Because history is something we are supposed to learn from and not repeat it is hard to see the deployment and a result and cycle of police brutality occurring throughout different time periods. Especially over human rights protests.

“2 trillion” sounds like a horrible number, and it's in U.S. dollars, so I can't imagine how big a number it is. In sighing at the number of spending so big at the same time I can understand, my family is also open a chain of drugstores, although not every day business is very good, but in our family drugstore there are too many old customers, they are sick or small illnesses have to go to see a doctor to buy a drug, who did not have a few boxes of medicine stored at home this year!

It would be useful to explain the meaning of " -1" in the formula.

Is a Spanish word that means on the contrary

To me, I understand this as how the expectations we set can differ rom the cruel reality of things. The passage basically says that we see Mars as a perfect version of Earth which is healed by our dreams. However, if we were to actually go there somehow we would realize it’s more similar to Earth then our dreams imagined

I believe that with the rise of weblogs, it allowed individuals to be able to easily share their thoughts and experiences with a broader audience on the social media. The platform LiveJournal was able to foster and create early forms of online communities with the help of reader engagement and feedback on the platform.

It's crazy how long these social networking services have been out for and still continue to be popular today. Facebook makes it really easy to connect with other people that are far away so I think that's a big reason why people still use it.

This is the main point of this paper

O Mustafa Kabha εργαζεται σε Ισραηλινο πανεπιστημιο:

Mustafa Kabha is full Professor in the Department of History, Philosophy and Judaic Studies and the Head of the Middle Eastern studies at the Open University of Israel.

Το μεμαλοποιει, στη λιστα με τις σφαγες στη Wikipedia δεν βρισκω πολλες τετοιες.

Παλι εδω η θεωρια πως οι Αραβες ειναι γενετικα ολοι τους απογονοι του Μωαμεθ, και οχι οτι ηταν μια πολιτιστικη/θρησκευτικη επεκταση. Με τη 2η ερνηνεια, ο ορος "χριστιανος αραβας" δεν βγαζει παντα νοημα:

The concept of an Arab Christian identity remains contentious, with some Arabic-speaking Christian groups in the Middle East, such as Assyrians, Armenians, Greeks and others, rejecting an Arab identity. Individuals from Egypt's Coptic Christian community and Lebanon's Maronite community sometimes assume a non-Arab identity.

Εδω μαλλον εννοει τους Μαρωνιτες. Σιγουρα αυτοι συνομωτισαν εναντια στους Παλαιστινιους προσφυγες το '80.

want more information regarding the government to be public

This is an example of mal-information. This is an example because it is someone posting a leak on the internet. They posted this knowing that it would get the company in trouble and that it was also harmful to the company. This could make many frequent Disney guests mad at this information that is made up and quite honestly illegal. They posted this leak on many different social media platforms. One would know that this is mal-information because it is from an unreliable source that is not confirmed from Disney themselves. This leak is not considered something that Disney stands for with their family friendly environment and would cause lots of negative controversy around the Disney world and fanbase.

I believe that AIM was an extremely pivotal in shaping the way that we interact online as it was able to introduce the way that we could use real time-digital communication and status updates to talk to other people. After reflecting on the influence that AIM had on digital communication, I believe it really helped set the foundation for many of the features that social media apps use today.

I didn't think that emails were created around the 60's and 70's this actually surprises me. They've been around for a long time now I wonder if people received emails instantly back then and if not how long would it take for them to get sent? It only us a couple seconds to receive an email.

IRC was influential in the early development of online communities, offering a decentralized, flexible, and open environment for communication, which contributed to its popularity in the 1990s. Although it's less popular now, IRC still has a dedicated user base, and its influence can be seen in modern chat tools like Slack, Discord, and others.

I believe IRC and Discord are quite similar, despite being social media platforms from different decades. On Discord, like IRC, users can join groups focused on specific topics. Within these groups, there are designated channels for particular discussions. For example, the UW swim club has its own group, and within that group, separate channels like "workouts" or "swim times" help keep conversations organized and clear for everyone.

This is another line that really goes into how the character feels about Harlem and the things they went through saying that when they came back to Harlem, even though he was older everything was pretty much the same. Sometimes we go through things in our past that if we go back to the original place, it can bring feelings of sorrow rather than just nostalgia which is an important message in this story.

This passage was by far my favorite. I love how Baldwin is saying that even though he may be feeling sad or have faced may things in life, he can play beautiful music. His life and him breathing is so important as a musician because he can use those feelings or emotions to his advantage to help spread to message to anyone who hears it and as a musician, he would have the control to make it do what he wanted it to.

This really stuck out to me. In a way I thought it was powerful because he feels he is changing in his character or personality which results from the trauma he has faced and the sadness that the character feels.

I wonder why they never cared about what was going on in Sonny's friend's life, what he had been through, if anything. And why did they not question the boy on why he was always waiting in the courtyard?

I was pretty confused when I was reading this sentence. I knew that something happened to Sonny but they were never really clear on what. But then they said he got hung so I took it in the context of he was dead, but as the story went on that was obviously not the case so now I think that they meant more so he got hung up on things he shouldn't have been.

I really liked this sentence because it gave the story the ending that it needed, this sentence showed that Sonny was okay; that he had turned over a new leaf and that he was not going back to the person he was before.

*Whats significant about this comment to me, is the authors use of light and darkness. He has an unique take on it, and this is especially noticeable when he makes this statement, about when the light comes on the kid is filled with dark. Its like Bane from Batman who has a well known statement about how he was born in the darkness, and the difference of this versus somebody like batman who adopted it. This child and the environment had turned so dark that light represented having to experience life going on. This is a beautiful way of explaining how life experiences aren`t always so light and dark, and the different ways light can be perceived to those born in the dark. *

A lot of times siblings say more informal things to each other so it was nice to see the author convey that here and show what the relationship between two siblings is like.

I think that all throughout the story he's trying to get into Sonny's world. At first he doesn't want to be in his world, here he is trying to get in.

I think a lot of times students assume that teachers don't want to be there when they themselves don't like school much so I wonder if this is what the author was trying to convey?

The use of repetition here, I think, is a really good way to start the passage because it sets the reader up for how the main character is as a person.

I think "the low ceiling of their actual possibilities" is a line that very strongly resonates throughout the entire story. Both brothers tried to break that ceiling.

I like this line because it demonstrates how some people don't take into consideration how serious a situation can get.

I feel like this what goes through every addicts mind whenever they think about their past actions and most of the time they are able to get help and get clean but there is always the few that realize they need help but don't do anything about it

The narrator didn't realize or maybe even understand Sonny's suffering because he never experienced it himself but after his daughter's passing he knew and understood.

Even though this is only the title, I think it is a perfect way to title the story. It encapsulates the theme of Sonny's fight with addiction while talking about his love of music

"I suddenly had the feeling that I didn't know him at all." I like this part a lot. It's simple, but I feel as though it holds a lot of weight. People we once knew can feel like strangers in just a blink of an eye.

This particular part is very descriptive, the use of light and dark adds extra feeling to it. "The darkness outside is what the old folks have been talking about." right after talking about how when the light turns on, the child will be filled with darkness. The child will see the reality of the world around them, and that will fill them with the darkness the author speaks of. It leaves you with a gloomy/upset feeling.

I really love this opening, it grabs the readers attention and leaves you wondering what the narrator is talking about. It compels the reader to keep reading!

After everything Sonny has been through as well as the Narrater they both don't know how to communicate with each other. Sonny does not seem like himself because he has been through a trauma which can seem to the narrater there is no way to get through to him. Could open communication solve this issue?

I agree, everyone will find their own way of researching, and it might be altered by the issue. That said, this article gives a nice guide for those new to legal research, and I’m sure if followed will produce worthwhile results.

Obviously there is no method to guarantee our perfect case will be found, yet this seems so frustrating. You can go through the whole research process, doing each step as well as it can be done, and still not end up finding what you're looking for. Sometimes the "case just like mine" doesn't exist which is quite the bitter conclusion to reach after a lengthy research process.

Differences in situations like the author describes here have been frustrating for me outside of research in law school. Considering that I am still new to this, I will get to a point where I feel comfortable with an idea that I have been learning and then a slight change will warrant a completely different approach that I am not familiar with and I have to start all over again. I feel like the author's last sentence of this paragraph is really more of a euphemistic way to say that everyone will have their own mental scars from dealing with their particular "special situations."

This idea of legal research and practice being an art more than a science is intriguing to me. It seems to me that a great deal of what we have learned so far in LRW or our other classes has been a mixture of both. I find that my mind feels comfortable with procedures and rules that are in theory rigid and clear, but then the application to a fact pattern or a slight shift in interpreting the exact words, "make[s] all the difference in the world as regards the results..."

This is such an interesting way to play strategy in law, one that I would never think of to use. I wonder if why I am surprised by this approach is my technological outlook on research. Most of the research I have done throughout my life has been via internet, primary source or secondary. Because of this, I imagine when I am doing research that we have all of the same access to resources. The idea of hiding a law book has its own implications because of the innate nature of law resources as a whole. As discussed in my library tour with Professor Creed, law firms are limited on research resources because of the cost of these materials. This strategy is especially perfect for the law industry as the materials are as limited as mentioned.

Is there such a thing as being too specific? I feel like the problems with the law and the lack of understanding derive from getting so granular that the wording begins to lose focus. Certain topics require specificity, but I can't quite agree with language that is so unreachable. Why not write like Hemingway?

That has to be frustrating- doing all that research, thinking you have the right case law in hand only to find out that there is new law that changes your support. This I hope will make me weary of neglecting to stay current on decisions in my field of practice, so i'm not as easily surprised. On the contrary, It'll make me more prepared for changes in law.

I really like how the author tells us her process for which resources to use and when to use when answering her problem. I also like how she acknowledges that this is the way that works for her and just because it works for her does not mean it is superior than another way in which others may tackle the same problem. I think the important concept is to find a way that works for you and acknowledging that it is not less efficient or wrong to start with a different source than others. It is going to take us some time to figure out what works best for us but this gives us a good idea for a starting point.

They were saying earlier in the text that legal research is a science. This section here truly explains why that is true. In science there are so many things that touch that specific topic, and, as a researcher, you must know where to start and how to look through these related items. The pooling of knowledge is imperative if we want growth and understanding as there are just too many things to look at. Pooling knowledge allows the field to come to an agreement of what rule they want to follow and any other approaches that people have tried that work or don't work. In the law we need to have a consensus on how we are interpreting and applying the law or we will not have the results that we are looking for when implementing them.

The fixed effects method allows us

This is so good to learn about it, history have a way to repeat itself, this event reminds me about what just happen in 2020 which the crazy speculation with the crypto monodies. a lot of people were even taking a loans to invest in crypto believing they could get rich easy and lost a lot of money, Good reflection.

Review coordinated by Life Science Editors Foundation

Reviewed by: Dr. Angela Andersen, Life Science Editors Foundation & Life Science Editors. *Assisted substantially by NotebookLM.

Potential Conflicts of Interest: Angela thinks Olivia Rissland is everything a scientist should be.

What is an N-degron? N-degrons are short amino acid sequences located at the N-terminus of a protein that signal for the protein's degradation. This process is an essential part of protein quality control and regulation within cells. N-degrons are recognized by specific E3 ubiquitin ligases, also known as N-recognins, which help target the protein for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.

How was this new Arg/N-degron pathway discovered? The authors were initially studying how N-terminal sequences affect gene expression using a reporter gene assay. They found that a specific tripeptide motif (KIH) inserted at the N-terminus of a reporter protein led to a dramatic decrease in protein expression. Further investigation revealed that this decrease was due to rapid protein degradation, indicating the presence of a novel N-degron.

What are the key features of this new N-degron pathway? This newly discovered N-degron pathway targets proteins with a lysine (K) or arginine (R) residue at the third position (position 3) from the N-terminus. Importantly, this pathway requires: * • Methionine Removal: The initiator methionine (M) at position 1 must be removed by the enzyme methionine aminopeptidase 2 (MetAP2) for the degron to be active. * • UBR4 Recognition: The E3 ligase UBR4, but not UBR1 or UBR2, recognizes this specific degron and initiates the degradation process.

Why is the identity of the second amino acid important? The second amino acid plays a crucial role in determining whether MetAP2 can cleave the initiator methionine. This study found that the degron is only active when the second amino acid is threonine (T) or valine (V). These amino acids allow MetAP2 to remove the methionine, exposing the lysine or arginine at position 3 for recognition by UBR4. In contrast, if the second amino acid is alanine (A) or serine (S), MetAP1 removes the methionine. The researchers hypothesize that these N-termini are then acetylated, preventing UBR4 recognition.

Is there evidence that this pathway affects endogenous proteins? Yes, analysis of previously published data and additional experiments by the researchers suggest that this MetAP2-UBR4 pathway is not limited to artificial reporter systems. They found that endogenous proteins with MTK or MVK N-termini were less stable than those with other amino acids at position.

Does UBR4 work alone in this pathway? UBR4 appears to function as part of a complex with the protein KCMF1 to degrade proteins containing this new degron. Experiments showed that disrupting the UBR4-KCMF1 complex stabilized the degradation of reporter proteins containing the KIH degron.

What is the broader significance of this discovery? The identification of this new Arg/N-degron pathway expands our understanding of the N-end rule, a fundamental mechanism for protein degradation in cells. It highlights the complexity of this system and reveals how the interplay between different enzymes like MetAP2 and E3 ligases like UBR4 can fine-tune protein stability. Additionally, it suggests that there may be other undiscovered N-degron pathways that remain to be characterized.

What questions still need to be answered about this new pathway? This study raises several new questions, including: * • Substrate Specificity: What are the precise rules governing UBR4 recognition of position 3 lysine and arginine degrons? Do other amino acids in the protein sequence affect degron recognition? * • Physiological Roles: What are the specific cellular processes and pathways regulated by this MetAP2-UBR4 N-degron pathway? * • Evolutionary Conservation: Is this pathway conserved in other organisms, or is it unique to mammals? * • Therapeutic Potential: Could this pathway be targeted for therapeutic purposes? For example, could stabilizing proteins involved in disease by manipulating this pathway be beneficial?

What was not known: * • Whether a lysine or arginine residue at position 3 of a protein could act as an N-degron. * • Whether MetAP2 could play a role in initiating N-degron-mediated degradation.

What this preprint reveals: * • A new family of N-degrons: The study identified a new class of N-degrons characterized by a lysine or arginine residue at position 3, following a methionine at position 1 and a MetAP2-cleavable residue (threonine or valine) at position * • MetAP2-dependent initiation of the Arg/N-degron pathway: The study found that MetAP2-mediated removal of the initiator methionine is essential for the recognition and degradation of these position 3 lysine/arginine degrons. This is the first demonstration of MetAP2's involvement in this pathway * • UBR4 as the primary E3 ligase: UBR4, rather than UBR1 or UBR2, was identified as the primary E3 ligase responsible for recognizing and targeting proteins with the newly identified position 3 degrons for degradation. * • Role of downstream residues: The study showed that amino acid residues downstream of the position 3 lysine/arginine can influence both methionine cleavage by MetAP2 and recognition by UBR4, highlighting the complexity of the N-degron pathway. * • Endogenous protein regulation: The study provided evidence suggesting that this MetAP2-dependent, UBR4-mediated Arg/N-degron pathway regulates the stability of endogenous proteins, highlighting its broader biological significance.

Ang's take- somewhat specialized and 'ectopic' but important, thorough, and unambiguous. Satisfying. Very likely to be physiologically relevant even though most of the assays were done with reporters. Regardless, showing that this rule 'is' true is useful for technological applications.

There is so much racism, inequality, and atrocities that have happened in Orange County's past, yet there is little conversation about it now to recognize it. It is privilege to be able to commit all of these acts, and then forget them, yet the people who they've affected will forever remember and be affected by their actions. It also shows that there's a lot of history to unpack that many of us are probably unaware about.

The geographic location in which an individual resides plays a significant role in determining their ability to advance socioeconomically. This influence comes various factors such as the quality of educational institutions, the availability of diverse job opportunities, the strength of social networks, and the extent of community infrastructure. These elements can vary widely from one area to another, which leads to disparities in economic mobility. For instance, even within California, the economic opportunities and social dynamics in Los Angeles differ markedly from those in neighboring regions such as Orange County. or Irvine.

This just shows how difficult it is to climb the income ladder. Lampra, who went to school for a specific practice, still struggles to find work, despite the work, time, and money she put into gaining skills and knowledge about her practice. Having connections is important, but difficult when you may not have access to resources and opportunities to build those connections. For Michael, "network engineer" sounds like a job that also requires education and that he has to be equipped with the right skills to do well. However, it does not come with health insurance which makes it a lot more difficult to support him and his family.

When thinking back to Week 1 when we discussed the purpose of schools, a majority of the class voted for "social mobility" as the main purpose of schools now, and I agree with this. However, reading about the effects of where you live and seeing the map of different districts on Tuesday, makes me wonder if this can be possible for students and families who live in poverty.

According to a Google search of the word "Mountebanks," a mountebank is "a person who deceives others, especially in order to trick them out of their money; a charlatan." However, Google also provides a "historical" definition, which reads: "a person who sold patent medicines in public places." In this sentence, Michael Maier appears to be calling on the knowledge of jugglers and mountebanks in order to argue that just as one can expel worms out of children by using other worms, one can kill a dragon through the power of its brother and sister. However, I wonder why Maier would call on a source that is connoted as inherently being "a charlatan." Or was that reputation to arise during a later period, and at this point they were not considered charlatans and were simply vendors of patent medicines? I'm also curious about who these jugglers were. Did early modern Europe have a juggler profession? How were they funded, if so? Or is the meaning less literal?

I looked up this word because I did not know it and found that it is defined as "the ‘sperm’ (sometimes ‘menstruum’) of the world, and ‘our Mercury’ (philosophical mercury as opposed to common mercury)." (Here is the link to the source where I found that definition.) This definition reminded me of how "The generation of the philosophers’ stone might be framed in terms of human or animal reproduction" (source). I wonder what might be the reasoning behind calling to mind human reproduction when discussing alchemy. One guess I have is that human reproduction is a natural process, so if making the philosopher's stone is a process similar to that, it can't be diabolical because it is as natural as giving birth. However, that is just a guess of mine.

It is interesting to read because the comparison of Santa ana and Troy school and because of the location, it is more probable to have drop out rates. Especially because of the kind of people that go to the school, it's sad that it is compared like that. I know i would look at it different of people dropping out because they do not feel the support from staff and at home as to why they tend to give up.

I would focus this more on their physical fitness. I would compare this more to how physical appearance tends to me towards semi obesity when it comes down to low income because we tend to eat just junk food because of being on the run. It happens both ways and not being physically right or be more active. I can also relate this to sports. A lot of kids in my school would not do sports because of how expensive buying gear was. even if we thought it wasn't expensive, it is because it is money that you do not plan to spend as we live check to check.

This completely makes sense in the involvement based on the school or city you're in. I can say I see the difference with working in Orange County and the activities we give to the students or even with the supplies i know its something that my city where i grew up in would have. An example would be my coordinators bringing in animals to do a mini zoo for the kids and bringing in snakes, big tortoises, and just activities that i know in my after school we would not have opportunities provided like that from the school. Everything is different when it is more of the chools involvement for the school.

This study should be about the area in general not two families that support the evidence they are trying to make.

As a graduate from Fullerton High , we have a similar percentage of latin students to Santa Ana high . Troy High is a tech school their latin percentage is not in the same ballpark.

I went to school near this area at the time , I would have to say I saw more growth in numbers from the asian and middle eastern communities. The latino population of Fullerton is near mostly downtown.

This is a fun fact to know as by the name you would think other wise

It’s interesting to see how they actually worked hand in hand in some ways.

They had many ways to learn with many books available to them

A lot of the important things flourished in Spain and that’s intriguing.

it is interesting that they work together for these textiles because usually we see men and women have vastly different jobs back in history.

The spinning wheel was a really important inventions as that brought other important innovations.

It’s interesting that until the growth of towns is when craftsmen became important and not sooner.

This quote is important to understand who invented these machines and how they were utilized.

In our discussion section, we have been talking a lot about how knowledge production during the early modern period was, at times, a means toward gatekeeping and, in doing so, maintained hierarchies of class and gender, for example. Similarly, in Magus, the credibility of a magus often depended on their ability to neatly frame themselves as one of those magi who skillfully drew upon elements that already existed in nature rather than a magus who conspired with the devil to produce effects. I feel that Michael Maier is doing something similar here, as he establishes his credibility by setting himself apart from those "strangers to all good learning and intention."

It seems cannons where a big use in war in the older times of wars.

It’s interesting to see how wars was in the older times compared to now.

Gunpowder has been around for a long time and it interesting to see how it’s improved and how it’s used now.

It’s interesting how it was invented in the 15th century and how it moved to other places.

WorkBC want people with disabilities to take the opportunity to work and get further involvement in the community

more resourceful sites! i think it's very thoughtful to add in considering the fact post-secondary can be really scary for some people. it gives people an ease of mind knowing they have guides to lead them

a lot of reliable resources for those who want to go into post-secondary, they seem to be good sites to encourage their education/passion! unlike the past of being denied and bashed to let into school, theres education programs to not only make people w disabilities feel included, but get the education they deserve in our community

Like I said in previous readings you are the product of your environment . Pick up the good and throw out the bad. It may change the outlook on life.

I believe our upbringing can effect our growth, but it does not mean we want to fail. Sometimes life gets in the way and priorities change. I believe people of color like myself have to work just a little bit harder to achieve the same recognition, but its okay doe not mean giving up something that makes us better.

Each Student's mind thinks and works differently. The teacher makes a big difference . I believe free tutoring should be apart of everyones education if needed.

In education and in life we should not continue to separate by race. It comes down to resources and teachers without proper funding the care for education will continue to diminish.

How did she overcome her struggle? Did she obtain a tutor , pay someone to do her math work? What advantages did she get because of her social standing.

Sadly, this exists also now, as the world slowly gets slightly more and more horrible and dystopian.

To accuse a man for crimes based on the testimony of a single person is unjust and horrible.

This would continue until near the end of the 20th century.

I do fear there is a lack of knowledge in what these chemicals can do long term not just in the short term.

A great example of this is the Cane toad in Australia. Were introduced to get rid of pests and now have taken over.

this is called gene flow!!! the movement of alleles from one population to another.

lol ya I don't think we as a Society are going to look too smart. I also feel it relies a lot on context it's so easy to look back in the past and think how dumb but they only had so much knowledge at that time.

There was a video released of high schoolers during the Cold War asking what they wanted to do in the future. A lot of them replied there wasn't going to be one because of the nuclear war or that they didn't think it was going to be a good fucher. This of course didn't happen but you could see the fear in general ideology of the time. This has a very similar feel and I wonder if it was written in the same time farm or this Author was at a critical point in life when this happened to be so impacted.

Also isn't this kind of counterintuitive to what she was saying before where animals couldn't evolve fast enough for the chemicals we were creating? I totally get the point that yes we are creating an habitat that isn't livable but I just found it ironic.

I went to Europe for the first time this summer and it was amazing what chemicals they didn't allow in their food in comparison to the US.

this is called Bioaccumulation one of the most Famous cases are in fish.

This made me think of the cases the acid rain that happened in the US in the late 70's I believes. It was a result of the Air pollutants that acidified the rain but this has been reduced Just in my lifetime and is a great Example of change that can happen.

I don't think this is true, there's so many species that alter their habitat and the world around them. Just think of plankton and how they help build the atmosphere and creates most of the oxygen we use.

Ok, I've definitely gone down the youtube rabbit hole of watching various things this group has done. It's interesting to know that a group who had an actual impact on the world started as a 4chan group.

This is fairly interesting, and something my discussion partner brought up in week two. I get that in some sense books are considered social media, but I feel like they have slipped away from that definition with new social media platforms becoming more and more prevailent. My biggest question regarding this is whether or not the lack of ability to recieve feedback directly through a boom would disqualify it from a more modern understanding of what constitutes social media.

This is very true, I witnessed violence in my childhood due to my neighbors on a weekly basis . The children went from being so joyful and happy , to isolated and dull. The mind wants to escape, the only way to do that is to take your mind elsewhere.

Nutrition is one of the most crucial parts in youth growth & development . Food is like Gasoline, our bodies are cars without proper fuel we can not possibly have the energy to grow in anyway.

The author has argued that a conservative EPA will take its cues from the states, even turn leadership in pollution control over "to the states." The regional offices mentioned here are the agency's primary vehicle for engaging with the states. But this recommendation advocates greater headquarters control over these regional offices, which conflicts with the earlier-expressed desire to work more collaboratively with the states. The author's jarring swerve here toward calling for centralization stems from what is apparently a higher goal: stymying or eliminating any efforts toward environmental justice within the agency.

Once again, the author is framing environmental justice as a priority only of the Biden administration. Civil rights and environmental justice have been long-standing concerns at the EPA, beginning under Republican leadershipl, when President George Bush first established an Office of Environmental Equity in 1991.

See comment #70 above as well others on the Foreword section of the document.

The author's failure to offer specific examples of how the Biden administration has "broadened" the EPA's use of Title VI, or to specify "long-standing understandings of the legal limits of that authority" reflects the speciousness of this argument. In the 1970s and 1980s, the EPA  circumscribed its statutory obligations under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. President Clinton's Executive Order 12898 of 1994 along with the creation of the Office of Environmental Justice within EPA (from an earlier Office of Environmental Equity established under Bush), were important efforts to bring the agency into compliance with federal law.

https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/111/1/71/7695574?redirectedFrom=fulltext

The Inflation Reduction Act invests $1.5 million to provide support for basic science research at the national laboratories.  https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/fact-sheet-inflation-reduction-act-supporting-future-doe-science#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20Inflation,and%20national%20laboratory%20infrastructure%20projects.

Precautionary models, including assumptions of "low-dose linear nonthresholds," have been central to EPA risk assessments since risk assessment itself began at the agency in the late 1970s.  Doing away with them would radically alter the EPA's safety levels for all chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer, for endocrine disruptors, and alll substances otherwise well-established as having no safe level  of exposure, such as lead.  Rejection of such models, apparently because of the "opaque decisions" and "disportionate economic impacts" they are accused of causing, flies in the face of consensual statements of public health professionals like the article below, which hold that "hazard and risk assessments should not assume existence of a 'safe' or 'no-risk' level of chemical exposure in the diverse general population."    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00930-3.

Precisely what the Trump administration sought to do, by trying to forbid those with EPA grants from serving as well as appointing more members who were corporate scientists-for-hire (working for regulated companies or corporate consulting firms), or also scientists working environmental agencies in Texas and other red states. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/14/583972957/top-epa-science-adviser-has-history-of-questioning-pollution-research https://www.eenews.net/articles/boards-add-industry-and-state-officials-drop-scientists/ https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/

Scientific advisory committees play a crucial and cost-effective role in making available to the EPA the best in contemporary knowledge in environmental sciences and policy to inform agency decision-making. For what the Trump administration actually did to these, see charts 1-3 in https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Most all the criticisms tallied here come from conservative and industry-allied critics.  EPA's scientific programs were targeted by severe cuts during the Trump Administration, which through the intervention of Congress were limited to actual cuts of 14% to 35.6% between FY2016 and FY2019.  See among other charts #s 2, 4, 8-10 in  https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Only the second call that more--not fewer--resources need to be devoted to an EPA program.   But during the Trump administration, research into "chemical safety for sustainability" was reduced by 35.6% between FY2016 and FY2019, surpassing the cuts in all other EPA research programs. See esp. chart 9 in https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Recent studies of the health effects of pesticides are sobering. Researchers investigated what happened in several rural counties where White-Nose Syndrome caused a sharp decrease in the number of bats, who eat insects. Pesticide use on nearby farms went up by 30% -- and infant mortality in those same counties went up by almost 8%. Cost-benefit balancing must include the most recent research on costs as well as benefits of these powerful chemicals.  https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg0344

Yet another plan that will further strip the agency of scientific capacity, going beyond what was done in the Trump years.https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Given this emphasis on "productivity" in OLEM, it is worth noting how the Trump administration, the first to introduce ELMS to the agency, actually did on the Superfund front.  Between December 2016 and December 2019, the EPA office in charge of Superfund had lost 14.5% of its staff.  https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/ In 2019, "the EPA cleaned up the fewest sites of any year before the 1980s, as site backlogs were reaching a 15 year high." https://apnews.com/article/c1d827364ac630d53848ac3ec489788d

This is a repeat of the Trump administration's unsuccessful effort to sharply limit the waters to which the Clean Water Act is applicable.  In 2019, the Trump administration proposed a rule that would have removed protections for 1 in 5 river miles and 50% of wetlands previously protected.  That rule was replaced by a new rule finalized in 2023 that restored many of the earlier protections, though a Supreme Court decision in Sackett vs. EPA that same year struck down a wider definition of protected waters.   https://www.americanprogress.org/article/debunking-trump-administrations-new-water-rule/ https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-army-finalize-rule-establishing-definition-wotus-and-restoring-fundamental https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-454_4g15.pdf For context, see chapter 3 in https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674979970.

Political appointees to the EPA have been confined to leadership of the Administrator and program offices at the headquarters, along with regional office leadership.   Making political appointments to head these scientific wings of the agency could deepen a new administration's interventions into the agency's ongoing scientific work, going beyond the severe cuts and de-prioritization of agency science during the Trump administration.  https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/ https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

The 2009 endangerment finding, completed by the Obama Administration EPA in response to a court order, gathered the abundant evidence available by 2011 to declare that the EPA could regulate greenhouse gas emissions as threats to public health and welfare under the Clean Air Act. https://www.apeoplesepa.org/home/climate Ever since, it has been a dream of many in the conservative movement to reverse this finding, thereby pulling the legal rug out from any regulation of greenhouse emissions.  While some  in the Trump Administration resisted such a move, including this chapter's author, others did undertake a last minute unsuccessful move to try and overturn it.  It appears that Project 2025 authors would now like to take another crack at the finding, at least to "update" it.  https://www.eenews.net/articles/inside-the-trump-epas-final-moves-on-climate/

Current EPA reporting requirements for greenhouse emissions only apply to about 8,000 facilities in the US. While these cover about 85-90% of U.S. greenhouse emissions, most genuinely small businesses are already exempted from having to report these. https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting US firms' reportage of greenhouse emissions has been falling behind that of "global peers" according to MSCI Sustainbility Institute https://www.msci-institute.com/insights/us-firms-fall-further-behind-global-peers-on-climate-disclosure/

Members of Congress cannot be expected to have the requisite expertise, as Congress itself acknowledged through its broad framing of the Clean Air Act. Highlighting "the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution," calling for "a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution," it generally authorized the Executive Branch "to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of its population." Nowhere does the Act suggest an expectation that the authorized agency come back to Congress for the standard-settting needed to accomplish such a goal. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2013-title42/html/USCODE-2013-title42-chap85-subchapI-partA-sec7401.htm

Here and elsewhere, this author evinces a special animus against the many programs set up by the Biden EPA to fund and otherwise support community-based organizations addressing the pollution and other environmental impacts facing disadvantaged communities, under the Justice40 initiative led by the Biden White House https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40-epa

Best Available Control Technology, a higher standard than "reasonably available" should remain the standard to protect public health. For more on when each standard is currently applied, see https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/setting-emissions-standards-based-technology-performance

Currently, “co-benefits” — benefits from a regulation that are ancillary to its intended purpose — must be considered alongside direct benefits for there to be an accurate cost-benefit analysis. For instance, when the EPA adopted its mercury rule to limit toxic mercury emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants, the agency rightly included the co-benefits from reductions in fine particulate matter that would result from the installation of pollution control equipment used to reduce mercury emissions. Legalistically excluding the co-benefits of a rule, on the other hand, would make it harder for EPA to justify that rule, and stymie its ability to move against the multiple public health threats faced by many communities. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/reckoning-conservatives-bad-faith-cost-benefit-analysis/#:~:text=The%20demise%20of%20regulatory%20cost,conflicts%20with%20their%20deregulatory%20goals.

On the actual state of the scientific study of climate change at the time of the passage of the Clean Air Act, suggesting greehouse emissions were relevant to original ntent of the act, see https://www.ecologylawquarterly.org/print/climate-change-and-the-clean-air-act-of-1970-part-i-the-scientific-basis/ From the abstract: "In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court held that the 1970 Clean Air Act granted the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate greenhouse gases as air pollution. But, while the Court found the Act to 'confer the flexibility necessary” to respond to “changing circumstances,' the Justices expressed skepticism that legislators in 1970 would have been familiar with the climate-altering effects of CO2 and other heat-trapping gases. At the time of the Clean Air Act’s passage, the Court wrote, 'the study of climate change was in its infancy.' That statement was misleading. By the late 1960s, scientists knew that greenhouse gases, derived from fossil fuel combustion, could alter the global climate with potentially serious and deleterious ensuing effects."

Auguring a more sophisticated effort to accomplish more of what a first Trump administration tried to do but was partly stymied by Congress: greatly reduce EPA budgets and staff. See charts 8 and 11-15 here: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Auguring a more sophisticated effort to accomplish more of what a first Trump administration tried to do but was partly stymied by Congress: greatly reduce EPA budgets and staff.  For documentation, see for instance charts 4, 6, 9, 11 here: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Targeting the several grant programs set up during the Biden administration to funnel more funding support to organizations representing "environmental justice" communities. For instance, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-thriving-communities-grantmaking-program

Here, "diversity of scientific viewpoints," a rhetoric honed by Trump-appointed EPA political leadership, codes for diminishing the voice of academic scientists on these boards.  The previous Trump adminstration sought to undermine these boards by barring membership for academics with EPA grants, while expanding their membership share of corporate or consultancy (science-for-hire) experts.  See charts 1-3 here: https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/

The Trump Administration targeted the Office of Children's Health, set up to better ensure environmental protection of children, are more vulnerable to many environmental threats such as lead and other toxics.  Undermining the OCH's leadership, the Trump EPA reduced staff by 40%.  This proposal to remove it from the overarching Administrator's Office and split it across or move it into one of the "media offices" is likely to reduce its influence still further.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8713602/#:~:text=The%20EPA%20established%20the%20Office,science%2C%20programs%2C%20and%20policy.

The first Environmental Education Act, passed in 1970, was a bi-partisan effort. Public school education on environmental issues has proven effective in helping children both understand environmental crises as well as develop a sense of agency towards solving them.

The Trump Administration sought to curb environmental education efforts by the agency,  from this office to its websites to the information it provided for public comments on its proposed rule changes.  Most audaciously, it sought to scrub mentions or discussions of climate change from its websites. https://envirodatagov.org/publication/the-new-digital-landscape-how-the-trump-administration-has-undermined-federal-web-infrastructures-for-climate-information/

Proposal is nearly identical to what  Anne Gorsuch did to EPA enforcement during the first two years of the Reagan Administration, as part of a far-reaching assault against the EPA's basic mission.  She and others in that administration also proposed cutting the agency's budget by one-third; though public outcry by 1983 drove her out of office and led the Reagan White House toward a more supportive approach.  Whereas the Trump administration was able to "achieve" a historic drop in EPA enforcement efforts without resorting to this measure, apparently a second Trump administration may draw from the early Reagan playbook.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29698097/ On the Trump admnistration's successes in cutting agency enforcement work without this measure, see https://envirodatagov.org/publication/a-sheep-in-the-closet-the-erosion-of-enforcement-at-the-epa/

Pollution and hazardous wastes have disproportionate negative health consequences in communities of color, on Tribal lands, and in low-income neighborhoods around the nation, from Flint, Michigan, to the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Beneficial environmental amenities, such as parks, green spaces, and recreation areas, which promote human health, are also unevenly distributed. In response to these documented disparities, the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights (OEJECR), which Project 2025 seeks to eliminate, was first established in 1992 as the Office of Environmental Equity by Republican President George H.W. Bush. The OEJECR now anchors the EPA’s efforts to remedy these longstanding inequalities. The OEJECR works to ensure that everyone has “equitable access to a healthy, sustainable, and resilient environment” and to protect people from adverse human health and environmental burdens, including those attributable to climate change, cumulative exposures, and “the legacy of racism or other structural or systemic barriers.” https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights Since environmental racism was identified as a serious national problem in the 1980s, progress has been halting, but the OEJECR represents a significant commitment to address environmental inequalities. Politicizing federal agencies by reorganizing departments and by replacing experienced civil service experts with political appointees stands out as a key element of the Project 2025 plan. Eliminating the OEJECR would reduce environmental protections for all. For a history of this office and its fate during the Trump Administration, see https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/env.2021.0012

Already, all peer-reviewed findings can receive scrutiny and comment in the public record.  What this rhetoric of "transparency" targets for exclusion are studies of people who are actually exposed to environmental chemicals, which often draw on medical records whose privacy would be compromised by this "transparency." See comment and links at annotation #2 above of this chapter.

The EPA has long had a compliance program, as it should, but as many studies of EPA enforcement have shown, a lack of strong enforcement will lead to more violations that put public health and the environment at risk. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1093/reep/req017 https://envirodatagov.org/publication/a-sheep-in-the-closet-the-erosion-of-enforcement-at-the-epa/

Ordinarily "tangible" would be taken as meaning, among other things, scientifically demonstrable. Yet the aversion here to acknowledging the science of how intensifying storms or droughts have been worsening through climate change suggests otherwise. Instead, "tangible" seems to refer only to those problems that authors of this report and their allies--none of them scientists themselves--are willing to acknowledge as perceptible and real, without necessarily listening to what any scientists say.

States lack the budgets, enforcement authority, and breadth of expertise that the federal agency can provide.

They can also be susceptible to regulatory capture--a major reason why the state-based patchwork of pollution controls prior to the EPA was widely considered to have failed. For just one instance, see this analysis of the mining/smelting industry in Idaho. https://upittpress.org/books/9780822964483/

Rescusitates this slogan from Scott Pruitt, Trump's first appointee as EPA administrator. Before resigning under a cloud of multiple scandals, he claimed his vision for the agency to harken back to an earlier EPA, when its agenda was more "basic" and its relationships with states more harmonious. For a critical look by an actual historian at what Pruitt's vision missed, see this piece by Leif Fredrickson: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/07/14/scott-pruitt-is-wrong-about-the-origins-of-the-epa/

False; the EPA's workforce size and budget trends do not support this claim. Employment at the EPA, which actually peaked in 1999, shrank during the Obama administration. https://federalnewsnetwork.com/unions/2023/02/epa-employees-voice-concerns-about-low-pay-understaffing-burnout/ Also see charts 4 and 11 here which actually show slow declines in EPA's budget and staff over the Obama years: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Project 2025’s goal of devolving environmental regulation to the states would undermine longstanding federal policies that enjoy bipartisan support and have proved remarkably effective in improving public health. For example, the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, negotiated and signed during the Reagan administration, required participating countries to curb the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were damaging the ozone layer. Rules implementing global treaties are of necessity federal regulations. The international agreement, signed by all of the world’s countries, worked because signatories agreed to reduce their output of CFCs by one-half within ten years. As a result, worldwide use of CFCs dropped by 80 percent in the first eight years. Thirty years later, the ozone hole was the smallest recorded. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/thirty-years-what-montreal-protocol-doing-protect-ozone The result: improvements in public health due to reductions in UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer and eye damage. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/achievements_in_stratospheric_ozone_protection.pdf<br /> September 16, 2024, marks the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.

A critical aspect of the origins of the EPA is not stated here: States and localities had anti-pollution laws in place prior to the EPA's creation, but those laws were either inadequate or weakly enforced. Anti-pollution laws also existed at the federal level, but these were primarily designed to fund and otherwise assist states and localities. This system, however, failed to protect public health and the environment. The EPA, and the much stronger federal laws that were created in conjunction with it, constituted a historic response to these regulatory as well as market failues. A Republican President, with bipartian support from Congress, created a national agency and laws that could control pollution far more effectively than the preexisting system. States had a role, and would be given more authority if they proved they would effectively implement environmental laws. This document argues for a return to "state leadership," precisely what by 1970s was widely agreed to have poorly controlled the nation's pollution problems. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396

"...perceived threat...": another side-step from the scientific consensus about threats from climate change.

The EPA's failures in Flint are exactly the failures that Project 2025's state devolutionary approach would compound. The Grist article cited here by this Project 2025 author explains the EPA's failure differently from what is here implied, in the following way:

"The [Office of Inspector General] report cites five possible oversight actions that the EPA could have taken under the Safe Drinking Water Act, including alerting Flint residents about possible harms and acting in the place of state authorities when there is 'substantial endangerment' to human health." https://grist.org/article/the-epa-failed-flint-now-we-know-exactly-how/

But in almost every case, officials deferred to their state counterparts, rather than using their legal authority to step in. As the report’s authors note, such oversight tools — like most tools out there — are “only effective when used.”

Additionally, the Flint water crisis was the consequence of decades of deliberate underfunding of Detroit's water system. During the Nixon and Ford administrations, the EPA failed to allocate sufficient funds, through its Municipal Wastewater Construction Grants Program, to the Detroit Water and Sewer Department. This refusal worsened a municipal debt spiral that would eventually contribute to the Flint water crisis. Moreover, the EPA failed to adequately ensure DWSD's compliance with agreed-upon treatment standards and deadlines. For more on Detroit and the EPA's Construction Grants Program, see:

https://uncpress.org/book/9781469665764/toxic-debt/

https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/111/1/71/7695574?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Across both liberal and conservative administrations, there have been tensions between Congress and the Executive Branch over the EPA. But the most notorious case happened during the conservative administration of Ronald Reagan, when a bi-partisan Congress held Reagan's appointees accountable for their malfeasance and attempts to undermine the mission of the agency. As a result, Reagan was forced to re-install the original EPA administrator, William Ruckelshaus, to revive the agency's legitimacy and fend off a growing backlash from Congress and the public. In 2017, Ruckelshaus (a Republican) criticized the Trump administration for again undermining the basic mission of the EPA. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/opinion/a-lesson-trump-and-the-epa-should-heed.html; https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396

Needing context: EPA staff levels actually peaked in 1999. Despite declining budgets and staff over the Obama years, largely driven by conservatives in Congress rather than the Obama White House, the Trump administration (of which this author was a part) repeatedly proposed draconian budget cuts for the agency, as much as 32%. Though Congress restored much of this money, both the agency's budget and staff declined significantly over the Trump years. https://www.apeoplesepa.org/home/origins https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

More details on the Schenck case and "Fire" opinion.

I should add this to my WWI course material!

Popper on Tolerance -- apparently. A citation would have been nice!

When computers store numbers, they are limited by memory space, which may lead to problems such as floating-point precision errors and integer overflows. Different programming languages ​​provide special data types such as fractions and complex numbers to solve these limitations.

Definition: A spirit or fairy that lives in the water (GJ)

After being saved in the pilots boat and by the Hermit, the Mariner remembers the lesson he learned and carries it with him throughout his life and shared it with others. (GJ)

As the Mariner awakes from his trance he realizes that the ship is making its way toward his native land. While he is taking in the sights of all things familiar he appears to witness angelic beings rising from the bodies of fallen sailors before seeing a Hermit who he hopes will be able to wash away all his sins. (GJ)

Definition (n): a revolving pointer that shows the direction of the wind in the shape of a rooster (GJ)

Often after you resurface a platen, it slightly changes the configuration of the platen with respect to the typeface. As a result one usually may need to do three adjustments in a specific order to get things to align properly again. These can definitely be done at home with some patience.

Usually the order for tweaking is: * Ring and Cylinder adjustment (distance of platen from typeface; the type shouldn't touch the platen or you'll find you're imprinting on your paper, making holes in the paper and/or ribbon, which isn't good). Sometimes using a simple backing sheet can remedy a bit of this distance problem, especially on platens which have hardened or shrunk slightly over time. * On Feet adjustment (vertical adjustment so that letters are bright and clear and neither top or bottom of characters are too light/faint) Repair shops will often type /// or a variety of characters with longer ascenders/descenders to make sure that the type is clear from top to bottom. * Motion adjustment (the lower and upper case letters are at the same level with respect to each other) The best way to test this is to type a center character like HHHhhhHHH to see if they line up on the bottom (the last three Hs are usually done with the Shift Lock on to make sure that's properly set).

You can search YouTube videos for your model (or related models) and these words which may uncover someone doing a similar repair, so you have a better idea of what you're doing and where to make the adjustments.

Here's Joe Van Cleave describing some of it in one of his early videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0AozF2Jfo0

The general principles for most typewriters are roughly the same with slight variations depending on whether your machine is a segment shift or a carriage shift. You should roughly be able to puzzle out which screws to adjust on your particular model to get the general outcome you want.

Related blogposts: * https://munk.org/typecast/2022/01/23/adjusting-ring-cylinder-on-a-brother-jp-1/<br /> * https://munk.org/typecast/2013/07/30/typewriter-repair-101-adjusting-vertical-typeface-alignment-segmentbasket-shift-typewriters/

You might find a related repair manual for your machine with more detail and diagrams for these adjustments via the Typewriter Database or on Richard Polt's typewriter site.

For those not mechanically inclined you may be better off taking it onto a repair shop for a quick adjustment. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-repair.html 

Reply to u/Acethease at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1d76ygx/got_a_as_a_gift_corona_3_recentlyish_and_i_need/

Reading this last section of the reading, it makes me wonder. How did the schools that Latino and other catagories turned out? Did they shut down? Was there a low number of students? Did they take a ction on bettering thier schools? What hapened to the teachers?

Was NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) a large group of people? Were they only located in Los Angeles? If not, where were they located? If they were in other cities, did the other cities take the same action to send a message to schools about segragation?

Reading this paragraph made me wonder. When the families moved away from Los Angeles, was the main reason the families were moving because of overcrowding schools? Was it because they permitted Latinos and other categories to attend the schools?

This reminded me of the video that we watched in class, where a family fought for diversity in schools and the right for Latinos and other categories to attend "white" schools. I remember towards the end of the video, there was a woman who was one of the first students to attend "white" schools, and she talked about an experience that she had when she started to attend the school where a boy approached her and told her how they don't want Mexicans here.

In the reading, it mentions who are the Brown Berets. They are a group that fought for Chicano rights they fought for many things, such as police brutality, war, and U.S. imperialism, while fighting for education, workers' rights, and health care. I live in Barrio Logan across the street from Chicano Park. I still see the Brown Berets in their uniform during Chicano Park day and during Christmas, they receive toy donations to give to the children of the neighborhood. They always are there to help and protect the Chicano people. It is very nice to continue seeing them representing and continue to fight for what they fought for in the past.l

This reminds me of Lab 1, where I was so excited after successfully using code to post an article on Reddit. However, it also left me feeling a bit anxious when I considered the broader implications. It made me realize that so much content on the internet can be generated through code, and a single individual has the power to shape public opinion or even spark controversies with just a few lines of code. It's both empowering and a little daunting to think about how easily information can spread and influence people.

cultural events transcribed into the physical

resisting gender essentialism

the absent patronymic

This passage really resonates with me because it highlights the fun and flexibility of programming. Seeing how a simple for loop can help follow a bunch of users makes everything feel so much more manageable.

How did this influence the expectations of government in other crisis situations?

This shows how women gender roles transformed during this time period, shifting from the prior household and work expectations to consumerism.

It is interesting and can be applied to different aspects of life. For example, if you are curious about science, your mind may become tired, but in the end, you will be rewarded by discovering new things.

I like this sentence and how the writers convey the idea that getting lost can be something positive. It helps people to think, become more creative, and explore new things.

• You need to pay attention to what is happening to the person
• You have to maintain that punishment in memory
• You have to repeat that behaviour when you're motivated to do so
• Reinforcement is affecting motivation the most

• Rewarded based on the amount of responses and it increases responses
• Immune to extinction

• Hinders drug-addiction recovery because the context is still fresh in the one's mind

• Are you able to access the reward even if you don't do the behaviour?
• Eg. We still need to feed dogs which is why food is not good for reinforcement

• How quickly after the behavior the reward can be received
• Eg. Obedient classes and treat

• Refers to the opportunity value of engaging in an activity
• The ability to do something is reinforcing behaviour, even when you don't actually plan on doing the behaviour

• We learn this reinforcer through conditioning Eg. Social status(eg. promotion), grades
• Used much more than secondary since the use of the former is inhumane

• Fulfill biological needs Eg. Fulfillment of food and sustenance, warmth(shelter, clothing, etc.), sleep, sex, etc.
• Praise is debatable -> We can live without it, but the absence of it has detrimental consequences in children's development

• Learn precursor behaviour from the deliverer of the punishment Eg. Avoid the person doing the punishment even when the behavior is committed which means the behavior continues

• Run away from the punishment; not effective in this case

• Negative reinforcement

• Taking something away to increase the probability of a behavior occurring Eg. Absolving a child the responsibility of doing chores if they're nice to their siblings

• Often confused with positive reinforcement

• • Negative punishment 2.

• Positive reinforcement
• Not synonymous with good and bad but refers to addition and subtraction in regards to the situation

• Increases the possibility of a behaviour continuing Eg. Rewarding a kid a piece of candy for being nice to their friends

• Positive punishment

• Decreasing the probability of a behaviour occurring

• Two stimuli become associated and we develop a conditioned response to that association

• Happens to people who regularly use psychotic drugs
• Individuals get a conditioned response to their environment and can contribute to drug tolerance. At the extreme, it contributes to overdose when individuals use drugs in different settings

• Cases of regular drug users
• Happens unintentionally around the use of the drugs
• Refers to the context which the drugs are used

https://ashby.info/journal/index.html

Note that the URL http://www.rossashby.info/index.html has moved.

https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/2415/zettelkaesten-in-the-fields-of-science-and-history

I learned that some writers only plan the beginning and the ending, and the middle is changeable, allowing anything to come to the writer's mind.

reply to Signynt at https://discord.com/channels/686053708261228577/979886299785863178/1293207926013427733

Does Carl Linnaeus' incarnation work? Isabelle Charmantier and Staffan Müller-Wille have a number of journal articles on his "invention" and use of index cards in his research and writing work. If you dig around you'll find references to Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz' use of index cards and the Arca Studiorum (Krajewski, MIT, 2011); Computer scientist Gerald Weinberg wrote Gerald M. Weinberg on Writing: The Fieldstone Method. New York, N.Y: Dorset House, 2005, which might appeal; you'll also find examples in physicist Mario Bunge, and, although he had a mixed practice of notebooks and index cards, W. Ross Ashby's collection of notes on complexity can be found at https://ashby.info/. Hundreds of other scientists and mathematicians had practices, though theirs typically fall under the heading of commonplace books (Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin, et al.) or as in the case of Isaac Newton and others the heading of "waste books". While looking at others' examples or reading about it may feel like it's going to get you somewhere (better?), having some blind faith and proceeding with your own practice is really the better way to go. Others have certainly done it. Generally it's far rarer for mathematicians, engineers, or scientists to write about their note making/methods so you're unlikely to find direct treatises the way you would for historians, sociologists, anthropologists, humanists, etc.

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Uses "they" a considerable amount of the time to give us more context to her situation

Personification

Use of humor to mediate the pain

Loewen likely intended this book to show us the raw, unfiltered truth of history. If we had been taught the full story from the beginning, we could use those lessons to improve our lives today. It's understandable why people often choose to ignore or downplay the negative aspects of history. They prefer to believe in heroic figures and a hopeful future rather than confront past mistakes. However, we can see how history is repeating itself because we were never taught the "dark side" of the past. This lack of knowledge prevents us from recognizing the warning signs and stopping harmful events from happening now.

The highlighted portion discusses the true nature of the early Virginians. When we are told the story of Columbus, Jamestown, and the Indians, we are told that everyone worked together. The Indians wanted to help the Virginians by teaching them how to plant crops, and in return, the Virginians educated the Natives in English culture. However, Loewen tells us that what happened was after Squanto volunteered to help them with fishing, other Virginians "took Indian prisoners and forced them to teach colonists how to farm."

These couple of paragraphs do not sit right with me. The reason is because I did not know that this happened. In my years of education, I was never told that A) the disease during this time was so bad and B) that the American Indians were used this way. Loewen demonstrated how the European Americans used the fear of the Natives to gain power over them. In the last paragraph highlighted, Loewen states, "many American Indians surrendered to alcohol, converted to Christianity, or simply killed themselves."

They provide legal bases for people (NGOs, journalists, activists, etc.) to ask bureaucrats information about the government performance.

Definition. These laws are introduced in response to increasing dissatisfaction with secrecy around government policy.

DCD is an improvement on CD towards the very expensive EMD method.

need to do both directions because of the minimization

but what is the input transformation?

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