the farming and livestock.

      This passage is eye opening because it shows how hard it is for some kids just to get to school. In the mountains of Peru, they have to walk for hours, and some can’t go at all because their families need them to work. It made me realize that going to school isn’t easy or possible for everyone. It also makes me wonder will they ever get buses? The schools know most of these families are poor, so why isn’t more being done to help them?

    1. That’s particularly true for recruiting. Many parts of the job hunting process have become automated, and some companies are even using A.I. to conduct interviews. Roughly 90 percent of employers now use A.I. to filter or rank résumés, according to the World Economic Forum.

      This brought me back to my Comm Strat class where we had to practice interviews with AI and then it would give us feedback. I actually really dislike doing this because a lot of what I said, the AI would mishear me even if I had really clear pronunciation. I think this article overall really shows how much the workforce is transforming and what I should be preparing for in the future.

    Annotators

    1. National Humanities Center  Political Cartoons of the 1920s: Stock Speculation and the 1929 Stock Market Crash“That Little Guy Never Seems to Learn Anythi

      This cartoon is showing that the public never learns from their past economic and financial mistakes. This illustrates the comparison of the Florida land boom, that ended in complete failure. Showing people’s desire to get rich faster, making them to fall into the same traps that lead to this type of mistakes.

    1. Today, however, food manufacturers sell more salsa than ketchup in the United States

      This example of a change in a social segment is a great demonstration of a macro trend. The growing preference for salsa over ketchup represents demographic shifts. Another example of a macro trend is the rise in vegan and vegetarian foods, reflecting long-term changes in how we view health and the environment.

    2. The political segment centers on the role of governments in shaping business. This segment includes elements such as tax policies, changes in trade restrictions and tariffs, and the stability of governments (Figure 3.4 “Political Factors”).

      This is arguable the most volatile out of the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental & Legal). Politics is a social science and is dictated not on just fact but also opinion. Currently the united states is a perfect example, they are ignoring the scientific community, or pre existing systems of government in favor of a religious driven movement that focuses on the idea that there country is the only that matters or nationalism, this has resulted in country's looking to export/import from other country's or just raise prices to offset any change in policy due to the current administration.

      Arguably this could be associated with economics due to my focused on trade but the political aspect just don't affect trade but how business practices perfectly legal and reasonable 1 year could become illegal due to public perception and passed into law due to opinion instead of fact.

    1. Techniques such as skimming and scanning help manage study time efficiently and prioritise relevant material. Analytical reading fosters critical thinking skills, enabling students

      bvdfj

    1. cold calling.

      I wasn't sure how I was feeling about cold calling at first, however after observing the freshman English teacher today I think that she changed my mind about it. With my CT we don't meed to utilize cold calling all that often, but she must need to do it a lot because she was doing it masterfully and it made sure that many students were able to be involved in the discussion and that everyone understood.

    2. Asking too many closed questions that need only a short answer

      This is a downfall because this does not require the students to really expand their thinking. Giving short answers and moving on means they can just word vomit a response and then move on. There is no additional thinking required to help them remember what's being discussed or open their minds more.

    3. For teachers, questioning is a key skill that can be learned and improved with practice and reflection

      Questioning is not something I've thought of as a skill before now honestly, but it is just that. As I've been observing in my CT's classroom and some of the other English teachers' classes I've seen how they question their classes purposefully and masterfully, enabling them to elaborate on a topic and enlighten them further. When I am the one teaching though, I do not quite go as long as they do because I don't have the same abilities when it comes to questioning as they do.

    1. Emai

      I was surprised that email is so old because of how it is still used so much. Email has outlasted so many online forums and social media messaging platforms, and is still consistently used to this day.

    2. In these systems, someone would start a “thread” by posting an initial message. Others could reply to the previous set of messages in the thread.

      Is this the origin of what we know of as threads today? (not the social media site, but rather the feature.) If so, this is a pretty cool detail

    1. That is what we must continue to expect if we continue along these same ideas of the old policy.

      fearmongering,

      Using this to justify the rapid change in policy.

    2. "How can lines operating from Pacific ports be prevented from operating to Atlantic ports, and how can we check the same from walking over our own gradually built-up commerce?

      So confused on this one.

      He fears that larger shipping companies based on the east coast could begin to operate on the west coast, crushing regional/local competition

    3. the chief members of all the boards remained closeted discussing the situation and putting many questions to W. L. Clarke of the Pacific Steamship Company

      why this specific representative? did he sponsor it? did he lobby it?

    4. Instead of looking for something to defeat this law, find something to sustain it

      "you might be upset with this law but you must live with it and find a way around it."

    5. The Shipping Board says it won't do it

      Confusing wording I think, the shipping board denies that this act will drive foreign ships from our ports. However, isn't that the whole point of this law?

    6. I do not want to drive foreign ships from our ports unless there are American ships to take their place

      Then why put this law in place? why not allocate money and provide subsidies to produce vessels in the united states and then give them favorable treatment? Was this considered? Were there American ships to take their place at this time?

    7. There are interests in this country that do not want it
      • Commercial business men
      • American Citizens who fear rising prices
      • Shipping companies who reject higher maintenance costs
      • The government wanting to contract out shipping to other nations for cheaper prices.
    8. When you get an advantage do you give help to your competitor, I ask you?

      Using this to justify isolationist policy and othering foreign shipping companies.

    9. Foreign lines gave the advantage to themselves

      Making an enemy of foreign shipping lines, using this as the basis to exclude them from continental US shipping.

    10. Before the war we had to depend on foreign ships for our business. We had to go to our competitors to get our goods to market. Do you help your competitor fight you?

      Fear mongering, Extensive fear mongering.

      More interesting rhetoric.

    11. We, the United States, should really lead the world's shipping

      American exceptionalism is on full display here. Interesting rhetoric to use regarding a global industry.

    12. The people of the country have a deep interest in the development of the merchant marine

      People can refer to a multitude of things. - The government themselves necessitating a wartime fleet to support the US military - American shipping companies interested in expanding profits for themselves. - American shipping unions lobbying to defend American workers and jobs. - I can't really figure out why the American populous would want this.

    13. Tacoma business men turned out in large numbers to attend the meeting: It is estimated that well over 1,100 members were present.

      Another way to show the controversiality of the law.

    14. He declared that Congress would never alter the law on the basis of "opinions of reasons," but only if actual operation resulted in positive and tangible injury to American trade.

      Potentially hard to determine what the 'tangible' injury is. Refused to listen to dissenting arguments, rejecting 'opinions of reason'.

    15. Whether they like it or not, I am prepared to carry it through. Later they will see the mistakes they have made by thus addressing me. I came here to explain myself in open forum. They have got to have a chance of expressing themselves as well, and a real chance to blow off steam

      Senator Jones comes across as arrogant in stating that they came there not to rebuke his argument, but to blow of their steam.

    16. This law will not be modified in any way to encourage our competitors

      Speaks of American isolationism, 'competitors' = other countries trying to ship American goods and build American ships.

    17. which is considered by most of the shipping and business men of this coast as a direct menace to the trade of coast ports.

      opinion of the dissenters, aka trade business men who use waterways to ship goods.

    1. At its core, S2R is a technology that directly interprets and retrieves information from a spoken query without the intermediate, and potentially flawed, step of having to create a perfect text transcript

      sounds awfully like (vertical) integration in engineering practices

    1. Engaging all learners is essential

      engaging all learners is the most essential thing! If a group of students does not feel like they are getting it or aren't feeling into the activity they won't try and they may not grasp the lesson. If we make sure to engage all students and make sure they stay attentive it will make things so much easier on everyone in the future!

    2. may adapt or manipulate various elements of the curriculum

      I like this wordage because adapting and manipulating certain aspects of curriculums is how we make sure that all our students are getting what we are teaching. I feel that this should be standard honestly, because no two students are going to learn exactly the same.

    3. We know that not all students are alike.

      I know that ideally teachers understand that not all students are alike but I know we are still running into problems where students are being treated as though they are all alike. It feels like there are groups of teachers out there who don't feel like they need to think outside the box for students unless they have an IEP and even then I feel like it's equal to pulling teeth to get more than a bare minimum.

    1. Reminds me of Romeo and Juliet, the way it reminds me of Romeo and Juliet is in the second paragraph when the author says "she or he attaches strong feelings to the perfectly wonderful image they have created". Which compared to the story of Romeo and Juliet, in this case it would be Romeo catching feelings for Juliet. I don't have any personal experiences. I have learned that sometimes you may think you are in love but it is kinda a hallucination.

    1. By understanding and deliberately cultivating dispositions such as inquisitiveness, open-mindedness, perseverance, and skepticism, individuals can transform their approach to learning, problem-solving, and decision-making.

      The part of this statement that stuck out to me was the emphasis on decision making. I wonder why the author brings this up so often. What about scientific thinking leads to better decision making?

    2. Resourcefulness

      I have never thought about STEM as something that required resourcefulness. I am curious about this and would love if the author game a specific example here.

    3. It requires students to doubt information until it can be proven right, distinguishing between what is truly factual and what is mere hearsay. At its core, thinking like a scientist means approaching situations and problems through critical thinking and skepticism,

      I have never thought about science as relying on skepticism before. I like how this is frazed because I think it incapsulates what about the scientific mind can seem "cruel" or "cold". To be scientific you have to never give the benefit of the doubt.

    4. t I’ve come to value the habit of asking, “What does the data say?” before forming a judgment.

      This comment makes me think of all of the adults in my life with science carriers. There are admittedly not many, but those I do know personally all seem to take this mentality all throughout life, not just about work.

    1. Science has linked being inactive and sitting too much with higher risk of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, colon and lung cancers, and early death.

      List of chronic diseases.

    2. Being more active can help all people think, feel and sleep better and perform daily tasks more easily. And if you’re sedentary, sitting less is a great place to start.

      Shows that it's beneficial in so many ways.

    3. Physical activity is anything that moves your body and burns calories. This includes things like walking, climbing stairs and stretching.

      This is important to note because it varies what type of activity can be done.

    4. Don’t worry if you can’t reach 150 minutes per week just yet. Everyone has to start somewhere. Even if you've been sedentary for years, today is the day you can begin to make healthy changes in your life. Set a reachable goal for today. You can work toward the recommended amount by increasing your time as you get stronger. Don't let all-or-nothing thinking keep you from doing what you can every day.

      Encourages beginners to start small, which aligns with the idea of short, consistent daily exercise. You don’t need to jump into long workouts to see benefits.

    5. Get at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous aerobic activity, or a combination of both, preferably spread throughout the week. Add moderate- to high-intensity muscle-strengthening activity (such as resistance or weights) on at least 2 days per week. Spend less time sitting. Even light-intensity activity can offset some of the risks of being sedentary.

      Even splitting exercise into shorter sessions can add up to the recommended 150 minutes weekly. Shows that daily short workouts are effective and realistic.

    6. This article explains how adults can stay healthy and prevent chronic diseases through regular physical activity. It recommends at least 150 minutes of moderate exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous exercise per week, along with muscle-strengthening activities at least two days a week. The article also points out that even short sessions of exercise are helpful and that moving throughout the day is better than sitting too much. For beginners or people coming back from injury, it suggests gradually increasing activity. Overall, it gives practical, easy-to-follow advice based on current health research.

    1. Synthèse du Documentaire "Ça baigne"

      Résumé

      Ce document propose une analyse synthétique des thèmes et événements clés présentés dans le documentaire "Ça baigne", centré sur la vie d'un collège et les défis rencontrés par son équipe pédagogique.

      Le fil conducteur est le cas de Sarah, une élève en situation de décrochage scolaire et comportemental, dont le sort est examiné lors d'un conseil de discipline.

      Le documentaire met en lumière la tension entre la nécessité de sanctionner et la volonté de soutenir une élève en détresse, exacerbée par une situation familiale extrêmement difficile.

      Il explore les stratégies mises en place par l'établissement – exclusion avec sursis, changement de classe, tutorat par une pair – et les réactions contrastées du corps enseignant, oscillant entre lassitude et engagement.

      Malgré une mobilisation intense, le parcours de Sarah reste précaire, illustrant la complexité de la lutte contre l'échec scolaire.

      En parallèle, la découverte d'un message de détresse anonyme dans les toilettes de l'établissement souligne un malaise adolescent plus large, dépassant le seul cas de Sarah.

      Analyse Approfondie des Thèmes Principaux

      Le Cas de Sarah : Entre Crise Personnelle et Décrochage Scolaire

      Le documentaire s'articule autour du suivi de Sarah, une élève dont la situation a atteint un point critique, nécessitant la tenue d'un conseil de discipline.

      Le Conseil de Discipline

      Le conseil est convoqué en raison de la dégradation rapide et sévère de la situation scolaire de Sarah. Les faits marquants sont :

      Décrochage Académique : Sarah est décrite comme étant en "complet décrochage scolaire" avec des résultats en "chute libre".

      Le deuxième trimestre ne compte que cinq notes au-dessus de la moyenne, alors que le premier trimestre affichait "plusieurs 20/20".

      Problèmes Comportementaux : Elle est constamment qualifiée d'insolente et de perturbatrice. Un enseignant témoigne : "elle est toujours resté insolente et tu as perturbé les cours".

      Engagement de Sarah : Face au conseil, Sarah exprime son souhait de rester dans l'établissement ("j'ai pas envie de changer de collège moi je suis bien là") et s'engage à "repartir à zéro" et à présenter des excuses.

      La Situation Familiale Complexe

      Un élément central, bien que traité avec pudeur à la demande du père, est le contexte familial de Sarah.

      Le Refus du Père : Le père de Sarah refuse explicitement que la situation familiale soit utilisée pour excuser le comportement de sa fille : "non non je veux pas qu'elle joue en sa faveur (...) ça n'a rien à voir".

      Le Contexte Révélé par le Principal : En l'absence de la famille, le principal décrit la situation aux membres du conseil : le père est seul pour s'occuper de ses enfants et consacre une grande partie de ses journées et soirées à l'hôpital auprès de la petite sœur de Sarah.

      Sa routine est décrite comme suit : lever à 6h, visite à l'hôpital jusqu'à 10h30, travail de 11h à 18h/19h, puis retour à l'hôpital jusqu'à 22h ou 23h.

      La Décision : La "Dernière Perche"

      Le conseil de discipline opte pour une sanction visant à la fois la fermeté et l'accompagnement.

      Sanction : La décision est une "exclusion définitive" assortie d'un "surcis".

      Avertissement : Le principal est très clair avec Sarah : "sache que c'est la dernière perche il y en aura plus d'autres. Si tu dérapes il ne pourra plus rien".

      Mesures d'Accompagnement : Un plan est mis en place, incluant une nouvelle classe, une nouvelle équipe pédagogique et la désignation d'une tutrice.

      Tensions et Stratégies au Sein de l'Équipe Pédagogique

      Le cas de Sarah révèle les divergences d'approches et la fatigue de l'équipe éducative.

      Le Rôle du Principal

      Le principal agit en médiateur et en protecteur, cherchant activement une solution pour "sauver la peau" de Sarah. Il confronte directement les enseignants les plus réticents.

      Négociation avec les Enseignants : Il demande à une professeure sceptique : "augmentez votre seuil de tolérance".

      Il la met en garde contre une "ligue" contre l'élève, affirmant que "tout le monde est capable de lui faire péter un câble en 15 secondes".

      Volonté de Soutien : Il est le principal architecte de la solution de la dernière chance, malgré le scepticisme ambiant.

      La Frustration des Enseignants

      Les professeurs expriment une lassitude et un sentiment d'impuissance face au comportement de Sarah.

      Saturation : Une enseignante déclare : "j'ai fait au moins 15 rapports sur elle mais mais je sais maintenant j'en fais plus parce que bon ça sert plus à rien".

      Conflit d'Intérêts Pédagogiques : Une autre professeure résume le dilemme : Sarah est "une élève intelligente qui m'empêche de travailler avec les autres élèves".

      Hostilité Ouverte : Le principal mentionne qu'une collègue, Madame Petite, "veut sa peau, elle l'a dit clairement".

      Le Débat sur les Mesures de Suivi

      La mise en place du suivi de Sarah suscite des débats. La proposition d'une "fiche de suivi" est immédiatement rejetée par un membre de l'équipe : "elle a plus le droit tu viens travailler tu travailles pas tu fais le boxon tu prends la porte".

      Cela témoigne d'une volonté de ne plus accorder de marge de manœuvre à l'élève.

      La Mise en Œuvre du Dispositif de Soutien et ses Limites

      Le documentaire suit les premiers pas de Sarah dans son nouveau cadre, révélant à la fois des progrès et des rechutes.

      L'Altercation avec Marine

      Un incident dans le couloir avec une surveillante, Marine, sert de test.

      Le Conflit : Sarah, attendant un professeur sans justificatif, est sommée par Marine de sortir dans la cour. Le ton monte.

      Une Réaction Nouvelle : Au lieu d'exploser, Sarah se contient et va chercher de l'aide auprès du personnel encadrant.

      Ce changement est noté comme un progrès significatif. Le principal lui dit : "ce qui est positif tu t'es pas énervé.

      Ça aurait été il y a 8 jours tu aurais dit à Marine (...) va te faire foutre non peut-être pire que ça".

      Le Rappel aux Règles : Sa tutrice et le principal lui rappellent cependant son erreur initiale : sans justificatif, elle devait obéir à l'ordre de la surveillante.

      Le Tutorat par une Pair (Lydia)

      Le système de tutorat est un élément clé du dispositif.

      Rôle de Lydia : Lydia, une autre élève, est chargée de suivre Sarah.

      Elle se montre sérieuse dans sa mission, qui consiste à s'assurer que Sarah "se tienne correctement" et "rattrape son cours d'histoire".

      Bilan du Tutorat : Lydia juge que globalement "ça va", mais admet que sa présence constante agace Sarah : "ça la gasse un peu".

      Elle révèle vouloir devenir commissaire de police, ce qui éclaire son intérêt pour ce rôle d'encadrement.

      L'Échec Final

      Le documentaire se conclut sur une note pessimiste. Le personnel constate que Sarah a manqué son cours de SVT.

      La conclusion est abrupte : "elle est sortie elle est pas allé en cours de SVT mais elle était où dehors elle est partie donc bah donc donc".

      Cet événement suggère un retour aux anciens comportements et met en doute la réussite du dispositif.

      Le Mystère du Message de Détresse

      En parallèle du cas de Sarah, une intrigue secondaire met en évidence le mal-être potentiel d'autres élèves.

      La Découverte : Un message est trouvé dans les toilettes : "aide-moi s'il te plaît je souffre trop (...) je veux mourir si tu veux m'aider mets une croix".

      L'Enquête du Personnel : Le personnel tente de déchiffrer les initiales de l'auteur ("DK" ou "PK") et la signification d'une réponse ("pourquoi" suivi d'une croix), démontrant leur vigilance.

      Hypothèses : Ils émettent des hypothèses, évoquant le cas d'une autre élève "malheureuse que ses parents vont la mettre en foyer".

      Cet événement fonctionne comme un rappel que la détresse psychologique est une réalité plus large au sein de l'établissement.

      Citations Clés

      Intervenant

      Citation

      Contexte

      Le Principal

      "J'aimerais qu'on lui sauve la peau à cette petite."

      Exprimant sa volonté de ne pas abandonner Sarah avant le conseil de discipline.

      Un Enseignant

      "Personne n'a rien contre elle mais tout le monde veut la mettre dehors."

      Résumant le paradoxe de la situation de Sarah et la lassitude du corps professoral.

      Le Père de Sarah

      "Non non je veux pas qu'elle joue en sa faveur, non on veut pas qu'il prenne ça en considération."

      Au conseil de discipline, refusant que sa situation familiale serve d'excuse.

      Sarah

      "Bah déjà de repartir à zéro et s'il faut faire des lettres d'excuses aux profs à qui je fais des torts bah je le ferai."

      Son engagement pris lors du conseil de discipline.

      Le Principal

      "Sache que c'est la dernière perche il y en aura plus d'autres."

      Avertissement final à Sarah après la décision du sursis.

      Un Enseignant

      "Elle a plus le droit tu viens travailler tu travailles pas tu fais le boxon tu prends la porte."

      Réaction au sujet de la fiche de suivi, marquant un durcissement de la posture.

      Message Anonyme

      "aide-moi s'il te plaît je souffre trop s'il te plaît aide-moi je veux mourir"

      Message de détresse découvert dans les toilettes de l'établissement.

    1. Choose one of your use cases. Describe in more detail what it means to do that activity (e.g., what the user would want to do, what information the user would need to provide, what would count as success, etc.).

      The use case I thought of was learning a new skill. And I thought YouTube would be the best social media platform to do this on. It would be relatively easy to do on almost every social media though too. The user would have to have created an account, provided age, email, and make a password. Then they would need to navigate to the search bar and look up a how to on the skill they want to learn. I think that success would look like finding a video that explains the skill in a way that the user can understand and implement. If I wanted to do this I would use YouTube because there are the most in depth videos on YouTube, but I could probably find something on instagram or tik tok that has a short video explaining the skill as well.

    1. We note that improved reconstruction may come at the cost of increased feature absorption (Karvonen et al., 2024)

      Clearly from the nice agreement in Fig. 5, the SAE reconstructions do an excellent job at reconstructing the residual representation at each layer. I am curious about the magnitude of the reconstruction MSE for the hyperparameters covered in Fig. 8. Are there any results you've shared about the SAE training?

      There is a tradeoff between reconstruction error and L0 sparsity, but at what point are you learning more about only the SAEs than ESM2 itself?

    2. We developed a latent visualizer, InterProt, to streamline the process of identifying features.

      InterProt is an amazing tool for sorting through all of these findings.

      The Fig. 3C plot is also very nice for a global view of the learned latent features. What do you think about the relatively small fraction of "interesting" features (the "structural", "amino acid", "alpha helix", etc., top features on InterProt) compared to the total number of latents? Do you think this is more about our lack of knowledge of protein structure, or are the "uninteresting" latents just generally at a lower conceptual level (like point residue features) than what we find interesting (motifs with structural effects)?

    1. Between June 2019 and June 2025, the median home price in Maricopa County jumped 65% to nearly $474,000, according to one real estate company, putting home ownership out of reach for much of the working class.

      Our house value jumped 50% in 20 months between late 2020 and early 2022

    2. “We are the only land use that does meet the 100-year requirements,” since apartment, commercial and industrial development were not covered by the 1980 law

      Yep, this is a problem. You stop building housing supply but allow in the new data centers.

      I'd also love to see grid capacity included in development plans too, at least if commercial/industrial projects exceed a certain power consumption.

    3. The aftereffects of the 2008 real estate crash delayed them, but they had recently been revived

      One should be naturally skeptical of the reasons why people looking to make a fortune on speculative land development give for why their aspirational project hasn't moved forward. Is it water, or lack of demand, or the fact that they can't raise the capital to do it, or that it was actually a play to get acquired by a larger company?

      There's a long history of trying to build subdivisions far from the urban core because developers assumed that people would buy houses far away almost no matter what (build it and they will come; see the "land fraud" he mentioned above) or that was simply the only parcel of land they could acquire, only to see a few houses and streets go up and the remainder never materialize.

      Or, you see that the way for a develop to make the profit margin work is to build a big (more expensive) house but on a smaller lot, where you're only feet from your neighbor. But people are willing to live waaay outside of services only if they can get a big house with a sizeable yard—they are willing to trade convenience if it gets them something that's otherwise far outside their price range in the city, especially if they also believe (or are told) that things will fill in quickly and that they're getting in before things boom and will have a great house and eventually all the other things they want too.

    4. runaway growth — 80,000 lots had already been approved

      runaway growth = 3%

      80,000 home lots approved (much different than to be built this year, or this decade, or even ever built), which sounds like a lot until you consider that there's more than 2 million already here. So, up to 3%.

    5. Around 200 miles of earth fissures caused by this subsidence have been mapped across Arizona.

      A problem across many states, but this makes it sound like a sensational issue that's unique to Phoenix and has never been seen before. Just saw an article last week that Houston was the worst in the country for this.

    6. A sizable majority of voters favored it initially, but the effort ultimately crashed at the polls

      I volunteered for this campaign a little (I was primarily working on another ballot initiative that cycle, focused on the independent redistricting commission).

      This was essentially a "Don't Become LA" campaign, which resonated well, especially as the influx of Californians arrived. Tucson complains about Phoenix, Phoenix complains about LA, I'm not sure who you guys complain about.

    7. The city’s rampant growth has transformed former agricultural fields and open desert into homes and tested the bounds of the water supply in Maricopa County, which usually ranks as one of the nation’s fastest-growing counties

      It's framing like this that I find super annoying. The notion is that as Phoenix has grown, its water use has similarly skyrocketed unabated.

      Waaaaay wrong. Extremely misleading.

      The important context not mentioned is that overall water use today is about the same as it was in 1950. And since 1990, per capita use is down by 30-something percent.

    8. Cities, farms and mines were at one point pulling at least 1.9  million more acre-feet a year out of the state’s aquifers than rainfall and snowmelt could replenish

      Of course, this is a very much a national problem, but that context is completely missing here. Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas, Maryland, Texas, Idaho...I mean, the list goes on and on. I'm just always frustrated when these issues are written in a way that implies they're unique to Phoenix when they're often not uncommon problems.

      Also, no mention of the broader context—that the largest city, by far, in the metro area (Phoenix) doesn't need to pump much groundwater at all? Only 2% of Phoenix's water use. And no mention that 3.6 million acre feet of water have been pumped back into the ground for water banking, a rainy day water fund? Nope, instead the lack of that context makes the reader assume that groundwater pumping is emblematic of the primary municipalities as well, not just some edge communities.

    9. Growth-related industries such as construction and real estate account for a substantially larger share of the area’s economic base than they do in the U.S. as a whole — nearly 19% compared with 14.3% nationally.

      Of course, this naturally results if lots of people are moving here. Of course construction costs are going to be higher in a palce that is building lots of new houses compared to olde cities where they aren't building. If the masses slowed their migration, we'd naturally build fewer new homes and other industries would suddenly take up a larger percentage of the economy, even if they didn't at all expand during that time. But that doesn't matter to the pro-growth folks who routinely trot this out like construction is the only industry Phoenix can succeed at, or that it's especially important. Nah, it's big only because so many people want to move to Phoenix.

    10. A slew of sensational headlines followed. The New York Times said it likely signaled the “beginning of the end to the explosive development that has made the Phoenix area the fastest growing metropolitan region in the country,” a prediction echoed by other outlets.

      I found many of these articles personally frustrating.

      There were two ways to view this: an indictment of Phoenix (can you believe it's gotten so bad that Phoenix had to do this??? I'm sure glad I don't live there, they must be in real trouble), or as a smart innovation (whoa, unlike most other cities in the US, Phoenix is actually taking real and meaningful action to preserve its water sources!). I think you can guess which route virtually every article took.

    11. “The whole reason I moved out here was to get away from that.

      Totally get this sentiment, but also...everyone knew that area was gunning to be developed. There are literally signs everywhere about new developments and its constantly the talk of the area. That new homes would be going in is not a surprise; the surprise here is that they haven't already gone in.

    1. This message resonated with many in Galilee and later Judea and Jerusalem, which frightened some Jewish leaders.

      Wow, this is really powerful, it shows how the message spread quickly and inspired people in Galilee and beyond. But it also caused fear among some leaders, kind of like when a new idea or movement challenges the way things have always been. It reminds me of how big changes in history often start with messages that make people both hopeful and uneasy at the same time.

    1. Cleopatra sided with the friends of Caesar in the Liberators' Civil War, and began an affair with Marc Antony when they met in 41 BCE.

      Wow, this is so dramatic. Cleopatra really knew how to stay connected to power! First she sided with Caesar’s supporters during the civil war, and then she started a relationship with Marc Antony. It’s kind of like how powerful people today form alliances to keep their influence strong, Cleopatra was doing the same thing, but with huge political stakes and empires on the line.

    1. famine

      Americans relates Africa to famine because we see various people reaching out asking for donations to help these people who are actually experiencing famine and not the rest of Africa as well

    2. We know, for example, that Africans belong to tribes. And we know that Africa is a place of famine, disease, poverty, coups, and large wild animals. General images are useful and perhaps necessary for our collective consciousness.

      The reason that those are the words Americans relate to Africa is because we see many images on TikTok or instagram that only show famine, disease, poverty and large wild animals.

    3. Today’s nature shows still tend to portray Africa as a place filled with wild animals, park rangers, and naturalists who battle against poachers and encroaching agriculture.

      Ive seen a lot of these on YouTube, I like to watch a lot of different nature documentaries when I fall asleep and sometime one in a different language is easier to sleep to.

    1. We engage in a rhetorical discourse with technology every day. Therefore, as designers, it is all the more necessary for us to understand the architectonic nature of rhetoric and it’s connections with design, specifically UX Design, as we are responsible for initiating, coordinating, and developing this very discourse with our users.

      This statement insightfully highlights how UX design isn’t just about functionality or aesthetics it’s a form of communication. As designers, we constantly speak to users through interfaces, layouts, and interactions. Understanding rhetoric helps us recognize that every design choice conveys meaning and influences behavior, making the designer’s role not just technical but deeply persuasive and communicative.

    1. argues the laws passed by about half of U.S. states wrongly bar her from offering voluntary, faith-based therapy for kids.

      Main issue is that kids can't truly consent, which is why all permissions go through their parents. It literally can’t be voluntary.

    1. A Roman legion built eight forts and a 6.5 mille wall around the fortress and began a siege that lasted about nine months. In the summer and fall of 72, 10,000 workers carried stones up sheer cliffs to build a 1,400 foot ramp. In April 73, when the Romans stormed the walls via the ramp, they found 960 bodies. The defenders had committed mass suicide, except for two women and five children who had hidden in a cistern, who told the tale. Masada, in the Judean Desert, with the Dead Sea in the distance

      This whole part is very interesting and quite a story! The town created on the plateau is impressive.

    1. The Wusun reciprocated, sending twenty envoys back to China with Zhang, bearing horses and furs. These elite "heavenly horses" from the Ferghana Valley (Uzbekistan) were probably ancestors of the Akhal-Teke breed, valued for their intelligence, speed, and endurance. The descendants of these horses revolutionized Han's archer cavalry.

      This is very interesting also. The horse in the picture is stunning and looks like it is built for speed.

    2. The Silk Road was not a single highway, but a series of overland routes that connected China with the Mediterranean, Europe, and Africa.

      I find the Silk Road interesting. It also is a very long trail!

    1. Adolescents with a host of other psychosocial problems are also more likely to date older romanticpartners, and dating an older partner has been associated with increased substance use and delinquency

      deviance

    Annotators

    1. Han Wu (156-87 BCE) was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, who ascended the throne at age fourteen and ruled for 54 years.

      Wow!! He started ruling at a very young age and for a very long time!