Whether written into the margins of texts, integratedinto the print, or digitally superimposed, in what contexts have you encoun-tered annotations written by another person? In what ways have you sharedyour annotations with other readers?
My friends have sometimes lent me books to read that they themselves have wrote in to annotate. I appreciated the extra insight and leaving my thoughts was also fun.
After everyone had gone, my mother said to me, "You want to be the same as American girls onthe outside."
What does her mother mean by “on the outside”? Does she think Amy can never truly be “American,” or is she reminding her that being Chinese is something to value internally?
My relatives licked the ends of their chopsticks and reachedacross the table, dipping them into the dozen or so plates of food
I can sense Amy’s discomfort, and somewhat relate to it because being Indian, our culture is somewhat related to the Chinese culture. what’s normal for her family suddenly feels shameful when viewed through the minister and their sons eyes. This moment highlights her inner conflict about cultural identity.
I cried. What would Robert think of our shabby Chinese Christmas? What would he think of our noisyChinese relatives who lacked proper American manners? What terrible disappoint-ment would he feelupon seeing not a roasted turkey and sweet potatoes but Chinese food?
This moment introduces the main conflict of how Amy is embarrassed about her Chinese culture. The dinner invitation makes her face her American crush and Chinese heritage at the same time.
concerns the direction and magnitude ofhuman behavior, that is the choice of a particular action, the persistence with it, and the effort expended on it
Defines motivation as the direction and intensity of human behavior, determining choice, persistence, and effort in learning.
Given that individual motives rise andfall over time, motivation can be conceptualized as a motive which gives behavior its energy and direction
Motivation is dynamic and can be enhanced through teacher intervention, underscoring the teacher’s role in shaping student engagement and identity formation in language learning.
Affective And Cognitive Factors and the Individual Differences
Examines motivation, empathy, anxiety, and self-esteem as critical affective variables shaping SLA outcomes.
L2 learnerswhose exposure to the L2 begins in adolescence/early adulthood are considered more efficient and successful thanyounger learners
Contrasts early learners’ long-term proficiency with adolescents’ faster short-term progress.
ven in L1 acquisition there is aso called ‘critical period’ for language development, which is a “limited phase in development of an organismduring which a particular activity or competency must be acquired if it is to be incorporated into the behavior of
Refers to the Critical Period Hypothesis, which suggests that learning after puberty becomes more challenging, but argues adolescents can still succeed due to cognitive maturity.
The Age Factor – the learning process in adolescence
Explores how adolescence as a developmental phase influences language acquisition.
adolescent students are usually insecure and vulnerabledue to the physical, social, and affective changes they are undergoing
Adolescents’ affective instability and insecurity are noted as potential barriers to engagement if not addressed by teachers.
The author emphasizes the ones that “lie inside the learner” (p. 525), theaffective and the cognitive factors, considering the role of individual differences
Emphasizes individual differences—especially age—and their impact on learning success.
, present aspects related to motivation and to variablesassociated to learners’ individual differences, aspects which are crucial in the process of second languageacquisition.
Motivation and learner attitude are presented as central to success in acquiring a second language.
Behaviorism, the first theory that accounted for SLA, is a theory of animal and human behavior,which “attempts to explain behavior without reference to mental events or internal processes
Reviews foundational SLA theories, Behaviorism and Krashen’s Monitor Theory, highlighting how affective and environmental factors (like anxiety, comfort, and feedback) influence learning outcomes.
this research may help us to have a better understanding of adolescent students’ motivation andbehavior in class and it may also reveal how motivation can influence their overall performance
The research aims to uncover how teenagers and their teachers perceive motivation in class and what factors foster or hinder it. Five guiding research questions focus on student and teacher perceptions of motivation and motivational triggers.
adolescent students, there is usually a consensus among teacherssuggesting that that kind of students lacks motivation, being most of the times noisy, absent-minded, rude,aggressive, tiring and apathetic
The chapter emphasizes that teachers often misinterpret adolescents as apathetic due to not understanding developmental and affective differences.
the present study aims at filling a gap in the area of motivation involving adolescents inthe foreign language classroom
Lacerda identifies a research gap: the lack of studies specifically examining adolescent motivation in EFL (English as a Foreign Language) classrooms at the elementary level.
study here proposed is about the adolescent learners’ motivation towards their English classesand it aims at investigating whether and/or how biological, cognitive, social, and motivational aspects can interferein their process of learning a foreign language
The study investigates how biological, cognitive, social, and motivational factors influence teenage students’ motivation to learn English in Brazil.
If we adopt the aesthetic of designs being invisible, a good design would make the inputs, state, and outputs discoverable, clear, and efficient to use
I really like how this chapter emphasizes that designing interfaces is more than just arranging visuals, it’s about shaping how people think and act through interaction. I found the discussion about gulfs of execution and evaluation especially insightful because it highlights how easily design can confuse users if not thoughtfully constructed. Overall, this reading deepened my understanding that great interface design is about empathy, clarity, and responsibility just as much as it is about aesthetics or functionality.
Let’s define each of them. Input is any kind of data that a user provides to a computer. Most often, these are keystrokes, mouse positions, mouse clicks, taps, and other sequences of low-level inputs. These lower-level inputs are usually aggregated into higher level inputs, such as clicks, taps, text strings, and gestures, which user interfaces then process. Every user interface accepts some range of input, and those inputs each have some structure. Part of a user interface is providing means by which users can express those inputs in valid structures.
I find this explanation of input really clear and helpful; it breaks down something we often take for granted when using technology. I agree with how the reading shows that input isn’t just about pressing buttons but about how systems interpret and structure those actions. It makes me think more about the design challenges behind making input feel “natural” for users. For example, gestures or voice commands might seem simple to us, but they require careful design to ensure the system understands them correctly. This section made me appreciate how much thought goes into translating human intention into digital interaction.
The Google search page actually accepts many other implicit inputs too. There are a variety of personalization settings, such as search history, search preferences, and even sensor input (such as your location) that it also accepts as input. The user interface doesn’t provide explicit controls for providing this input, but it is user input nonetheless. These implicit inputs contain issues of justice. For example, what harms may come by Google tracking your location when you search? For many, no harm, but what about people do not secure their accounts, and might be stalked by a violent ex, or someone in witness protection?
I agree that these implicit inputs, like location tracking and personalized history, create serious ethical concerns because the consequences aren’t evenly distributed across all users. For someone with stable circumstances and no threats to their safety, personalized search may feel convenient and harmless. But for someone vulnerable, like a stalking victim or a person relying on anonymity for protection, the same data trail becomes a map for harm. I find this perspective really useful because it makes me rethink digital design as not only about convenience but about protecting the worst-case scenario user. Google may not intend to create danger, yet the system can accidentally amplify risk for people who are already at risk. It reminds me that “smart” features aren’t universally smart — sometimes they’re sharp objects that require careful safety guards.
The gulf of execution is the gap between what a person wants to do with an interface and what inputs are actually possible to provide. It’s the struggle every person has to translate their goal into input that further their goal. For example, if you were using an alarm clock, one of the gulfs to bridge is how to make the alarm active; an interface with a big switch that says “on” and “off” has a small gulf for the user to bridge; they’ll probably figure out what those buttons mean. An interface that has a similar switch hidden away in a menu that’s not discoverable poses a much larger gulf of execution.
I've never heard of the term "gulf of execution", but I agree that this is a very important concept to keep in mind when designing a solution. There is always a gap between what a person wants a product to do versus what it can actually do with the inputs a user provides. I find that many usability issues occur when this gap exists; the user doesn't know how to translate their goals into input that an interface is allowed to accept. In this example of the alarm clock, I wonder if a user manual would be helpful in reducing the gulf of execution? Apart from the design itself, I feel like an instructional manual would be helpful as well!
Conventions are design patterns (combinations of design decisions) that people have already learned
This is highly dependent on what users are used to and reminds me of a story I heard about designing a music streaming app for rural users in the US for a mobile company. The product manager chose an extremely simple layout (e.g. pre-built playlist in the home screen, 2 clicks to play music), showing how important it is to factoring in your users's technical literacy when designing an UI.
Designers use prototypes to resolve these uncertainties, iterate on their design based on feedback, and converge toward a design that best addresses the problem.
I agree with this idea because it shows how important it is to view design as a process of learning rather than just building. Prototyping encourages creativity and flexibility, allowing designers to adapt based on real feedback instead of assumptions. I think this approach saves time and resources while leading to stronger, more user-centered outcomes. It reminds me that good design isn’t about getting it perfect the first time, it’s about improving through continuous discovery.
Whereas a sketch is just an informal drawing used to facilitate communication, a paper prototype is something you can actually test. Creating one involves creating a precise wireframe for every screen a person might encounter while using a design, including all of the feedback the user interface might provide while someone is using it. This allows you to have someone pretend to use a real interface, but clicking and tapping on paper instead of a screen. If you plan the layout of an interface in advance, then decide which parts of the interface you need to change in order to test the interface with someone, you can build one of these in less than an hour.
I like how this section highlights the practicality and accessibility of paper prototyping. I agree that being able to “pretend to use a real interface” through paper is such a simple but powerful way to test ideas early without committing to code or visuals. It really changes how I think about design; I used to assume you needed advanced tools to prototype effectively, but this shows how low-tech methods can be just as valuable for gathering feedback. I also appreciate that it emphasizes speed and iteration; being able to build a testable prototype in under an hour encourages experimentation instead of perfectionism.
As you can see, prototyping isn’t strictly about learning to make things, but also learning how to decide what prototype to make and what that prototype would teach you. These are judgements that are highly contextual because they depend on the time and resources you have and the tolerance for risk you have in whatever organization you’re in.
I really agree with the reading’s point that prototyping isn’t just about building something; it’s about deciding what you need to build to learn the right thing at the right moment. That reminder shifts my perspective, because I used to think of prototypes as just early versions of the final product, but now I see them as experiments designed to answer specific questions. I think it's important to balance how much you don’t know with how much you can afford to discover.
As you can see, prototyping isn’t strictly about learning to make things, but also learning how to decide what prototype to make and what that prototype would teach you. These are judgements that are highly contextual because they depend on the time and resources you have and the tolerance for risk you have in whatever organization you’re in.
Agreed and again, this just reminds me that design thinking requires extensive research and evaluation. The example of the pizza app just reminds me that you can't simply design a good product by prototype -> test -> improve. Somewhere within that process, you must stop to evaluate whether this is the right problem to solve and if you even have the correct solution, and how you can test these hypothesis.
The author argues that much of early human history, especially aspects that don’t support the idea of states as “civilizing forces”, is missing from traditional historical records. Events like migration, rebellion, or resistance to state control often left few physical traces or were deliberately ignored in written sources.
By comparing the fossil fuel era to the entire span of human history, the author shows how recent industrialization really is. Even though it was a short period, it changed societies and ecosystems greatly.
Scott challenges the assumption that Human Beings naturally progressed toward agriculture, cities, and states. He argues for the opposite, for most of human history, people chose not to live in concentrated and hierarchical societies.
Fair Sentencing Act. May 2023. Page Version ID: 1153436887. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_Sentencing_Act&oldid=1153436887 (visited on 2023-12-07).
This article talks about how the Fair Sentencing Act tried to tix unfair drug laws that punished some people much more harshly than others. I didn't know how big the gap used to be. It's shocking that the system allowed that for so long. It reminded me that algorithms can repeat the same kind of bias if they learn form unfair data. Both law and technology show how neutral systems can still treat people unequally.
The academic strand of business ethics began in the 1970s. The term "businessethics" was modeled after the term ';medical ethics"-an area that began as anacademic area of study a decade earlier. Have philosophers engaged in the studyof ethics in business added anything to the academic area? A separate but relatedquestion is whether they have in fact changed business, business practices, andbusiness people. I believe that the answer in both cases is: yes. They have doneso in part because of their knowledge of the history of philosophy and the historyof ethics, because of their original analyses of moral issues in business and of thepresuppositions of particular economic systems, and because they took the lead inraising and attempting to answer normative questions in business.Before philosophers entered upon the scene in the 1970s, there was no academicfield of business ethics. The field developed precisely because of a felt need forwhat philosophers had to offer that was not provided by teachers of social issuesin management courses, by corporate critics, and by the conventional ethics-in-business approach. In this sense, to ask whether philosophers had anything to addto the field is almost a meaningless question because they formed the field. More-over, the field did not and does not consist of questions for philosophers or whata Wittgensteinian might consider pseudo-questions. What differentiated businessethics as a Eleld from social issues in management was the fact that business ethicssought to provide an explicitly ethical framework within which to evaluate busi-ness, and especially corporate, activities. What philosophers brought to the tablethat others had not was a systematic inquiry into our individual and collective moral* . s .experlence ln ouslness.
In this piece of the article De George affirms that philosophers were the primary founders and builders of academic business ethics. This is technically a historical claim that can be evaluated. The argument has a very logical structure because technically if philosophers initiated curricula, journals, societies, and research agendas, then they can be credited with founding the field, but the soundness of this argument requires a citation or supporting evidence like dates, founding figures, institutional histories. Because these citations are missing, the claim is risking falling in generalization because other figures like lawyers, scientists, teachers and activists have also contributed to the growth of philosophy. To make this argument stronger he should present more specific examples and evidence to substantiate causation other than the apparented correlation.
e takes "philosophy" globally, andso abstractly. He takes contemporary philosophy to mean analytic philosophy, andclaims that metaphysics and epistemology are "no more relevant to applied ethicsthan is astrophysics or neurophysiology
De George goes on to contend Rorty's account is way too narrow because it basically makes philosophy be equal to just the analytic core. The structure is in fact valid because the premise that Rorty is treating philosophy in a very narrow way can support the conclussion that his dismissal of philosophy's relevance is mistaken. I personally think ths soundness of the claim depends pretty much on whether Rorty did in fact intend to give it such a short meaning. De George provides textual evidence but sometimes attributes an extreme thesis to Rorty without showing that Rorty consistently uses that narrow definition. I think ther is a risk of Strawman happening here if De George overgeneralizes Rorty’s position. I think a more careful and detailed analysis/approach would quote Rorty’s key passages and show precisely where De George’s counterexamples undermine them.
A little-noticed revolution has been taking place in philosophy at least in thatportion called ethics. E
In this sentence De George argues that applied ethics are a "genuine" change or revolution because it has re-shaped philosophy into a discipline guided towards resolving practical problems. This claim is technically plausible and logically sound if philosophers that were once focused on bigger problems now address more concrete moral issues and alters curricula, hiring, and public engagement, then calling it a “revolution” is justified. However i would argue the term "REVOLUTION" can be very ambiguous and ver very rethorically loaded since it could either mean institutional change, conceptual change or just an expansion on the topics treated. To be able to support that ethics are a revolution in philosophy he would need to mention more specific indicators to avoid relying on metaphor and to make the claim empirically testable.
Some recommendation algorithms can be simple such as reverse chronological order, meaning it shows users the latest posts (like how blogs work, or Twitter’s “See latest tweets” option). They can also be very complicated taking into account many factors, such as: Time since posting (e.g., show newer posts, or remind me of posts that were made 5 years ago today) Whether the post was made or liked by my friends or people I’m following How much this post has been liked, interacted with, or hovered over Which other posts I’ve been liking, interacting with, or hovering over What people connected to me or similar to me have been liking, interacting with, or hovering over What people near you have been liking, interacting with, or hovering over (they can find your approximate location, like your city, from your internet IP address, and they may know even more precisely) This perhaps explains why sometimes when you talk about something out loud it gets recommended to you (because someone around you then searched for it). Or maybe they are actually recording what you are saying and recommending based on that. Phone numbers or email addresses (sometimes collected deceptively [k1]) can be used to suggest friends or contacts. And probably many more factors as well!
I never realized how many things go into deciding what shows up on my feed. It's little scary to think that apps might use my friends' searches or my location to guess what I want. Sometimes the recommendations are really accurate, but other times they feel creepy, like the app knows too much about me. It makes me wonder how much of what I see online is actually my choice.
mpires have always created vivid and disturbingly violent images of tribal life on their frontiers, placing in a different, paternalistic light the violence at the heart of their own political projects.
He says that empires justified their violence because they made others look like savages.
Now, it is surely true that in any period of human history, there will always be those who feel most comfortable in ranks and orders. As Étienne de La Boétie had already pointed out in the 16th century, the source of ‘voluntary servitude’ is arguably the most important political question of them all.
Archaeology shows that many societies that experimented with freedom, fluid leadership, and non-coercive systems. People were not forced into hierarchy by a law of progress, but they rather made choices.
‘The hypotheses of the historical demographer are not, in the current state of the art, testable and consequently the idea of their being reliable in the statistician’s sense is out of the question.’
This shows how unknown and uncertain people were about early population estimates. Wengrow uses this to show that most of our information about empires are just guesses instead of facts.
In Babylonia, such groups – when not given tribal or ethnic labels – might be variously described as ‘scattered people’, ‘head-bangers’ or simply ‘enemies’. In the early centuries BCE, emissaries of the Han Empire wrote in similar ways about the rebellious marsh-dwellers of the tropical coastlands to their south.
Wengrow is describing here how imperial or centralized societies like Babylonia or Han China described groups that lived outside their direct control, people in surrounding regions who didn't conform to imperial systems of government or settlement.
‘anthropogenic’ earths called terra preta de índio (‘black earth of the Indians’), with levels of fertility far in excess of ordinary tropical soils. Scientists now believe that between 10,000 and 20,000 large-scale sites remain to be discovered across Amazonia. Similarly startling finds are emerging from Southeast Asia, and we might reasonably expect them from the forested parts of the African continent too.
Even places where archeologist thought humans couldn't have had a massive civilization at are being seen to have sites.
archaeologists working in the inland delta of the Middle Niger revealed evidence for a prosperous urban civilisation with no discernible signs of rulership or central authority, focused on the site of Jenne-jeno, and preceding the empires of Ghana, Mali and Songhai by some centuries. China, too, has gained a long history of cities before empire, from the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the Fen Valley of Shanxi province, and the ‘Liangzhu culture’ of Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The same is true for the coastlands of Peru, where archaeologists have uncovered huge settlements with sunken plazas and grand platforms, four millennia older than the Inca Empire. In Ukraine, before the Russian invasion, archaeological work on the grasslands north of the Black Sea
New sites are being found all of the time, disproving and revolutionizing what we know about the timeline of humans.
Let’s come back to the figures in the Atlas of World Population History. It estimates 46 million Roman subjects and 50 million Han subjects. Let’s assume, for a moment, this is OK. Supposedly – if we combine it with statistics for other empires of the same era – this amounts to ‘between two-thirds and three-quarters of all people alive at the time’
Its very interesting that three-quarters of all humans on earth lived in inly 2 empires during this time.
‘3,500 years ago, when state-level polities covered perhaps not more than 1 per cent of the earth’s terrestrial surface (excluding Antarctica), they already laid claim to up to half of our species.’
This is very interesting.
Even experienced scholars of empirically grounded disciplines may find themselves advancing such arguments based on the flimsiest of sources.
Its hard for experienced modern scholars to not fall for sources coming from bias points of views.
It is from such sources that we get, not just our notion of empire as handmaiden to civilisation, but also our contemporary image of life before and beyond empire as being small-scale, chaotic and largely unproductive.
The source that history comes from, in most cases is portrayed in favor of the writers origins and beliefs.
Investigating the human past in this way is not a matter of searching for utopia, but of freeing us to think about the true possibilities of human existence. Unhampered by outdated theoretical assumptions and dogmatic interpretations of obsolete data, could we look with fresh eyes at the very meaning of terms like ‘civilisation’? Our species has existed for something like 300,000 years. Today, we stand on a precipice, confronting a future defined by environmental collapse, the erosion of democracy, and wars of unprecedented destructiveness: a new age of empire, perhaps the last in a cycle of such ages that, for all we really know, may represent only a modest fraction of the human experience.
It contrasts humanity’s long past with today’s crises, environmental collapse, democratic decline, and destructive wars, suggesting that our current age may be just one small, repeating phase in the broader human story.
were, in fact, disarmingly frank about the quality of their data: ‘we wouldn’t attempt to disguise the hypothetical nature of our treatment of the earlier periods … we haven’t just pulled the figures out of the sky. Well, not often.’ Their own acknowledgement of the provisional, hypothetical nature of some of these figures is interesting, since Scheidel is hardly alone in basing some extremely broad assertions on this single, dated source.
The authors openly admit that their early data are largely hypothetical, even joking about the uncertainty of their figures. This honesty is notable because later scholars, like Scheidel, continue to make broad claims based on this same outdated and uncertain source.
Over the past few decades, geographical spaces once written off as blanks on the map, or dismissed as ‘an unchanging palaeolithic backwater’ (as our 1978 Atlas puts it, for Aboriginal Australia), have been flooded with new data. Archaeology, specifically rapid advances in settlement archaeology and methods of survey, has been one major contributor. Among other things, these new techniques are revealing entire traditions of urban life, spanning centuries or even millennia, where none were previously suspected. All of them lie within the scope of the past 5,000 years, but surprisingly few can be convincingly identified with the rise of bureaucratically ordered kingdoms or empires.
Recent archaeological discoveries have revealed complex urban histories in regions once thought to lack them. These findings challenge old views that linked cities only to powerful kingdoms or empires, showing that diverse urban traditions existed over the past 5,000 years.
Scholars of the ancient Near East once tookʿApiru to be an early reference to the Hebrews, but it’s now thought to be an umbrella term, used almost indiscriminately for any group of political defectors, dissenters, insurgents or refugees who threatened the interests of Egypt’s vassals in neighbouring Canaan (much as some modern politicians have been known to use the word ‘terrorist’ for rhetorical effect today).
I find it interesting how we use terms and references from past civilizations to shape our own language and way of speaking.
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Brains: experts and knowledge Brawns: subjects in the data with little say
Health literacy is a great example of this you could include the "chronic" disease example in the reflection
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This again plays into the need to engage the community, especially as context experts.
BDEDIM
This often true, yes, the research done will hopefully benefit the people being researched but that might not be for years and years to come.
The ORGANIZATION is the power source they aren't the subject they are the research designer. Limited data set of how they interacted with one specific serrice at one specific time and then clain it to be evidence-based. Evidence Based resources should come from years and years of research and determining what is an what is not considered evidence.
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Its important to note that if a community does not feel comfortable with the research or the researcher then they will not full comply to the tests.
great nation
Powerful statement that King refers to our nation as great despite the prejudice and injustice he's faced with everyday.
Perhaps I have once again been too optimistic. Is organized religion too inextricably bound to thestatus quo to save our nation and the world? Perhaps I must turn my faith to the inner spiritualchurch, the church within the church, as the true ekklesia and the hope of the world.
Ekklesia is a Greek word for church, often used to mean "assembly," or "community." Now understanding what Ekklesia means, King is calling upon the church's authenticity. The church shouldn't just a institution; but a community of people committed to justice. King has a shift in focus to the "inner spiritual church" detailing a more personal form of faith. Change cant just come from an organized building (church) but a individual spiritual awakening. All in all King is questing the ability of the church body to be able to force true change, which is very significant as he is a religious leader.
But when you have seenvicious mobs lynch your mothers and fathers at will and drown your sisters and brothers at whim
All of the different examples in this paragraph of violent and non violent racism really emphasize the horrible things that he was fighting against.
I have yet to engage in a direct-action campaign thatwas “well timed” in the view of those who have not suffered unduly from the disease of segregation
There is never a good time to fight for change, sometimes you just have to do it. This feels like one of the points that Martin Luther King wants to get across.
“Why didn’t you give the new city administration time toact?” The only answer that I can give to this query is that the new Birmingham administration mustbe prodded about as much as the outgoing one, before it will act. We are sadly mistaken if we feelthat the election of Albert Boutwell as mayor will bring the millennium to Birmingham. While Mr.Boutwell is a much more gentle person than Mr. Connor, they are both segregationists, dedicated tomaintenance of the status quo
Just because someone new is elected doesn't mean that you need to stop pushing for the change that you want, even if that new persons is less strict than the previous person regarding the things you want to change.
create the kind of tension in society that will help men rise from the dark depths of prejudice andracism to the majestic heights of understanding and brotherhood
The way he uses tension to create change is so interesting.
Knowing that a strong economic with with-drawal program would be the by-product of direct action, we felt that this would be the best time tobring pressure to bear on the merchants for the needed change
The fact that some people will only care about the rights of others if they begin losing money is so ridiculous to me.
In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whetherinjustices exist; negotiation; self-purification; and direct action
I wonder if these steps are constant across other nonviolent campaigns? Are these steps that protesters try to follow or do these steps tend to just happen?
Anyone who lives inside the United States can never beconsidered an outsider anywhere within its bounds
Can be relevant to what is happening today in regards to the immigration debate.
The snapport is the area of the scroll container to which the snap areas are aligned. By default, it is the same as the visual viewport of the scroll container, but it can be adjusted using the scroll-padding property.
You may have noticed that these two properties do not have the word "snap" in them. This is intentional as they actually modify the box for all relevant scroll operations and are not just scroll snapping.
Rscore =
Average of a sum!? Weird notation. What they probably mean: Basically the average "non-hallucination rate"
How to ADHD. What is Executive Function and Why Do We Need it? March 2021. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4YIHrEu-TU (visited on 2023-12-07).
It's interesting to see it explores how accessibility features aren’t just “extra” for a few users, but foundational for designing inclusive social-media environments. It challenged me to rethink how often accessibility is treated as an afterthought rather than baked in from the start.
Meg Miller and Ilaria Parogni. The Hidden Image Descriptions Making the Internet Accessible. The New York Times, February 2022. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/18/arts/alt-text-images-descriptions.html (visited on 2023-12-07).
I found the presentation of this article super creative. I loved the choice to actually use textual descriptions within the article itself to demonstrate their function and how useful they can be. On the topic of disability and accessibility, I think the concept of alt text is great, since it's a relatively minor addition to the user interface, yet can drastically change the experience certain users might have on the internet.
Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07).
This part talks about how the social attitudes toward disability has changed over time. In medieval time disabilities were seen as a reflection of one's morality, whereas these days it is seen as just a matter of biology. It also discusses the societal barriers and exclusion that continues to this day.
[j16]
Conversion Therapy is the idea that one can change their sexual orientation or gender identity by receiving treatment. Though it has been proven that not only is it not effective at erasing someones identity but also extremely harmful to their well being. Leaving them vulnerable to depression, anxiety, drug use, homelessness, and suicide.
David Robson. The women with superhuman vision. BBC, February 2022. URL:
This article is about a woman who can see more colors in things that most people don't see. I think this is the coolest thing, I would love to see as many colors as possible. Now I want to take the test that they mentioned in the article to see if I have any special color seeing ability. I always think about if everyone sees colors the same way, I'm really interested in learning if the same scene that I'm looking at with my friend is being viewed in the same way as me.
Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07).
Source leads to a wikipedia page explaining the history of colorblindess as well at its effects, symptoms, and social impacts.
Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07).
Patients with such mental disorders need more respect rather than attempts to make people aware of their need for help through emphasizing. In the section of "Meltdowns" in the article, I fully agree. We need to make them feel more at ease rather than constantly criticizing them. Although these people may want to help them, this approach actually worsens their mental illness.
Mayo Clinic Staff. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - Symptoms and causes. 2023. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490 (visited on 2023-12-07).
This is a fascinating disability discussed by the mayo clinic. Myalgic encephalomyelitis or otherwise known as chronic fatigue can be a genetic condition that leaves people feeling exhausted after doing small or large tasks. Sometimes doing nothing at all can leave them feeling so tired that they need a wheelchair to move around for that day or possibly longer.
Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07).
This website explains color blindness, it's causes and effects, and the different types of color blindness's there are. Color blindness is basically the decreased ability to see color or differences in color. As suspected, this can make life for these individuals incredibly harder when it comes to technology such as traffic lights and digital screens. However, one way to help with this that the website talks about is by incorporating things like significant contrast between colors, and distinguishable shapes, so although the person cannot see color they can still tell the difference between what they see.
Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07).
This source discusses people saying autism is not a disability. Many people consider autism as a disability and think this way because they see the meltdowns on social media, but that only really occurs when there are other stimulating factors for the people with autism. So one must consider the the other factors when seeing an autism meltdown.
Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565 (visited on 2023-12-07).
Ableism could be a difficult problem to tackle, especially on the internet. As often times, intentional ableism can be seen as just ignorance or stupidity. Some people can justify the problem with the explanation that the problem was simple not realized or known, instead or attributing it directly to malice.
10.6. Bibliography# [j1] Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07). [j2] Color blindness. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188749829. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Color_blindness&oldid=1188749829 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j3] David Robson. The women with superhuman vision. BBC, February 2022. URL: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140905-the-women-with-super-human-vision (visited on 2023-12-07). [j4] Mayo Clinic Staff. Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) - Symptoms and causes. 2023. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/chronic-fatigue-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360490 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j5] Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j6] Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j7] Neurodiversity. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1187185735. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neurodiversity&oldid=1187185735#Neurotypical (visited on 2023-12-07). [j8] Mayo Clinic Staff. Generalized anxiety disorder - Symptoms and causes. 2017. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/generalized-anxiety-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20360803 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j9] Mayo Clinic Staff. Depression (major depressive disorder) - Symptoms and causes. 2022. URL: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j10] Myopia. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188263181. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Myopia&oldid=1188263181 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j11] How to ADHD. What is ADHD? July 2020. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xMWtGozn5jU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j12] How to ADHD. What is Executive Function and Why Do We Need it? March 2021. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H4YIHrEu-TU (visited on 2023-12-07). [j13] Assistive technology. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188353371. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistive_technology&oldid=1188353371 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j14] Liftware - Eat with confidence. URL: https://www.liftware.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j15] C. L. Lynch. Invisible Abuse: ABA and the things only autistic people can see. NeuroClastic, March 2019. URL: https://neuroclastic.com/invisible-abuse-aba-and-the-things-only-autistic-people-can-see/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j16] The Lies and Dangers of "Conversion Therapy". URL: https://www.hrc.org/resources/the-lies-and-dangers-of-reparative-therapy (visited on 2023-12-07). [j17] Universal design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188054790. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_design&oldid=1188054790 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j18] Jacob O. Wobbrock, Shaun K. Kane, Krzysztof Z. Gajos, Susumu Harada, and Jon Froehlich. Ability-Based Design: Concept, Principles and Examples. ACM Trans. Access. Comput., 3(3):9:1–9:27, April 2011. URL: https://doi.org/10.1145/1952383.1952384 (visited on 2023-12-07), doi:10.1145/1952383.1952384. [j19] Inclusive design. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188074097. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Inclusive_design&oldid=1188074097 (visited on 2023-12-07). [j20] Rumman Chowdhury. Sharing learnings about our image cropping algorithm. May 2021. URL: https://blog.twitter.com/engineering/en_us/topics/insights/2021/sharing-learnings-about-our-image-cropping-algorithm (visited on 2023-12-07). [j21] Cynthia Bennett. Cynthia Bennett – Human-Computer Interaction Researcher. 2022. URL: https://www.bennettc.com/ (visited on 2023-12-07). [j22] Sasha Costanza-Chock. Design Justice : Community-Led Practices to Build the Worlds We Need. The MIT Press, 2020. ISBN 978-0-262-35686-2 978-0-262-04345-8. URL: https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/78577 (visited on 2023-12-15), doi:10.7551/mitpress/12255.001.0001. [j23] Meg Miller and Ilaria Parogni. The Hidden Image Descriptions Making the Internet Accessible. The New York Times, February 2022. URL: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/02/18/arts/alt-text-images-descriptions.html (visited on 2023-12-07). [j24] Alannah Oleson. Beyond “Average” Users: Building Inclusive Design Skills with the CIDER Technique. Bits and Behavior, October 2022. URL: https://medium.com/bits-and-behavior/beyond-average-users-building-inclusive-design-skills-with-the-cider-technique-413969544e6d (visited on 2023-12-07).
I looked at Sasha Costanza-Chock’s Design Justice book [j22], and I really liked how it focuses on who actually gets to be part of the design process. The author talks about how design should be led by the people who are most affected by it, instead of just big companies or tech experts. That connects really well to what the chapter said about “who gets to be designers.” It made me think that if more people from different backgrounds helped design technology, things like the soap dispenser problem probably wouldn’t happen.
Ableism. December 2023. Page Version ID: 1188412565. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ableism&oldid=1188412565 (visited on 2023-12-07).
This article basically talks about ableism and disablism. It refers to the discrimination against people with the physical or mental disabilities. It talks about the stereotypes such assuming all the people that are disabled want to be cured.
David Robson. The women with superhuman vision. BBC, February 2022. URL: https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20140905-the-women-with-super-human-vision (visited on 2023-12-07).
This article talks about Antico - a woman who sees the world a little differently. She is a tetrochromatat, which means she can see more colors than the rest of us. She uses this to her advantage in her work as a painter, creating unique interpretations of ordinary objects or landscapes that are filled with unique colors. She is an example that disabilities are not a bad thing. Instead, they are a superpower.
Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07).
This URL is about Autism. The authors of this article think Autism shouldn't be considered as a disability. They think Autism can be disabling due to the co-occurs like dyslexia. People think Autism is a disability because of the misconceptions of meltdowns, and limited speech. The author of this article point out an idea of Autism people's brain function differently than common people, however, it doesn't mean that they are disabled.
Ash. Autism is NOT A Disability. July 2022. URL: https://www.autism360.com/autism-is-not-a-disability/ (visited on 2023-12-07).
This article left a deep impression on me because it challenged the common notion that "disability equals defect". Ash mentioned that many people with autism do not consider themselves in need of being "cured", but rather hope that society can be more inclusive of their unique ways of thinking and behaving. Reading this, I particularly resonated with it - this actually reflects the core idea of the social model of disability: the problem does not lie with the individual, but whether the environment provides sufficient understanding and support. This article made me start to think: If we could view neurodiversity in the same way as we do wearing glasses, allowing everyone to have the convenience that suits them, then "disability" might not be regarded as a "mistake", but just a part of human diversity.
Social model of disability. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1184222120. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_model_of_disability&oldid=1184222120#Social_construction_of_disability (visited on 2023-12-07).
This article expands on the same idea presented in Chapter 10 that disability is not caused by an individual's physical or mental condition, but by barriers built into society. What stood out to me is how the model shifts focus from fixing people to fixing environments. This connects that exclusion often comes from design choices rather than personal limitations. It also mede me think about my own digital and academic spaces; how often are they designed for neurotypical, able-bodied users by default? The social model reminds us that inclusion is not charity; it's justice through design.
ass wir die Anlagen eines Kindes nicht eindeutig feststellen können, aber wissen, dass durch optimale Förderung manches Talent geweckt werden kann, dann bedeutet Förderung »Wahrnehmung und Hilfe zur Entwicklung von Interessen und Begabungen auf breiter Basis, ohne frühe Auslese – in der Form flexibler Leistungsorganisationen« (Oswald 2005, S. 9
Stärkt langfristig. Widerspricht oft leider der Praxis Bewerbun in 2. Sek Berufslehre oder lern to the test fürs Gymi
We could look at inventions of new accessible technologies and think the world is getting better for disabled people. But in reality, it is much more complicated. Some new technologies make improvements for some people with some disabilities, but other new technologies are continually being made in ways that are not accessible. And, in general, cultures shift in many ways all the time, making things better or worse for different disabled people.
I really appreciated how the chapter highlights different approaches to accessibility — making the environment work for all, adapting tools for users, and the burden often being placed on the user instead of the design. One question I have is: what’s a practical checklist or metric developers could use early in the UI design to shift from the “modifying the person” model to the “making the tool adapt” model?
In this way of managing disabilities, the burden is put on the computer programmers and designers to detect and adapt to the disabled person.
I really connect with the idea of ability-based design here. As an interaction designer, I see this as a move from reactive to relational design, where systems learn from users instead of forcing users to adjust. It makes me think about how we could design interfaces that sense emotional or cognitive states too, not just physical context.
We could look at inventions of new accessible technologies and think the world is getting better for disabled people. But in reality, it is much more complicated. Some new technologies make improvements for some people with some disabilities, but other new technologies are continually being made in ways that are not accessible. And, in general, cultures shift in many ways all the time, making things better or worse for different disabled people.
I think it's interesting how, with how much society emphasizes progressiveness and inclusivity, there are still many instances in society where people with disabilities are excluded. Reading this section of the chapter made me realize how complex it is to accommodate for everyone when designing buildings and other social structures.
10.2.5. Are things getting better?# We could look at inventions of new accessible technologies and think the world is getting better for disabled people. But in reality, it is much more complicated. Some new technologies make improvements for some people with some disabilities, but other new technologies are continually being made in ways that are not accessible. And, in general, cultures shift in many ways all the time, making things better or worse for different disabled people.
I personally think this are getting better. New technologies and settings are being created for people with disabilities to use online services. People with disabilities are also just being considered more today when company's invent a new app or game. For example text to speech or video games that offer color blind settings.
When creating computer programs, programmers can do things that aren’t possible with architecture (where Universal Design came out of), that is: programs can change how they work for each individual user.
We have observed that an increasing number of technology companies are now paying attention to accessibility design. Whether they do so for the purpose of corporate social responsibility or to enhance their reputation, these designs have greatly facilitated the lives of people with disabilities. For instance, Apple's voice-over feature has made the iPhone the preferred choice for the blind. However, we also discovered that some designs have flaws. To a large extent, this is due to a lack of understanding of people with disabilities or to meet certain commercial purposes. Therefore, education is of great importance. It is necessary to let more people understand what the specific needs of this group are.
When creating computer programs, programmers can do things that aren’t possible with architecture (where Universal Design came out of), that is: programs can change how they work for each individual user. All people (including disabled people) have different abilities, and making a system that can modify how it runs to match the abilities a user has is called Ability based design [j18]. For example, a phone might detect that the user has gone from a dark to a light environment, and might automatically change the phone brightness or color scheme to be easier to read. Or a computer program might detect that a user’s hands tremble when they are trying to select something on the screen, and the computer might change the text size, or try to guess the intended selection.
With the flexibility and simplicity of the internet, this allows for most people with physical disabilities to complete practically all tasks they they will need to on the internet. With the introduction and further development of neuro link implants, this can allow even the paralyzed to utilize the internet. On the other hand, with the amount of information on the internet, people with mental illnesses might find it more difficult to utilize the internet and all the information on it to its full extent.
Another way of managing disabilities is assistive technology [j13], which is something that helps a disabled person act as though they were not disabled. In other words, it is something that helps a disabled person become more “normal” (according to whatever a society’s assumptions are). For example:
Another example of this is the speech to text function on iMessage. If users are unable to use their hands to type and create a text, users can instead speak and the phone will convert the speech to text and send it. This also works in the opposite way, allowing users to hear a verbal replaying of a text instead of having to read it on the screen if they are unable to.
invisible disabilities
I have had many people in my life that have come and gone with invisible disabilities like chronic pain and ra. It took time for me to learn and appreciate that all of them communicate about it. Some people are very straight up and will tell you what they want in the form of support. Consent is absolutely necessary in any form of support.
Disabilities can be accepted as socially normal, like is sometimes the case for wearing glasses or contacts, or it can be stigmatized [j5] as socially unacceptable, inconvenient, or blamed on the disabled person. Some people (like many with chronic pain) would welcome a cure that got rid of their disability. Others (like many autistic people [j6]), are insulted by the suggestion that there is something wrong with them that needs to be “cured,” and think the only reason autism is considered a “disability” at all is because society doesn’t make reasonable accommodations for them the way it does for neurotypical [j7] people.
I'm actually glad we got this chapter. I'm taking Disability Studies right now, where we dive into how disability is viewed, treated, and functions in our society, and the conflict between different ideals held on disability. The medical model sees disability as an illness to be cured, while the social model sees disability as a side effect of the inaccessibility already present in society.
Disabilities can be accepted as socially normal, like is sometimes the case for wearing glasses or contacts, or it can be stigmatized [j5] as socially unacceptable, inconvenient, or blamed on the disabled person.
I personally wear glasses and contacts, and it has never impeded me negatively, nor has it been considered a disability. So here I disagree with the course content because glasses I believe are not seen as a disability but rather a normal thing in society.
A disability is an ability that a person doesn’t have, but that their society expects them to have.[1] For example:
I think this section really changed how I understand disability, it’s not just about what someone can or can’t do, but about what society assumes everyone should be able to do. The examples make it clear how design and environment can create barriers. It made me realize how important accessibility and inclusive design are in everyday life.
If a building only has staircases to get up to the second floor (it was built assuming everyone could walk up stairs), then someone who cannot get up stairs has a disability in that situation. If a physical picture book was made with the assumption that people would be able to see the pictures, then someone who cannot see has a disability in that situation. If tall grocery store shelves were made with the assumption that people would be able to reach them, then people who are short, or who can’t lift their arms up, or who can’t stand up, all would have a disability in that situation. If an airplane seat was designed with little leg room, assuming people’s legs wouldn’t be too long, then someone who is very tall, or who has difficulty bending their legs would have a disability in that situation.
There is no actual way to determine whether someone is disabled or not since it is determined by the social expectation. We can't say someone is disabled just because they are not like what we expect them to be. Maybe disability is biased. Designers who have that mindset cannot take people with disabilities into consideration because they are not a part of them so they wouldn't understand. Disabled people's voices are also always underheard by the society because they are the minority, and not a lot of the majority care about them enough. Honestly, I can't imagine how inconvenient it is to live in this society as a disabled person.
Many of the disabilities we mentioned above were permanent disabilities, that is, disabilities that won’t go away. But disabilities can also be temporary disabilities, like a broken leg in a cast, which may eventually get better. Disabilities can also vary over time (e.g., “Today is a bad day for my back pain”). Disabilities can even be situational disabilities, like the loss of fine motor skills when wearing thick gloves in the cold, or trying to watch a video on your phone in class with the sound off, or trying to type on a computer while holding a baby.
I particularly agree with the idea in this passage that "disability is situational". It reminds us that disability is not always a "physical problem" of an individual, but rather depends on the environment, tools and social support. For instance, when we wear thick gloves, hold a baby, or watch a video without sound, we actually temporarily "lose" some abilities. This perspective makes me rethink what "normal" really means - perhaps what is called "normal" is just the kind of ability that society currently chooses to support. If we could provide corresponding conveniences for all kinds of differences as we do for wearing glasses, then the word "disability" might not carry so much stigma.
Some disabilities are visible disabilities that other people can notice by observing the disabled person (e.g., wearing glasses is an indication of a visual disability, or a missing limb might be noticeable). Other disabilities are invisible disabilities that other people cannot notice by observing the disabled person
This chapter does a good job explaining that disabilities can present in different ways. The chapter includes great examples and descriptions on how society views disabilities and the way some have been accepted or integrated into "normal" society while others have not. Social media has helped make great strides in "normalizing" a variety of disabilities.
A disability is an ability that a person doesn’t have, but that their society expects them to have.[1] For example: If a building only has staircases to get up to the second floor (it was built assuming everyone could walk up stairs), then someone who cannot get up stairs has a disability in that situation. If a physical picture book was made with the assumption that people would be able to see the pictures, then someone who cannot see has a disability in that situation. If tall grocery store shelves were made with the assumption that people would be able to reach them, then people who are short, or who can’t lift their arms up, or who can’t stand up, all would have a disability in that situation. If an airplane seat was designed with little leg room, assuming people’s legs wouldn’t be too long, then someone who is very tall, or who has difficulty bending their legs would have a disability in that situation. Which abilities are expected of people, and therefore what things are considered disabilities, are socially defined [j1]. Different societies and groups of people make different assumptions about what people can do, and so what is considered a disability in one group, might just be “normal” in another.
I really appreciate how this section reframes disability as a social design issue rather than an individual problem. The examples about stairs and color vision made me realize how often our environments are built for a narrow idea of normal. I've never thought about how something as simple as shelf height or screen brightness can include or exclude people. This reminds me that accessibility isn't just a technical feature; it's an ethical responsibility. If design creates disability, them redesign can also remove it. It makes me wonder how many limitations in our world are actually design failures, not human ones.
Whedon executes his justice on Claudio not by rightinghis perspective, but by forcing him to occupy a position akin to Hero’s.The effect of this parallel is to suggest that the film’s ultimate resolution isfound in empathy, rather than critical viewership. That is, Claudio cannothope to discern between the roles of voyeur and audience member but hecan, by being subjected to the same gaze to which he has subjected Hero,recognize the tenuousness of the distinction
this is interesting. saying that claudio cant distinguish between voyeur and audience member but instead acknowledges how the two roles can be easily mistaken for the other as he experiences "the same gaze to which he has subjected hero"
Guillet-Chapuis’s prominence here first functions as the signby which the wedding’s performativity can be recognized.
since still image = performative and live action = authenticity
Even when Whedon invitesthe film’s viewers to feel as though they have witnessed a reality apartfrom the camera, they are simultaneously reminded that all they have wit-nessed—all of the actions of this scene, including the still photograph—isitself a product of the camera
this is emphasized by Elsa Guillet-Chapuis being the official crew still photographer as well as being "The Photographer" in the movie
The separation of image and action reinforcesthe existence of two separate sets of observers within the world of theplay, aligned with the identities of voyeur and audience member.
still image = audience member and action of movie = voyeur: the use of both emphasizes the existence of the two distinct types of observers
Much Ado’s official crew still photographer, Elsa Guillet-Chapuis, performed a second important role in the production as a char-acter listed in the final credits as “The Photographer,”
interesting, i didn't notice this
The action of the screen is simultaneously truth and fiction,crafted and spontaneous
allows viewer to choose whether they view the film as an audience member or a voyeur
Rather, this moment is shot almost entirely fromwithin the house; unlike the rest of the film, the viewers now find them-selves in the same physical space as the majority of the action, a positionthat creates distance from Benedick and calls into question the reliabilityof his perspective.
distancing from the voyeur questions the reliability of benedict's perspective, outside the house
constructed by a lens and are therefore obviously andundeniably performative
the glass of the windows can be representative of a camera lens
Whedon and Hunter repeatedly introduce mediating structures like thebars of the railing to create a partially interrupted shot, enmeshing theviewer within the physical world of the house and creating the impres-sion of an embedded experience
immersion as a voyeur
Whedon’s shot forces the viewers to occupy the same space as the men,giving the impression that they too are surreptitiously peering throughthe bars to watch the women below
literally the male gaze
Whedon’s adaptation rejects the notionthat the roles of voyeur and audience member can be so easily separated
layering scenes where we see the movie framed voyeuristically and theatrically helps whedon immerse and integrate the audience with the characters in the movie. it emphasizes that distinguishing between the roles of voyeur and audience member isn't easy and lines between these roles can blur (as it does for the characters in the movie)
Claudio, whosince the window episode has believed himself to be a voyeur, realizeswhen confronted with “[a]nother Hero” at the altar that his perception ofhimself has been mistaken (5.4.62). The undeniable theatricality of thismoment—Hero playing the role of Hero—forces Claudio to resume tocorrect role of audience member.
elaborate performance of the funeral and the wedding at the end helps switch claudio's role to an audience member from a voyeur
the decep-tion of Claudio leads to his total renunciation of her, and the temporarysocial devaluing of both herself and Leonato.
consequences of mistaking being a voyeur or an audience member
Because so many of Messina’s residents are engaged inthis constant practice of peeping through arbors and hiding behind ar-rases, the guests of Leonato’s household inevitably exploit this behavior
interesting because even though characters intentionally exploit voyeurism as a mode of discovery, the same characters get exploited too. for example, hero plans a scheme with her waiting woman to convince beatrice to fall in love with benedict but also is involved on the other side of another scheme involving her infidelity
In each of Beatrice’s entirely neutral statements to Benedick aboutthe readiness of dinner there now appears “a double meaning” of hiddenaffection
because he believes he witnessed an authentic conversation, he alters how he interprets the words and actions of beatrice
Through thesebrief initial exchanges, Shakespeare emphasizes the potential reliabilityof voyeurism as a mode of discovery
voyeurism as an effective mode of discovery is proven to the characters which is why they so easily believe schemes that they have witnessed as voyeurs
n effective way of uncoveringhidden information.
this is why viewing something thinking you are a voyeur makes the scene you are viewing more credible or authentic
Even Benedick manages anonymouslyto observe his acquaintances as he moves about the masquerade partyof the second act
masquerade party adds to the deception and disguise of the characters
In each of these instances, the character who behaves asvoyeur does so intentionally, using this approach as a tactic to gain infor-mation and thus secure a social advantage over their peers
viewing something as a voyeur and as an audience member are both done intentionally but the difference is in how the viewer interprets the action (as authentic or performed)
PaulJorgenson’s early article on the role of the word “nothing” in the Shake-spearean canon argues for the importance of “noting” and linguistic playin Much Ado’s title and thematic concerns.
much ado about "noting" emphasizes importance of language, overhearing things, and rumors
the film layer motifs of voyeurism with scenes of theatrical presentation,forcing the viewers to occupy both identities simultaneously
the voyeuristic framing is almost more noticeable than the theatrical scenes because it is almost odd, while the theatrical scenes center the subject and have a wes anderson vibe
incorporates the film’s viewers,consumers of the movie
through how Whedon frames the movie using doorways, frames, mirrors, reflections, etc
Commenting on the pathological studies, Billingsley (1968) stated that no other area of American life was “more glaringly ignored, more distorted or more systematically devalued than black family life (p. 49).”
Important quote to possibly include
When designers and programmers don’t think to take into account different groups of people, then they might make designs that don’t work for everyone. This problem often shows up in how designs do or do not work for people with disabilities. But it also shows up in other areas as well.
The designer's bias, whether intentionally or unintentionally, could be worked into the design of the item. This is why it is important to have diversity in tech. Since the products will be used by everyone, it needs to be made for everyone.
The following tweet has a video of a soap dispenser that apparently was only designed to work for people with light-colored skin.[1]
I think that it is shocking that this soap dispenser only works for people of a certain skin tone, this also leaves me with a lot of questions. Is this design intentional? If so, why would the creator do this?
disabled people are often excluded from designing for themselves
While reading this week's chapter this section and this line specifically stood out to me. Companies may not fully understand someone's disability when designing a system to help them. I think it should be the standard that someone who is part of that disabled group to be a part of the design and thought process of a system. It should be required to at least get their opinion on it before the update is released and even better if they can actively take part in the designing process.
10.3. Why It Matters Who Designs# 10.3.1. Who gets designed for# When designers and programmers don’t think to take into account different groups of people, then they might make designs that don’t work for everyone. This problem often shows up in how designs do or do not work for people with disabilities. But it also shows up in other areas as well. The following tweet has a video of a soap dispenser that apparently was only designed to work for people with light-colored skin.[1] If you have ever had a problem grasping the importance of diversity in tech and its impact on society, watch this video pic.twitter.com/ZJ1Je1C4NW— Chukwuemeka Afigbo (@nke_ise) August 16, 2017 Similarly, Twitter looked into bias in how their automatic image cropping algorithm worked [j20]. 10.3.2. Who gets to be designers# In how we’ve been talking about accessible design, the way we’ve been phrasing things has implied a separation between designers who make things, and the disabled people who things are made for. And unfortunately, as researcher Dr. Cynthia Bennett [j21] points out, disabled people are often excluded from designing for themselves, or even when they do participate in the design, they aren’t considered to be the “real designers.” You can see Dr. Bennet’s research talk on this in the following Youtube Video: 10.3.3. Design Justice# We mentioned Design Justice [j22] earlier, but it is worth reiterating again here that design justice includes considering which groups get to be part of the design process itself. [1] If you can’t see the video, it shows someone with light skin putting their hand under a soap dispenser, and soap comes out. Then a person with dark skin puts their hand under a soap dispenser, and nothing happens. The person with dark skin then puts a white paper towel on their hand and then when they put their hand under the soap dispenser, soap comes out. When the person with dark skin takes off the white paper towel, the soap dispenser won’t work for them anymore.
This part made me realize how a lot of designs are made without thinking about everyone who’ll use them. That soap dispenser example was crazy — I never knew something so small could show such a big problem. It really shows why diversity in tech matters. I also thought it was interesting when Dr. Cynthia Bennett talked about how people with disabilities aren’t seen as “real designers,” even when they help create things. That’s messed up. It made me think that tech should include more voices from different people so things work better for everyone.
Then in 1966, the Bennet Freeze threw up another significant roadblock to electrification. To force negotiation between the Navajo and Hopi Tribes over a land-ownership dispute, the then commissioner of Indian affairs, Robert Bennet, imposed a development ban on 1.6 million acres of Navajo Nation land claimed by both tribes. The Bennet Freeze prevented development of homes, schools, businesses, roads, and utility infrastructure (water wells excepted). It even disallowed maintenance of structures and infrastructure on contested lands.
The Bennet Freeze was a 40 year development ban that was imposed on Navajo Nation land and forced a negotiation with the Hopi tribe over land ownership dispute.
Many Navajo Tribal members, some 13,000 households, living on the Nation’s reservation still lack access to electricity services.
Not only electricity services, water/plumbing as well.
According to the Vertex documentation [ 30 ], the API uses an LLM-basedprompt rewriter. This means that for some tasks, the solution is likely to come from the LLM insteadof the video (e.g., Fig. 55: Sudoku). We treat the system (rewriter and video generator) as a singleblack-box entity.
given that LLM's are generalist foundation models, doesn't this call veo's "zero-shot" capabilities into question? Would like to see the prompt re-writer's outputs
LTHOUGH THE UNITED STATES was founded by immigrants and has as part of its identity the notion that it welcomes the "poor and hud-dled masses,'er1...9.ns ar'e-ambivalel}f aooutTmviig~atio~--
I think this statement really captures the contradiction at the heart of America’s identity. The United States was built by immigrants and prides itself on being a place of opportunity, yet there’s a deep hypocrisy in how it treats new arrivals. People celebrate the idea of the “American Dream,” but at the same time, there’s fear and resistance toward those seeking that dream today. It’s frustrating to see how history repeats itself and how every generation of immigrants faces judgment or exclusion, even though immigration is what keeps shaping and strengthening the country. This tension shows how far the U.S. still has to go in truly living up to its values of equality and inclusion.
The rich (not all, but a large portion of them) look down with contempt upon the poor—feel themselves degraded if found among them—and think themselves insulted if spoken to by one of the “vulgar”; and the contemptible law (as they think it) which places us on a level with them, would soon be repealed could they act with the same freedom as political as in pecuniary affairs.
Observation: It is being stated that wealthy people look down on the poor and feel so entitled that it's insulting to come in contact with them. The rich believe that the laws put in place calling us equals should be overturned.
Interpretation- This text shows the imbalance between classes and how big of a deal social hierarchy actually was at the time. From this perspective the wealthy feel superior and do not believe that higher class and lower classes should have the same access or rights.
Connection- This connects to the 19th century working class movements where workers fought against the social inequality.
This connects to my learning because it gives a different insight on what the fight for social/economic equality looked like and how the movement itself got more attention.
Contingency- If a change did not occur and the wealthy won the fight with social and economic inequality to power balance even to this day would look very different.
If you are in immediate danger, call 911.If you aren’t in immediate danger, reach out to a trusted friend or family member, therapist, or volunteer with an abuse shelter or domestic violence hotline . Learn more about how to get help if you are in an emotionally or verbally abusive relationship.
The article recognizes that building strength is important, but also makes sure that the immediate practical safety of someone takes priority. This quote is useful for the section of my paper where I will begin to discuss next-steps or resources for someone deciding to leave.
Feel powerless and hopeless
A long lasting effect of emotional/verbal abuse, is the feeling of being powerless and hopeless. This state of mind makes it difficult to leave, whether it's about finding the energy or self-belief to do so. This quote demonstrates one of the mental barriers to leaving.
Emotional and verbal abuse includes insults and attempts to scare, isolate, or control you.
This quote helps to show what emotional/verbal abuse is and to set up why someone in that relationship might feel trapped and need to find the strength to leave.
For more information about emotional and verbal abuse, call the OWH Helpline at 1-800-994-9662 or check out the following resources from other organizations:
The purpose of this article is to educate and support victims of emotional/verbal abuse. This lines up with my research aim of exploring leaving abusive relationships and empowerment.
The Office on Women's Health is grateful for the medical review by: Kathleen C. Basile, Ph.D., Lead Behavioral Scientist, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Kathryn Jones, M.S.W., Public Health Advisor, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Sharon G. Smith, Ph.D., Behavioral Scientist, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) Staff
This article uses recognized sources and expert review. This is good for definitions and background, though for more detailed data, I might look at a few studies as well.
A federal government website managed by the Office on Women's Health in the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
This article is created and reviewed by recognized public health experts and hosted on a .gov domain. This indicates a high authority and trustworthiness.”
You may not think you are being abused if you're not being hurt physically.
This article is very relevant. It provides direct information on emotional/verbal abuse, and it connects well to the motivation for leaving and the effects that strengthen the case for change
Page last updated: December 6, 2024
This indicates that the information is recent and likely shows a more modern understanding of emotional and verbal abuse in relationships.
blowout
The second time that the author has used this word. Many people likely consider blowout meaning different things. In my opinion, I don't think that the Packers won in a blowout, since they only won by ten points. However, other people have a different concept of this word in terms of a football game.
near-perfect outing included a streak of 20 consecutive completions stretching from the second to the fourth quarter, tied for the longest strea
Informed opinion- "perfect" is subjective.
"He played great, played fantastic,"
Every quote and opinion that is showed in this article is from the side that believes that Love is a great player. Everyone that is attributed thinks that Love did all the right things, but there are definitely people and players out there that think the opposite, but this is not shown in this article.
The Elusive Olympia SM6? The Missing Link? Or just a regular old SM2? - YouTube<br /> by [[HotRodTypewriter]]<br /> accessed on 2025-10-26T16:16:00
Another version seen here: https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ognqwh/olympia_monica/ via u/jbhusker (who subsequently deleted his post and photos of the machine as well as the italic typeface)
When we talk about radical change, it's more than window dressing in the status quo. It means
for - MTN - UNFR - whole system change - US
fundamental
remove foundationalist diction. I still see "fundamentally" -- we need to update the language across this chapter to avoid such clunky language.
Enlightenment
ben frank was very inspired by the european enlightenment
These thinkers believed in God—many called themselves “deists.”
deism is the belief that god acts through natural laws, not miracles: reasoning over faith
But the boy didn’t take to church.
ben frank's father wanted him to be a minister but he wasn't interested
One, the Great Awakening, was a religious movement that was all about finding certainty and faith; the other, the Enlightenment, was its opposite, concerned with questioning and doubt.
two opposing movements shaped american colonial life
While modifications like Bt might reduce labor and input costs in developed countries, there has been insufficient evidence that genetically modified plants increase yields in the markets where they have now been used for decades.By contrast, when people invoke the increased yields GM delivers in places like Nigeria, this is usually about preventing loss due to crop failure and pests.
devereaux STRIKES AGAIN
Reg. 1323 Bestiaire of Pierre de Beauvais Bestiary France, 1475
https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Reg.lat.1323 When doing this comment it doesn't include the bestiary, though
2025: Bestiaire starts at: https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Reg.lat.1323//0079
In 1969, US vice president Spiro Agnew called Vietnam War protesters “effete snobs.” And the 1970s “Disco Sucks” movement was, in part, rooted in homophobia and, as summarized by writer John-Manuel Andriote, “a boiling-over of testosterone from white straight men who saw disco—and the whole club scene—as threatening to their masculinity.”
Example
I’m most often called Timmy by the people who, for various ill-defined reasons
People on social media tend to use the name Timmy to hate, troll and harass him.
Studies (e.g., Pratt et al., 2023) show that when language and literacy activities are related to their home culture, family events, and family experiences, multilingual learners are more engaged in learning.
Relatability is the quickest way to open up someone's heart and mind to what is being said.
this challenge should not prevent minoritized students from learning standardized English since withholding access to the dominant variety of English may do a disservice to raciolinguistically diverse students (e.g., Delpit, 1995; Tardy, 2016).
While learning about more fluid definitions of English, students should also be presented and comfortable with the more rigid definitions and guidelines of Standardized English, at least until a country-wide reform is feasible.
the texts written and illustrated by Latine authors by and about Latine excellence, experiences, and stories served as culturally sustaining identity texts for Latine students.
I would imagine it to be more engaging as well--one learns about their culture whilst also learning about language.
Yet, educators may also feel obligated to help students access the dominant variety to pass high-stakes tests, for example, where hegemonic and monoglossic understandings of language use are pervasive and the power of white standardized English is perpetuated.
This is the concern--so much of the US is standardized to a certain set of rules, and to break them leads to failure or punishment.
normality, as well as the monoglossic, raciolinguistic ideologies framing our understanding of normality, should be critiqued and challenged in order to decenter Eurocentric theories
Another paragraph full of incredible insight.
language is viewed as an ideological symbol, beyond a pragmatic skill and tool, which is represented by the English Only movement and its colonial history.
Language is an identifier in many ways, it speaks for others just as it does for itself.
Progressive scholars claiming that we should resist white standardized English and English Only policies are complicit in reifying these norms when we write and present in only English
This is very true. I imagine people would argue that one cannot be supportive of the idea of expanding English teaching without expanding past English--though I believe one can do both and still be in the correct stance.
unless systemic racism is eradicated--which would require significant structural changes--racialized students will continue to suffer from raciolinguistic stigmatization.
This is and always will be my biggest gripe with this subject. Education as a whole needs reform, not simply one piece of it. But then, recognition of the smaller pieces within a bigger problem is the first step in reform.
However, this approach was critiqued by educators such as Lisa Delpit (1995) for its neglect of social, linguistic, and economic disparities that disadvantaged racially minoritized students
I would argue that there is a way to embrace both, though the details are a bit unclear.
they view languages as discrete rather than reflecting the fluid language practices that exist in multilingual communities.
It certainly seems that way.
misrepresented DLE as "Spanish-only" programs that result in underachievement, although research has shown that developing both Spanish literacy and English proficiency can lead to higher success in English (MacSwan et al., 2017)
I would imagine any literacy knowledge is good knowledge to have, regardless of the language in question.
Language policies are often based on raciolinguistic ideologies, which can mediate covert linguistic racism, i.e., linguistic practices that connect to political-economic structures from which bias emerges, resulting in projects of racialization and white supremacy (Kroskrity, 2021).
Such as the ideas surrounding the presumed knowledge someone has based on their cadence and vernacular.
The linguistic resources of raciolinguistically diverse individuals are viewed from a deficit perspective because of the hegemony of white standardized English.
People who speak and write in vernacular other than standardized English are often seen as less intelligent.
For instance, language expresses the identities of individuals, which influences their literacy learning in a positive or negative manner
This can be said about a multitude of different subjects, from ethnicity to sexuality/gender to overall language discussion.
all languages are seen as inseparable entities for learning (Garcia, 2009), and students' home languages and cultures are valued.
The way things should be.
Consequently, emergent multilinguals may withdraw from participating in literacy activities when white standardized English is normalized and their linguistic and cultural differences are not accommodated (Yoon, 2008) or when they are excluded from the dominant culture and classroom (Souto-Manning et al., 2021).
This is highlighted in one of the literacy narratives we read earlier this semester, regarding the child of an immigrant being discouraged from going into English academic work due to her ethnicity and the stereotypes surrounding it. She stated that many like her took things like this to heart, even if she was too stubborn to do the same.
studies also demonstrate inequities for raciolinguistically diverse emergent multilinguals, whose heritage languages are often treated as obstacles to English proficiency that need to be eliminated (Yoon, 2015) while learners are expected to "assimilate their language practices towards idealised whiteness" (Cushing, 2023, p. 1).
In other words, the erasure of an emergent multilingual's understanding of the English language is seen as imperative to making them more fluent in standard English, as opposed to building off of their previous understanding if English.
The discourse on diversity in literacy education is often framed by race and ethnicity, but racial and ethnic identities can be more fully understood when we consider how historically minoritized learners are positioned linguistically within literacy instruction.
This is especially prevalent when considering black individuals within the civil rights context, as well as immigrant children from places with vastly different language rules.
this approach legitimates the power of white standardized English and fails to address the fundamental problem of racism.
True, however recognizing that power is crucial in overcoming it. It acts as one piece of a whole problem, and one that can't be fixed easily.
Autonomy is the need to direct your own life and work.
being able to have control over your decisions and knowing your weaknesses and strengths are ways to improve the autonomy of our life n work. the better we are in control of our decisions and be motivated to do what we say we would, the better our ideas and our drive for success.
There are two main concerns about the food industry, food safety and food waste. Once again technology can play a huge role in making food much safer and drastically reducing the amount of food wasted.
Here, Case explains that the food industry faces two big problems keeping food safe and reducing waste. He believes technology can help solve both by making it easier to monitor freshness and prevent spoilage. This shows how innovation can make our food systems smarter and more efficient, helping people waste less and stay healthier.
Case starts the book of by addressing three major industries that he believes will have the biggest impact or potential to be most impactful in the future — Healthcare, Eduction, and Food.
The Third Wave starts off by talking about the three industries he thinks are going to be the most impactful which are Healthcare, Education, and Food. In the present, at this moment we see how they Healthcare is really needed and useful. That includes things like hospitals, medicine, and more things like even toothpaste. For Education, people go to school and many want to go to college. For Food, it's simple everyone loves food.
Version 2 of this preprint has been peer-reviewed and recommended by Peer Community in Ecology.<br /> See the peer reviews and the recommendation.
In March 2023, a bug was discovered in ChatGPT, which caused aleak of information (in particular the titles of conversations with the chatbot)from one user’s chat history to other users
A ChatGPT bug in March 2023 leaked some users’ chat info to others which is kind of scary, but it makes sense since the software isn’t perfect. The paragraph makes it seem like it’s over and done with, but stuff like this could happen again. It would be better if they explained how OpenAI actually fixed it or what they’re doing to prevent future leaks, but it shows that AI isn’t totally risk-free, and people should still be careful with their data.
If, withoutthe data subject’s consent, the personal data is scraped (ie, extracted usingweb scraping technology) and used for generating new images of that namedstaff for an advertisement on tourism, for example, personal data privacylaws might have been breached.
Using people’s personal data without permission for AI could break privacy laws. That makes sense cause privacy laws are supposed to protect people, and using data for something totally different seems wrong. But the paragraph kind of assumes all countries handle this the same way, which isn’t true and makes the point weaker. It would be stronger if it gave like examples of real laws or cases where AI misused personal data.
However,this verification process may not be straightforward, as the current versionof some chatbots does not readily identify where its sources of informationare located. Improvements to ensure accountability and transparency arelikely to need to be further considered for future advances in technology.
AI tools being reliable if they are verified is what the author is saying here. Verification could be an easy step, but chatbots don’t always show sources. We are not told though how verification could be done, so this is missing that point. And the author could make the argument stronger by showing examples of AI mistakes and explaining verification steps.
As the responses from chatbots are generated from information collectedby the program rather than the fallible human memory, one may incorrectlyassume that no errors exist. However, there is material risk in relying exclusivelyon AI-generated responses without verification of the generated content.
The argument the author makes here is reasonable and sound because there are still errors that can be made using AI. There is a common belief that AI is super trusting when it comes to its information, and that is because AI is not a person, so we think it only gives correct and accurate information. Since this is not true, there is still risk associated with AI usage, since its information can be misleading.
Elon Musk’s view expressed in that tweet is different than some of the ideas of the previous owners, who at least
It's quite clear that he is in support of hate for the good of having more active users based on the tweet. I think this is a result of Egoism, for the sake of personal/corporate benefit he is willing to support unhealthy conversation.
Not the dead of sick and ailing with friends at the pillow and the fee
imagery
she had come back from burying the dead.
passive, factual, blunt tone
The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingly.
difference bwteen women and men with these dreams:
its basically saying that women are more realistic, and men are just waiitting and watching for them the dream is not described as a far away ship because they dont rely on like fantasies to keep them waiting and hping they depend of the truth theyre similar but wishes are more like hopinf for it to happen and a dream is something yhat youre trying to accomplish yourself
his dreams mocked to death by Time. That is the life of men.
holy poetic
He extended his influence to other western kingdoms through marriage alliances, for example sending his niece, Clotilde, to the Frankish king Clovis with a substantial dowry and 5,000 troops.
How did Theodoric use marriage to strengthen political alliances? Who did he send to Clovis?
A much earlier pandemic with the same cause seems to have coincided with the spread of the Yamanya into Europe, so this is a pestilence that has been killing humans for millennia.
The same disease might have appeared way earlier, when the Yamnaya people moved into Europe about 5,000 years ago. So this plague has been around killing humans for thousands of years.
In that role he had overseen trade, border negotiations, and had coordinated mutual defense against threats such as the Vandals in North Africa.
As Justin’s advisor, justinian managed trade and diplomacy. The vandals were a Germanic people who had taken control of parts of North Africa and were seen as enemies of the empire.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which although its capital was Ravenna still considered the ancient city of Rome as its spiritual center, the people Romans had described as "barbarians" established kingdoms and occupied many territories where their descendants live to the present day.
Even though the Western Empire’s government had shifted to Ravenna for security reasons, Rome remained symbolically the heart of the empire. The so called “barbarians” were non roman peoples who founded the early medieval kingdoms of Europe.
Han Wu (156-87 BCE) was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty, who ascended the throne at age fourteen and ruled for 54 years. Emperor Wu inherited a land threatened by aggressive neighbors such as the Xiongnu (Huns), but led the empire through its rapidest period of territorial growth.
Im so surprised that Han Wu took over when there was conflict at age 14 and still led them to the best period of growth.
The Silk Road was not a single highway, but a series of overland routes that connected China with the Mediterranean, Europe, and Africa. Although east-west trade had existed since the Bronze Age, Han Wu's conquest of the Xiongnu and reorganization of the economy provided a more stable route as well as products that would be valued in the West.
The Silk Road used to get things like spices from India all the way to England.
Roman concrete, which was able even to set underwater, was so durable that concrete domes such as the 71-foot Temple of Mercury at Baiae, built in the 1st century BCE, are still standing.
Its so shocking how they found that out so long ago but isstill so useful is todays time.
At eighteen, Alexander led cavalry at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BCE), which cemented Macedonian control over Greec
It shocking to me how at 18 he lead a cavalry and at 20 he took the throne.
a man who is generally considered the first "scientific historian". Thucydides claimed to be impartial and wrote his narrative based on both his own experiences and evidence he had gathered. Unlike his contemporaries and previous historians, he did not attribute actions or motivations to the interference of the gods.
He stayed with the facts of the war and used evidence he had gathered.
. A main change has been, of course, that shifting of the Negro population which has made the Negro problem no longer exclusively or even predominantly Southern.
Migration of Black Americans from the South to other parts of the U.S. made racial issues a national, not just Southern, concern.
Make clear that Belo pulls in data input from operatives, not just from the environment
Here's a test comment.
// meta in0
new term: in0
using the word naught for zero
in-nought that does sound like note
wen you write a note paragraph of text using
markdown you can say I am writing a note with nmork down
If you want to refer to ablock of text or a note that uses markdown I would propose to use the name 0down or down0
similarly when you write with mark up notatation a note coud say up0 a nte writteen using mark up
for annotation text use
an0 a short for annotation
and finally can talk about a note or text using in line notation refer to it as in0
As notations
gloss-in0
gloss-down0
gloss-up0
gloss-an0
gloss-in0
can call it 0up
The key findings of the article are that practice-based research is a research approach that has yet to reach a settled status in terms of its definition and discourse, and that it involves a systematic investigation to establish facts, test theories, and reach new knowledge or new understandings through the creation of artifacts.
khjluluglgliglhhh?