Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

In the work from Qiu et al., a workflow aimed at obtaining the stabilization of a simple small protein against mechanical and chemical stressors is presented.

Strengths:

The workflow makes use of state-of-the-art AI-driven structure generation and couples it with more classical computational and experimental characterizations in order to measure its efficacy. The work is well presented, and the results are thorough and convincing.

Weaknesses:

I will comment mostly on the MD results due to my expertise.

The Methods description is quite precise, but is missing some important details:

(1) Version of GROMACS used.

(2) The barostat used.

(3) pH at which the system is simulated.

(4) The pulling is quite fast (but maybe it is not a problem)

(5) What was the value for the harmonic restraint potential? 1000 is mentioned for the pulling potential, but it is not clear if the same value is used for the restraint, too, during pulling.

(6) The box dimensions.

From this last point, a possible criticism arises: Do the unfolded proteins really still stay far enough away from themselves to not influence the result? This might not be the major influence, but for correctness, I would indicate the dimensions of the box in all directions and plot the minimum distance of the protein from copies of itself across the boundary conditions over time.

Additionally, no time series are shown for the equilibration phases (e.g., RMSD evolution over time), which would empower the reader to judge the equilibration of the system before either steered MD or annealing MD is performed.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

Qiu, Jun et. al., developed and validated a computational pipeline aimed at stabilizing α-helical bundles into very stable folds. The computational pipeline is a hierarchical computational methodology tasked to generate and filter a pool of candidates, ultimately producing a manageable number of high-confidence candidates for experimental evaluation. The pipeline is split into two stages. In stage I, a large pool of candidate designs is generated by RFdiffusion and ProteinMPNN, filtered down by a series of filters (hydropathy score, foldability assessed by ESMFold and AlphaFold). The final set is chosen by running a series of steered MD simulations. This stage reached unfolding forces above 100pN. In stage II, targeted tweaks are introduced - such as salt bridges and metal ion coordination - to further enhance the stability of the α-helical bundle. The constructs undergo validation through a series of biophysical experiments. Thermal stability is assessed by CD, chemical stability by chemical denaturation, and mechanical stability by AFM.

Strengths:

A hierarchical computational approach that begins with high-throughput generation of candidates, followed by a series of filters based on specific goal-oriented constraints, is a powerful approach for a rapid exploration of the sequence space. This type of approach breaks down the multi-objective optimization into manageable chunks and has been successfully applied for protein design purposes (e.g., the design of protein binders). Here, the authors nicely demonstrate how this design strategy can be applied to successfully redesign a moderately stable α-helical bundle into an ultrastable fold. This approach is highly modular, allowing the filtering methods to be easily swapped based on the specific optimization goals or the desired level of filtering.

Weaknesses:

Assessing the change in stability relative to the WT α-helical bundle is challenging because an additional helix has been introduced, resulting in a comparison between a three-helix bundle and a four-helix bundle. Consequently, the appropriate reference point for comparison is unclear. A more direct and informative approach would have been to redesign the original α-helical bundle of the human spectrin repeat R15, allowing for a more straightforward stability comparison.

While the authors have shown experimentally that stage II constructs have increased the mechanical stability by AFM, they did not show that these same constructs have increased the thermal and chemical stabilities. Since the effects of salt bridges on stability are highly context dependent (orientation, local environment, exposed vs buried, etc.), it is difficult to assess the magnitude of the effect that this change had on other types of stabilities.

The three constructs chosen are 60-70% identical to each other, either suggesting overconstrained optimization of the sequence or a physical constraint inherent to designing ultrastable α-helical bundles. It would be interesting to explore these possible design principles further.

While the use of steered MD is an elegant approach to picking the top N most stable designs, its computational cost may become prohibitive as the number of designs increases or as the protein size grows, especially since it requires simulating a water box that can accommodate a fully denatured protein.

Reviewer #3 (Public review):

Summary:

Qiu et al. present a hierarchical framework that combines AI and molecular dynamics simulation to design an α-helical protein with enhanced thermal, chemical, and mechanical stability. Strategically, chemical modification by incorporating additional α-helix, site-specific salt bridges, and metal coordination further enhanced the stability. The experimental validation using single-molecule force spectroscopy and CD melting measurements provides fundamental physical chemical insights into the stabilization of α-helices. Together with the group's prior work on super-stable β strands (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41557-025-01998-3), this research provides a comprehensive toolkit for protein stabilization. This framework has broad implications for designing stable proteins capable of functioning under extreme conditions.

Strengths:

The study represents a complete framework for stabilizing the fundamental protein elements, α-helices. A key strength of this work is the integration of AI tools with chemical knowledge of protein stability.<br /> The experimental validation in this study is exceptional. The single-molecule AFM analysis provided a high-resolution look at the energy landscape of these designed scaffolds. This approach allows for the direct observation of mechanical unfolding forces (exceeding 200 pN) and the precise contribution of individual chemical modifications to global stability. These measurements offer new, fundamental insights into the physicochemical principles that govern α-helix stabilization.

Weaknesses:

(1) The authors report that appending an additional helix increases the overcall stability of the α-helical protein. Could the author provide a more detailed structural explanation for this? Why does the mechanical stability increase as the number of helixes increase? Is there a reported correlation between the number of helices (or the extent of the hydrophobic core) and the stability?

(2) The author analyzed both thermal stability and mechanical stability. It would be helpful for the author to discuss the relationship between these two parameters in the context of their design. Since thermal melting probes equilibrium stability (ΔG), while mechanical stability probes the unfolding energy barriers along the pulling coordinate.

(3) While the current study demonstrates a dramatic increase in global stability, the analysis focuses almost exclusively on the unfolding (melting) process. However, thermodynamic stability is a function of both folding (kf) and unfolding (ku) rates. It remains unclear whether the observed ultrastability is primarily driven by a drastic decrease in the unfolding rate (ku) or if the design also maintains or improves the folding rate (kf)?

(4) The authors chose the spectrin repeat R15 as the starting scaffold for their design. R15 is a well-established model known for its "ultra-fast" folding kinetics, with folding rates (kf ~105s), near three orders of magnitude faster than its homologues like R17 (Scott et.al., Journal of molecular biology 344.1 (2004): 195-205). Does the newly designed protein, with its additional fourth helix and site-specific chemical modifications, retain the exceptionally high folding rate of the parent R15?

This statement shifts the focus of "protection" from the company level to the individual level, emphasizing that users still have actionable self-protection strategies. The significance of 2FA lies in the fact that even if a password is leaked, it is difficult for attackers to log in directly using only the password, thus reducing the probability of credential stuffing and account takeover. It also reminds us that security is layered – even the best platform security can be compromised by individual vulnerabilities such as phishing or weak passwords. However, this also highlights a limitation: 2FA can only reduce the risk of "account theft," but it cannot solve structural problems such as the platform itself leaking your private data.

This statement highlights the fragility of the "trust relationship" between users and the platform: we share information assuming the platform will protect it properly. It also implies that the problem is not an isolated incident, but "happens frequently," suggesting that security failures may be related to systems, processes, or business priorities. More importantly, the consequences of a single security breach often extend beyond the platform itself, affecting users' accounts on other websites and posing risks to their real lives. Readers will naturally ask: why did the platform fail—was it due to insufficient technical capabilities, management negligence, or prioritizing growth and convenience over security?

This shows how even major platforms can ignore basic security practices. How can platforms be held to stricter accountability standards when they fail to protect user data?

Great way to think about it!

Round off to 2 decimal places

I enjoy this part because it showcases that despite the implied negatives of tourism, the accessibility of Mt. Fuji creates an environment where there are several ways to successfully climb the mountain. Someone does not have to be in peak physical condition to make the trek.

The author's inclusion of the monetary price even in common rituals on the mountain shows how deeply embedded the tourism culture is within a hike that used to be about religion.

The use of the word melting ties the piece together well as is fits with the previous weather mentions. For example, the author's highlight of both the extreme heatwave and two typhoons connect to the connotation of the description melting.

The emphasis on 9th century building adds to the foreign feeling. A general example of an old American building are colonial style buildings from the 17th century, which is nearly 800 years later. Additionally, the dedication to the Chinese scholar who died in 852 AD, implies the existence of preserved records from that time period which feels alien to me.

I like this visual. Having wet clothes drying on a line outside is something everyone recognizes, whether it is something they grew up doing, or they simply saw in multiple pieces of media. Thus it is very easy to picture that scene in your head. At the same time, the author manages to make it hint at the location by specifying that kimonos are drying as opposed to just leaving it at a general statement of clothes are drying.

1. How can workplaces better adapt policies, expectations, and environments to support neurodivergent employees rather than expecting them to conform to traditional norms?
   1. What responsibility do employers have to recognize neurodiversity as a strength while still addressing productivity and performance standards?

Connection: Mental disorders causing distress or disability really shows up for me in how hard it can be to balance school and staying physically active at the same time. When my mental health is struggling, even things I want to do—like going to class prepared, studying, or working out—start to feel overwhelming. Some days my body feels heavy, my motivation drops, and it becomes harder to stay consistent, even though I know movement usually helps my mental health.

This connection helps me see that these challenges aren’t about laziness or lack of discipline, but about how mental health directly affects functioning. Trying to meet academic expectations while pushing myself to stay active can create a lot of internal pressure, especially when I feel like I should be able to “handle it all.” Recognizing this helps me give myself more grace and reminds me that needing balance, flexibility, and rest is part of taking care of both my mental and physical well-being.

In this quote it shows how Islam adapted, similarly to Christianity, differently across groups of people instead of a uniform belief system. This shows how they were able to blend everyday religious practice with other older traditions. Again showing how religion was shaped by local culture or things like social context, as it highlights the flexibility Islam had as it spread similarly to Christianity.

This sentece shows how Christianity in Mexico became and adaptation of fitting existing religious frameworks in the area. The blending of beleifs as stated in one of my previous highlights the reshaping of a foreign religion to reflect their traditions, wihtout outright adopting Christianity. This way they were still able to perserve spiritual meanings of their own society.

This included quote is really striking and comparative to what we were talking about in class, with how indigenous people reacted to the conquest of Christian reform. Leading to ideological developments like apocalyptic ideas or incorporation of Christian God into their own beliefs. As stated in class they sometimes took on these reformations as a way of furthering their own colonies or interests.

What I find interesting with this quote is, it shows that a religious movement like this had broader implications like the skepticism toward authority. As the reformation challenged the Catholic Church's power, it established the inability of perfection within all higher ranking institutions. This I see as paving the way for independent thinking, which challenged the ongoing traditions or authority within society.

How did Chinese elites selective acceptance of European scientific knowledge reflects broader attitudes toward cultural superiority?

a shift from the Enlightenment faith in pure reason and logic toward ideas that emphasize emotion and nature. Rousseau and the Romantic movement challenged the belief that rational progress alone could improve society

deep internal divisors weaken unity between Western Catholic and Eastern Orthodox regions. At the same time, the Christendom faced military, political, and religious pressure from the expanding Islamic world.

Shows how Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism provided continuity in Chinese political and intellectual life while also allowing adaptation under different rulers

shows how religious movement gained political power and became the foundation of a state, demonstrating the close alliance between religious ideology and political authority in the islamic world

Protestant Reformation had broad social consequences beyond theology. It reshaped attitudes toward work and social status, and helped legitimized the rising middle class. However, it fueled unrest among peasants.

After the reformation, it led to the rise of multiple Protestant denominations, prolonged religious conflicts, and shifts in political power away from the church

Began with slaves brought over from the west coast of Africa in regards to Brazil. Islam was spread by traders, merchants, and through warfare just as Christianity was. After muhammeds death, armies conquered areas in the Byzantine and Sassanid empires.

Sir Isaac Newton unified early modern astronomy and physics by formulating the law of motion, which really took over science until the 20th century. What he thought and discovered was the same natural law that govern the heavens and the earth, linking them like falling apples and orbiting planets.

The lasting success of these missionaries is still shown in present day Philippines. With nearly 90% of the country apart of the Christian faith, it's the largest Christian nation on the Asian continent. The vast majority of these Christians are Roman Catholic, just like the Spaniards who settled in Philippines in the 1500's https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2018/07/catholicism-in-the-philippines-during-the-spanish-colonial-period-1521-1898/

This goes to show that Europe developed legally independent institutions, especially universities, scholars gained greater freedom from church and state control. The independence allowed the study of nature to separate from philosophy and theology. This allowed universities and later scientific academic became key centers for producing scientific knowledge.

The Spaniard inflexibility to local religion makes sense, as Catholicism during this time was very much “Respect authority! Don’t question!” It’s clear that these religious traits appeared into the demeanors of the Spanish missionaries in Mesoamerica.

A war that I have not learned much about. This is considered one of the first modern wars due to its widespread violence and impact, large armies, and economic impact. It shows how Christianity, like other religions, have internal conflict and yet still remain relatively stable. This war also gave birth to Switzerland and the Dutch Republic after its conclusion.

In all my years, I haven't learned much about the Quaker community and have never heard of Anabaptist! After looking into more, it was created in Switzerland. It shows that even with numerous denominations in numerous areas of the world, Christianity still has a very strong presence and hold on Europe and other areas.

The printing press was a big factor in the split of the church. I think that without it, the Catholic Church may have been able to fight back quicker against the ideas presented by Martin Luther.

Brought to Japan by a Spanish priest named Francis Xavier in the 1500's, and to China in the 7th century, one could argue that it already was a genuine world religion being in the Middle East, Africa, and then Europe.

I find it very interesting how they were able to incorporate Christianity into ancient traditions that they had been practicing for generations. It must have been challenging for them to make such a drastic transition.

I think it is very interesting to see all the different forms of Christianity across the world. They all worshiped the same God just a different way.

I thought it was interesting that the Catholic Church sought out to “correct” the corruption within the church, but increased censorship.

Apparently, a big part of this censorship was banning a Bible in 1546 that contained commentary which “could be read as critical authority.”

https://hob.gseis.ucla.edu/HoBCoursebook_Ch_6.html

It is interesting that we still make distinctions between the advancements "western" and "eastern" science, technology, and medicine when both "fields" emerged at a similar time, but used for different purposes.

This is such an interesting definition of science. The idea that knowledge is acquired through "the product of human minds alone" is a definition I would associate with philosophy, religion, and theology more so than science.

I wonder if the gentler method of introducing religion that Islam used was more effective for spreading the religion to more people than that of Christianity and Catholicism. Does allowing your beliefs to adjust with the culture strengthen or weaken the collective faith of the people?

It is interesting to see how the problems Martin Luther had with the Catholic Church, excluding criticisms of doctrines, were, in a roundabout way, fixed by his ninety-five theses. By unintentionally creating a rift in Christianity, it conversely restrengthened the Catholic Church and corrected the problems that had arisen.

I think this is quite interesting. Obviously China was very powerful and had many strong thoughts and political stance. So it was very different from other countries and nations interacting with Christianity. the Jesuits had to convert to learn the culture of Chinese. They did this by learning the language, wearing the clothes, and getting "acquainted" with their text. They basically just exchanged ideas and thoughts. Then that was how they were aloud to spear their religion with respect and honor.

The reformation and the spread of religion boomed over the past years. The main help of this fact spreading religion was the printing press and how it would transform texts to different languages. This is what English protestant said was the word or what "God has appointed" to help give the voice of religion and God voice through the Pope. it most boomed through German but it also spread through France, Switzerland, and England.

This stood out to me because it is the first place I have read where they are saying women have the same equal chances as men in this religion.

This id interesting to me because the last chapter spoke about how the Europeans brought over diseases and wiped out civilizations and had majority control.

I find it interesting that though all of these other religions were growing and expanding, Christianity seems to be the one that motivated and influenced most of everything.

why were the convents closed and where did the women who were living in them end up? We they allowed to break their oath and get married or were they to abide by the rules even when they had no place to be?

I've never really considered how the cultural changes that came from the Scientific Revolution actually could've potentially led to difference in class such as hierarchies and political systems. I've only really thought of it as a cultural change and never really considered how the changes in culture can impact government decisions.

I think it's interesting that Africa had a lot of strong Christian empires in ancient times, I always have viewed Africa as a continent that has been a predominantly Islamic continent with many different countries so the idea of unified Christian empires is fascinating to me.

Even though I am religious and Christian, I think it's interesting to learn throughout history how Christian beliefs have impacted the way that empires view everything that they are doing, even if it maybe morally wrong. God says not to kill, but here their success in wars shows them how powerful their God is.

I think it's fascinating to see how Christianity was able to spread so fast from the Middle East all the way to Europe and Asia and how long it was able to retain it's power in those areas.

This passage highlights how Europeans were the cause of Christianity spreading to different parts of the world. However, Different cultures received Christianity differently. Some blended it into their pre-existing cultures and religious practices, others changed parts of the Bible to make it relate to the people of that culture.

The issue with spaces is a good example of how a normal human habit like just using spaces becomes a technical problem. Something that comes so naturally to us when naming a file turns into extra work in command-line environments, which j shows a big difference between human language and systems.

The goal of this piece is defintiely more practical than academic. It works like informal documentation meant to help readers toward better file-naming practices.

The author baiscally supports his point by describing his experience working across many operating systems. This shows that the issues he mentions come from actual technical experience.

The author’s main argument is that file naming is not just a personal preference. Poor file names create like actual technical problems, especially when files are shared or moved between different systems.

I already use on of these apps and I'm willing to try out more to see which one best fits my needs & learning style.

Taking ownership of your learning is one of the many keys to success.

This is one of my favorite parts of learning, having that "a-ha!" moment. Having a positive life & mind-changing experience and being able to share that with others is a blessing.

Living proof here. I've worked many many jobs without a college degree and also missed out on promotional opportunities due to lack of further education.

Do you recommend that referrals and workshops be the main driver to client acquisition?

How best do you suggest I create these? I have done DTC and they don't convert well...probably because they look amature.

Any AI strategies to make them high quality while also being time effective?

Really!? I love being part of the community. And the content you have is so strong.

Right now I focus this topic around job seekers of all levels, not just leaders. Probably specialize this to just leaders looking to land their next role, ya?

I never knew that an annotated bibliography can demonstrate quality in my research. To be honest, before this class I didn't know what a bibliography was so I am glad I got to learn about it.

Why is it difficult to do your research on your secondary source without writing any field notes? I am still confused on what exactly we can research. I was thinking of doing something related to the feeling people get when watching scary movies, but I wonder how it can relate to culture.

As a person who procrastinates, I want to know the deeper reasons and causes of it.

I read this article and what I took from it was that, yes, the internet is the leading cause for distractions at work, mostly with then millennial generation.

Las Casas point out that greed and disrespect drove the Spanish to there action against the natives.

This highlights the destruction and the depopulation caused by the Spanish, emphasizing the cruelty of colonization.

The number show the massive scale of death caused by Spanish actions, almost an entire population wiped out.

Las Casas emphasizes how peaceful and loyal the Native Americans were showing that they’re suffering was undeserved.

Describing the killings as treachery shows the betrayal felt by the Aztecs.

Montezuma‘s protest emphasizes how unfair and brutal the Spanish actions were.

The attack on the musicians highlights of the extreme violence of the conquest.

Montezuma‘s awe shows the impact the Spaniards had on the Aztecs.

Encountering the Skrelling must have been tense and shows how uncertain life in a new land can be.

I think building a proper shelter, shows how serious they were about surviving the winter.

The harsh landscape must have made exploring really challenging for the people.

It’s impressive that Leif stepped up to lead such a huge journey at a young age.

Disease from the Spanish wiped out most of the people in the south, even before European settled there. This shows how big and impact disease had on native communities.

It’s interesting how history can be viewed differently depending on who is telling the story.

This shows that Native American societies were organized and capable of building large cities, not just small villages.

This show that the Maya were very advanced because they created their own writing system to manage their society.

This is something I will definitely take note of. By making sure my sources are relevant I can fully utilize them and make sure that they fit and make sense in my paper. I wonder how I can effectively use my secondary source to strengthen my primary source.

I often wonder how early hominids figured out which animals were safe to eat and which were not, as well as how different animals were hunted. While much of this knowledge likely came from trial and error, how was it communicated among group members to help everyone avoid danger? How did they learn to hunt animals like rhinos? A rhino is massive and certainly not a friendly creature. These hominids must have learned through deliberate, calculated attempts rather than random attacks. Of course, scavenging from already deceased animals was an option, but I imagine their curiosity and ingenuity eventually led them taking on such formidable beasts as a challenge. I find that idea incredibly fascinating.

There is no one-size-fits-all learning system, everyone learns differently and that's the beauty of it all. There are so many learning strategies this book reviews, one or many are bound to fit.

à mettre à jour pour les trois sources

ça donne l'impression qu'on peut éditer ces fichiers. Mais ils sont protégé par un checksum et il faut modifier les Safety settings dans le UI.

So is this simple substitution Cipher uncrackable? Well, let's wait a minute here. It's not, for example, one of the pieces of information we can use in analyzing simple substitution is the letter frequencies of the English language or any language If you looked at a histogram of English letter frequencies, you'd see that e is the most frequent letter just above 12 percent, T is the second most frequent at somewhere around nine percent, a is very frequent at more than eight percent and so forth, so you would see this familiar pattern in any text that you encrypted. For example, if you encrypted it using the simple substitution Cipher, you might get this pattern, but you'd still see a peak where the letter that was substituted for e occurs. And maybe this is the peak for T, and maybe this is the peak for a. By analyzing those peaks and valleys, you can determine how the message was encrypted, can figure out the key. But, wait a minute… frequency analysis works!<br /> Slide 21, 22 chart

E.G. If you sorted by frequencies. Now, you can see this very clearly if you sort the two histograms, they're practically identical, and that's what lets the analyst with some effort, of course, figure out the key and break the message so you can break simple substitution cipher using frequency analysis. That makes Eve happy, Alice and Bob are not very happy about that. Eve wins … you don’t need brute force. Frequency analysis will break simple substitution. slide 23, 24 chart

The last question how many keys would you have to try in order to perform a Brute Force attack on simple substitution? Let's look at that question again. The answer is an enormous number 26 factorial Keys. That's the number of ways you could shuffle the plain text alphabet of 26 letters. So that's way too hard. And that fact makes Alice and Bob happy and Eve not very happy.

Simple Substitution Cipher

Key: Randomly mix up the plain alphabet to get a cipher alphabet.

So the key basically tells what to do with getting a cipher alphabet to be able to encrypt either the key consisting of a number for shifting each letter or a keyword to put in beginning as a way of scrambling

Algorithm: Substitute plain letters with shuffled letters.

This tells how to encrypt the message using to cipher alphabet

Well, let's look at a slightly more complex Cipher, another example, of what's called a simple substitution Cipher, which means generally that you randomly mix up the alphabet to get a cipher alphabet and then you substitute plain letters with shuffled letters, so we're gonna use a little trick here that we're going to have a keyword that'll help us (one way to) construct our Cipher alphabet, which is our actual key by putting the keyword at the beginning and then putting all the letters that aren't in the word, zebrafish following it in alphabetical order. Now, obviously, there are lots of ways we could do this, but that gives us an easy way to transmit the key between Alice and Bob. Alice just tells Bob zebrafish and he knows how to construct this alphabet. But if they wanted, Alice could simply create a permutation or shuffling of this alphabet, not using the keyword and pass that along to Bob. Once you've created the cipher alphabet, encrypting and decrypting, in simple substitution cipher works the same as it did in Caesar Cypher. For each letter in the plane text message, you replace it with the corresponding letter from the cipher alphabet. Of course, you have many more possible Cipher alphabets because the alphabets aren't merely a shifting of the original plain alphabet. chart

How do you crack a Caesar Cipher? In other words, how does Eve break these messages? Well, the one question you might ask is, well, how many different keys would Eve have to try to do what's called a Brute Force attack? That means try every possible key. As you've probably discovered, the answer is 25 Keys. That's way too easy, so Eve is very happy about that because she can easily break Caesar Cypher. chart

This chart is VERY useful and a daily reminder to ensure I am on the right track with achieving my goals.

Is that a bad thing though? I mean, in the end, you were successful, no matter the reason. The goal was achieved, end of story. So is it ONLY to be motivated by the goals we set and not have other reasons to achieve a goal?

The small tasks add up and contribute to achieving your goal.

This is a good strategy that I will definitely use in the future since I had trouble finding more than one good source. Furthermore, I should broaden my key words in order to get better results as well.

These are not tangible, so not only does the working environment include physical visual things it includes the things we cannot see, but what we feel.

I never thought of this as an issue! Makes sense though.

I agree, I personally find that where I choose, or am able to complete my work is very important in keeping me focused and lesses distractions.

There's always room to readjust a plan. Have a plan A, B, C, D, etc.

We can relate this to the discussions we had in class about why did inmigrants decide to come to the US. It's interesting how a period with a lot of immigration in the US was because of the government policies and corruption in different countries. But, here in the US, people also face governments with corrupt politicians. But I guess there was a lot less than in other countries.

Match this against Zheng et al. 2014's description of AMP.

Me encanta esta fotografía porque están bailando en lo que parece una cárcel (convict camp). Me pregunto por qué estarían ellos ahí. Uno está bailando, otro toca la guitarra, y el otro aplaudiendo. Los demos no participan, pero hay un hombre hasta el fondo que los observa (creo que es un guardia). No me puedo imaginar cómo se dio ese momento, pero me gustaría creer que ellos tuvieron esperanza o, al menos, un breve encuentro con la felicidad.

This is a good example of how states use law and rhetoric to manage religion, and how religious freedom can be more about appearances than practice

While reading this, I thought about how Western narratives today sometimes oversimplify or misrepresent Chinese government policies, especially around religion and ethnicity. For example, news coverage about Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang often portrays the situation as entirely one sided, which can lead to political pressure or sanctions, even though the reality is more complicated.

Mainstream privilege refers to the advantages or benefits that people get from belonging to the dominant culture, group, or social norm. It’s the “default” status that makes life easier because society is structured around those mainstream values, language, and practices of the majority.

Here, “apologetic tactic” means that Japanese American Buddhists were using the idea of religious freedom to defend or justify their religion to the American majority.

This shows how the government used schools to control Japanese kids and make them more “American.” It connects law, language, and politics, and helps explain how authorities tried to manage immigrant communities in the early 1900s.

What if I do this and still don't find any results? Do I broaden my ideas furthermore? Or do I find another database or scholarly website to find my desired results? I have these questions because I had trouble finding anything that had to do with my topic on the MSU database. So as a result I used google search, I leaned more towards academic associated websites such as Harvard business review. Is that an appropriate solution?

This is breaking down what the aim of the paper is trying to do.

I think it is important to always question your ideas, ask for help, and to know yourself. I think I should ask more help from my teacher and fellow peers, this will make my writing process much easier.

As I become more familiar with the definitions of provenance, this particular instance compels me as I can see many examples of this in some of the media that I consume -

For instance, there is a zine called Sex Change USA by Daisy Thursday [https://luma.com/o1iss5rd] that is a collection of “stories where transgender people were covered in the National Esquire, Sun, and Weekly World News tabloids from 1993-2002.”

What I took away from Sex Change USA was not only a better understanding of the different contexts the pieces from the zine have lived in and do currently live in but a better understanding of the context of it’s current time and how those pieces interact with and inform each other.

I think the only incentive that social media companies have to protect privacy is simply because users desire a service which does that. I feel like this incentive is also weak, as privacy as a resource has been regenotiated over the course of the past thrity years of the internet. Things which previously would have been unthinkable, like uploading SSIDs onto documents through email, are now common (I've had to do so to sign leases multiple times in college). I think its only if the underlying logic of these companies (that being profit and the monopolization of digital existence) changes that an incentive to protect privacy could strengthen.

In my capstone research paper I'm writing this quarter, I place a lot of importance on the reification of thoughts and desires that the collection of behavioral data brings. I feel like there is a huge discomfort in the user of the internet at the prospect of encountering a digital world shaped by their thoughts in a way that they perceive themselves to have little to no control over. The right to be forgotten here resonates with that anxiety and discomfort, and I feel like the US model should definitely adopt something similar. It assumes that anonymity is an inalienable right we have, which is something i also hold to be true.

People have many things wanted to be private, personal life, messages between friends and more, privacy is very important in modern years, especially in recent years as more and more things have begun to go digital, it highlights even further then importance of our data privacy, but data leaking is always inevitable...

You can visit the library to help you with resources for your papers and to get ideas for your thesis

Your audience is who reads your writing. You should write in a way that catches the attention of the people it is supposed to.

It is not enough to do research for a paper. It is also important to show the evidence you collected so your readers can understand why you came to the conclusion that you did.

A strong thesis statement concentrates on a specific topic and appears toward the end of the introduction. This maps out the rest of the essay.

final 2019-era fork. aimed to delay the difficulty bomb once more.

Key Changes 1. Block Reward Reduction, from 5eth to 3 eth. intro of the EIP-649, which brought about difficulty bomb. 2. new opcodes for smart contract, suuport for static calls(via eip -214) eip -140, 196 and 197. 3. light transaction receipt. EIP -658.

EIP-196: EC point addition precompile

EIP-197: EC point scalar multiplication precompile

Curve: alt_bn128

Goal: make heavy cryptography feasible in the EVM

allows for REVERT opcode, this code allows one to retert a failed opration, without comsuming the whole gaas, INVALID as the opcode before it, that actually consumes all gas. revert made possible for debug, and gas retrun on remain.

EIP - 214, brought about static calls, static call allows call the blockchain without a change of state aka ( read only mode)

Private messaging creates’ an expectation of privacy, but there are situations where limited access is necessary to protect users from threats or harassment. The challenge is designing systems that allow reporting and evidence sharing in harmful situations without turning routine private communication into something routinely monitored.

What resonated most with me in this passage was Cook’s emphasis on collective civic accountability and responsibility in archival practice. Traditionally, archival spaces have frequently functioned as exclusive environments, where access was limited and interaction with records was restricted to a specific, skilled group of professionals. I do not agree that this model serves the greater good. If materials are preserved but remain inaccessible to the communities they serve, the archival mission is then a failure. Cook’s argument reinforces the idea that archives should reflect the perspectives, experiences, and sentiments of the communities they serve. I was affected by the example of Canadian archival initiatives. The Canadian archival system demonstrates how a coordinated and collaborative system can bring together institutions, professionals, and communities in order to support more inclusive access and stewardship. In contrast, the current standings of archival work in the United States appear to be moving in the opposite direction, especially regarding access and preservation. This passage made me reflect on how openness and collaboration have the potential to revitalize archives and align them more closely with the needs of society.

This comment points to how modern social media platforms operate within an attention economy, where user time and engagement are the primary resources being monetized. By analyzing user behavior data and what people click, watch, like, or share: platforms can tailor content and notifications to keep users returning more often and staying longer.

This observation highlights a real issue in data analysis known as data dredging or p-hacking: when people search through large amounts of data without a clear hypothesis, they can often find patterns that look meaningful but are actually just coincidences.

This observation highlights a real issue in data analysis known as data dredging or p-hacking: when people search through large amounts of data without a clear hypothesis, they can often find patterns that look meaningful but are actually just coincidences.

This helped me understand the core principles from which ethnic studies truly derives from.

This solution seems to revolve around the following

• Loot being constant but not generous. This menas the player will always be picoing things up but everything matters.
• Loot being losable. So that everything they have muat be guarded but of course that playing the game is inevitably risking losing it.
• Interdependent. This means that there's no 'win button'. Very little will actually win you the game and as such you're looking for something thatauits your needs. And when you don't find it you're doing your best to use what you have.
• Indirectly supportive og your goal. The racing game here is an excellent example because going faster won't help you win if your turning circle is rubbish. So the core challenge or test must require an interaction of different abilities to overcome.

is this true

has it always been true

must everything wend its way through every shit-filled crevasse

How did the “Lost Cause” help white southerners justify white supremacy and reshape the South’s image to the rest of the nation?

Why do you think people in 1878 were willing to believe that technology could completely end hunger and poverty?

the pockets

on the legs

This is actually a good example of dispatchable demand response - It's like an ipdated version of the practice of making nice at night.

Wow, half of Google's data centers are now using liquid cooling.

The repetitiveness of true-crime stories has resulted in people going back to find more podcasts to quench their thirst for new material.

People enjoy the shock factor that comes in real true crime stories.

Ethos?

Supports my podcast by displaying a similar one that was actually able to help release a man who was wrongfully convicted. This shows that not only are the podcasts trustworthy, but also helps in the outside world.

easy access grants more attraction to podcasts of people looking for news sources or entertainment. Are there podcasts that aren't free?

Important for later incase you need some extra help in this course

It's fascinating how even a simple cell maintains so much control over its metabolic processes. Even though these regulatory mechanisms seem complex, they're actually the most energy-efficient because they prevent the cell from wasting energy.

With how revealing metadata can be, it makes me wonder why platforms even include the metadata in posts. And should media outlets should be more responsible for removing metadata before publishing content that could put people at risk like this example?

I also connected this to what I see in popular culture and social media. A lot of online “allyship” looks loud and performative, but not always relational. Sue et al.’s point about microinterventions being about reassurance and not leaving someone alone in their experience feels very different from posting something just to be seen as on the right side. It makes me think about how real resistance happens in everyday moments, not just big statements.

In Rolón-Dow’s microaffirmations typology, especially in the category about listening and validating lived experiences, how do we tell the difference between genuinely affirming someone and unintentionally centering ourselves as the helper?

This statement from George shows how badly he wants to obtain freedom, and how he is willing to die if he has to, as he would rather die then spend more of his life enslaved.

This line is a strong description and visual for the silent suffering that slaves are forced to go through. The heart is only on the inside, and can't be seen by others, only felt by the person. It shows how horrible life was for people in slavery and how the worst part is the emotional trauma that is caused by it and not seen.

This part directly calls out to the reader, pushing them into Eliza's shoes and showing how intense and harrowing of a situation it is. It helps to connect the reader to her and get them to relate to her, as most everyone understands motherly love. This is especially important at the time of release as it can get a reader to relate to her in a way they wouldn't have thought of otherwise.

Once more, despite the difference in race and the effects of the time, Mrs. Shelby stands up for Tom, Harry, and even Eliza, questioning her husband's decision of choosing to sell them and how they would risk their lives for him, while he would not do the same.

This passage here presents how, despite the differences in race and the effects of the time, Mrs. Shelby truly does care for Tom, Harry, and even Eliza, so much so she feels willing to uphold the promise of granting Tom his freedom.

This whole paragraph brilliantly showcases to the audience how Stowe expertly uses motherhood, appealing to the audience's sympathy by presenting how Harry's mother is willing to sacrifice herself and get into deeper trouble if it means sparing her son from being sold off and taken from her.

•   Bronchitis Treatment: Inhaling moist air from a humidifier or steamy shower can help loosen and thin mucus, making breathing easier.
•   Bronchitis Symptoms: Coughing, sore throat, chest congestion, and coughing up thick mucus.
•   Bronchitis Cause: Usually caused by viruses, not bacteria, so antibiotics are generally ineffective.
•   Bronchitis Definition: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, causing narrowing and excessive mucus production.
•   Mucus Function and Problem: Mucus traps pathogens but excessive production hinders airflow, leading to coughing.
•   Bronchitis Treatment: Thinning mucus for effective coughing through fluids, humidifiers, steam, and expectorants, while avoiding cough suppressants.
•   Reason for Pulse Oximetry: To check Sacheen’s blood oxygen level and ensure clogged airways weren’t impacting her oxygen intake.
•   Difference Between Acute and Chronic Bronchitis: Acute bronchitis is a short-term condition often caused by a cold or flu, while chronic bronchitis is a long-term condition often caused by smoking and associated with COPD.
•   Smoking Cessation Advice: Dr. Tsosie strongly advised Sacheen to quit smoking to prevent future respiratory infections, COPD, and lung cancer.
•   Respiratory System Function: Critical for gas exchange and protecting the body from harmful substances in the air.
•   Respiratory System Vulnerability: Prone to infections and damage from allergens, mold, air pollution, and cigarette smoke.
•   Respiratory System Overview: Comprises the upper respiratory tract (nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx) for air conduction and the lower respiratory tract (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs) for conduction and gas exchange.
•   Respiratory System Defense: The mucociliary escalator, consisting of mucus-producing cells and cilia, protects the lungs by trapping and expelling harmful particles and pathogens.
•   Breathing Regulation: The respiratory system, controlled by the brain, regulates breathing rate based on carbon dioxide levels in the blood to maintain homeostasis.
•   Breathing Mechanics: Breathing involves inhaling (active process driven by diaphragm contraction) and exhaling (passive process driven by lung elasticity).
•   Gas Exchange Definition: The biological process of transferring gases across cell membranes for entering or leaving the blood.
•   Gas Exchange Mechanism: Occurs by diffusion across cell membranes, moving down a concentration gradient from high to low concentration.
•   Lung Gas Exchange: Takes place in alveoli, where deoxygenated blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.
•   Smoking and COPD: Smoking is the primary cause of COPD, reducing lung elasticity and impairing exhalation.
•   Smoking and Lung Cancer: Smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer, a malignant tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in the lungs.
•   Health Risks of Smoking: Smoking poses numerous health risks, including increased risk of various cancers, cardiovascular disease, and other adverse effects.
•   Respiratory System Function: The respiratory system facilitates gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and removing carbon dioxide.
•   Gas Exchange Mechanism: Oxygen and carbon dioxide flow across membranes based on concentration gradients, moving from areas of higher to lower concentration.
•   COPD and Blood pH: COPD can lead to elevated carbon dioxide levels, causing respiratory acidosis and prompting the body to compensate by increasing breathing rate.
•   Bronchitis Treatment: Changes to the environment, such as more frequent cleaning, would not help asthma caused by a gene.
•   Bronchitis Definition: Bronchitis is an inflammation of the bronchi, the large and medium-sized airways in the lungs that carry air from the trachea.
•   Bronchodilator Definition: A medication that opens constricted airways.
•   Funding Sources: Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, UC Davis Office of the Provost, UC Davis Library, California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, Merlot, and National Science Foundation.
•   Support: NICE CXone Expert and LibreTexts libraries.
•   Contact Information: info@libretexts.org.

•   Patient Information: Sacheen, a 20-year-old smoker, presents with a worsening cough, thick mucus production, sore throat, and chest congestion after an initial mild cough.
•   Medical History: Sacheen recently experienced symptoms of a common cold, including runny nose, fatigue, and mild cough.
•   Doctor’s Actions: Dr. Tsosie examines Sacheen, inquires about her symptoms and medical history, and measures her blood oxygen level using a pulse oximeter.
•   Diagnosis: Sacheen has bronchitis, an infection commonly occurring after a cold or flu.
•   Treatment Recommendations: Dr. Tsosie recommends Sacheen to thin and remove mucus by drinking plenty of fluids, using a humidifier, getting plenty of rest, and avoiding smoking.
•   Chapter Overview: The chapter will cover the respiratory system, the process of respiration, and acute bronchitis.
•   Respiratory System Overview: Includes lungs, bronchial tubes, and the rest of the respiratory tract, responsible for breathing and gas exchange.
•   Breathing Regulation: Rate of breathing is regulated to maintain blood gas and pH homeostasis.
•   Respiratory Disorders: Asthma, pneumonia, COPD, and lung cancer are examples of respiratory system disorders.
•   Content Source: This page is from a CK-12 licensed resource authored by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal.
•   Content Topic: Respiratory System and Gas Exchange.
•   Content License: CK-12 license.

•   Dust Mite Allergy: Dust mite feces contain proteins that can trigger asthma attacks.
•   Asthma Definition: A chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs where airways periodically become inflamed.
•   Asthma Symptoms: Airways narrow and may become clogged with mucus, making breathing difficult.
•   Asthma Definition: A chronic lung disease causing swelling and narrowing of airways, leading to difficulty breathing.
•   Asthma Triggers: Environmental factors like allergens, pollution, and stress, along with genetic predisposition.
•   Asthma Treatment: Inhaled bronchodilators for immediate relief and corticosteroids for long-term control, along with trigger avoidance.
•   Pneumonia Definition: Inflammation of the alveoli in the lungs, causing fluid buildup and impaired gas exchange.
•   Pneumonia Symptoms and Causes: Coughing, chest pain, difficulty breathing, fever, often caused by bacterial or viral infections.
•   COPD Definition: Chronic lung disease characterized by poor airflow, leading to shortness of breath and coughing.
•   COPD Causes: Tobacco smoking is the major cause, followed by air pollution and genetics.
•   COPD Symptoms: Reduced lung function, trapped air, impaired gas exchange, low oxygen levels, and high carbon dioxide levels.
•   Lung Cancer Definition: Malignant tumor in the lungs characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, originating from lung tissue or metastasized from other parts of the body.
•   Primary Cause: Tobacco smoking, accounting for about 85% of cases.
•   Other Risk Factors: Exposure to radon gas, asbestos, secondhand smoke, air pollutants, and family history of lung cancer.
•   Prognosis and Treatment: Often diagnosed late, making it the leading cause of cancer-related death; treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy.
•   Sleep Apnea Definition: A potentially dangerous sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing due to physical blockage of the airway.
•   Sleep Apnea Symptoms: Loud snoring, restless sleep, daytime sleepiness, fatigue, moodiness, and increased risk of accidents.
•   Sleep Apnea Causes and Risk Factors: Relaxed muscles during sleep, exacerbated by alcohol or certain medications; more common in overweight individuals, smokers, those with diabetes, older people, and males.
•   Sleep Apnea Treatment: Treatment options include lifestyle changes, oral devices, CPAP therapy, and surgery.
•   CPAP Therapy: CPAP is the most common treatment for moderate to severe sleep apnea, using pressurized air to keep the airway open.
•   Sleep Apnea Risk Factors: Sleeping on one’s back can increase the risk of sleep apnea due to potential airway blockage.
•   Source of the Text: The text is adapted from “Human Biology” by CK-12 and licensed under CC BY-NC 3.0.
•   Content of the Text: The text is about disorders of the respiratory system.
•   License and Authorship: The page is shared under a CK-12 license and authored by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal.

•   Respiration Definition: The process of releasing water vapor and other gases from the body.
•   Breath Visibility: Exhaled warm, moist air condenses into tiny droplets in cold weather, making it visible.
•   Respiration and Temperature: Exhaled air is warm and contains water vapor, which condenses in cold air.
•   Respiration Definition: Life-sustaining process of gas exchange between the body and the atmosphere, involving oxygen intake and waste gas removal.
•   Respiratory System Function: Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide produced by cells.
•   Respiratory System Processes: Ventilation (breathing) and gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion).
•   Respiratory System Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm are involved in respiration.
•   Upper Respiratory Tract Function: Provides a route for air to move between the outside atmosphere and the lungs, cleaning, humidifying, and warming the incoming air.
•   Nasal Cavity Function: Warms and humidifies inhaled air, traps foreign particles, and contains chemoreceptors for smell and taste.
•   Pharynx Function: Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the throat, serving as a passageway for both air and food.
•   Larynx Function: Connects pharynx and trachea, houses vocal cords for sound production, and protects the trachea from food aspiration.
•   Lower Respiratory Tract: A tree-like branching system of passages within the lungs.
•   Respiratory Tract Structure: Inverted tree-like shape with 1,500 miles of airways conducting air to the lungs.
•   Trachea Function: Connects the larynx to the lungs, allowing air passage.
•   Lung Function: Site of gas exchange between air and bloodstream.
•   Lung Structure: Two lungs, right lung larger with three lobes and left lung smaller with two lobes, suspended in the pleural cavity.
•   Alveoli Function: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, providing a large surface area for oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release.
•   Blood Supply: Lungs receive deoxygenated blood for oxygenation and oxygenated blood for cellular respiration.
•   Respiratory System Importance: Vital for survival, requiring protection due to its exposure to harmful substances.
•   Mucociliary Escalator: A primary defense mechanism where mucus traps particles and cilia move them away from the lungs.
•   Coughing Mechanism: An involuntary response to remove mucus, debris, and irritants from the respiratory tract.
•   Sneezing Mechanism: Sneezing is an involuntary response triggered by irritation in the nasal passage, resulting in the forceful expulsion of air, mucus, and debris from the mouth.
•   Respiratory System and Homeostasis: The respiratory system collaborates with the nervous and cardiovascular systems to maintain homeostasis in blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and pH levels.
•   Carbon Dioxide Regulation: The body primarily monitors carbon dioxide levels to regulate breathing rate and maintain blood gas and pH balance.
•   Respiratory and Cardiovascular System Interaction: The respiratory system exchanges gases with the outside air, while the cardiovascular system transports these gases to and from body cells.
•   Choking Definition and Causes: Choking is the mechanical obstruction of airflow into the lungs, often caused by objects blocking the pharynx or trachea, particularly in young children.
•   Choking Symptoms and Signs: Inability to speak or cry, labored breathing, clutching the throat, and blue discoloration of the face indicate choking.
•   Choking Treatment for Infants: Turn the baby upside down and slap on the back to dislodge the object.
•   Choking Treatment for Older People: Encourage coughing, give back slaps, and if needed, perform the Heimlich maneuver.
•   Emergency Action for Choking: If choking persists after the Heimlich maneuver, call for emergency medical care.
•   Respiratory System Overview: The respiratory system facilitates breathing, enabling the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
•   Key Components: The respiratory system includes the larynx, lungs, alveoli, and ciliated epithelium.
•   Respiratory Processes: Breathing involves inhalation and exhalation, while sneezing is a reflex action to expel irritants.
•   Page Source: This page is from CK-12 and authored by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal.
•   Content License: The page is shared under a CK-12 license.
•   Content Topic: The page is about the structure and function of the respiratory system.

•   Respiration Definition: The process of releasing water vapor and other gases from the body.
•   Breath Visibility: Exhaled warm, moist air condenses into tiny droplets in cold weather, making it visible.
•   Respiration and Temperature: Exhaled air is warm and contains water vapor, which condenses in cold air.
•   Respiration Definition: Life-sustaining process of gas exchange between the body and the atmosphere, involving oxygen intake and waste gas removal.
•   Respiratory System Function: Supplies oxygen for cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide produced by cells.
•   Respiratory System Processes: Ventilation (breathing) and gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion).
•   Respiratory System Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchi, and diaphragm are involved in respiration.
•   Upper Respiratory Tract Function: Provides a route for air to move between the outside atmosphere and the lungs, cleaning, humidifying, and warming the incoming air.
•   Nasal Cavity Function: Warms and humidifies inhaled air, traps foreign particles, and contains chemoreceptors for smell and taste.
•   Pharynx Function: Connects nasal cavity and mouth to the throat, serving as a passageway for both air and food.
•   Larynx Function: Connects pharynx and trachea, houses vocal cords for sound production, and protects the trachea from food aspiration.
•   Lower Respiratory Tract: A tree-like branching system of passages within the lungs.
•   Respiratory Tract Structure: Inverted tree-like shape with 1,500 miles of airways conducting air to the lungs.
•   Trachea Function: Connects the larynx to the lungs, allowing air passage.
•   Lung Function: Site of gas exchange between air and bloodstream.
•   Lung Structure: Two lungs, right lung larger with three lobes and left lung smaller with two lobes, suspended in the pleural cavity.
•   Alveoli Function: Tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs, providing a large surface area for oxygen absorption and carbon dioxide release.
•   Blood Supply: Lungs receive deoxygenated blood for oxygenation and oxygenated blood for cellular respiration.
•   Respiratory System Importance: Vital for survival, requiring protection due to its exposure to harmful substances.
•   Mucociliary Escalator: A primary defense mechanism where mucus traps particles and cilia move them away from the lungs.
•   Coughing Mechanism: An involuntary response to remove mucus, debris, and irritants from the respiratory tract.
•   Sneezing Mechanism: Sneezing is an involuntary response triggered by irritation in the nasal passage, resulting in the forceful expulsion of air, mucus, and debris from the mouth.
•   Respiratory System and Homeostasis: The respiratory system collaborates with the nervous and cardiovascular systems to maintain homeostasis in blood gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) and pH levels.
•   Carbon Dioxide Regulation: The body primarily monitors carbon dioxide levels to regulate breathing rate and maintain blood gas and pH balance.
•   Respiratory and Cardiovascular System Interaction: The respiratory system exchanges gases with the outside air, while the cardiovascular system transports these gases to and from body cells.
•   Choking Definition and Causes: Choking is the mechanical obstruction of airflow into the lungs, often caused by objects blocking the pharynx or trachea, particularly in young children.
•   Choking Symptoms and Signs: Inability to speak or cry, labored breathing, clutching the throat, and blue discoloration of the face indicate choking.
•   Choking Treatment for Infants: Turn the baby upside down and slap on the back to dislodge the object.
•   Choking Treatment for Older People: Encourage coughing, give back slaps, and if needed, perform the Heimlich maneuver.
•   Emergency Action for Choking: If choking persists after the Heimlich maneuver, call for emergency medical care.
•   Respiratory System Overview: The respiratory system facilitates breathing, enabling the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
•   Key Components: The respiratory system includes the larynx, lungs, alveoli, and ciliated epithelium.
•   Respiratory Processes: Breathing involves inhalation and exhalation, while sneezing is a reflex action to expel irritants.
•   Page Source: This page is from CK-12 and authored by Suzanne Wakim & Mandeep Grewal.
•   Content License: The page is shared under a CK-12 license.
•   Content Topic: The page is about the structure and function of the respiratory system.

the CIA World Fact Book, a early web staple is no more.

Go back and review Sociologist Charles Cooley's concept of the looking glass self.

In broken aesthetics, traces of repair show the relationship between people and objects, and the passage of time. This reminds me of the debate in heritage restoration about whether to restore the old to look new or to keep the marks of time. For example, many ancient Chinese Buddhist statues are not repainted with bright colors（their original colors), but keep the color shaped by time.

hooray

What he means is that teachers want to see their students succeed, therefore teach them to write in a way that will give them a high SAT score and hopefully get into a good college. But this approach stunts the student, because they are not thinking critically about what they are writing.

I don't know who Rilke is, but I can connect with this quote. We have so many examples of beautiful works of art that were inspired by tragedy. For example Amanda Gorman wrote "the Hill we Climb", ultimately addressing the fact that our country in in poor shape but we will rise to the occasion to fix it.

it shows how social media is built around a “default user” who has stable internet, a newer phone, lots of attention, and no accessibility needs. The assumptions about things like vision/hearing/motor control and even privacy/safety are the ones that can cause real harm, because if the platform gets those wrong, people don’t just have a worse experience — they can get excluded or put at risk. Also love that it points out how “defaults” (autoplay, public sharing, tracking) are basically assumptions forced onto everyone unless they know how to fight the settings.

This really makes me think about how “disability” isn’t just about someone’s body or mind—it’s also about whether the environment is built to include them. If a society assumes everyone can do things one specific way (like stairs everywhere or no captions), then people get labeled “disabled” mostly because the world isn’t designed for them.

Don't remind the reader they are reading a paper. The focus should be on the argument.

You shouldn't combine ideas in the same paragraph because it can divide the readers attention and can make your argument not as relevant anymore.

Facts are the best kind of evidence you can use in your body paragraphs because they provide background information and support your point of view.

Your thesis should be detailed but not overly detailed to the point where it overwhelms the reader.

The primary support should be strong. It should show, explain, or prove your main argument without leaning away from the main focus. Just because there is a lot of information doesn't not mean you should be including every little thing in each paragraph.

You need evidence/ support to make your argument more convincing.

This is a good question. It reminds me that certain objects not only have functions but also carry other meanings, for example, a sweater made by a family member, or Chinese bronze vessels that represent a hierarchical system. When preserving or repairing objects that have a clear relationship with people, what is being repaired may also be the relationship behind them.

Weakening of relational ties that the text describes in discussions of repair and care may be because the form of labor has changed. In the past, people fabricated objects by hand and had a direct and physical relationship with them. In modern production, machines replace manual labor, and people mainly use their brains. As a result, the relationship between people and the objects they produce becomes weaker than before. This may require reading further literature to fully understand.

I would be the most interested in the gardening activity because I already enjoy gardening on my own, so learning how to do it in a way that's healthier for the environment, but also me and the crops I grow would be an awesome thing to learn and incorporate into my everyday life.

Something to add would be how to find these different activities, would it be online, in a pamphlet, through local booking agencies, that kind of thing.

eco tours are tours that focus on preserving the enviroment, when booking make sure to find an operator that adheres to the environmental rules and that does not disturb natural habitats.

some eco friendly things to do are following the rules, take your trash, use reusable items, and use natural energy sources.

I think the intended audience is people wanting to get out more, or even tourists. Showing these different activities that do not require technology or spending money really helps the environment.

based off of my scanning of the text, i think this article will be informative and entertaining, its showing us different ways and activities to enjoy the outdoors

Seeing the words loisir and idees, this makes me think this article will be about ideas on leisure activities to do outside.

continuing the project of white supremacy and cultural and linguistic homogeneity

how does this interact w/ SC ruling banning racial discrimination in places of public accommodation / defending Congressional power to regulate due to the Commerce Clause - Heart of Atlanta Motel case ?

epistemological erasure - gap between what happens and what is known and understood

state sanctioned violence via the violence of under-protection

delete this part of the footnote

insert a footnote here. It should connect to this source at the end of the text: Beatvest: Bitcoin-Statistik für Deutschland & weltweit [2025]

how pretty

How was this not unconstitutional

Every party is discriminatory

Also because of the size of the region

where the actual decsion, to the extent that it occurs, happens

Matters at the local level even in 1940

No matter how strong the password is, as the context suggested, social media companies may not be able to secure our data privacy, this is because the detection of password is outdated as it mentioned brute force, that a program that can generate millions of pattern to break the account security lock.

limit to the long-armed reach of US laws; competing interests in state sovereignty and liberty; where does US interest and coercion end and others' liberties begin?

discriminatory? presumably based in territoriality (jdiction)