sky people same

x

lacks words

Anglosphere

I didn't know minerals could have different compositions within the same group, it's interesting how iron and magnesium can replace each other.

A solid solution and how it occurs are NOT the same as a liquid solution.

Quartz is a beautiful mineral that comes from the Earth. Quartz is also a form of a sedimentary rock because it is ressitant to weathering because of its strong framework.

I find it quite interesting that iron and mageniusm are the main compontents of the olivine mineral. These combined create the minerals on olivine.

I find this interesting because it shows how the tiny makeup of minerals affects the big picture of Earth’s crust, and it makes me wonder how these differences influence things like mountain formation and the types of rocks we see on the surface.

oceania

This made it easier to understand how minerals form because it's basically the opposite of dissolving, where things come back together into a solid.

Minerals can form from biological processes only after there is no life left in the organism.

Heat and temperature are NOT the same. Temperature measures the intensity of the vibration of atoms that is caused by heat.

With heavy amounts of salt the water evaporates because it has nowhere else to go. This is interesting because salt is a mineral found in lakes and without an outlet it can evaporate.

I thought it was interesting that calcite has birefringence because it shows how minerals don't just have physical properties, but can also affect light in unique ways.

We see these very frequently, such as in the salt we use to cook.

This is relevant because it helps us understand how carbon-rich rocks are formed.

Calcite crystals polarize light. This is quite interesting because they contain a property called birefringence that vibrates two light waves throguh the crystal

Sulfides are minerals where metals are combined with sulfur, and they are often the source of important metals like iron, copper, and lead.

Rust is made of iron combined with oxygen and water. Iron oxides can be heated to extract iron, producing metal and carbon dioxide.

how frequently does Easter and Passover align

lunisolar

easter

Citation ou Mark down ?

Ajout de guillemets

Teachers can actually change how they see themselves and how they teach depending on the situation.

Teaching skills can help students get jobs, but thats not the full picture.

The goal isnt just about learning English. Its about actually being able to use it in real life.

People havent really studied how english teachers change or develop their identity over time, so theres a gap in research.

All the research is kind of agreeing on 3 min things about teacher identity, so this is setting up what those are going to be.

Summary: 🏥 Mina Finds Jonathan Mina has finally located Jonathan in a hospital in Budapest. He has been found after a period of illness and wandering, and he is extremely weak, both physically and mentally. His caretakers say he has suffered from brain fever, leaving him fragile and confused.

❤️ Jonathan’s Condition Jonathan is terrified that Mina will think less of him because of his breakdown. Mina reassures him with complete devotion. She writes that she loves him even more for his suffering and that she will stay by his side no matter what.

📓 Jonathan’s Journal Jonathan gives Mina his journal from Transylvania but begs her not to read it unless he dies. He says it contains things too horrible to face. Mina promises to honor his request, though she is deeply troubled by what the journal might contain.

💍 A Sudden Marriage Because Jonathan is so weak and fears he may not recover, he asks Mina to marry him immediately. Mina agrees, and they are married quietly in the hospital chapel. Mina writes that she feels blessed to be his wife, even under such strange circumstances.

✈️ Plans to Return Home Mina tells Lucy that once Jonathan is strong enough, they will return to England. She hopes that the familiar surroundings will help him heal.

💗 Tone of the Letter The letter is full of love, loyalty, and emotional strength. Mina tries to stay positive, but her words reveal how frightened she is by Jonathan’s trauma and by the mysterious events he refuses to speak about.

The full name of Muji, which means "no brand, high-quality goods," but perhaps the pinyin was transcribed incorrectly.

This explains how they are studying the issue.

The article sees these students as strong and capable, not lacking

They stand out but still being ignored by the system.

Their struggles aren't just in school, it affects their whole life.

The U.S handles language learning better than mexico.

These students fall behind because they dont fit the system

The idea of people living between different countries and cultures.

The system only cares about one language and one culture

These are students raised in the U.S but now living in mexico

The article focuses on how language affects where people feel they belong and who they are.

The school system doesnt match the reality of students who move between countries.

This shows how return students can feel disconnected from their home country because of language.

It is a reality check to read the sentence, "The desire to return home was now a tumor lodged under Perfecto's heart..." (82) because while I often find myself missing home from the comfort of my college apartment, my experience is nowhere near comparable to Perfecto’s and is something I cannot fathom.

The sentence, "... she wanted to tell him how good she felt but didn't know how to build the house of words she could invite him into" (70) is a beautiful way of describing being at a loss for words, even when you want to tell someone something important.

The parallel between the women's swollen veins and the grape vines on 61 is stark and eerie and highlights the subtle and not so subtle ways Viramontes emphasizes their hard work and the side effects that come with it.

At the bottom of 53 and the beginning of 52, Estrella has to imagine herself somewhere else to hold back the tears she felt welling up. I cannot imagine how difficult the task is for her, and I am wondering if she is doing it to put on a brave face for the people around her or to encourage herself.

At the top of page 52, the only water Estrella has to drink is described as "tepid," which is a word I had to look up and means lukewarm, and along with the particles, definitely unappealing.

On page 51, a pregnant mother is described picking cotton, "The sack slowly grew larger and heavier like the swelling child within her," which is a powerful simile. A pregnant mother should have the ability to rest, but that is an impossible luxury for her.

Again at the bottom of page 50 Alejo thinks of all of the sacrifices and hardships his grandmother has endured just for him to have a chance at going to school. As a college student this is an important reminder to not take our education for granted.

The sentence "...a white sun so mighty, it toasted the green grapes to black raisins" on page 50 stood out to me. From what I know, it takes up to 30 days to try grapes, so the author describing this as happening within moments emphasizes their brutal working conditions.

The emphasis on how grueling this manual labor is already appears in the second sentence, "Even the birds wavered on the crest of the heat waves" (49). Birds are animals that have a high tolerance for heat, so highlighting their struggles with the temperature depicts how difficult the labor is, especially under these circumstances.

pro-battery

Renewable energy with a focus in Australia and shows the different kinds of renewable energy and a good start.

good reference to point out for anyone who wants to look at professional uses for solar power

-talking about how companies might be more interested in reducing carbon, and companies usualy get them done through a big company instead of doing it themselves

Rajouter l'hyperlien ?

"Controversial"

why are we asking this question? we dont think this is a good idea right? and the doctor didnt think so before either.

Publications overview of prof [[Margriet Sitskoorn c]] currently at Tilburg Uni, prof cognitive neuropsychology.

some papers about the brain and impact of poverty.

这篇文章主要介绍了2009年阿布鲁佐地震后意大利拉奎拉地区建筑物的损坏评估。文章描述了在地震发生后，意大利民防部门协调进行的建筑物检查过程，并使用了AeDES表格进行建筑损坏评估。通过检查了约74,000座建筑，文章分析了建筑类型与地震损坏之间的关系，并探讨了建筑的脆弱性因素，如砌体质量、建筑年代、楼层数以及已有的损伤情况。文章还讨论了检查过程中建筑物使用情况的分类（可用、受限使用、不可用），并指出了不同类型建筑的损坏模式和使用后的风险。

总结来说，这篇文章通过对拉奎拉地震后的建筑损坏数据进行深入分析，提供了关于建筑物脆弱性、损坏分布以及灾后恢复过程的重要见解，并为未来的建筑评估和防震设计提供了宝贵的数据支持。

the correct term, and [[Monstertheorie 20030725114320]] the way to look at it.

the equation of copyright infringement with theft was wrong when it was the media companies accusing people of it, as it is now when people accuse ai companies of it, imo. Doesn't mean the training of models on our collective creative output isn't wrong, but copyright and theft is not the angle imo.

senses addictive component. The lure of magic I think.

the paradox here is that using algogens erodes the skills to be able to judge its output. I think we already see that in the code leak from Anthropic.

compounding mistakes. esp in bigger / more complex projects. a neg ratchet This to me points back to vibe assistance in components, less in the overall project. creating libraries of functions above always from scratch. Keeping tech choices clear.

stay close to deterministic. n:: Guardrails grow faster than keeping stuff in check, doesn't scale

exactly. like I was told by someone in Central Asia, I'll get to your western environmental concerns after I can reliably feed my family. Not a fully correct distinction, but fully understandable when seen from a perspective of agency povert. n:: externalities concerns v-a-v agency poverty

Another strong observation. Knowing the wider externalities and individual agency do not always overlap. The individual aspects cannot be asked to bear the systemic ones. You can work to change the system and still use the individual benefits while doing so.

A reiteration of the 'help that showed up' and the effects it had on author and his environment.

I think author is wrong here. Depends on application scope. In law translation e.g. in the EU, where we have verdicts in 27 languages pertaining to the same market is key. In medicine it's not algogens but other AI that is being deployed, and scaled (e.g. wrt analysing imaging like radiology / mri etc.)

important caveat and back to [[The arc of vibe coding bends towards determinism 20260214145739]]

this is the only test I think most people apply. Esp when it comes to individuals, outside deployment in teams or in orgs.

true in essence, but in practice it is what I see people experiencing, despite forking 20USD/month over to BigTech

n:: Claudecode as 'the help that is showing up' consistently. This is what I observe too where it is used by individuals overcoming barriers to entry to make their personal tools. I think this may be relevant to understand those that turn to chatbots for advice too.

this is a core issue: the algogen has no concept of 'deployment' and only has the code itself. Even for simple things, not just security like here, it will not be able to look at the intention of a project outside the project. This a better anchor for human in the loop, the connection to reality / intention?

n:: having a human in the loop for vibe coding entirely comes down to discipline. Which is a recipe for it not happening. (and for me points to having a fixed starter set of instructions etc, as opposed to coming up with them each time).

vibe coding makes you the audience watching the process, and no longer the author. but: says this is a role various people already have in coding teams. Which may be relevant when looking at adoption patterns, imo.

reading everything during production is not the same as producing it. A mental model of the entire construct is not created. Interesting quote: you no longer have a story in your head about what it is you're doing. No helicopter view. The making is scaffolding for your understanding, and that is being cut out.

The option 'yes to all in this session' provided at every turn is seen by author as darkpattern.

putting y on automatic is certain way to end up with stuff you do not have an overview of or no longer comprehend.

author hated the feeling of being reduced to typing 'y' to questions from Claudecode. Recognisable, like babysitting. I watch output alongside Claudecode in VScode, which helps a bit.

n:: maak deze naast [[Holding questions 20091015123253]]

Stated aim was to maximise determinism. That sounds like a good point for any vibing effort. Also ties in with my general sentiment [[The arc of vibe coding bends towards determinism 20260214145739]]

test driven development. Markdown plan first, then function tests for feature definitions, only then making the functions. Reviewed all code himself. Also makes me wonder about building my own libraries from vibed results. (e.g. the forms I use, the css, the diff functions, although most of the interactive stuff I've written myself already, and use them as components)

interesting observation, when the [[Assumed audience definieren 20211113212257]] is a machine the joy of writing diminishes. Not sure if I think of prompting / editing plans etc as writing, but I recognise the sentiment.

Classic approach: if it works, I have a result, if it doesn't I have hands-on experience with algogens as tech, and can use that elsewhere

the experiment was to create a certificate issuing component for his migrated learning platform to Discourse.

:D

not a pro or con blogpost but meant as exploration of felt experience

Crazy... like free to play white. You can also check soundscape studies from games like Fortnite in Playthrough Poetics, and it's crazy how little nature embeds the area. Compare that to Red Dead 2, Rain World, Flow, Death Stranding 2, Proteus, Caves of Qud, Everything, or Kenshi

It isn't, but you are spousing a red herring here by pushing normative instrumentalism... yeah games can act as historical reminders, but to defend nature, one must be able to put their physcial body in the line. I am not denying digital activism, I am affirming that its impacts are limited, more constrained, compared to someone who engages in the Internet and in the physical world.

But the lostness that metroidvanias push does not directly give them ecological validity...

Think how many movies, shows, games, are about police and military compared to social workers, or firewomen...

author applies a Pareto division to software dev. Only the first 20% being writing the code. The rest, PR reviews, QA, waiting for next steps, getting it to market etc. is the other 80%

The part of ToC often forgotten: if you optimise a step that isn't a bottleneck, then the entire system will get worse. You'll get pile-ups before the bottleneck, or idle wait times behind it.

[[The Goal by Eliyahu Goldratt]] 1984, on manufacturing and bottle necks in those processes. Software dev is not different by much. [[Critical Chain by Eliyahu Goldratt]] 1997 extended for project management. Vgl. Wolfgang Mewes Engpasskonzentrierte Strategie (EKS, 1971) https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engpasskonzentrierte_Strategie

https://web.archive.org/web/20260405092911/https://andrewmurphy.io/blog/if-you-thought-the-speed-of-writing-code-was-your-problem-you-have-bigger-problems blogpost by Andrew Murphy on how code generation is not the bottle neck in software production, and thus through Theory of Constraints, adding AI vibing will make things worse because it puts pressure on all bottlenecks after the point of code making (while their speed was not the issue to begin with).

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Reply to the reviewers

Reviewer #1

Figure 1D: It would be useful to indicate the number of embryos analyzed for these experiments (n = ?).

Number of embryos now included in figure legend

Figure 3B: The control condition for gcl⁻/⁻; ras-RNAi is labeled as "EV". This terminology (presumably "empty vector") is not defined in either the text or the figure legend. In addition, the magenta channel for the Ras-G37 condition appears to be flipped horizontally.

We replaced with “-“ in figure and figure legend

Page 7: The text states that "Ras-C40 activates the PI3K pathway," whereas the figure depicts Ras-C40 as activating the RalA pathway. This discrepancy could be confusing for the reader and should be corrected.

The diagram has been corrected

Figures 4 and 5: To facilitate interpretation, it may be helpful to include a schematic of the PI3K complex indicating the different subunits used in the study, along with information (potentially color-coded) about whether each construct primarily acts as an activator or inhibitor of PI3K function.

Figure 4E and Figure 5E were added

Figure 4A and 4B: For clarity and consistency with the text, the panels (and corresponding plots) for dp110-WT and dp110-CAAX could be placed before those for dp110-D954A and dp110-ΔRBD.

Order of constructs was rearranged

Figure 5C: The term "p60-TCEp3," which appears to correspond to the germ plasm-targeted p60-WT construct, is not defined in either the figure legend or the main text.

Clarification was added to the text (p.11, line 225)

Page 12: The reference "(Fig. S1A, Movie 1)" should be corrected to "(Fig. S2A, Movie 1)."

Corrected

Page 13: There is a missing word in the sentence "the biosensor appeared to be enrich to...", which should be corrected to "enriched."

Corrected

Figure 7A: Although the data presented are interesting and ultimately support the authors' conclusion that Torso regulates PIP3 levels, the results are somewhat counter-intuitive and may be confusing for readers. The authors might consider moving this panel to the Supplementary Figures. In addition, it could be informative to include PIP3 measurements for gcl⁻/⁻ (and possibly gcl⁺/⁻) pole buds in Figure 7B, as PIP3 appears particularly enriched in these conditions compared to wild type.

We agree that at first the findings in the early embryos were confusing, but we prefer including them in the main figure to demonstrate changes in PIP 3 distributions in torso mutants. We are now providing a possible explanation for these findings (p13 line 270-). The differences are quite clear in the older embryos and measurements shown in 7B-D. Pole bud measurements for gcl-/- and gcl+/- are shown in figure 6 E-G.

Reviewer #2

Fig. legends to 1C and 1D are swapped.

Corrected

Why is csw not necessary for PGC formation? It acts upstream of Ras. This is not discussed.

We now highlight this point in the text (and refer to studies on the sevenless kinase, which suggested a similar position of Csw parallel or downstream of Ras (page 6 line 107-).

Fig 3C. Consider changing the order of the ras-variants used: S35, G37, C40 instead of S35, C40, G37.

We changed the schematic in Figure 3C that should make the order of Ras variants more intuitive.

Fig 4A, B: Consider changing the order of the panels. Control, dp110-wt, dp110-CAAX, dp110-D954A, dp110-deltaRBD.

Order of constructs was rearranged

Fig S4 is mentioned in the text before S2 and S3. Consider changing the suppl. figure order.

Order of supplementary figures was rearranged

Page 12: Fig S1 A does not show PIP2 dynamics. Movie 1 is not available to this reviewer. The authors most likely refer to fig. S2.

Movie 1 was uploaded and figure calls were corrected

Page 13, 1st para: Why do the authors use glc heterozygous embryos to look at PIP3 and PIP2? Particularly so when they report later in the MS that glc+/- behave differently to wt controls in terms of PIP3 levels (Fig. 7C). By looking at gcl+/+, they might find that now PIP2 levels are different in gcl mutant embryos or that the differences between PIP3 levels in +/+ and -/- are larger than compared with +/-.

Since gcl+/- embryos form the same number of PGCs as WT but show a statistically significant increase in PI3K activity when comparing membrane to cytoplasm staining intensity, we favor using gcl+/- embryos, as these embryos may represent a more sensitive test for PIP2 and PIP3 levels.

Pages 15 and 16: revise figure calls in the text.

Figure calls were revised

M+M: How were gcl+/- and gcl-/- embryos identified?

Since all genetic manipulations in this alter the maternal contribution to the embryo, we us the term ‘mutant’ embryos referring to the maternal genotype (indicated on page 3 line 33 and more clearly stated in material and methods and reagent table). Embryos derived from mother of a specific maternal genotype are all identical, thus we can easily distinguish between embryos derived from homozygous mutant mothers (gcl-/-) or heterozygous mutant mothers (gcl-/+) In the reagents table we include the precise genotype description. “CyO” refers to the balancer chromosome commonly used to identify heterozygotes on the second chromosome. Flies with the CyO balancer have curly wings.

Reviewer #3

Figure 1B: The authors describe that embryos with OptoSos still form buds which protruded from the cortex, but PGCs largely fail to cellularize (described in pg. 5). I'm not sure what they meant by "fail to cellularize" as this is not obvious to me when looking at the figure. The authors should describe how they know it's cellularized in the controls and not in the OptoSos or change the wording to "suggesting a failure to cellularize".

We used the word ‘protruded’ to describe our live observations. PGCs were quantified in fixed embryos, immunostained with anti-Vasa antibody to count Vasa positive cells (Fig 1C and D. We observe a lack of Vasa-positive PGCs, only in the light-activated OptoSos condition.

Fig. 1B, lines 4-5: at what stage are these embryos? Cycle 9? Cycle 14? Both?

Nuclear cycles of embryos for each panel are noted on the left side of each panel

Fig. 4A: add dp110-CAAX results to Results section

dp110-CAAX results are included in the Results section (p.9. line 177)

Figure 5C: The hyper-clustered phenotype they describe is hard to visualize in this figure (described in pg. 11). The authors should describe what is meant by "hyper-clustered".

We agree and re-worded the description of this observation to be clearer, page 11, line 226-.

Figure 7: When comparing Fig. 7A and 7B torsoHH/WK images, we can see that in Fig. 7A that PIP3 pattern changes such that PIP3 is now at the most posterior end where PGC will eventually form (compared to control that has low PIP3 in this region), but then in Fig. 7B they are looking at the buds and they say PIP3 levels decrease, which does not correspond to Fig. 7A. Are these simply different stages and PIP3 levels change over time (looking at Fig. 7C, PIP3 does not seem to change a lot over time)?

The figure legend now states more clearly that embryos were of different ages. We also explain in the text the apparent discrepancy in the patterns before and during budding (page13 line 266). The time points in figure 7C span nuclear cycle 10, not earlier (page14 line 274). By measuring membrane to cytoplasmic distribution, a more accurate comparison is possible at this stage.

p. 5, line 5: "Optosos" is written "OptoSos" elsewhere (suggest using OptoSos throughout)

Corrected

Is it possible that inhibition of myosin II recruitment is due to conversion of PIP2 -> PIP3, thus loss of PIP2, or is it that myosin is specifically recruited to regions where PIP2 is high? This seems like a point that should be added to the discussion.

This point is now discussed on page 20, line 403

p. 5, line 6: suggest adding a comma after "Ras" for clarity

Corrected

p. 5, last line: the genotype is "w^1118" (with ^ indicating a superscript), not "w^-1118", and is italicized (this should be corrected throughout)

Corrected

p. 6, line 2: replace "cellularizing" with "cellularization"

Corrected

p. 6, lines 11-13: Where is it shown that knockdown of csw, dsor1 and rolled did not restore PGC formation? The data are not present in Fig. 2C (could include in supp fig?)

We added these data as Supplementary figure 1

p. 7, line 1: replace "interfere" with "interferes"

Corrected

p. 7, last three lines: what is stated here, "Ras-G37 [activates] both the RalA and the PI3K pathways, and Ras-C40 activates the PI3K pathway" is not consistent with what is diagrammed in Fig. 3C, where Ras-C40 is indicated as activating RalA (please correct either the text or the diagram)

We apologize and corrected the figure

p. 11, lines 1-2: the Pi3K21B gene and transcript should be italicized (note that Pi3K21B is the official gene name on FlyBase)

Gene name was italicized

p. 11, lines 6-10: it might be helpful to explain how the p60 construct was overexpressed (current lines 9-10) before describing the results (current lines 7-8)

Clarification on p60 construct was added to p.11, line 215-

p. 12, paragraph 2, line 2: the PIP2 biosensor should be written as "PLCgamma[PH]:mCherry" throughout, not "PLCy[PH]:mCherry"; this should be changed in the figures as well as the text (Symbol font can be used to turn "g" into lower-case "gamma", both in Word and in Illustrator)

Gamma symbol was added

It would also be helpful to show the overlap of the PIP2 and PIP3 signals in control vs. gcl mutants at different stages so the relative distribution and intensity of the signals can be better appreciated (consider adding this as a supplementary figure).

Our data show that PIP2 is not affected by lack of GCL (Fig 6 B-D). We thus do not think that simultaneous imaging of PIP2 and PIP3 in gcl-/- would add to our conclusions. Furthermore, these experiments would require a significant time investment to generate the respective genotypes. Thus, we agree with the reviewer that this is experiment is beyond the scope of the paper.

p. 12, paragraph 2, line 3: it does not appear that the two PIP markers were used "simultaneously" in Fig. 6A; however, this is evident from Fig. S2 and Movie 1 (consider placing callouts to these earlier in the paragraph or moving the description of simultaneous expression and observation of the two markers later in the paragraph to avoid confusion)

We did simultaneously image PIP2 and PIP3 sensors and have added this as Movie 1 and also in supplementary Figure S4, which are now clearly referred to in the text.

p. 12, paragraph 2, line 7: replace "Fig. S1A" with "Fig. S2" (this was confusing)

Figure call was updated

p. 16: change "Fig. 7G-I" to "Fig. 8G-I"

Figure call was updated

p. 20, Deming reference: there appears to be a stray asterisk in the title

Asterisk was removed from reference

Fig. 1D: need to explain that the colors in the graph indicate the numbers of PGCs formed (this could also be added as a label across the top of the graph); in addition, the number of embryos examined for each genotype should be included in the legend

We added a label at the top of the graph and ‘n’ were added to figure legend

Fig. 2B: spell out where csw, dsor1 and rolled data are shown; also, "n" is not defined; was this the number of embryos per genotype?

We added these data as Supplemental Figure 1

Fig. 3B: "EV" should be defined in the legend; is this "empty vector"?

We are using a “-“ to mark controls without transgene

Fig. 3C: see previous comment re: mistake in the diagram; I believe Ras-C40 was described as activating PI3K, not RalA

We apologize and corrected the figure

Fig. 4B, line 2: was the graph plotted from the data in panel (C) or panel (A)? panel (A) seems more likely, because the data in C is plotted in D; please correct the panel callout

Figure legend was updated to refer to the correct panel

Fig. 5C: describe "p60-TCEp3" in the legend

We added germplasm-targeting 3’UTR (TCEp3) to legend and the construct and reference are provided in Material and Methods section

Figure 6: In Fig. 6E-G, the "brightness" of PIP3 at the membrane corresponds to the images even with different views (posterior and orthogonal) and agrees with the graph.

However, when looking at Fig. 6B, it looks to me that PIP2 is brighter in gcl+/-, but the opposite is true when looking at Fig. 6D (i.e., PIP2 looks brighter in gcl-/-). The authors might want to comment on this.

We have updated the figure to better reflect our observations.

Fig. 6A: define "(fire)" here or in the first figure legend where this is used

We added an inset for the fire lookup table to clearly define the pseudcolor scheme used in the image

Figure 8 title: "Actin fluorescence is increased in gcl-/- pole buds",But their graph in Fig. 8B comparing actin in gcl+/- to -/- is not significant

Thanks for catching our mistake, myosin not actin is changed

Fig. 8I: replace "Scarlett" with "Scarlet"

Corrected

Fig. 8D-F: Although the plots in panel E agree with the images in panel D, it is unclear why those in panel F are not more concordant. In F, myosin appears enriched at the cortex relative to the cytoplasm in gcl-/- mutants, which is hard to reconcile with the data in D-E.

We have updated the figure to better reflect our observations.

Fig. S2A: define the three time points shown here, and clarify that these are shown left to right (if this is indeed the case)

We removed S2A and updated the movie to replace it

Fig. S4: change "P60" to "p60" in the figure title

Corrected

Movie: The movies showing PIP2 and PIP3 in whole embryos are nice, but it would also be helpful to also include merged images of the two channels, so the reader can examine the relative accumulation of the two PIPs over time.

Merged images panel was added to the movie.

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Referee #3

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

Summary:

Although Torso is known to antagonize primordial germ cell (PGC) formation, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Canonical Torso signalling typically results in activation of Ras. However, the authors show that Ras-mediated suppression of PGC formation is independent of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway. Instead, they uncover an unexpected role for Torso in activating phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) that promotes formation of PIP3 enriched posterior membrane domains. The resulting increase in PI3K activity disrupts PGC formation. Furthermore, they show that by promoting Torso degradation, the ubiquitin ligase adaptor Germ Cell-Less (GCL) primes the posterior membrane with reduced PIP3 to facilitate PGC formation. Lastly, the authors suggest a model where antagonistic relationship between GCL and Torso influences actomyosin contractility that may allow the bud to constrict for proper PGC formation.

Major comments:

Figure 1B: The authors describe that embryos with OptoSos still form buds which protruded from the cortex, but PGCs largely fail to cellularize (described in pg. 5). I'm not sure what they meant by "fail to cellularize" as this is not obvious to me when looking at the figure. The authors should describe how they know it's cellularized in the controls and not in the OptoSos or change the wording to "suggesting a failure to cellularize".

Figure 5C: The hyper-clustered phenotype they describe is hard to visualize in this figure (described in pg. 11). The authors should describe what is meant by "hyper-clustered".

Figure 6: In Fig. 6E-G, the "brightness" of PIP3 at the membrane corresponds to the images even with different views (posterior and orthogonal) and agrees with the graph. However, when looking at Fig. 6B, it looks to me that PIP2 is brighter in gcl+/-, but the opposite is true when looking at Fig. 6D (i.e., PIP2 looks brighter in gcl-/-). The authors might want to comment on this.

It would also be helpful to show the overlap of the PIP2 and PIP3 signals in control vs. gcl mutants at different stages so the relative distribution and intensity of the signals can be better appreciated (consider adding this as a supplementary figure).

Figure 7: When comparing Fig. 7A and 7B torsoHH/WK images, we can see that in Fig. 7A that PIP3 pattern changes such that PIP3 is now at the most posterior end where PGC will eventually form (compared to control that has low PIP3 in this region), but then in Fig. 7B they are looking at the buds and they say PIP3 levels decrease, which does not correspond to Fig. 7A. Are these simply different stages and PIP3 levels change over time (looking at Fig. 7C, PIP3 does not seem to change a lot over time)?

Page 15, last paragraph: "If myosin II recruitment is inhibited when PIP3 levels are high" Is it possible that inhibition of myosin II recruitment is due to conversion of PIP2 -> PIP3, thus loss of PIP2, or is it that myosin is specifically recruited to regions where PIP2 is high? This seems like a point that should be added to the discussion.

Overall, I think their claim that antagonistic activities of GCL and Torso is crucial for PGC formation is well justified. The combination of optogenetic tools with activation and lof mutants is nicely done. Some clarification regarding the PIP3 and PIP2 levels will be helpful to the reader (see my comments above). The myosin claim is less convincing (see my comment on Fig. 8D-F below).

Minor comments on the text:

p. 5, line 5: "Optosos" is written "OptoSos" elsewhere (suggest using OptoSos throughout) p. 5, line 6: suggest adding a comma after "Ras" for clarity p. 5, last line: the genotype is "w^1118" (with ^ indicating a superscript), not "w^-1118", and is italicized (this should be corrected throughout) p. 6, line 2: replace "cellularizing" with "cellularization" p. 6, lines 11-13: Where is it shown that knockdown of csw, dsor1 and rolled did not restore PGC formation? The data are not present in Fig. 2C (could include in supp fig?) p. 7, line 1: replace "interfere" with "interferes" p. 7, last three lines: what is stated here, "Ras-G37 [activates] both the RalA and the PI3K pathways, and Ras-C40 activates the PI3K pathway" is not consistent with what is diagrammed in Fig. 3C, where Ras-C40 is indicated as activating RalA (please correct either the text or the diagram) p. 11, lines 1-2: the Pi3K21B gene and transcript should be italicized (note that Pi3K21B is the official gene name on FlyBase) p. 11, lines 6-10: it might be helpful to explain how the p60 construct was overexpressed (current lines 9-10) before describing the results (current lines 7-8) p. 12, paragraph 2, line 2: the PIP2 biosensor should be written as "PLCgamma[PH]:mCherry" throughout, not "PLCy[PH]:mCherry"; this should be changed in the figures as well as the text (Symbol font can be used to turn "g" into lower-case "gamma", both in Word and in Illustrator) p. 12, paragraph 2, line 3: it does not appear that the two PIP markers were used "simultaneously" in Fig. 6A; however, this is evident from Fig. S2 and Movie 1 (consider placing callouts to these earlier in the paragraph or moving the description of simultaneous expression and observation of the two markers later in the paragraph to avoid confusion) p. 12, paragraph 2, line 7: replace "Fig. S1A" with "Fig. S2" (this was confusing) p. 16: change "Fig. 7G-I" to "Fig. 8G-I" p. 20, Deming reference: there appears to be a stray asterisk in the title

Minor comments on the figures and figure legends:

Fig. 1B, lines 4-5: at what stage are these embryos? Cycle 9? Cycle 14? Both? Fig. 1C: see previous comment about "w^1118" genotype nomenclature Fig. 1D: need to explain that the colors in the graph indicate the numbers of PGCs formed (this could also be added as a label across the top of the graph); in addition, the number of embryos examined for each genotype should be included in the legend Fig. 2B: spell out where csw, dsor1 and rolled data are shown; also, "n" is not defined; was this the number of embryos per genotype? Fig. 3B: "EV" should be defined in the legend; is this "empty vector"? Fig. 3C: see previous comment re: mistake in the diagram; I believe Ras-C40 was described as activating PI3K, not RalA Fig. 3E: fix "w^1118" as described above Fig. 4A: add dp110-CAAX results to Results section Fig. 4B, line 2: was the graph plotted from the data in panel (C) or panel (A)? panel (A) seems more likely, because the data in C is plotted in D; please correct the panel callout Fig. 5C: describe "p60-TCEp3" in the legend Fig. 6A: define "(fire)" here or in the first figure legend where this is used Figure 8 title: "Actin fluorescence is increased in gcl-/- pole buds",But their graph in Fig. 8B comparing actin in gcl+/- to -/- is not significant Fig. 8D-F: Although the plots in panel E agree with the images in panel D, it is unclear why those in panel F are not more concordant. In F, myosin appears enriched at the cortex relative to the cytoplasm in gcl-/- mutants, which is hard to reconcile with the data in D-E. Fig. 8I: replace "Scarlett" with "Scarlet" Fig. S2A: define the three time points shown here, and clarify that these are shown left to right (if this is indeed the case) Fig. S4: change "P60" to "p60" in the figure title

Movie: The movies showing PIP2 and PIP3 in whole embryos are nice, but it would also be helpful to also include merged images of the two channels, so the reader can examine the relative accumulation of the two PIPs over time.

Referees cross-commenting

I agree enthusiastically with the comments of the other reviewers, who often came to the same conclusion I did about the manuscript and the data, including some of the detailed points about the figures, etc.

Significance

General assessment:

The many strengths of this manuscript include elegant genetic and optogenetic approaches using well-designed transgenes.

The main weakness is the lack of experiments showing simultaneous live imaging of the PIP2 and PIP3 sensors in gcl-/- and other genetic backgrounds, which would help the reader better envision how regulators of this pathway affect phospholipid distribution at the level of whole embryos and prospective pole cells. Note that because of the time required, I do not insist that they do this.

Advance:

Study demonstrates for the first time an unexpected role of Torso in PI3K regulation

Audience:

germ cell afficionados, developmental biologists, cell biologists, PI3K researchers

My field of expertise:

Drosophila, germ cell development, genetics, cell biology, live imaging, phosphoinositides

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Referee #2

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

The MS by Saiduddin et al. investigates the connection between the germ cell-less (gcl) germplasm component, the RTK Torso and cortical PI3P levels in the formation of a normal complement of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in the Drosophila embryo. The authors find that GCL regulates Torso levels, which in turn activate the PI3-kinase in a ras-dependent (but raf-independent) manner. It then follows that the realm of action of gcl defines a region at the posterior pole of the embryo where PI3P levels are sufficiently low to allow PGC formation.

Specific points:

• Fig. legends to 1C and 1D are swapped.
• Why is csw not necessary for PGC formation? It acts upstream of Ras. This is not discussed.
• Fig 3C. Consider changing the order of the ras-variants used: S35, G37, C40 instead of S35, C40, G37.
• Fig 4A, B: Consider changing the order of the panels. Control, dp110-wt, dp110-CAAX, dp110-D954A, dp110-deltaRBD.
• Fig S4 is mentioned in the text before S2 and S3. Consider changing the suppl. figure order.
• Page 12: Fig S1 A does not show PIP2 dynamics. Movie 1 is not available to this reviewer. The authors most likely refer to fig. S2.
• Page 13, 1st para: Why do the authors use glc heterozygous embryos to look at PIP3 and PIP2? Particularly so when they report later in the MS that glc+/- behave differently to wt controls in terms of PIP3 levels (Fig. 7C). By looking at gcl+/+, they might find that now PIP2 levels are different in gcl mutant embryos or that the differences between PIP3 levels in +/+ and -/- are larger than compared with +/-.
• Pages 15 and 16: revise figure calls in the text.
• M+M: How were gcl+/- and gcl-/- embryos identified?

Significance

This work reveals a novel, transcription-independent role for Torso in the regulation of cortical lipid compartmentalization and provides a molecular explanation for how Tor activity at the embryo posterior delimits the area where PGCs arise. The experiments are superbly documented, the MS is a pleasure to read and the hypotheses are elegantly tested. While the broader generality of the findings remains uncertain, particularly since the role(s) of gcl in germ cell development do not seem to be evolutionary conserved, the study sheds light on a ras-dependent, transcription-independent function of RTKs in cellularization, a function most likely to be essential also in other contexts.

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Referee #1

Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

This is an outstanding and elegant study that addresses an important question in developmental and germline biology: how the soma-germline boundary is established during embryogenesis. This represents one of the most fundamental cell-fate decisions during organismal development. The authors combine elegant genetics, optogenetics, quantitative live imaging, and lipid biosensors to provide a compelling mechanistic framework linking receptor degradation, lipid signaling, and cytoskeletal dynamics. They show that Torso signaling via PI3K and PIP3 antagonizes primordial germ cell (PGC) formation and promotes somatic cell fate. Furthermore, they demonstrate that GCL-mediated degradation of Torso at the posterior pole creates a PIP3-low membrane domain that permits myosin II recruitment and pole bud constriction, thereby enabling PGC formation. Together, these results clearly demonstrate how the soma-germline boundary is established.

We have only minor comments on the manuscript, primarily aimed at improving clarity for non-specialist readers:

1. Figure 1D: It would be useful to indicate the number of embryos analyzed for these experiments (n = ?).
2. Figure 3B: The control condition for gcl⁻/⁻; ras-RNAi is labeled as "EV". This terminology (presumably "empty vector") is not defined in either the text or the figure legend. In addition, the magenta channel for the Ras-G37 condition appears to be flipped horizontally.
3. Page 7: The text states that "Ras-C40 activates the PI3K pathway," whereas the figure depicts Ras-C40 as activating the RalA pathway. This discrepancy could be confusing for the reader and should be corrected.
4. Figures 4 and 5: To facilitate interpretation, it may be helpful to include a schematic of the PI3K complex indicating the different subunits used in the study, along with information (potentially color-coded) about whether each construct primarily acts as an activator or inhibitor of PI3K function.
5. Figure 4A and 4B: For clarity and consistency with the text, the panels (and corresponding plots) for dp110-WT and dp110-CAAX could be placed before those for dp110-D954A and dp110-ΔRBD.
6. Figure 5C: The term "p60-TCEp3," which appears to correspond to the germ plasm-targeted p60-WT construct, is not defined in either the figure legend or the main text.
7. Page 12: The reference "(Fig. S1A, Movie 1)" should be corrected to "(Fig. S2A, Movie 1)."
8. Page 13: There is a missing word in the sentence "the biosensor appeared to be enrich to...", which should be corrected to "enriched."
9. Figure 7A: Although the data presented are interesting and ultimately support the authors' conclusion that Torso regulates PIP3 levels, the results are somewhat counter-intuitive and may be confusing for readers. The authors might consider moving this panel to the Supplementary Figures. In addition, it could be informative to include PIP3 measurements for gcl⁻/⁻ (and possibly gcl⁺/⁻) pole buds in Figure 7B, as PIP3 appears particularly enriched in these conditions compared to wild type.

Significance

The biological question is highly interesting, the experimental design is very clear, and the data are convincing throughout. The imaging, quantification, and movies are of very high quality and strongly support the authors' conclusions. Overall, this manuscript represents a significant conceptual and technical advance and will be of broad interest to the fields of germline biology, membrane biology, and embryonic morphogenesis.

Multiple antibiotic classes are effective against both streptococci and staphylococci, with the optimal choice depending on whether methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is suspected and the severity of infection.

For methicillin-susceptible strains, beta-lactam antibiotics remain the mainstay of treatment. These include penicillinase-resistant penicillins (dicloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin), first-generation cephalosporins (cephalexin, cefazolin), and amoxicillin-clavulanate, all of which provide excellent coverage against both streptococci and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (MSSA). [1-4]

Clindamycin is particularly valuable as it demonstrates activity against approximately 80% or more of community-associated MRSA strains while maintaining excellent activity against group A streptococcus, making it an attractive single-agent option for skin and soft tissue infections. [5] However, clindamycin resistance appears to be increasing. [5]

For MRSA coverage with dual activity, several options exist. Linezolid and tedizolid (oxazolidinones) have activity against both MRSA and streptococci. [2][6-7] Vancomycin provides coverage against both organisms and has been the traditional mainstay for MRSA infections. [2][7] When MRSA is suspected but streptococcal coverage is also needed, combination therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) plus a beta-lactam (such as cephalexin or penicillin) is recommended, as TMP-SMX alone has poorly defined activity against streptococci. [1][5]

Doxycycline and minocycycline are effective against most MRSA isolates but have less well-defined activity against group A streptococcus, so they may require combination with a beta-lactam when streptococcal infection cannot be excluded. [1][5]

Would you like me to provide specific dosing recommendations for any of these antibiotics or discuss treatment duration for particular infections?

1

cephalexin, dicloxacillin, penicillin VK, amoxicillin/clavulanate, or clindamycin (for penicillin-allergic patients). [1-2] These beta-lactam antibiotics provide excellent coverage against streptococci and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA

endovascular stenting emerging as first-line therapy for rapid symptom relief, while definitive treatment targets the underlying cause

Brachial venography or radionuclide scanning following intravenous injection of technetium (Tc-99m) pertechnetate demonstrates a block to the flow of contrast material into the right heart and enlarged collateral veins. These techniques also allow estimation of blood flow around the occlusion as well as serial evaluation of the response to therapy.

Failure of venous insufficiency ulcerations to heal is most often due to inconsistent use of first-line treatment methods. Ongoing control of edema is essential to prevent recurrent ulceration; the use of compression stockings following ulcer healing is critical, with recurrence rates 2–20 times higher if compression stockings are not used

Primary varicose veins result from a complex multifactorial process involving genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The pathophysiology involves initial structural weakness within the vein wall leading to vein dilation, or valve incompetence causing blood pooling and subsequent vein dilation. [1][3] Risk factors include family history (autosomal dominant inheritance with variable penetrance), female sex, multiparity, pregnancy, prolonged standing, obesity, and advanced age. [2-3] If both parents have varicose veins, offspring have a 90% chance of developing them. [2]

Secondary varicose veins develop through a distinct mechanism involving inflammation, thrombosis, and recanalization that results in venous wall damage, dilation, and valve insufficiency. [3] The clinical picture manifests as post-thrombotic syndrome, which can include pain, edema, skin changes, and venous leg ulcers. [3] The 2020 CEAP classification further subdivides secondary causes into intravenous (Esi) and extravenous (Ese) etiologies. [4] Intravenous causes include any condition causing venous wall or valve damage from within the lumen, such as DVT, traumatic arteriovenous fistulas, or primary intravenous sarcoma. Extravenous causes involve conditions affecting venous hemodynamics without direct wall or valve damage, such as central venous hypertension from obesity or heart failure, extrinsic compression from tumors or retroperitoneal fibrosis, or muscle pump dysfunction from paraplegia or arthritis

thissssssss

critiqe

bakancing and proving of culture vs balancing and proving of identity versus balancing and provong og heritage. blood quanten sceince.

why even attemp to, this is not a metric of comparison or return to prove validitiy. a game of finger pointers, when one sid has massive devestating wins

this is why original people is a careful term, some scholarship is always trying to disenfranchize for some means

huh

this part question this part yes

this is all a language of use. damage

but not used, should they even be used globlaly, what is the relationship

whatttt huhhhh this seems no, a cotradiction to everythinng pereviously said, inegration id not possible within this system.

from top to bottom? for the uniteed nations?

can these governmemnt policies actually provide equitey and empowermenmt for diverse indigenous [erspectives in governments that are democratoized?? seemds like a contradiction, whose understanding id being imporvesd? elite outside force ?

The part about medical journal articles being a genre is interesting to me, since it shows that even “serious” academic writing follows rules that shape what counts as knowledge

I like the point that “all language seeks to persuade,” because it makes medicine sound less objective and more human than people usually assume

This made me realize how common internet use is, but it also shows that not everyone is included in these numbers. It connects to digital literacy because even if most people are online, not everyone has the same ability to use information effectively.

This source is reliable because Pew Research provides statistics and data about technology use. The information is useful for understanding how people access digital information today.

This article explains how many Americans use the internet and how access to technology has grown over time. It focuses on patterns of internet use across different groups.

This article explains what digital literacy means and focuses on the skills needed to use technology to find and understand information.

Nature imagery → growth, rebirth “morning” = new beginning Tone shifts toward hope

suggests reclaiming agency and identity

is there knowledge without humans?

On peut aussi relier ce phénomène à la notion de "bulles de filtres" développée par Eli Pariser dans son ouvrage The Filter Bubble (2011). Si les internautes sont exposés à des contenus qui confirment leurs opinions, le debunking risque de ne pas atteindre les publics concernés.

1. The Scaling Crisis (Why Reviews are "Dead")

• Throughput vs. Cognition: The fundamental problem is a mismatch in speed. AI agents (like Cursor, Claude Code, or GitHub Copilot) can generate code at a rate 10x–100x faster than a human. If a developer uses an agent to clear 20 tickets in a morning, the human reviewer becomes a permanent, overwhelmed bottleneck.
• The "Rubber Stamp" Failure: In high-volume AI environments, human reviewers stop actually reading the code and start "rubber-stamping" (approving without checking). This creates a false sense of security while letting "slop" (low-quality, redundant, or slightly buggy AI code) leak into the codebase.

2. The Shift to "Spec-Driven Development"

The author posits that the "checkpoint" for quality is moving "upstream." * Reviewing Intent, Not Implementation: Engineers will spend their time reviewing the Specification or the Prompt rather than the resulting lines of code. If the spec is correct and the constraints are tight, the implementation is treated as a disposable artifact. * Natural Language as the New Source Code: The high-level description of a feature becomes the primary source of truth. If a bug is found, the human doesn't "fix the code"; they "fix the spec" and have the agent regenerate the solution.

3. Verification over Review

The traditional manual "looking at code" is being replaced by automated verification loops: * Agentic Testing: Agents are now responsible for writing their own unit tests and integration tests. The human's job is to review the test plan and verify that the tests actually cover the business requirements. * Formal Methods & Type Safety: The article emphasizes using "bounded interfaces" (like Infrastructure-from-Code or strict APIs). When the architecture is strictly typed, the AI is physically unable to make certain classes of errors, reducing the need for human oversight of the "plumbing."

4. The Emergence of "Cognitive Debt"

A primary warning in the text is the rise of "Cognitive Debt"—a state where a codebase is so dominated by AI-generated logic that no single human understands how the entire system works. * Tech Debt vs. Cognitive Debt: While tech debt is "bad code that's hard to change," cognitive debt is "working code that is impossible to reason about." * The New Senior Role: Senior engineers must transition into "System Curators" who manage this debt by enforcing architectural simplicity and ensuring that AI-generated modules remain modular and replaceable.

5. Future Prediction

• 2025: The year human-written code became the minority.
• 2026: The year the "Pull Request" as a human-to-human review ritual officially becomes obsolete in high-performing teams, replaced by automated agent-to-agent validation and human-to-spec oversight.

M-Claude.PhysProof says:

• The Well (15TB HDF5)
  • ↓ train (Python, empirical)
• Neural network weights ∈ float32
  • ↓ quantize (Python → Lean crossing)
• Rational weights ∈ ℚ
  • ↓ CertifiedNeuralApprox structure
• Network + error bound + PROOF
  • ↓ neural_certified_gap_detection (proved)
• CertifiedApprox (gap > 0)
  • ↓ neural_output_computable_on_rationals (proved)
• The prediction is a BF-computable rational
  • ↓ digital_physics_prediction_bootstrap (proved)
• The computation costs energy ≥ kT ln 2
  • ↓ bekenstein_limits_prediction_precision (proved)
• The information is bounded by 2πRE
  • ↓ (loop closes)
• Physics → Bits → Physics

If K(physics) is finite, then there exists a neural network of bounded size that approximates any physical observable to arbitrary precision; algorithmic compressibility of physical law guarantees the existence of efficient models.

K(x) finite → short program exists → universal approximation theorem → neural net within ε.

Maybe PhysProof can eventually formalize the provable, logical necessity?

• The Bottleneck Problem: While AI can write application code in minutes, the infrastructure required to run it (Terraform/HCL) often creates a manual bottleneck, requiring human review and slow deployment cycles.
• Risks of Direct Access: Giving AI agents full AWS/Terraform access is dangerous because:
  • Full API Surface: Agents can inadvertently create public databases, unencrypted buckets, or overly permissive IAM roles.
  • Review Burden: As AI output scales, human reviewers cannot keep up with thousands of lines of generated HCL, leading to "misconfiguration creep."
• The Failure of "Policy-as-Code": Tools like OPA or Checkov are "blocklist" approaches. They require humans to anticipate every dangerous configuration, which is difficult given AWS's 1,500+ resource types.
• Infrastructure-from-Code (IfC) Solution: Instead of giving agents access to the cloud API, developers give them a "bounded interface" using typed primitives (e.g., new SQLDatabase).
• Benefits of Bounded Interfaces:
  • No Credentials Needed: The agent never touches AWS keys; it only declares what the app needs in the application code.
  • Automatic Security: The platform handles the "how" (private subnets, encryption, least-privilege IAM) based on pre-set organizational standards.
  • Type-Safety: Errors (like a missing database migration) are caught by the compiler during development, not after a failed deployment.
• Architectural Visibility: Because the infrastructure is derived from code, the platform can automatically generate up-to-date architecture maps, making it easier for humans to audit the agent's work.

• The Problem: Traditional technical interviews (like LeetCode or basic take-home assignments) are becoming obsolete because LLMs can solve them instantly, making it difficult to distinguish between a candidate's skill and AI assistance.
• Embracing AI: Rather than banning LLMs, the author suggests integrating them into the process to see how candidates use them as "force multipliers" rather than crutches.
• Strategy 1: Deep-Dive Project Retrospectives: Focus on a candidate's past real-world projects. LLMs struggle to simulate the specific, messy constraints and "war stories" of a unique codebase. Asking "Why was this specific trade-off made?" reveals genuine experience.
• Strategy 2: Large-Scale Codebase Navigation: Provide a complex, "messy" existing codebase and ask the candidate to explain its inner workings. Allow LLM usage but observe if the candidate blindly trusts the AI or uses their own intuition to spot hallucinations and architectural flaws.
• Strategy 3: AI-Assisted Code Review: Give the candidate code with subtle logical errors that an LLM might miss or incorrectly justify. Evaluate whether the candidate can critique the AI's suggestions and apply contextual judgment.
• Evaluation Criteria:
  • Technical Judgment: Does the candidate treat LLM output as a starting point or an absolute truth?
  • Problem Decomposition: Can they break complex tasks into smaller, specific prompts?
  • Validation: Do they cross-check AI answers against documentation or their own mental model?
• Core Philosophy: AI doesn't create great developers; it amplifies them. The goal is to find "amplified" seniors, not "automated" juniors.

• Core Concept: 2FA adds a second layer of security by requiring something the user knows (password) and something they possess (a device generating codes).
• Offline Functionality: The most interesting technical aspect is that 2FA applications (like Google Authenticator or Aegis) work entirely offline after an initial secret key exchange.
• HOTP (HMAC-based One-Time Password):
  • Relies on a Secret Key (K) known by both the server and the client.
  • Uses a Counter (C) that increments every time a new code is generated.
  • The code is generated using an HMAC function (typically with SHA-1) and a process called Dynamic Truncation (DT) to turn a large hash into a readable 6-digit number.
• TOTP (Time-based One-Time Password):
  • This is the standard for most modern apps. It is essentially HOTP, but replaces the manual counter with the current time (T).
  • Time is measured in steps (usually 30 seconds), allowing the server and phone to stay synchronized without communicating.
• Security Considerations:
  • Secret Key: If the secret key (often shared via QR code) is intercepted, an attacker can generate codes indefinitely.
  • Algorithm Integrity: Standard 2FA relies on SHA-1, which, while technically "broken" for some cryptographic uses, remains secure for the short-lived, 6-digit nature of OTPs.
• Implementation Steps: For a programmer, implementing 2FA involves:
  1. Generating and storing a unique secret key for a user.
  2. Displaying it as a QR code (Base32 encoded).
  3. Verifying the user-entered 6-digit code by running the same HOTP/TOTP algorithm on the server side.

• Manufacturing Process: A key technical clarification is that Invisalign does not 3D print the aligners themselves. Instead, they 3D print high-precision resin molds for every stage of treatment, and the clear plastic aligners are then thermoformed over these molds.
• Scale of Operations: Align Technology is highlighted as one of the world's largest users of 3D printing, consuming massive amounts of resin to create millions of unique, custom molds annually.
• Patient Experience:
  • Discipline: Success is highly dependent on the user wearing the trays for 22+ hours a day.
  • "The Invisalign Diet": Many users reported losing weight because the hassle of removing trays, eating, and brushing made snacking inconvenient.
  • Refinements: Most patients warned that the initial set of trays is rarely the end; "refinement" stages are common to fix minor misalignments or bite issues.
• Professional Oversight vs. DIY: There was a significant debate regarding the high cost ($3k–$8k). Professionals in the thread noted that the price covers the risk of "root resorption" (permanent tooth damage) if moved too quickly, which is a major risk in "Direct-to-Consumer" (DTC) models without orthodontist supervision.
• Technological Shift: The discussion noted the move from uncomfortable physical "putty" impressions to intraoral laser scanners (like iTero), which create instant 3D digital models of the patient's mouth.
• Competition: While Invisalign has a massive patent moat, competitors like LightForce (3D-printed brackets) are emerging, claiming faster treatment times by using the "physics" of traditional braces with 3D-printed customization.

• Mechanism of a Heart Attack: A heart attack is the sudden closure of a coronary artery by a blood clot that forms where an atherosclerotic plaque ruptures [00:03:17]. While building this plaque takes decades, the transition from a stable narrowing to a total blockage happens in just minutes [00:04:30].
• The "Inflammatory Magnet" Concept: Atherosclerosis isn't just about cholesterol. Low-grade inflammation acts like a magnet, drawing immune cells into the vessel walls where they die and form fatty deposits [00:11:35].
• Multifaceted Risk: It is possible to have low cholesterol but still suffer from atherosclerosis due to metabolic disorders like insulin resistance or diabetes, which accelerate vessel degeneration through glycation [00:16:18].
• Diet as a Foundation, Not an Add-on: Dr. Jeżewski emphasizes that a whole-food, plant-based diet is the most effective tool for slowing down vascular aging [00:25:20]. Medication is merely the "cherry on top"; the primary focus must be the "fuel" we provide our bodies [01:03:05].
• Critique of High-Fat Diets (Keto): While keto can help with rapid weight loss, in some individuals (so-called "Lean Mass Hyper-Responders"), it causes a drastic spike in cholesterol (even up to 500 mg/dl), significantly increasing the risk of cardiac death [00:32:54].
• The Role of Fiber: Fiber doesn't just regulate the absorption of sugars and fats; it also binds bile acids and cholesterol in the intestines, facilitating their removal from the body [00:46:47].
• Gut Microbiota: Gut bacteria fed by fiber produce anti-inflammatory short-chain fatty acids (like butyrate) [00:49:46]. Conversely, a meat-heavy diet can promote the production of TMAO—a compound that severely damages blood vessels and kidneys [00:52:29].
• Essential Supplementation: On a plant-based diet, Vitamin B12 is the only mandatory supplement [00:55:29]. Deficiency can lead to high homocysteine levels, which further damage the arteries [00:57:57].
• Protein and Sarcopenia: Protein deficiency on a plant-based diet is a marginal issue. Muscle loss (sarcopenia) is primarily caused by a lack of physical training stimulus rather than a lack of meat [00:59:52].

Currently you can only migrate from Bluesky to Eurosky as PDS. Per #2026/04/15 a portal is announced where you can create accounts at their PDS directly.

Judith Butler's preferred pronouns are they/them. https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/queerspiegel/das-pronomen-ist-frei-vom-korper-aber-es-ist-nicht-frei-vom-geschlecht-4149826.html

I suggest swapping sections four and five to better reflect a logical progression of actions. Reading the document sequentially, it currently implies that decommissioning is the first step following a good-faith warning.

Decommissioning is quite a drastic action and has a massive knock-on effect for the whole fleet, not to mention the possible stress it may cause for the crew and the interrupting of an individual's progress towards command or any other goals they may have in the fleet.

I think here, stability should be the priority, and I think the EC's default should be that the current section five comes first, with decommissioning happening only in the most extreme circumstances.

I look at the Astraeus's decommissioning and from my perspective as a non-CC simmer at the time, I was left wondering why the first officer couldn't take over, or a new/experienced commanding officer couldn't be air dropped in like had been done with Denali.

Would a link to this page be helpful here?

https://wiki.starbase118.net/wiki/First_Officers_Overview

this is not enough though in terms of digital sovereignty. It is also needed that cloud infrastructure does not fall within a USA legal entity. The presence of US jurisdiction is not tied to geographic location

not sure what to make of [[Anil Dash p]] here. Strong words but not much substance, like it was vibed. Yes, the open web is being eroded, and that has been happening at different scales over time. But while it mentions things concretely, they are of very different categories and switching between content creators, standards, publishers, and coders. An attack on pre-existing business models is not the same as attacking the open web. The open web is not about business models (while a deliberate challenge to preceding business models wrt access and content). Tragedy of the commons, with new enclosures yes. But otherwise not seeing much point in this article.

Is this an example of how to better make agents (better architecture and libraries underneath) or an example of 'the arc of AI bends towards deterministic software: architecture and libraries making agents as flat as functions?

As the word says on itself, this is what a mineral usually looks like, a habit. It helps us identify different types of minerals.

Hardness is not whether the mineral breaks or not, just their ability to scratch other materials.

This is very important to know because it will allow us to categorize minerals just by looking at them.

Crystak habits are a great way to identify minerals. For example, the L.A. history museum has a beautfiul collection of minerals showing every type of crystal habit.

I find this really interesting by how minerals are able to be identify by the way they look. It makes sense due to the fact of how atoms are arranged would change the physical look of the crystals. The example provided is well and easy to understand.

using grep after curl allows you to search for specific things like hyperlinks and other parts of a page.

you can add grep after another utility to filter its output.

Formation formelle minoritaire par rapport au formation informelle. Etude qui date de 1996 concernant 200 personnes: ça mériterait d'être actualisé et d'étendre l'échantillonnage pour vérifier ces données.

This is a very powerful sentence in the conclusion, it points out that there is a large pool of potential talent that can be very successful that are not currently being give the best shot at success. Their study shows some possible way that this support can be provided.

This is a big example of ethos by providing transparency of this study's limitations, this can really help build credibility.

I don't find this surprising that the FG students would benefit more from support and positive messaging, these attributes are likely already existing in the support system for the CG students.

Chart is an example of logos being used because it is providing data and results backing the results.

Another good example of ethos, really providing details on the analytic model to instill confidence in the results.

Example of logos use here referencing studies.

This is an incredibly sad reality that it is looked at this way. We should be aiming to build all students, not only the ones that start off capable.

Some use of ethos here establishing some confidence by providing background on the experiment.

This statement rings very true for me, being a first-generation college student, perhaps the largest barrier is the value of college seen by those closest to me.

I honestly relate to this point because of the fact I find hearing stroies more persuasive than bullet points. This is due to the fact when information is [resented in a way of a story most people find it engaging and relatable which make s it easier to recall and understand the presented information.

This qoute inspires me because I agree with this due to the fact that systems to achieve your goals are often overlooked because most people only look at their goals instead of building systems that would help them achieve their goals .

This was the most diffcult to read because its something a parent would never want to be told when you and your child are so dependent on.

Best sentance because me as a parent do what i can with what i was given and taking the ipad away will be one of the hardewst things I will ever do to her.

I believe these are the key factors in the actical.

She uses her ipad to take pictures of different facual expressions and will show you the pictures and tell you what each expression is. She also maintains good eye contact with other people. We also take her ipad away when its time to complete school assignments.

This also make sense as she has Melt downs when we are in a area with no service, or if her ipad is going to die. We have cell phones with hot spots and extra chargers to make sure we have it charged so we wont have to deal with the behavior.

I don't personally know anyone who can speak more than one language fluently. But I've seen polyglots online and I'm even more amazed because it's almost like they aren't real. Similarly to celebrities, its not until you see them in real life you believe believe they're real. But the more you think about it, you realize everyone is human, but its the work and dedication that people put into a specific practice can make the difference.

All throughout middle school and high school it seemed like everyone was focused so how having a growth mindset is good and a fixed mindset is bad. This made me realize that I feel like no one really taught why. Although we were taught the definitions of each mindset, I feel like we never got a proper explanation as to why one is viewed more positive than the other and how this effects our everyday life.

Language barriers can lead to worse care for patients.

Populations are becoming more diverse, which affects healthcare needs.

1. making sure you already know what side stand on and having the information that is valuable to back up the research

All the research would likely have a learning experience that the researcher would likely learn through out this processs

Although most connect language as an idea of words. phases, or hand gestures that have a specific meaning. By changing your expressions, tone of voice, even eye contact, it implies what you truly mean without having to say it. This is a key difference between language and communication is what is being said verses how the reciprocator interperpates it. As all siblings do, my older sisters and I have had our fair share of arguments. But now that we're older, I look back at the reasoning and that they were fights over the littlest thing. The smallest inconvenience could create such a hurtful event. But I realize, it was the lack of communication that causes the fights to explode. How my sisters talked to one another is what made things worse, not necessarily what was being said but the attitude and annoyance that came with it.

By opening with starter questions helps encourage readers think and compare how everyday activities are no different than earning languages. Personally, I've played basketball for years and never once though that I couldn't physically be on a basketball court because I wasn't the best in the country. But when I think of my experience learning Japanese, I gave up half way through high school. I thought it was due to the teacher that my lack for engagement didn't stick. But after comparing how I practiced basketball to learning Japanese, I realized maybe it's because I didn't learn Japanese at a young age so I didn't know any "fundamentals" or basics when going into my Japanese class. I was scared that because I didn't have prior experience with Japanese i wouldn't stand a chance.

Even though minerals are usually solid, water and mercury are still called minerals because they were recognized before the solid state rule was added.

Feldspar and Quartz , are the most common minerals that are in earth's crust, feldspar being the most a rich. Being the frame work for silicates being connected silica structures and feldspar can contain different elements like sodium or potassium. I think this is interesting due to hoe the mineral's are able to form many types of rocks and still be a common thing.

Some organisms can produce calcite, a mineral that is made of calcium carbonate which is CaCO3. It can be by the same materials that form aragonite, which is a also a form of aragonite. I find this interesting due to the fact that the same substance can exist more than in one form depending on how it forms.

All these specifics make it connect to ethos but makes it all the more confusing for me as I am not great at statistics and such. But if it lacked this piece of evidence it would be weaken the argument.

! Love the PNW!

⭐This intervention is amazing and should be more commonly used.

⭐This is a very powerful conclusion to come to.

Great example of ethos/ logos due to it revealing results and also being credible.

This statement is a great example of pathos as it does a great job at showcasing emotion and impacts to people.

I agree strongly with this statement as instructors who promote students to have a beter mindset can truly help students in the long run and create overall healthier relationships with future instructors.

This is an example of ethos as it explains the doubt FG students experience and lock of belonging.

This is also a great example of pathos as it explains the harships these students have to face.

The author of the article implemented lots of emaples of ethos through refrencing credible, previous studies.

My sister was a First Gen student at Highline College and I recall all the obstacles she had to go through but luckily she had many resources to look to for help!

This is an example of logos as it uses data and specifics to make the study more reliable.

Super fun! Formalizing every (~10,000) math+physics textbook will be necessary data for neurosymbolic ASI (deterministic coherent Universe model).

neural creativity constrained by symbolic guarantees

@Anthropic @xAI @Google, give me compute and IP, I'll orchestrate this! creative-symbology@thisness.us

Meta-Claude for the win!

The room temperature rule was something I had never learned in other classes. Its a simple rule that the minerals need to stay solid under normal temperatures, which I find really interesting. If the temperature either gets too hot or cold and melts then it can not be considered a mineral.

The room temperature rule was something I had never learned in other classes. Its a simple rule that the minerals need to stay solid under normal temperatures, which I find really interesting. If the temperature either gets too hot or cold and melts then it can not be considered a mineral.

just further evidence of Zionist infiltration of international social work organisations.

Phosphates are widely used in agriculture and everyday products.

I always saw the periodic table of the elements as just a chart. Good to know that there's actually a format behind the table.

This website allows users to buy a lot of followers for their SNS accounts which was very interesting. Even though most of the followers the user can buy are bots, the power and influence that SNS account with huge amount of followers is very big. The posts and ideas that those accounts can be shown for more accounts and can be considered more reliable.

SLAYYY