4.5.1. Impact on Learning Outcomes
There is an incomparable difference between the use of A.I assistance and the normal teaching methods. By not using A.I, the students are prompted to engage more in the subject they are writing about, thus developing the brain further for critical thinking. A.I use can make the student fall short in the long run if put in a position that he/she cant use A.I.
They also encourage students to critically evaluate AI-generated content and use their reasoning and creativity to expand on the writing by adding their own perspectives.
This can be used as a good idea to support the use of A.I while also still making students revise and add their own.
Some professors encourage the use of AI-assisted tools to supplement student assignments.
Which university does these professors work at.
Not all students see AI writing tools as purely beneficial [12]. Many have expressed concerns that these tools can undermine critical thinking, logical reasoning, and creativity [21,23].
mixed reviews. the paragraph above this says A.I is beneficial to help improve writing and quality.(13)
By striking a balance between AI assistance and human creativity, writers can harness the power of technology while preserving their ability to think critically and express themselves effectively [7,13,16].
this can be very effective, and can also make you even smarter in developing your own ideas
Some institutions have already updated their academic integrity policies to address AI-related concerns, introducing AI-detection software and stricter guidelines on AI-assisted writing [6,19].
does CNM do this?
Additionally, there are several concerns about plagiarism and the authenticity of AI writing. Most AI tools utilize information from internet sources but often fail to verify factual accuracy or properly credit sources [28].
they could come up with anything that pops up in their search result and generate content that can be totally false.
Writing is not only about assembling words into sentences that make sense; it is also about engaging with the material in a way that encourages students to analyze information critically and apply independent reasoning to the subject matter [28]
immerse yourself into the work and you'll see the same results as well as a stronger, functioning brain.
Are students truly engaging in the writing process, or are they merely depending on this technology to fulfill course requirements?
are these students really putting in the effort like some or are they taking the easy way? how do they check for that of stuff.
We conducted a narrative review by systematically searching three academic databases, EBSCOhost, ERIC, and JSTOR, to identify relevant studies on the role of AI tools in academic writing.
direct quote(2)
They can even generate entire essays and help students formulate arguments, saving the students significant time and improving their language use, accuracy, and coherence, among other benefits [12].
i think this can be used as a rough draft editor or proofreader
Specifically, this paper will explore the following topics: (1) the impact of AI writing tools on students’ ability to develop independent writing skills and critical thinking; (2) the benefits and limitations of AI-assisted writing tools in improving grammar, coherence, and argumentation; (3) the perceptions of students and educators regarding the effectiveness of AI writing tools in higher education; (4) the ethical concerns raised by AI-assisted writing, including issues related to plagiarism, originality, and academic integrity; (5) the comparison between AI-based writing tools and traditional instructional methods in terms of learning outcomes and skill improvement; and (6) the best practices for integrating AI tools into writing curricula to optimize student learning outcomes.
another part about what's talked about in this article but in better depth
As a result, they are now increasingly regarded as critical parts of the writing process, particularly for writers who may face challenges with the linguistic and structural aspects of writing [17,18].
it may help them, but it won't teach them.
if AI is conducting the research and writing, will students be able to develop necessary analytical and writing skills independently? Although the answer remains uncertain, this is a critical issue that warrants further investigation [12,23].
still undergoing research as it's too early to tell and to early of said technology
The findings reveal that although AI tools can be detrimental to the development of writing skills, they can foster self-directed learning and improvement when carefully integrated into coursework.
"Studies from the SANRA found A.I to be destructive towards the development of students writing abilities. But can be beneficial if used correctly and sparingly." (Ab)
Many teachers are concerned that this erodes critical thinking skills and undermines ethical considerations since students are not performing the work themselves. This study addresses this concern by synthesizing and evaluating peer-reviewed literature on the effectiveness of AI in supporting writing pedagogy.
Main idea of the article!
While public criticism and shaming have always been a part of human culture, the Internet and social media have created new ways of doing so.
This is right public shaming has been a core part of human culture. There are countless books and movies that demonstrate this. One example that comes to mind is The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne this book shows public shaming in the 17th century and the concepts live on. The book was even adapted later into a new representation of public shaming modern day with the movie Easy A staring Emma Stone.
Cultural rights are recognized as fundamental human rights in several international legal instruments,including the Convention on the Rights of the Child (article 31), the Universal Declaration of HumanRights (article 27), and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (article 15).These legal instruments affirm that everyone has the right to participate in cultural life, enjoy the benefitsof scientific progress and its application, and benefit from the protection of the moral and materialinterests resulting from their creative work. The International Covenant on Economic, Social and CulturalRights also stresses the need to respect the freedom indispensable for scientific research and creativeactivity. Additionally, the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of CulturalExpressions (2005) highlights the need to promote cultural diversity through education (article 10),particularly in the face of globalization and technological advancements.
International laws say that everyone has the right to take part in cultural life and enjoy the benefits of science. Education should help protect and celebrate different cultures, especially now that new technologies like AI are being used. While AI can create new chances to include diverse groups and their cultures in digital learning, it also brings challenges in making sure these groups are fairly represented and not left out
Educators expressed concerns about data privacy and the ethical implications of using AI tools inearly childhood classrooms. Many were unsure about how student data was being collected,stored, and used, and there were no clear guidelines on obtaining parental consent
some good negative concerns with how the students information will be stored and used. wouldn't want any one to be turning a profit from the children's information without their permission.
78 IJEDICTEthical considerations are also paramount in the successful integration of AI in education.Developing comprehensive data protection policies that are specific to educational settings willsafeguard student privacy and ensure responsible AI use. Policies must mandate parental consentfor data collection, and AI developers should be required to ensure algorithm transparency andconduct regular audits to identify and mitigate biases. Educator training should include modules ondata privacy and ethical AI use, while parental engagement initiatives can build trust and fosterbroader acceptance of AI tools.
a good answer to the question i annotated before.
Similar results have been observed in countries like Finland, where AI-powered learningenvironments were linked to enhanced executive functioning skills such as working memory andcognitive flexibility (Holmes et al., 2021). AI tools that incorporate interactive problem-solvingactivities and puzzle-based challenges foster critical thinking and cognitive growth in younglearners.
i like the global comparisons in this study. it helps to have different information to work with. the bit about it helping kids with their executive functioning skills like working memory and cognitive flexibility.
AI-driven tools, particularly those offering personalized phonics exercises and interactive readingcomprehension activities, contributed to faster literacy development. The adaptive learningalgorithms identified individual student weaknesses and adjusted content accordingly, allowing fortargeted interventions
more great evidence showing that AI tools help with childhood literacy development. again it feels like the biggest strength is having a teacher be able to identify student weaknesses faster. it feels like it gives the instructors more reach in the amount of students they can handle and not only helping but improve student literacy development.
The analysis revealed significant improvements in literacy skills among students in AI-enhancedclassrooms compared to those in traditional classrooms.• Pre-Test Results (Literacy):o Experimental Group (AI-enhanced): Mean score = 45%o Control Group (Traditional): Mean score = 44%• Post-Test Results (Literacy):o Experimental Group (AI-enhanced): Mean score = 78%o Control Group (Traditional): Mean score = 61%• Statistical Analysis
this study did find a 33% increase in the literacy increase showing that AI used in early childhood writing can be more effective than the 17% increase of the 100 students that used traditional methods. this is a good part to use in my research paper.
AI technologies enable personalized learning by adapting educational content to the specific needs,pace, and learning styles of individual students. Through machine learning algorithms and data-driven insights, AI can identify each child’s strengths and weaknesses, providing customizedinstructional paths that promote effective learning.
I think being able to tailer a child's specific needs in their writing plan is a very useful tool as a teacher. sometimes children feel left behind and discouraged because a teacher is truly only one person.
This sleep of mine, whatever sleep it is. Were he not gone, The woodchuck could say whether it's like his Long sleep, as I describe its coming on,
Some Romantic poets explore death, dreaming, and sleep being similar. Frost also compares himself to an animal, another element that Romantic poets use, connecting themselves with nature.
My long two-pointed ladder's sticking through a tree Toward heaven still, And there's a barrel that I didn't fill Beside it, and there may be two or three Apples I didn't pick upon some bough. But I am done with apple-picking now.
Frost uses the natural image of the ladder “sticking through a tree” and reaching “toward heaven” to suggest a spiritual or emotional search, which reflects Romantic ideas about finding meaning through nature. The unfinished apples and the barrel he “didn’t fill” symbolize human imperfection and the limits of personal ambition, an inner reflection that Romantic writers valued. His choice to stop apple-picking shows a moment of emotional awareness and self-understanding shaped by his experience in the natural world.
Of apple-picking: I am overtired Of the great harvest I myself desired. There were ten thousand thousand fruit to touch, Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall. For all
Frost shows Romanticism by focusing on the speaker’s feelings and his close connection to nature in a desired and treasured way.
words come out from the depth of truth;
Words have power, but they should be backed the power of truth, not by lies and deceit. That singular truth being that each of us is just as human as the next, if not for the "walls" dividing us in the prior line. He is also specifically utilizing the language, and thus words, of the Empire that oppresses his people as a tool to appeal to them.
Father
Tagore understood that the primary audience of an English translation would be Christian, and thus utilized an explicit reference to Christianity with a capitalized Father referring to the Christian God. He is utilizing both the language and religion of another people in support of his own. This would strengthen his call among that audience and helps turn this entire poem into a prayer and call to the divine.
head is held high;
This implies a sense of pride and confidence in what one was doing, which reinforces that the mind is without fear, because the body is visibly showing that. This also serves to highlight that the body and mind are acting in unison.
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost its way into the dreary desert sand of dead habit;
The clear stream represents progress as sustaining life, while holding fast to detrimental traditions, like the caste system, turns things into a desert devoid of life.
free;
Free here can mean multiple things.
Free as in the monetary sense and free as in it is available to everyone without restriction. Both definitions feed into the next line by opening up knowledge outside of those it is typically restricted to, which is an exceptionally notable statement from Tagore, due to his standing at the very top of the traditional Hindu caste system. In his arguments here, he is explicitly calling for the dissemination of knowledge to everyone.
Where the mind is without fear
Tagore defines the mind in What is Art? very specifically as the logical and reasoning half of what might generally be considered the whole mind by a reader. Emotions, like fear, are found within the personal man, or personality, instead of the physical man. Thus, if the mind is without fear, then this inner personality has been sated and exists in harmony with the physical mind.
Our comprehensive review concludes with possible strategies for cyberbullying prevention, including personal emotion management, digital ability training, policy applicability, and interpersonal skills.
Give examples in support or describe in terms that are easier to understand.
cyberbullying has an important impact on the mental health of adolescents which can cause psychological distress consequences, such as post-traumatic stress mental disorder, depression, suicidal ideation, and drug abuse
Emotional distress, distraction, disinterest and withdrawal for at risk adolescents.
As for past experiences, one possible explanation is that young people who had experienced online or traditional school bullying may commit cyberbullying using e-mails, instant messages, and text messages for revenge, self-protection, or improving their social status
This ties in to other sources and articles. Take from all to make a comprehensive point.
Although this review has identified many personal and situational factors associated with cyberbullying, the majority of studies adopted a cross-sectional design and failed to reveal the causality
Research limitations for causality. Summarize the section.
Personal factors, such as high school students, past experiences, impulse, improperly controlled family education, poor teacher-student relationships, and the urban environment, were considered risk factors for cyberbullying perpetration.
Good information to spread amongst subtopics.
Some studies suggest that parental aggressive communication is related to severe cyberbullying victims, while open communication is a potential protective factor
Situational factors for the aggressor and victim.
For example, intimate parent-child relationships (46) and open active communication (19) were demonstrated to be related to lower experiences of cyberbullying and perpetratio
Use in support of the subtopic situational factors contributing to cyberbullying.
When considering prior cyberbullying experiences, evidence showed that individuals who had experienced cyberbullying or face-to-face bullying tended to be aggressors in cyberbullying
Use in support of subtopics associated with learned aggressive behavior.
In terms of the risk factors associated with cyberbullying victimization at the personal level, many studies evidenced that females were more likely to be cyberbullied than males (13, 26, 29, 38, 43, 52, 54, 55, 58). Meanwhile, adolescents with mental health problems (61), such as depression (33, 62), borderline personality disorder (63), eating disorders (41), sleep deprivation (56), and suicidal thoughts and suicide plans (64), were more likely to be associated with cyberbullying victimization. As for Internet usage, researchers agreed that youth victims were probably those that spent more time online than their
Good support information to summarize.
The adverse effects caused by cyberbullying, including reduced safety, lower educational attainment, poorer mental health and greater unhappiness, led UNICEF to state that “no child is absolutely safe in the digital world”
Use in support of subtopic with quotation,
The influence of cyberbullying may be worse than traditional bullying as perpetrators can act anonymously and connect easily with children and adolescents at any time
Crossover with source 2 that anyone can be the aggressor regardless of age, sex, race or physical size
cyberbullying among adolescents is considered to be a serious public health issue that is closely related to adolescents' behavior, mental health and development
Use in support of subtopic. Effect on victims.
Based on Olweus's definition, cyberbullying is usually regarded as bullying implemented through electronic media (6, 7). Specifically, cyberbullying among children and adolescents can be summarized as the intentional and repeated harm from one or more peers that occurs in cyberspace caused by the use of computers,
Summarize/combine and use in introduction as the definition of cyberbullying
Young people during these periods are particularly vulnerable and cannot fully understand the connection between behaviors and consequences
Research this claim within the context of childhood development.
If a major change is to be made, it has to consider / link to the old terminology,at least temporarily. If ever you changed these subject headings, I think a'hidden link' should remain, so that the search results would not be limited (i.e., ifI still use an old terminology, I don't want to be penalized).
makes sense, in order to keep things accessible to others
Little has been published, particularly from the North American perspective, aboutIndigenous Knowledge organization (and specifically in the area of developing localthesauri), but there are some published works that have discussed various aspects ofthe issues involved.
Indigenous approaches to organizing knowledge remain underrepresented in mainstream LIS scholarship. This also implicitly situates projects like AIATSIS or Māori Subject Headings as important but not fully transferable models, reinforcing the urgency for North American frameworks grounded in local cultural contexts.
Another part of the terminology "problem", as identifiedby Farris, is that in Canada it is difficult to find agreement on a "one-size-fits-all" subjectheading that would match the LCSH term, likely due to the many differences betweencultural groups and the wide range of demographics of various users.
There is tension at the heart of decolonizing knowledge organization between the need to balance standardization with cultural specificity. This suggests that resolving this tension might require moving away from “one-size-fits-all” models altogether, and toward systems that are flexible, plural, and community-sensitive.
Some of the changes included the splitting of compound terms,
i wonder if the terms in their original languages and spelling could be linked as related terms to the main headings
Hola muy buenas noches quisiera poder pedirles respetuosamente el acceder al documento y obtenerlo descargado
purpose of the current manuscript was to argue that cyberbullying can be explained usinglearning theory
This would serve well as part of the introduction.
First, the BGCM and GLM both emphasize positively reinforced learning as an impor-tant mechanism in cyberbullying development. Therefore, it is prudent that interventionsincorporate the entities that can reinforce or punish cyberbullying actions.
Tie into operant conditioning in conclusion.
Cyberbullying isunique because of the increased anonymity afforded to the online aggressor, the irrelevanceof one’s physical stature, the non-physical nature of cyberbullying, the ability to have otherssee the online harm across the world at instantaneous speed, and other factors
This has crossover to various other concepts. Good for transitioning.
ffective habituation refers to the learned association between thebehavior and emotional constructs
Excitement, gratification, and eventual desensitization for the aggressor.
BIMOB is a belieftheorized to be the consequence of cyber-aggression which emphasizes the common beliefthat anybody—no matter how physically small or weak—can harm others due to the onlinenature of cyberbullying
Anyone can become an aggressor online. There are also no geographical boundaries to cyberbullying.
Indeed, research has shown that cyberbullying perpetrationis correlated with several learned aggressive knowledge structures, including normativeaggressive beliefs, trait anger, moral disengagement, and others
Key words here are learned, trait and disengagement.
Overall, research from a social learning perspective has shown that cyberbullying islikely learned and reinforced from peers, parents, the media, and personal experiences.
The peer pressure angle and maybe how someone unlikely to cyberbully may do it to fit in.
Focusing on peers, research has shown that social norms related to cyberbullyingpositively predict cyberbullying perpetration [36,37 ] and the willingness to join in cyber-bullying others in a bystander role
Crossover with operant conditioning.
ystanders are those who are aware ofcyberbullying and either do not intervene (termed a passive outsider), defend the victim(either online or offline), or reinforce the cyberbully (either online or offline)
This might also be in support of the subtopic socially acceptable learned behavior.
In other words, if peers and family agreewith and support cyberbullying actions, cyberbullying perpetration is likely. Conversely,research has shown that punishing youth for their cyberbullying others should curtailsubsequent behavior
Support of subtopic
Reinforcement is focused on shaping behavior by either rewarding positivebehaviors with some internal or external reward
Counteracting cyberbullying by applying positive or negative consequences to the act.
The purpose of this manuscript is to firstly describe thevarious learning theories that are applicable to describe cyberbullying perpetration, such as sociallearning, operant conditioning, the general learning model, and others.
Define learning theory and purpose.
Reason, indeed, may oft complain For Nature’s sad reality,
Reason, Nature, and Truth, personified, bring the what the speaker would like to avoid. They bring pain, suffering, and complaining. While imagination brings flowers, associated with happiness, but they are trampled by Truth, bringing our speaker to face their melancholy.
“To Imagination” (1846)
Attached is reading from youtube.com to enhance the experience of the reader. The speaker is quiet and pensive as she moves through the poem and talks with the personified spirit of imagination. https://youtu.be/iIeVTWX3bho?si=_cHytep8B8emESj3
Thy kind voice calls me back again:
As we begin the poem, we immediately see imagination personified as a dear friend so that our speaker may no longer suffer. The words from the "kind voice" gives the reader and speaker comfort from the initial lines of despair.
Thy world, where guile, and hate, and doubt, And cold suspicion never rise; Where thou, and I, and Liberty, Have undisputed sovereignty.
Our speaker is "othered" in these lines. She indicates how she is treated unfairly, but imagination allows her to live her life in peace. We can see how Brontë is reflected in this, a she is often referred to as "reclusive" and "solitary," contributing to the idea that she is more than likely part of the queer community. As Claire O'Callaghan states in her essay about Brontë, "Emily's reserve- ... does not correspond with typical gender norms and implies subversion."
If but within our bosom’s bound We hold a bright, untroubled sky,
Bronte continues contrast the reality with the one speaker brings to life with the spirit of imagination with light and dark imagery. As the world around her is filled with "danger, and guilt, and darkness" she is able to keep in her "bosom" or heart a "bright, untroubled sky," where the readers can feel warmth versus the coldness that reality holds.
And call a lovelier Life from Death.
The capitalization of "life" and "death" draws attention to how important the ideas are to the speaker. The very idea that life springs from death indicates how the world is viewed, and that the spirit of imagination gives more to our speaker, as she can imagine a better life. Steve Vine broadens this idea with imagination, "as if it would recover life's trophies from the tomb." https://www.jstor.org/stable/40003651
And sweeter hope, when hope despairs!
This line continues to draw attention to the juxtaposition of hope and despair. Women are often forced to look inward or use their imagination so that they will no longer have to struggle in the situation in which they are put. This line evokes empathy, and as women read her poem, they are called to embrace their hope rather than despair. Beth Sutton-Ramspeck eloquently wrote about how feminist readings help us find empathy for our speaker and poet. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3828430
Benignant
According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), benignant is an adjective that means showing kindly feelings towards inferiors and has a sense of condescension.
I have spent years learning this craft, committing myself to it everyday in order to master it—I can’t think of a better way to show my dissatisfaction than destroying what I love.”
"Every act of creation is first of an act of destruction," by Pablo Picasso. This quote suggests that to create something new, one must first dismantle or break down existing ideas, forms, or materials.
Seed suggests that work created now in the relentless bombardment of visual stimulus in the age of the internet has been forever changed,” explains Ashton. “We still have ties with the era of historical realism but we can’t ignore what’s going on right now.
Technique is nothing without inspiration.
I am fascinated with the historical influence of traditional and ‘swagger’ portraits
Ben, chose a time period between 1500's-1800's to recreate these portraits of him and his family. The Significance is that this period often highlighted a persons status and heir achy. Ben combines that with the flaws of modern Ai to create a mockery of these outrageous times in human history.
It is that anxiety about the world I inhabit and that lineage of experimentation that has catalyzed this collection of works—with the fear we all feel around the unchecked advance of technology, and in particular AI and its effect on the creative world, I felt compelled to explore the threat. [I.Or You Could Panic] speaks to the futility of fear in a time when it is arguably the most rational response.”
There are those that run from what they fear, and those that run to it!
British artist Ben Ashton, let me assure you that his oil paintings are not AI generated nor do his canvases incorporate any digital media. However, his experimentation with AI technology, and the results it yielded, did provide reference material
Artist Ben Ashton used his classical training to create a totally unique oil paint art series that uses the inspiration from AI and its flaws.
'What makes artists special is their ability to imagine something new,'' Zhang explained. ''So while I think that A.I. tools help express our creativity, creativity will still be the driving force behind the future of art.''
Creativity is the true driving force of art!
He claims that convincing forgeries of his own work, made by the A.I., were confusing his buyers. I
Artist fear that forgeries can be detrimental to the value of their work. While Weiler argues that this increases the value by there being a surplus in computer generated art and true collectors being more enticed by original and rare pieces.
Not everyone agrees. Some working artists -- designers, illustrators, animators -- have characterized artificial intelligence as an existential threat to their business models.
Artist and creatives alike fear the threat of Ai to their business, and Craft.
In Weiler's class he uses A.I. to storyboard ideas that he didn't have the technical skills to draw. ''This is now part of my artist's toolbox,'' he said,
Art comes in different mediums. One talent may be in film instead of drawing. Ai could help a student fullfill their vision by aiding in the art creation field. Bringing a vision to reality.
''I'm going to show how you can leverage these technologies in your artistic practices.''
Ai is just another tool in the tool box to push art and creativity to another level.
Yann Braga | Storybook Vitest | ViteConf 2025
Because Storybook runs components in isolation with controls and props, you can visually verify layout changes (logo size, spacing). Then you can write tests for asserting “the logo size is greater than this”, “the slider has left arrow enabled after scroll”, “scrolling moves logos”, etc. This adds automated verification for UI behavior rather than requiring manual eyeballing, which further helps bridge the gap for end-to-end testing.
behold
看哪
subdue
征服
fruitful
卓有成效 ˈfro͞otf(ə)l 形容詞 產量多 fruitful 富有成效的 fruitful 卓有成效 fruitful, highly effective
likeness
相似性
creeping
爬行
livestock
家畜
winged
有翼的 wiNGd 形容詞 飛 winged
vegetation
植被 植物
sprout
發芽
midst
中間
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (as one turning from serious things to little pleasantries) Well ladies, have you decided whether she was going to quilt it or knot it?
still downplaying the women not knowing about their discovery.
MRS HALE: (jumping up) But, Mrs Peters—look at it! It's neck! Look at its neck!
the same as how the husband was killed.
SHERIFF: They wonder if she was going to quilt it or just knot it!
downplaying and demeaning but this ultimately leads to the discovery of evidence.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: No—it's not cheerful. I shouldn't say she had the homemaking instinct.
demeaning her by saying she essentially is not a 'fit' wife.
Well, women are used to worrying over trifles.
worring over nothing.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (looking around) I guess we'll go upstairs first—and then out to the barn and around there, (to the SHERIFF) You're convinced that there was nothing important here—nothing that would point to any motive. SHERIFF: Nothing here but kitchen things.
foreshadow. eluding to the end.
COUNTY ATTORNEY: (rubbing his hands) This feels good. Come up to the fire, ladies. MRS PETERS: (after taking a step forward) I'm not—cold.
telling the women what to do.
Hamlet switches between the two depending on the context
he switches when he wants to be taken seriously vs when he doesn't.
or is she exercising the most agency she can given her position
she is doing the best she can for her position.
Is Hamlet actually mad (insane), or just pretending to be insane?
he is pretending.
how he earned a living, when he moved from Stratford, or how he got his start in the theater.
many mysteries following him.
William Shakespeare was probably born on about April 23, 1564
there is no documented record of his birth.
As an actor, a playwright, and a partner in a leading acting company
he did it all.
Shakespeare lived more than 400 years ago
he lived in the 1600's.
How would you re-order this to be more comprehensible
be true to yourself.
iambic pentameter for the upper class
it is more advanced.
if Old English is Charmander, and contemporary English is Charizard, Early Modern English is like Charmeleon
it evolved!
Whan zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
we dont use any of these words.
So if it feels like you are reading a foreign language when reading Shakespeare or his contemporaries, you kind of are: Early Modern English.
it uses many different words and terms that we are not used to.
So what is the best way to "read" a play?
read it out loud.
Dialogue is comprised of the words directly spoken by characters,
dialogue is made up of what the characters say.
actors reference lines
lines make up the scenes.
The acts are further divided into scenes.
scenes make up an act.
the structure of a play can have profound effects on its meaning or even genre!
it can change the entire play and what happens to the characters.
There is no one correct way to structure a drama
can be composed in any way.
plot is the most important element in a narrative
plot is what leads the story.
Face (sociological concept). November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184174814. URL:
Face is a reference ot a sociological concept that is connected with the dignity and respect that someone has, as seen through their societal relationships. There are many different cultures in which the concept of face is prevalent, including Chinese, Indian, and Russian cultures.
or instance,models like ChatGPT discovers statistical patterns inenormous quantities of online text, which may containmistakes, biases, and obsolete data
ChatGPT can find issues for review.
Ifauthors utilize these tools to aid in writing or manuscriptpreparation, they must take accountability for the accuracy ofthe generated content
This is a great point. Good quote.
In June 2022, a French preprint server named HALpublished a fourth essay co-written by an earlier chatbot by thename of GPT-3 and was later accepted for publishing in apeer-reviewed journal [11] .
ChatGPT was accepted as an author on a published peer reviewed journal.
They may fabricate citations andreferences when producing academic papers, promptingexperts to conclude that they cannot be relied upon to givecorrect information or credible references.
Again cited sources from ChatGPT can not be relied upon.
Asscientists, our paramount apprehension is that these AIlanguage bots are ill-equipped to assimilate novel information,conjure up revelations, or engage in profound scrutiny,ultimately curtailing the scope of scholarly discourse.
AI is not a critical thinker. Data in, is the same data out.
As a result, it is critical for researchers, particularly ethicists,to debate the trade-off between using AI to accelerateknowledge creation and the possible loss of human capabilityand control in the research process. Creativity, originality,education, training, and human relationships will almostcertainly remain important in performing relevant and novelresearch.
Evaluate the pros and cons. Humans input for creativity and authenticity will always be important.
If we only emphasize performance and efficiency, the role andimpact of individuals may decline as AI technology advances.
AI may replace people jobs.
Although AI tools excel atrepeating established knowledge, they fall short in recognizingand producing novel findings. In fact, they may even strugglein determining if a new discovery is genuine, aberrant, orgroundbreaking.
AI does what a human tells it, it cant think and ask questions of its own.
It is critical toassess and improve the validity of language models so thatresearchers may utilize the technology in an effective andethical manner.
Productivity and Efficiency are the pros, however the models need evaluation for data integrity.
This form of conversational AI integration in research andpublication has the potential to change the discipline,presenting both advantages and drawbacks. It can acceleratethe innovation process, shorten the time it takes to publish, andenhance equality and diversity in scientific viewpoints byassisting people who struggle with writing [7]
There are pros and cons. Those that struggle with writing are able to get their views across better thanks to ChatGPT.
The rise of AI automation might also result in the loss ofunique writing styles, replacing them with a uniform style.This raises questions about whether the homogenization ofwriting is a step towards greater understanding or a loss ofdistinctive features
Are humans losing their voice? Maybe SAE has something to do with that?
Notably, ChatGPT is being used byresearchers for a variety of applications, including composingessays, summarizing literature, improving papers, detectingresearch gaps, and producing computer code and statisticalstudies [2] It has also been used in academic contexts togenerate research papers and graphic features such as figuresand tables and is more often seen in such publications [3] .
ChatGPT is used in the academic setting.
As of now, thewidespread adoption of ChatGPT is inevitable, but if usedrecklessly and without proper oversight, it poses a threat to theacademic publishing industry. To prevent this, it is necessaryto take a more thoughtful and diligent approach to modeltraining and invest in AI output detection systems. WhileChatGPT has the potential to revolutionize the field, we stillneed to prepare to use it effectively and comprehensively.
We need guardrails on ChatGPT.
What do you consider to be the most important factors in making an instance of public shaming bad?
I think the degree to which someone is shamed is a factor. Another factor is how bad the offense that the person committed was. If it were objectively bad, a certain degree of shaming can be expected.
This prakarana theatre is widely regarded to have begun the spread of drama in the East in the same way Greek drama spread through the West.
Both countries did their part of spreading drama in their cultures.
catharsis
Purging negative emotion.
drama originated in Greece as an evolution of religious ritual,
drama started in Greece as a religious practice.
What strategies are available to the playwright
They use many strategies like stating with a theme or central message and developing the play around that.
some plays have been based on novels, and novels on plays
Many things are inspired by other plays or novels.
drama—sometimes referred to as a play
Dramas are plays.
"So there's obviously things to be concerned about and it's something we continue to look at." The truck explosion came hours after a driver rammed a truck into a crowd in New Orleans' famed French Quarter early on
Speculation, crafting the narrative.
Musk has recently become a member of Trump's inner circle. Neither Trump nor Musk were in Las Vegas early Wednesday. Both had attended Trump's New Year's Eve party at Trump's estate in South Florida. Musk spent an estimated $250 million during the presidential campaign to support the former president. He was at Trump's resort on election night and has been a frequent guest there.
Crafting the narrative as to how this may be related to a terrorisim attack and how the Tesla connects to the Trump hotel.
then driving about an hour later into the valet area of the Trump International Hotel, where it sat 15 to 20 seconds before the explosion occurred.
What's interesting is that the reader gets the facts about what actually happened after we hear what the FBI said about the investigation.
"Following that, our second objective is to determine whether this was an act of terrorism or not."
This is something that is speculation from people involved in the case, and can invoke emotion in the readers, like fear.
National
Right away, I was thinking about the news values, and why this might be something that is worth learning about The fact that this says that this is national news, lets me know that this is something that is involving people that are relevant to the United States, and is something that is out of the ordinary.
Thomas Aquinas, whom all these authors were quoting explicitly (as in the Hammer) or paraphrasing (as Vinet and others did). Aquinas made this argument on at least three occasions.17
likes of kramner quoted from thomas aquainas
He then declared that the existence of witchcraft refutes the opinion of some people, whom he declined to name, ‘who say that demons do not exist, except in the imagination of the common people’. The ignorant and naiïve allow their imaginations to run rampant, and therefore ‘some figures can appear to the senses exactly as a man has thought of them, and then it is believed that he is seeing demons’. Vinet replied that the existence of demons is not imaginary: it is proved not only by the experiences of witches, but, moreover, by ‘the true faith, through which we believe that angels fell from heaven and are now demons’.15
saying common ppl are dumb and can be manipulated
The massive heretical movements of the twelfth through the early fifteenth centuries, especially Waldensians, Cathars, and Hussites, inspired worried theologians to imagine sordid and frightening encounters between demons and heretics as expressions of these groups’ enmity towards God and the established Church
The Waldensians were one of the first groups framed as a “satanic sect”, In the 13th–14th centuries, inquisitors accused Waldensians of:
secret night meetings
travelling to gatherings by supernatural (or rapid) means
performing rituals in the dark
rejecting the Church
worshipping demons or Satan hese accusations mirrored many later features of the witches’ sabbath.
but even the uneducated sometimes expressed scepticism, particularly when they refused official calls to denounce witches in their communities
proof that common people were not afraid of witches
Sebetha ET, Mashele LV. 2019. The growth performance of sweet corn under the influence ofanimal manure, NPK and soil type. Indian Journal of Agriculture Research. 53(6):718–722
JP
Devine SM, O’Geen AT, Larsen RE, Dahlke HE, Liu H, Jin Y, Dahlgren RA. 2019. Microclimateforage growth linkages in a Mediterranean catchment in California’s Central Coast.Ecohydrology. 12(8):e2156
JP
Asfaw M.D. 2022. Effects of animal manures on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.).Journal of Plant Science and Phytopathology. 6:033-039
JP
Adeniyan ON, Ojo AO, Akinbode OA, Adediran JA. 2011. Comparative study of differentorganic manures and NPK fertilizer for improvement of soil chemical properties and drymatter yield of maize. Journal of science and Environmental management. 2(1):9–13
JP
s likely producing higher yields
add hypothesis
four different livestock animal manures to sweetcorn, including goat, horse, chicken, and cow, to see which one produces the best weight yield
Mention if they will be applied at differing rates
reducing fertilizer costs by utilizing free wasteresources such as manur
maybe give an estimate on how much it will reduce costs
The purpose of this research is to determine how different types of animal manures (goat,horse, cow, and chicken) affect sweet corn yield and soil health metrics in California's centralcoast
specify what metrics will be measured
The Central Coast has significant microclimate diversitycaused by geography, elevation, and marine influence, resulting in different temperature andmoisture patterns that directly affect agricultural production (Devine et al., 2019).
Good regional context. Maybe expand a little on how temp and moisture might affect manure breakdown rates.
(Wilson et al., 2022)
missing from works cited
Manure helps increase soil organic matter, enhance microbialactivity, and improve nutrient cycling, all while cutting down on the use of chemicals. (Bradyand Weil, 2017).
Textbook source, not journal paper. Good but maybe could add peer reviewed citation. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38649721/
Relying on syntheticfertilizers has raised concerns about damaging the soil structure and long-term fertility (Diaconoand Montemurro, 2010).
Good justification. Could add a more recent source to support the sustainability concern
Testarten
Persönlichkeitstests meist Fragebogen.
I kept shouting, 'I want some respect! I want some respect!' Ishouted it all day and all night. And nobody gave me any respect. Iwas asking directly for it, and people just kept walking around me.Avoiding me. Not even looking at me. Not even acknowledging m
He keep asking for respect, but nobody listens to him. People ignore him and act like he doesn’t exist, which shows how lonely and powerless he feels.
Corliss couldn't help herself. She loved her mother, but her motherwas a bipolar storyteller who told lies during her manic phases andheavily exaggerated during her depressed times. Those lies and ex~aggerations were often flattering to Corliss, so it was hard to com~pletely resent them
Corliss loves her mother, but her mother often tells lies or exaggerates because of her bipolar disorder. Since these stories usually make Corliss look good, she can’t really hate them.
Corliss had never once considered the fate of library books. She'dnever wondered how many books go unread. She loved books. Howcould she not worry about the unread? She felt like a disorganizedscholar, an inconsiderate lover, an abusive mother, and a cowardlysolider
Corliss suddenly feels guilty when she realizes she has never thought about the forgotten books in the library.
Based on 1,0000 GEs at 10 ng, they have around 60% losses
Capping at 60 ng input wasperformed for some of the cohort explaining the peak at this value;
They capped input at 60 ng (20,000 GEs), and the limit of est. molecule counts for each position around 8000, which indicates 60% losses during processing.
In a sample of Spanish–English bilingual 5-year-olds in the U.S., we found children who were nearly balanced bilinguals and children who were strongly English dominant, but the English dominant children did not have stronger English skills than the balanced children. Because this study treated profiles of dual language skill as the outcome, it was able to identify factors that support children’s development of strong skills in two languages
Once again, studies reveal that bilingual children are performing the same as monolingual children.
Rather, the root problems are prejudice against immigrant groups which results in the racialization of their bilingualism (Hoff, 2021; Flores & Rosa, 2019) and the fact that the clear benefit of bilingualism – the ability to speak and understand another language – is not particularly valued by large segments of the English-speaking population.
Bilingualism is a gift that is important to bring people together through words, to expand knowledge and make everyone feel welcome. Everyone should value it.
There was no Spanish monolingual group in this study,
There should have been a Spanish monolingual group to give some more results.
Paradis uses the finding in Hoff et al. (2012) that bilingual children had significantly smaller English vocabularies than age and SES-matched monolingual children. She argues that this finding would mislead clinicians to expect that bilinguals would show delays in both their languages. She argues that this is a wrong inference because, in that same sample, the subgroup of bilinguals who heard 70% or more of their input in English did not significantly differ from the monolingual children.
In that study Paradis explains that the bilingual participants performed around the same level as the monolingual participants.
Eventually, it will beimpossible to detect their use in written assessments.Academia, and in turn PME, must accept this realityand determine new ways to evaluate a student’s indi-vidual development that uphold academic integritywhile also still building agile and adaptive leaders whocan think critically for themselves in stressful environ-ments.
In the near future it will become almost impossible to determine if a student wrote the paper on their own or if is written by AI. Perhaps in the future students will be required to write papers in class and have class time to share with their peers to revise and edit the paper.
“AI or die” is the latest mantra being tossed aroundin technology circles.
Is todays "AI" really artificial intelligence or just a faster search engine? It doesn't think for its self and only is guided by user input.
Students must still be able to communicate in writ-ing; however, this skill can be developed and assessedvia shorter, timed on-the-spot written assessments.
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AI-generated essays may contain citations that areeither fabricated or incorrectly applied.
I did this as a test and when prompted to cite the sources the AI generated content cited page numbers and information that wasn't even in the article it was citing.
Only a human can take their yearsof real-world experience and translate it into a deepassessment of doctrinal concepts. The absence of thisdepth of scrutiny is indicative of AI-generated text.
AI can write a well structured paper but lacks the knowledge to write a deep understanding of the topic.
Sometimesit colligates several sources into one “ghost” citation.
AI pulls multiple sources and tries to pass it off as one thought or idea and incorrectly cites the source.
Additionally, it does not gauge the accuracy or legit-imacy of the source, which often results in suspectcitations to say the least.
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colligates
to bind, unite, or group together
incredulous
unwilling to admit or accept what is offered as true
AI writing systems are trained to produce plau-sible-sounding text but can introduce errors with157MILITARY REVIEW September-October 2025AI-ASSISTED WRITINGauthoritative confidence.
AI can make even the most error filled paper sound believable.
This directly links to number nine, “Misalignmentwith Prompt Details,” unguided AI essays will oftencontain “fluff ” unrelated to the topic, especially when aprompt demands a specific page or word count. While(AI image by author)September-October 2025 MILITARY REVIEW158instructors are used to seeing this in human-draftedwork, AI “fluff ” will be confidently written and will trickthe reader regarding its relevance.
too much fluff could mean AI wrote the paper.
However, note that repeated prompts can elevatesome of the other indicators such as ghost citations, ashift in vocabulary, and the dearth of a human voice.
AI can learn from repeated prompts and can cause more issues with listing the wrong citation and removes the authentic human voice.
Listening to their paper via the MicrosoftWord “Read Aloud” function can help identify a changein tone.
A reader can pick out different tones when the paper is read to them over reading it quietly to themselves.
Second, robust written essays with future deadlinesmust be replaced by shorter written assignments andoral boards to truly test a student’s comprehension.
Include in my final paper.
A “debrief ” can occurwhere the student is asked a series of pointed questionsabout their essay. If the student genuinely developed thepiece, they then should be able to defend and describetheir thought process in assembling the work.
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Paragraphs will often follow a rigid structurethat feels mechanical and lacks the dynamic organizationtypically found in well-developed student writing.
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An author’s unique way of expressing themselveswill manifest in their tone, syntax, and choice of words.If this suddenly disappears in a completed essay, iteither means they had a strong proofreader or AI wrotethe piece.
AI takes out the personal voice that would come through with the writers upbringing or personal experiences.
AI-generated writing often appears grammaticallyflawless yet devoid of the individual perspective, per-sonal, or professional voice expected of a human being.
If the writing looks well polished but lacks depth or individuality its most likely AI generated.
An instructor must take note of their students’writing style when viewing these presubmissions.Coupled with other writing samples such as emails,journal entries, or discussion posts, it will give a solidindication of a student’s writing ability. If the finalessay differs significantly from these samples, this isan indication that the text is AI generated.
It is important that the teacher has multiple samples of the students writing to compare to determine if the writing used AI.
Notembracing the possibilities found within AI would be amonumental folly on our part.
Even the Army sees AI as a valuable tool to be able to analyze large amounts of information
There were relatively fewer children who performed at the high end of the word-recall distribution in English. For this sample of bilinguals, English was less well represented and activated. If we had had a greater number of highly performing children in English, we may have seen similar patterns of correlations.
Learning moment for future research, have an equal amount of participants who are on the high end of both languages to see more accurate results of tests.
These children were highly proficient in the two languages, and the tasks may not have stressed their attentional resources sufficiently to reveal any differences. Future research under conditions of language competition (e.g., tasks in which children are required to process two languages simultaneously or where they need to switch from one language to the other within a task) may provide further insights about the processes of bilingual acquisition, as the contexts of use and exposure to the languages may change over time (Kohnert, Bates, & Hernandez, 1999). Research with adult bilinguals using tasks in which they are required to suppress or deactivate one language to perform a given task in another has shown that performance may vary depending on the level of proficiency or exposure to the languages.
These studies may still be investigated with more experiments like this describes.
our results revealed no significant differences between fluent bilingual children and those with proficiency in only one language on either the CLPT or the DPCT. These results do not support the idea that bilinguals exhibit enhanced (or reduced) control of processing
The results of this study revealed that there is little to no difference between fluent bilingual processing and one-language proficiency processing in children.
The English DPCT included the stimuli developed by Ellis Weismer (1996), adapted from a task used by Campbell and McNeil (1985). It consisted of 20 commands to manipulate tokens (circles and squares) or objects (toy house, truck, shoe, star, and boat). The commands contained 8-9 words with a range of 9 to 10 syllables per sentence. For the Spanish DPCT, similar but not identical commands were constructed. The Spanish commands preserved syntactic structure and were 8-10 words long, with a range of 15 to 18 syllables per sentence. Examples are found in Appendix B. Two bilingual speakers (one male, one female) recorded the two language versions of the task. Psyscope was used to combine the sentences and to create the competing condition (i.e., 2 sentences presented at the same time) for both the English and the Spanish tasks.
I wonder if the comparison was accurate with the differing female and male voices.
For example, the bilinguals studied by Ardila and colleagues performed better in L1 (Spanish) than in L2 (English) for some tasks, in spite of the fact that over half of them reported better proficiency in L2 and were considered highly fluent in the two languages.
I feel this is very common, especially if Spanish is the learner's first language.
Royal KMM basic introduction
Looks like a post-war standard Royal KMM, sometimes best known as the machine used by Jessica Fletcher in the TV show Murder She Wrote (as well as the upcoming Jamie Lee Curtis reboot.)
Richard Polt has you covered for the manual and some repair manuals/information.
Some contemporaneous videos on use and maintenance may help.
As for ribbon replacement, try this video. The spools for the standard Royal typewriters (Ten, H, KH, KHM, KMM, KMG, RP, HH, FP, Empress, 440, 660, etc.) have a custom metal mechanism for their auto-reverse. The spools are known as the T1 (which is the same as General Ribbon part # T1-77B , T1-77BR, and Nu-Kote B64.) If winding on 1/2 inch wide universal ribbon onto them, remove the eyelette which isn't needed and may interfere with the auto reverse. If necessary, Ribbons Unlimited carries these spools or you can get them (and ribbon) from a local typewriter repair shop.
Ribbon purveyors: https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-faq.html#q1. I prefer Baco and Fine Line for their spectacular pricing and quality.
Other known historical users of the Royal KMM: