eLife Assessment

This valuable study highlights the key role of NK cells and PD-L1+ neutrophils in worsening sepsis responses in the context of MASH (metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis). It focused on the role of neutrophils in mediating this effect, which is based on a choline-deficient high-fat diet model of various knockouts or selective ablation of immune cell types. While the data presented are of great interest, there are concerns around the reliability of the strength of the evidence provided, which is currently considered incomplete. The study may be of interest to researchers in immunopathological disease mechanisms once confirmatory studies have been completed.

[Editors' note: the authors no longer have access to the original flow cytometry data and plan to compile new datasets in the future.]

Reviewer #1 (Public review):

Summary:

By using an established NAFLD model, choline-deficient high-fat diet, Barros et al show that LPS challenge causes excessive IFN-γ production by hepatic NK cells which further induces recruitment and polarization of a PD-L1 positive neutrophil subset leading to massive TNFα production and increased host mortality. Genetic inhibition of IFN-γ or pharmacological blockade of PD-L1 decreases recruitment of these neutrophils and TNFα release, consequently preventing liver damage and decreasing host death.

Since NAFLD is often accompanied by chronic, low-grade inflammation, it can lead to an overactive but dysfunctional immune response and increase the body's overall susceptibility to infections, therefore this is very important research question.

Strengths:

The biggest strength of the manuscript is vast number of mouse strains used.

Weaknesses:

After the review, there are still some open questions from my side:

(1) I would like the authors to defend their choice of diet type since this has not been done in the review/response to authors. In case they cannot, we need additional proof (HFD or WD model).

(2) Since the authors used same control groups (chow and HFCD), as required by the animal ethics committee, they must have power analysis test to show that the number of controls (but also in other groups) they used is enough to see the effect. Please provide it.

Reviewer #2 (Public review):

Summary:

This is an extremely interesting mouse study, trying to understand how sepsis is tolerated during obesity/NAFLD. The researchers combine a well-established model of NASH (Choline-deficiency with High Fat Diet) with a sepsis model (IP injection of 10mg/kg LPS), leading to dramatic mortality in mice. Using this model, they characterize the complex contributions of immune cells. Specifically, they find that NK-cells and Neutrophils contribute the most to mortality in this model due to IFNG and PD-L1+ Neutrophils.

Strengths:

The biggest strength of the manuscript is how clear the primary phenotypes/endpoints of their model are. Within 6 hours of LPS injection, there is a stark elevation of liver inflammation and damage, which is exacerbated by a High Fat/CholineDeficient diet (HFCD). And after 1 day, almost all of the mice die. Using these endpoints, the authors were able to identify which cells were critical for mortality in the model and the specific mediators involved.

Comments on revisions:

I have no further comments.

Author response:

The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.

We thank the editor and reviewers for their constructive questions, valuable feedback, and for approving our manuscript. We truly appreciate the opportunity to improve our work based on their insightful comments. Before addressing the editor’s and each referee’s remarks individually, we provide below a point-by-point response summarizing the revisions made.

Duplication of control groups across experiments

We appreciate the reviewers’ concern regarding the potential duplication of control groups. In the revised manuscript, we have explicitly clarified that independent groups of control mice were used for each experiment. These details are now clearly indicated in the Materials and Methods section to avoid any ambiguity and to reinforce the rigor of our experimental design (Page 15, Line 453-455): “Furthermore, knockout animals and those treated with pharmacological inhibitors or neutralizing antibodies shared the same control groups (chow and HFCD), as required by the animal ethics committee.”

Validation of the MASLD model

To strengthen the metabolic characterization of our MASLD model, we have now included additional parameters, including liver weight, Picrosirius staining and blood glucose measurements. These data are presented as new graphs in the revised manuscript and support the metabolic relevance of the HFCD diet model (Figure Suplementary S1). The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 5, Lines 116-117) as follows: “Mice fed HFCD showed no increase in liver weight and collagen deposition as evidenced by Picrosirius staining (Fig. S1A and Fig. S1C)”

Assessment of liver injury in RagKO and anti-NK1.1 mice

We fully agree that assessment of liver injury is essential for these models. For mice treated with antiNK1.1, ALT levels are shown in Figure 4G, confirming increased liver injury after treatment. Regarding Rag⁻/⁻ mice, the animals exhibit exacerbation of liver injury when fed a HFCD diet and challenged with LPS (Page 7, Lines 183–184). The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 7, Lines 175-176) as follows: “Interestingly, Rag1-deficient animals under the HFCD remained susceptible to the LPS challenge (Fig. 4C) with exacerbation of liver injury (Fig. 4D) ”

Discussion of limitations

We have expanded the Discussion section to provide a more comprehensive and balanced perspective on the limitations of our model and experimental approach (Page 13-14, Lines 401–414) “Our study presents several limitations that should be acknowledged and discussed. First, we cannot entirely rule out the possibility that our mice deficient in pro-inflammatory components exhibit reduced responsiveness to LPS. However, our ex vivo analyses using splenocytes from these animals revealed a preserved cytokine production following LPS stimulation. These results suggest that the in vivo differences observed are primarily driven by the MAFLD condition rather than by intrinsic defects in LPS sensitivity. Second, the absence of publicly available single-cell RNA-seq datasets from MAFLD subjects under endotoxemic or septic conditions limited our ability to perform direct translational comparisons. To overcome this, we analyzed existing MAFLD patients and experimental MAFLD datasets, which consistently demonstrated upregulation of IFN-y and TNF-α inflammatory pathways in MALFD. In line with these findings, our murine model revealed TNF-α⁺ myeloid and IFN-y⁺ NK cell populations, thereby reinforcing the validity and translational relevance of our results.”. This revision highlights the constraints of the MASLD model, the inherent variability among in vivo experiments, and the interpretative limitations related to immunodeficient mouse strains.

Recommendations for the authors:

Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):

(1) In Figure 4 the authors are showing the number of IFN+ positive CD4, CD8, and NK 1.1+ cells. Could they show from total IFNg production, how much it goes specifically on NK cells and how much on other cell populations since NK1.1 is NK but also NKT and gamma delta T cell marker? Also, in Figure 2E the authors see a substantial increase in IFNg signal in T cells.

While we did not specifically assess IFNγ production in NKT cells or other minor populations, our data indicate that the NK1.1+CD3+ cells (NKT cells) cited in Page 7, Lines  188-192 were essentially absent in the liver tissue of LPS-challenged animals, as shown in Supplementary Figures 3C and S10. The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 7, Lines 188-192) as follows: “We observed that the number of NK cells increased in the liver tissue of PBS-treated MAFLD mice compared with mice fed a control diet (Fig. 4E). LPS challenge increased the accumulation of NK1.1+CD3− NK cells in the liver tissue of MAFLD mice and the absence of NK1.1+CD3+ NKT cells (Fig. S3C and 4E)”.

This absence was consistent across all experimental conditions, corroborating our focus on NK1.1+CD3− cells as the primary source of NK1.1-associated IFNγ production. Furthermore, data demonstrated in Figure 2E illustrate the presence of IFNγ primarily in NK cells. Therefore, the observed IFNγ signal, attributed to NK1.1+ cells, predominantly reflects conventional NK cells, with minimal contribution from NKT or γδ T cells.

(2) In Figure 4C, the authors state that the results suggest that T and B cells do not contribute to susceptibility to LPS challenge. However, they observe a drop in survival compared to chow+LPS. Are the authors certain there is no statistical significance there?

The observed decrease in survival is consistent with our expectations, as T and B cells are not the primary source of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) in this context. Even in their absence, animals remain susceptible to LPS challenge due to the presence of other IFNγ-producing cells that drive the observed lethality. We have carefully re-examined the statistical analysis and confirm that it was correctly performed.  

(3) Since the survival curve and rate are exactly the same (60%) in Figures 3F, 3G, 4C, 4F, 5G, and 5H I would just like to double-check that the authors used different controls for each experiment.

The number of mice used in each experiment was carefully determined to ensure sufficient statistical power while fully complying with the limits established by our institutional Animal Ethics Committee. To minimize animal use, the same control group was shared across multiple survival experiments. Despite using shared controls, the total number of animals per experimental group was adequate to produce robust and reproducible survival outcomes. All groups were properly randomized, and the shared control data were rigorously incorporated into statistical analyses. This strategy allowed us to maintain both ethical standards and the scientific rigor of our findings.

(4) In Figure 5 the authors are saying that it is neutrophils but not monocytes mediate susceptibility of animals with NAFLD to endotoxemia. However, CXCR2i depletion and CCR2 knock out mice affect both monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils. And in Figures 5E, 5G, and 5H they see that a) LPS+CXCR2i decreases liver damage more than LPS+anti Ly6G, b) HFCD mice challenged with LPS and treated with anti-LY6G do not rescue survival to levels of CHOW LPS and c) anti Ly6G treatment helps less than CXCR2i. Therefore, from both knock out mice and depletion experiments the authors can conclude that most likely monocytes (but potentially also other cells) together with neutrophils are substantial for the development of endotoxemic shock in choline-deficient high-fat diet model.

While neutrophils express CCR2, our data clearly show that CCR2 deficiency does not impair neutrophil migration, as demonstrated in Supplemental Figures 5A and 5B (added to the manuscript, page 8, lines 213–217). The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 8, Lines 213217) as follows: ``Interestingly, animals deficient in monocyte migration (CCR2-/-) showed a high mortality rate compared to wild type after LPS challenge and neutrophil migration is not altered (Fig. 5SA and Fig. 5SB)``, In contrast, CCR2 deficiency primarily affects monocyte recruitment, yet in our experimental conditions, monocyte depletion or CCR2 knockout did not significantly alter the severity of endotoxemic shock, indicating that monocytes play a minimal role in mediating susceptibility in HFCD-fed mice.

To specifically investigate neutrophils, we used pharmacological blockade of CXCR2 to inhibit migration and antibody-mediated neutrophil depletion. Both approaches have consistently demonstrated that neutrophils are critical factors in endotoxemic shock.

These findings support our conclusion that neutrophils are the primary cellular contributors to susceptibility in HFCD-fed mice during endotoxemia, with monocytes making a negligible contribution under the tested conditions.

(6) In Figure 6A (but also others with PD-L1) did the authors do isotype control? And can they show how much of PD1+ population goes on neutrophils, and how much on all the other populations?

To address this issue, we performed additional analyses to assess the distribution of PD-L1 expression on CD45+CD11B+ leukocytes. These new results, detailed on Page 9, lines 245-250, and now presented in Supplemental Figure 6, demonstrate that PD-L1 expression is predominantly enriched in neutrophils compared to other immune subsets. This observation further reinforces our conclusion that neutrophils represent a major source of PD-L1 in our experimental model.

To ensure the robustness of these findings, we also included FMO controls for PD-L1 staining in the newly added Supplemental Figure S6. These controls validate the specificity of our gating strategy and confirm the reliability of the detected PD-L1 signal. The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 9, Lines 245-250) as follows: ``First, we observed that only the MAFLD diet caused a significant increase in PD-L1 expression in CD45+CD11b+ leukocytes after LPS challenge (Fig. S6C). We observed that within this population, neutrophils predominate in their expression when compared to monocytes (Fig. 6SA, Fig. 6SB, and Fig. 6SD). Furthermore, PD-L+1 neutrophils showed an exacerbated migration of PD-L1+ neutrophils towards the liver (Fig. 6A and 6B)”

(7) In Figure 6D it is interesting that there is not an increase in PD-L1+ neutrophils in LPS HFCD IFNg+/+ mice in comparison to LPS chow IFNg+/+ mice, since those should be like WT mice (Figure 6A going from 50% to 97%) and so an increase should be seen?

The apparent difference between Figures 6A and 6D likely reflects inter-experimental variability rather than a biological discrepancy. Although the absolute percentages of PD-L1⁺ neutrophils varied slightly among independent experiments, the overall phenotype and trend were consistently maintained namely, that PD-L1 expression on neutrophils is enhanced in response to LPS stimulation and modulated by IFNγ signaling. Thus, the data shown in Figure 6D are representative of this consistent phenotype despite minor quantitative variation.

(8) In Figure 7 do the authors have isotype control for TNFa because gating seems a bit random so an isotype control graph would help a lot as supplementary information, in order to make the figure more persuasive

To address the concern regarding gating in Figure 7, we have included the FMO showing TNFα as a histogram Supplementary Figure 8gG. These control reaffirm the accuracy and reliability of our gating strategy for TNFα, further supporting the robustness of our data. The corresponding description has been added to the Results section (Page 9, Lines 272-274) as follows:`` We observed an exacerbated TNF-α expression by PD-L1+ neutrophils from MAFLD when compared to control chow animals (Fig. 7A, Fig. 7B, Fig. 7D, and Fig8SG).

(9) Figure 6C IFNg+/+ mice on CHOW +LPS is same as Figure 8E mice chow +LPS but just with different numbers. Can the authors explain this?

Although the data points in Figures 6C and 8E may appear similar, we confirm that they originate from entirely independent experiments and represent distinct datasets. To enhance clarity and avoid any potential confusion, we have adjusted the figure presentation and sizing in the revised manuscript. These changes make it clear that the datasets, while comparable, are derived from separate experimental replicates.

(10) Figure 1E chow B6+LPS is the same as Figure 5D B6+LPS but should they be different since those should be two different experiments?

We confirm that Figures 1E and 5D correspond to data obtained from independent experiments. Although the experimental conditions were similar, each dataset was generated and analyzed separately to ensure the reproducibility and robustness of our results.

Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):

(1) Why did you look at kidney injury in Figure 1D? I think this should be explained a little.

We assessed kidney injury alongside ALT, a marker of liver damage, because both the liver and kidneys are among the primary organs affected during sepsis and endotoxemia. This rationale has been added to the manuscript (page 5, lines 129–131): “Remarkably, compared to the Chow group, HFCD mice exposed to LPS did not show greater changes in other organs commonly affected by endotoxemia, such as the kidneys (Figure 1D).” By evaluating markers of injury in both organs, we aimed to determine whether our physiopathological condition was liver-specific or indicative of broader systemic injury.

(2) I know Figure 2C isn't your data, but why are there so few NK cells, considering NK cells are a resident liver cell type? Doesn't that also bring into question some of your data if there are so few NK cells? And the IFNG expression (2E) looks to mostly come from T-cells (CD8?).

The data shown in Figure 2C were reanalyzed from a separate NAFLD model based on a 60% high-fat diet. Although this model differs from ours, the observed low number of NK cells is consistent with expectations for animals subjected solely to a hyperlipidic diet, which primarily provides an inflammatory stimulus that promotes recruitment rather than maintaining high baseline NK cell numbers.

In our experimental model, these observations align with published data. Specifically, liver tissue from NAFLD animals typically exhibits low baseline NK cell numbers, but upon LPS challenge, there is a marked increase in NK cell recruitment to the liver. This dynamic illustrates the interplay between dietinduced inflammation and immune cell recruitment in our experimental context and supports the interpretation of our IFNγ data.

(3) In your methods, I think you didn't explain something. You said LPS was administered to 56 week old mice, but that HFCD diet was started in 5-6 week old mice and lasted 2 weeks, then LPS was administered. So LPS administration happened when the mice were 7-8 weeks old, right?

We thank the reviewer for pointing out this inconsistency in our Methods section. The reviewer is correct: the HFCD diet was initiated in 5–6-week-old mice, and LPS was administered after 2 weeks on the diet, such that LPS challenge occurred when the mice were 7–8 weeks old.

We have revised the Methods section (add page 15-16, lines 474–480).  to clarify this timeline and ensure it is accurately described in the manuscript. The corresponding description has been added to the Materials and Methods section (Page 14, Lines 436-442) as follows: “Lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Escherichia coli (O111:B4), L2630, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.; 10 mg/kg) in C57BL/6, CCR2 -/-, IFN-/-, and TNFR1R2 -/- mice. The HFCD was initiated in 5–6 week-old mice, and LPS was administered after 2 weeks on the diet, meaning that LPS administration occurred when the mice were 7–8 weeks old, with body weights ranging from 22 to 26 g. LPS was previously solubilized in sterile saline and frozen at -70°C. The animals were euthanized 6 hours after LPS administration”.

(4) Throughout the manuscript, I would consider changing the term NAFLD to something else. I think HFCD diet is a closer model to NASH, so there needs to be some discussion on that. And the field is changing these terms, so NAFLD is now MASLD and NASH is now MASH.

We appreciate the reviewer’s comment regarding the terminology and disease classification. In our experimental conditions, the animals were subjected to a high-fat, choline-deficient (HFCD) diet for only two weeks, a period considered very early in the progression of diet-induced liver disease. At this stage, histological analysis revealed lipid accumulation in hepatocytes without evidence of hepatocellular injury, inflammation, or fibrosis. Therefore, our model more closely resembles the metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD, formerly NAFLD) stage rather than the more advanced metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH).

Indeed, prolonged exposure to HFCD diets, typically 8 to 16 weeks, is required to induce the inflammatory and fibrotic features characteristic of MASH. Since our objective was to study the initial metabolic and immune alterations preceding overt liver injury, we believe that using the term MAFLD more accurately reflects the pathological stage represented in our model. Accordingly, we have revised the text to align with the updated nomenclature and disease context.

(6) I am concerned about over interpretation of the publicly available RNA-seq data in Figure 2. This data comes from human NAFLD patients with unknown endotoxemia and mouse models using a traditional high-fat diet model. So it is hard to compare these very disparate datasets to yours. Also, if these datasets have elevated IFNG, why does your model require LPS injection?

We thank the reviewer for their thoughtful comments regarding the interpretation of the RNA-seq data presented in Figure 2. We would like to clarify that the human NAFLD datasets referenced in our study do not specifically include patients with endotoxemia; rather, they focus on individuals with NAFLD alone.

Comparing data from human and murine MAFLD models, we observed that NK cells, T cells, and neutrophils are present and contribute to the hepatic inflammatory environment. Our reanalysis indicates that the elevations of IFNγ and TNF in NAFLD are primarily derived from NK cells, T cells, and myeloid cells, respectively.

In our experimental model, LPS administration was used to evaluate whether these immune populations particularly NK cells are further potentiated under a hyperinflammatory state, leading to exacerbated IFNγ production. This approach allows us to determine whether increased IFNγ contributes to worsening outcomes in NAFLD, providing mechanistic insights that cannot be obtained from static human or traditional mouse datasets alone.

(7) The zoom-ins for the histology (for example, Figure 1E) don't look right compared to the dotted square. The shape and area expanded don't match. And the cells in the zoom-in don't look exactly the same either.

We have thoroughly re-examined the histological sections and the corresponding zoom-ins, including the example in Figure 1E. Upon verification, we confirm that the zoom-ins accurately represent the highlighted areas indicated by the dotted squares. The apparent discrepancies in shape or cellular appearance are likely due to minor differences in orientation or cropping during figure preparation. Nevertheless, the content and regions depicted are consistent with the original sections.  

(8) Did the authors measure myeloid infiltration in the CCR2-/- mice? Did you measure Neutrophil infiltration in the TNF-Receptor KO mice?

Analysis of CD45+ cell migration in CCR2 knockout mice, as shown in Supplemental Figure 5C and 5D, demonstrates that the absence of CCR2 does not impair overall leukocyte migration. Similarly, assessment of neutrophil migration in TNF receptor (TNFR1/2) knockout mice, presented in Supplemental Figure 8A, shows that neutrophil trafficking is not affected in these animals. These results indicate that the respective knockouts do not compromise the migration of the analyzed immune populations, supporting the interpretations presented in our study.

(9) Regarding Methods for RNA-seq Analysis. Was the Mitochondrial percentage cutoff 0.8%, because that seems low. And was there not a Padj or FDR cutoff for the differential expression?

The mitochondrial percentage in our scRNA-seq analysis reflects the proportion of mitochondrial gene expression per cell, which serves as a quality control metric. A low mitochondrial gene expression percentage, such as the 0.8% cutoff used here, is indicative of highly viable cells.

For differential gene expression analysis, we employed the FindMarkers function in Seurat with standard parameters: adjusted p-value (Padj) < 0.05 and log2 fold change > 0.25 for upregulated genes, and adjusted p-value < 0.05 with log2 fold change < -0.25 for downregulated genes. These thresholds ensure robust identification of differentially expressed genes while balancing sensitivity and specificity.

(10) Regarding Methods for Flow Cytometry. How were IFNG and TNF staining performed? Was this an intracellular stain? Did you need to block secretion? TNF and IFNG antibodies have the same fluorophore (PE), so were these stainings and analyses performed separately?

Six hours after LPS challenge, non-parenchymal liver cells were isolated using Percoll gradient centrifugation. Because the animals were in a hyperinflammatory state induced by LPS, no in vitro stimulation was performed; all staining was carried out immediately after cell isolation. Detection of IFNγ and TNF was performed via intracellular staining using the Foxp3 staining kit (eBioscience). Due to both antibodies being conjugated to PE, IFN-γ and TNF-α staining and analyses were conducted in separate experiments. These distinct staining protocols and analyses are detailed in Supplemental Figures 10 and 11. The corresponding description has been added to the Materials and Methods section (Page 16, Lines 490-493) as follows: ``As animals were already in a hyperinflammatory state, no additional in vitro stimulation was required. Intracellular detection of IFN-γ and TNF-α was conducted using the Foxp3 staining kit (eBioscience). Since both antibodies were conjugated to PE, staining and analyses were performed in separate experiments``

Reviewer #3 (Recommendations for the authors):

(1) Achieving an NAFLD model/disease is the starting point of this study. I understand that a two-week HFCD diet period was applied due to the decrease in lymphocyte numbers. Was it enough to initiate NAFLD then? Or is it a milder metabolic disease? Which parameters have been evaluated to accept this model as a NAFLD model?

Indeed, the two-week HFCD diet induces an early-stage form of NAFLD, characterized by initial fat accumulation in the liver without significant hepatic injury. While this represents a milder metabolic phenotype, it is sufficient to study the inflammatory and immune responses associated with NAFLD. To validate this model, we assessed multiple parameters: liver weight, blood glucose levels, and collagen deposition. These measurements confirmed the presence of early-stage NAFLD features in the animals, providing a relevant and reliable context for investigating susceptibility to endotoxemia and immune cell dynamics. They are shown in Figure Suplementary 1 and the text was included in the manuscript (Page 5, Lines 116-117): “Mice fed HFCD showed no increase in liver weight and collagen deposition as evidenced by Picrosirius staining (Fig. S1A and Fig. S1C) ”.

(2) It is true that the CD274 gene (encoding PD-L1) and the IFNGR2 gene, corresponding to the IFNγ receptor, are among the upregulated genes when authors analyzed the publicly available RNAseq data but they are not the most significantly elevated genes. What is the reasoning behind this cherrypicking? Why are other high DEGs not analyzed but these two are analyzed?

We highlighted the expression of the IFN-γ receptor (IFNGR2) and CD274 (encoding PD-L1) in the publicly available RNA-seq data to align and corroborate these findings with the key results observed later in our study. To avoid redundancy, we chose to present these genes in the initial figures as they are directly relevant to the subsequent analyses. Regarding the broader analysis of human RNA-seq data, our primary objective was to identify enriched biological processes and pathways, which served as a foundation for the focus and direction of this study.

(3) Figures 3C-3G: I understand that IFNg-/- and NFR1R2a-/- mice are not showing elevated liver damage but it may simply be because of the non-responsiveness to the LPS challenge. I suggest using a different challenge or recovery experiments with the cytokines to show that the challenge is successful and results are caused by NAFLD, truly. The same goes for Figure 6: Looking at Figure 6D one may think that IFNg deficiency alters the LPS response independent of the diet condition (or NAFLD condition).

We appreciate the reviewer’s insightful comment and fully understand the concern regarding the potential non-responsiveness of IFN-γ⁻/⁻ and TNFR1R2a⁻/⁻ mice to the LPS challenge. To address this point and confirm that these knockout animals are indeed responsive to LPS stimulation, we conducted an additional set of ex vivo experiments.

Specifically, WT and cytokine-deficient (IFN-γ⁻/⁻) mice were fed either Chow or HFCD for two weeks, after which spleens were collected, and splenocytes were challenged in vitro with LPS. We then quantified TNF, IFN, and IL-6 production to confirm that these mice are capable of mounting cytokine responses upon LPS stimulation.

Due to current breeding limitations and a temporary issue in colony maintenance of TNF-deficient mice, we were unable to include TNFR1R2a⁻/⁻ animals in this additional experiment. Nevertheless, we prioritized performing the analysis with the available knockout line to avoid leaving this important point unaddressed.

These additional data demonstrate that IFN-γ-deficient mice remain responsive to LPS, reinforcing that the differences observed in vivo are related to the NAFLD condition rather than a lack of LPS responsiveness.

(4) Figure 1 vs Figure 4: Rag-/- mice seem more susceptible to LPS-derived death even after normal conditions. But If I compare the survival data between Figure 1 and Figure 4, Rag-/- HFCD diet mice seem to be doing better than wt mice after LPS treatment. (1 day survival vs 2 days survival). How do you explain these different outcomes?

We thank the reviewer for this insightful question regarding the survival data in Figures 1 and 4. Although there is a one-day difference in survival outcomes, Rag-/- mice consistently exhibit increased susceptibility to LPS-induced mortality can influence the exact survival timing. Nonetheless, across all experiments, Rag-/- mice display a reproducible phenotype of heightened sensitivity to LPS challenge, which is supported by multiple independent observations in our study.

(5) How do you explain Figure 4J in connection to the observation presented with Figure 7: TNFa tissue levels, even though significant, seem very similar between the conditions?

We would like to clarify that the animals in this study are in a metabolic syndrome state, with early-stage NAFLD characterized by hepatic fat accumulation without significant tissue injury, as shown in Figure 1C.

Under these conditions, the LPS challenge triggers an exacerbated inflammatory response, leading to increased secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α, primarily from NK cells and neutrophils. While TNFα levels may appear visually similar across conditions, the HFCD mice exhibit a heightened predisposition for an amplified immune response compared to chow-fed mice. This difference is consistent with the functional outcomes observed in our study and highlights the diet-specific sensitization of the immune system.

good for tehe twist!

Good summary of the chapter!

obviously a problem, otherwise they wouldn't be sending ministers to bring the men back t o the church!

PRIMARY SOURCES - good to show how after the war, while many men went out quite religious, they came home without a need for religion, their experience of war altering them forever

Primary source!

quite interesting! shows how this didn't eradicate faith entirely

INTERESTING!!! GOOD QUOTE

very interesting

PRIMARY SOURCE - interesting how the church had become so embroiled in the war and used by the state. When the war was popular, this was good, but when people feared their sons deaths, had suffered long, the fact the church had encouraged this led many to not return once the war was over

P1. - Shows how while the war began with optimism,Christianity having a great role of hope and morality, as the war wore on, confidecne in the church waned

DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwag037

Resource: Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (RRID:SCR_002953)

Curator: @AleksanderDrozdz

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002953

What is this?

Really nice transcription factor (TF) DNA-motif enrichment assays, and interesting to observe similar DNA-binding motifs for SiROCX (and Roc1), previously observed for the Aspergillus AmyR TF (doi: 10.1271/bbb.110949) and the Pf2 TF-lineage in Ascomycetes (doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012536). Different lifestyles and fungal taxa, but both also closely associated with CAZyme regulation. Given the massive expansion/diversification of the Zn2Cys6 TF family in fungi it can be difficult to trace homology. Since they share similar DNA targets, it could still be interesting to include the AmyR/Pf2 Ascomycete TF lineages in an alignment/phylogenetic tree, or a domain comparison to see if you might identify any key conserved/divergent features vs the Basidiomycete ROCX TFs.

seems not many ESP32 actually have 5GhZ, just the c6.

the hardware would be esp32 based and set to receive at 5900Mhz

video talk on opentrafficmap the description does not link to actual hardware used e.g. suggesting it's less simple than suggested in the other blogpost I'd like one for our street to see actual speeds / number of cars.

With this additional model comparison, the fit of the interaction is only marginally better than the model without. What I could find online was conflicting. According to some sources, the fact that the LOO difference is larger than 4 (see table above) is sufficient to argue that the interaction model is better. Other sources argue that the variance should be taken into account. In this specific case, we can see that the interaction term does not overlap 0, which is why I interpreted the results the way I did. But this is something I'd like to run by everyone in the dysco

I have an idea on how to improve Figure 3B. I think we can compute a decision boundary reflecting the interaction term, which should result in a diagonal line going from the top left to the bottom right reflecting the fit of the model and showing the separation between accept and reject off diagonal

I still need to find the appropriate reference here. I know where to look, just haven't gotten around to it just yet

I double checked in neuroimage. The article was published under creative commons license, meaning all figures can be reused given proper credit is given. We can discuss whether we want to change anything

💻/asus/🧊/me/📓/2026/5/2/5/Symmathesy-A.WordinProgress~Nora.Bateson

The above is a chronlarchic path to my personal decentralized web archive

it names the machine, the day of atchiving and the original title of the saved web page

relying on the super power of IPFS that enables the same resource file or folder to be added to the Directed Acyclic Graph of the InterPlanetary file system

invites us to add the same resource to afloder tree that contextualizes the resource by naming the very process that created it, and doing that within a folder that identifies the machine and the wider time period when it was created

for the moment I rely on Hyothesis to connect the two but really both should carry the MindGraph Dot or MEMEpleX page

like

=symmathesy~by-NoraBateson

which in turn is reflected in 1's own(ed) local-first IPFS node

trans(con)(t|pl)extual mutual learning

through (p2p live) interplay - 1 to 1 - me to me across all my devices - 1 to other - 1 to us - low Dunbar number named dedicated groups - 1 to we - ring of adjacent groups - 1 to all -mutually recorded sharing over the open web - implied secure private communication channels - verifiable integrity and provenance history

over the web

Holy wow.

PC INFO: As you reach the village square and are about to cross to the tavern the mist seems to clear a little and you hear a soft whimpering draws your eye toward a pair of children standing in the middle of an otherwise lifeless street intersection.

DM INFO: when the players get to the church have Father dorovich explain who they are if the PC's ask about them.

PLAYER INFO: As you approach the church you notice An eerie green light suffuses the graveyard. From this light emerges a ghostly procession. Wavering images of doughty women toting greatswords, woodwise men with slender bows, dwarves with glittering axes, and archaically dressed mages with beards and strange, pointed hats—all these and more march forth from the graveyard, their numbers growing by the second.

Intersectionality

I do wish he didn't buy into this hype...

fun to have to beat back critiques like this...

Synodal relates to a "synod," which is an advisory council or assembly of leaders within a church (such as the Roman Catholic, Orthodox, or Anglican traditions) gathered to discuss and recommend actions on important matters.The concept has gained widespread attention due to Pope Francis's multi-year global initiative, the "Synod on Synodality". Rather than just being an event, "synodality" describes a style and way of being Church where clergy and laity walk and journey together. It focuses heavily on deep listening, shared responsibility in the Church's mission, and collaborative discernment guided by the Holy Spirit.

labor exploitation and imperialist extraction.

Natural law[1] (Latin: ius naturale, lex naturalis) is a philosophical and legal theory that posits the existence of inherent laws derived from nature and universal moral principles that are discoverable through reason. In ethics, natural law theory[2] asserts that certain rights and moral values are inherent in human nature and can be universally understood, independent of enacted laws or societal norms. In jurisprudence, natural law—sometimes referred to as iusnaturalism[3] or jusnaturalism[4]—holds that there are objective legal standards based on morality that underlie the creation, interpretation, and application of human-made laws. This contrasts with positive law (as in legal positivism),[5] which emphasizes that laws are rules created by human authorities and are not necessarily connected to moral principles. Natural law can refer to "theories of ethics, theories of politics, theories of civil law, and theories of religious morality",[6] depending on the context in which naturally-grounded practical principles are claimed to exist.

In the Western tradition, natural law was anticipated by the pre-Socratics, for example, in their search for principles that governed the cosmos and human beings. The concept of natural law was documented in ancient Greek philosophy, including Aristotle,[7] and was mentioned in ancient Roman philosophy by Cicero. References to it are also found in the Old and New Testaments of the Bible, and were later expounded upon in the Middle Ages by Christian philosophers such as Albert the Great and Thomas Aquinas. The School of Salamanca made notable contributions to natural law theory during the Renaissance.

Although the central ideas of natural law had been part of Christian thought since the Roman Empire, its foundation as a consistent system was laid by Aquinas, who synthesized and condensed his predecessors' ideas into his Lex Naturalis (lit. 'natural law').[8] Aquinas argues that because human beings have reason, and because reason is a spark of the divine, all human lives are sacred and of infinite value compared to any other created object, meaning everyone is fundamentally equal and bestowed with an intrinsic basic set of rights that no one can remove.

Modern natural law theory took shape in the Age of Enlightenment, combining inspiration from Roman law, Christian scholastic philosophy, and contemporary concepts such as social contract theory. It was used in challenging the theory of the divine right of kings, and became an alternative justification for the establishment of a social contract, positive law, and government—and thus legal rights—in the form of classical republicanism. John Locke was a key Enlightenment-era proponent of natural law, stressing its role in the justification of property rights and the right to revolution.[9] In the early decades of the 21st century, the concept of natural law is closely related to the concept of natural rights and has libertarian and conservative proponents.[10] Indeed, many philosophers, jurists and scholars use natural law synonymously with natural rights (Latin: ius naturale) or natural justice;[11] others distinguish between natural law and natural right.[12]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_law

a conflict that has yet to be resolved.

Diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) are organizational frameworks that seek to promote the fair treatment and full participation of all people, particularly groups who have historically been underrepresented, marginalized, or subject to discrimination based on identity or disability.[1] These three notions (diversity, equity, and inclusion) together represent "three closely linked values", which organizations seek to institutionalize through DEI frameworks.[2]

Diversity refers to the presence of variety within the organizational workforce in characteristics, such as race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, disability, age, politics,[3] culture, class, veteran status, or religion.[2][4] Equity refers to concepts of fairness and justice, such as fair compensation and substantive equality.[4] More specifically, equity usually also includes a focus on societal disparities, allocating resources, "decision making authority to groups that have historically been disadvantaged",[5] and taking "into consideration a person's unique circumstances, adjusting treatment accordingly so that the end result is equal".[2] Inclusion refers to creating an organizational culture that creates an experience where "all employees feel their voices will be heard"[2] and a sense of belonging and integration.[4][6]

Diversity, equity, and inclusion...

An Attempt at Unity.[a] 1 The whole world had only one language, everyone using the same words. 2 Migrating from the east, men came upon a plain in the land of Shinar where they settled.

3 They said to each other, “Come, let us make bricks and bake them in a fire.” These bricks were what they used instead of stone, and bitumen in place of cement.[b] 4 Then they said, “Come, let us build a city and a tower so high that it touches the heavens.[c] We shall make a name for ourselves and not be scattered all throughout the earth.”

5 But the Lord came down and saw the city and the tower that these men were building. 6 The Lord said, “Behold, they are a single people and they have only one language. This is only the beginning of what they will do. Now nothing that they think up will be impossible for them. 7 Let us go down and confuse their language so that they will not understand each other when they speak.”

8 The Lord scattered them over the whole earth[d] and they ceased building their city. 9 This is why it is called Babel,[e] for there the Lord confused everyone’s language. It was also from there that the Lord scattered people over the whole earth.

https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%2011%3A1-9&version=NCB

"True peace is not merely the absence of tension: it is the presence of justice." (Stride Toward Freedom, 1958)

"We must concentrate not merely on the negative expulsion of war, but on the positive affirmation of peace."

"If we are to have peace on earth, our loyalties must become ecumenical rather than sectional. Our loyalties must transcend our race, our tribe, our class, and our nation; and this means we must develop a world perspective." (Christmas Sermon on Peace)

subsidiarity

Systems and institutions that work long after we are gone. The ability to use the sciences to build things that last, rather than merely living for the present.

We must take actions that reveal and reinforce the Truth (Christ) in our political communities. Actions that go against the Truth, mar and obscure his face.

This is a very "concrete" encyclical. It is about building, about community, about leaving institutions and societies that can withstand conflict and seek peace.

Chapter 2 Appointment by the King. 1 In the month of Nisan, in the twentieth year of King Artaxerxes, since the wine was my responsibility, I took the wine and gave it to the king. Inasmuch as I had never before showed any sign of sadness in his presence,[a] 2 the king asked me: “Why do you look so depressed? You clearly are not ill. This is the result of your sadness of heart.”

Despite the fact that I was greatly fearful, 3 I said to the king: “May your majesty live forever! How can I possibly fail to be depressed when the city where my ancestors are buried lies in ruins and its gates have been destroyed by fire?” 4 The king then said to me: “What do you wish to request of me?”

Having first prayed to the God of heaven,[b] 5 I said to the king: “If your majesty approves and your servant has found favor with you, I beg you to send me to Judah, to the city where my ancestors are buried, so that I can rebuild it.” 6 Then the king—with the queen sitting beside him—said to me: “How long will your journey take, and when will you return?” Once I had given the king a specific date that was acceptable to him, he approved my request.

7 Then I said to the king: “If it pleases the king, let letters be given to me for the governors of West-of-Euphrates with orders to grant me safe passage until I arrive in Judah. 8 I also request that you give me a letter for Asaph, the keeper of the king’s forest, directing that he give me timber for the gates of the citadel adjoining the temple, and for the wall of the city, and for the residence I will occupy.” The king granted what I requested, for the gracious hand of my God was upon me.

9 When I came to the governors of West-of-Euphrates, I presented the king’s letters to them. The king had also sent an escort of army officers and cavalry to accompany me. 10 However, when Sanballat[c] the Horonite and Tobiah the Ammonite official heard this, it displeased them greatly that someone had come to seek the welfare of the Israelites.

11 Nehemiah Inspects the Wall.[d]When I arrived in Jerusalem, I rested there for three days. 12 Then I set out by night with just a few other men. I revealed to no one what my God had inspired me to do for Jerusalem, and I took no animal with me other than the one I was riding.

13 I went forth by night through the Valley Gate toward the Dragon Spring as far as the Dung Gate, and I observed how the walls of Jerusalem lay in ruins with its gates destroyed by fire. 14 I then passed over to the Fountain Gate and the King’s Pool, but there was no room there for the animal I was riding to continue.

15 Therefore, I went up by way of the valley in the dark, examining the wall until I once again reached the Valley Gate and re-entered the city. 16 The officials did not know where I had gone or what I had been doing. I had not as yet disclosed anything to the Jews, neither to the priests, nor to the nobles, nor to the magistrates, nor to any of the other persons who were to be involved in the work.[e]

17 Rebuilding Jerusalem’s Walls. Then I said to them: “You now can realize the difficulty we face. Jerusalem lies in ruins, and its gates have been destroyed by fire. Therefore, we must rebuild the wall of Jerusalem so that we will no longer be looked upon as a disgrace.” 18 Then I told them how God had been so extremely gracious to me, and I also revealed the encouragement that the king had given me. They replied: “Let us begin the rebuilding at once,” and they undertook their work vigorously.

19 However when Sanballat the Horonite, Tobiah the Ammonite slave, and Geshem the Arab heard about this, they ridiculed and mocked us, saying: “What is this you are doing? Are you rebelling against the king?” 20 In turn I gave them this answer: “The God of heaven will grant us success, and we his servants intend to start the rebuilding immediately. But as for you, you have no share in Jerusalem or any claim or historic right in Jerusalem.”

Chapter 3 List of Builders.[f] 1 Eliashib the high priest then set to work with his fellow priests and rebuilt the Sheep Gate. They laid its beams and put the doors in place, after which they consecrated it as far as the Tower of the Hundred and the Tower of Hananel. 2 The men of Jericho worked next to Eliashib, and Zaccur, the son of Imri, built next to them.

3 The sons of Hassenaah built the Fish Gate. They laid its beams and set up its doors, its bolts, and its bars. 4 Meremoth, the son of Uriah, son of Hakkoz, carried out the necessary repairs next to them. Meshullam, the son of Berechiah, son of Meshezabel, was next to him, followed by Zadok, son of Baana.

5 Next to Zadok the Tekoites carried out the necessary repairs, although their nobles refused to demean themselves by helping their masters. 6 Joiada, the son of Paseah, and Meshullam, the son of Besodeiah, repaired the Old Gate, laying its beams and setting up its doors, its bolts, and its bars.

7 At their side were Melatiah the Gibeonite, Jadon the Meronothite, and the men of Gibeon and Mizpah who did the repairs under the jurisdiction of the governor of West-of-Euphrates. 8 Next to them the repair work was carried out by Uzziel, the son of Harhaiah, a member of the goldsmiths’ guild, and at his side was Hananiah, a member of the perfumers’ guild. They renovated the wall of Jerusalem as far as the Broad Wall of the public square.

9 Next to them the repairs were carried out by Rephaiah, the son of Hur, who was the ruler of half the district of Jerusalem. 10 At his side was Jedaiah, the son of Harumaph, who made the repairs opposite his own house. Next to him the repairs were carried out by Hattush, the son of Hashabneiah.

11 Malchijah, the son of Harim, and Hasshub, the son of Pahath-moab, repaired another section and the Tower of the Ovens. 12 Next to them, Shallum, the son of Hallohesh and ruler of the other half of the district of Jerusalem, carried out repairs with the help of his daughters.[g]

13 Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah repaired the Valley Gate. They rebuilt it and put its doors, its bolts, and its bars in place, and they also repaired a thousand cubits of the wall, as far as the Dung Gate. 14 The Dung Gate itself was repaired by Malchijah, the son of Rechab, the ruler of the district of Beth-haccherem; he rebuilt it and put the doors in place with their bolts and bars.

15 The Fountain Gate was repaired by Shallum, the son of Colhozeh, the ruler of the district of Mizpah; he rebuilt it, placed a roof over it, and put its doors in place with their bolts and their bars. He also built the wall of the Pool of Shelah that adjoined the king’s garden, as far as the steps descending from the City of David. 16 After him, Nehemiah, the son of Azbuk, ruler of half the district of Beth-zur, made the repairs from a point opposite the tomb of David as far as the artificial pool and the House of the Heroes.

17 After him, repairs were carried out by the Levites under the direction of Rehum, the son of Bani. Next to him, Hashabiah, the leader of half the district of Keilah, carried out the repairs for his own district. 18 After him, their kinsmen took charge of the repairs, headed by Binnui, the son of Henadad, leader of half the district of Keilah.

19 Next to him was Ezer, the son of Jeshua, leader of Mizpah, who repaired the adjoining section opposite the ascent to the armory at the Angle. 20 After him, Baruch, the son of Zabbai, repaired another section from the Angle to the door of the house of the high priest Eliashib.

21 After him, Meremoth, the son of Uriah, son of Hakkoz, repaired another section, from the door of the house of Eliashib to the end of the house. 22 After him, repairs were carried out by the priests who lived in the district.

23 After them, Benjamin and Hasshub carried out the repairs opposite their house, and after them Azariah, son of Maaseiah, son of Ananiah, did the repairs beside his own house. 24 After him, Binnui, the son of Henadad, repaired the adjoining sector from the house of Azariah to the Angle and the Corner.

25 After him, Palal, the son of Uzai, carried out repairs in front of the Angle and the tower projecting from the Upper Palace of the king to the court of the guard. Next to him, Pedaiah, the son of Parosh, carried out the repairs 26 to a point opposite the Water Gate on the east and the projecting tower. 27 After him the Tekoites repaired the adjoining section opposite the great projecting tower as far as the wall of Ophel.

28 Above the Horse Gate the priests carried out repairs, each one opposite his own house.[h] 29 After them, Zadok, the son of Immer, carried out the repairs opposite his own house, and after him Shemaiah, the son of Shecaniah, the keeper of the East Gate, did the necessary repairs.

30 After him, Hananiah, the son of Shelamiah, and Hanun, the sixth son of Zalaph, repaired a second section. After him, Meshullam, the son of Berechiah, made the necessary repairs opposite his living quarters. 31 After him, Malchijah, a goldsmith, made the needed repairs as far as the house of the temple servants and of the merchants opposite the Inspection Gate and as far as the upper room at the Corner. 32 And between the upper room at the Corner and the Sheep Gate the goldsmiths and the merchants carried out all the needed repairs.

33 Opposition from Judah’s Foes. When Sanballat was informed that we were rebuilding the wall, his anger was aroused, and he was greatly enraged. He ridiculed the Jews, 34 and in the presence of his companions and the army of Samaria he said: “What are these feeble Jews doing? Will they restore what has been damaged beyond repair? Will they offer sacrifices? Will they be able to complete their work in a single day? Will they manage to refurbish the stones that have been damaged and reduced to ashes?” 35 And Tobiah the Ammonite, who was standing beside Sanballat, added: “If a fox were to climb on top of the stone wall they are building, it would crumble before them.”

36 Then we prayed: “Listen to us, O our God, for we are despised. Turn their insults back upon their own heads. Let them become objects of contempt in a land of captivity. 37 Do not pardon their wickedness or allow their sins to be blotted out from your sight, for they have insulted the builders to their face.”

38 Meanwhile we continued to rebuild the wall, which was soon completed all the way around up to half its height, while the people put their hearts into their work.

Chapter 4 1 When Sanballat and Tobiah and the Arabs, the Ammonites, and the Ashdodites[i] heard that the repairs to the walls of Jerusalem were proceeding according to plan and that the gaps were beginning to be closed, they became infuriated. 2 As a result, they all plotted together to launch an attack against Jerusalem and throw all of us into panic and confusion. 3 Therefore, we prayed to our God and posted guards against them day and night in an attempt to foil their plans.

4 Meanwhile, the Judahites were saying: “The strength of the laborers is beginning to falter, and the rubbish is so extensive that we will not be able to rebuild the wall.” 5 However, our enemies, who were adamant in their belief that we would not know or see anything before they came into our midst, prepared to kill us and put a stop to the work.

6 When the Jews who lived near them came to us, they warned us ten times over: “Whichever way you turn, they will be prepared to attack us.” 7 Therefore, I commanded men to position themselves in the lowest places behind the wall, and near them I stationed the people by families with their swords, spears, and bows.

8 After I made a thorough inspection, I addressed the nobles, the officials, and the rest of the people, saying: “Have no fear of them! Remember the Lord, who is great and awe-inspiring, and fight for your brothers, your sons, your daughters, your wives, and your homes.” 9 When our enemies realized that we were forewarned and that God had thwarted their plans, they withdrew, and we all went back to the wall, each one to his particular task.

10 From that time on, however, half of my men did the construction work, while the other half posted themselves behind the whole house of Judah as they rebuilt the wall. 11 Those who carried the building materials did their work with one hand while holding a spear with the other. 12 Moreover, every worker involved in the task of building had his sword strapped to his side at all times. In addition, a trumpeter stood beside me.

13 [j]I then said to the nobles, the officials, and the rest of the people: “Our work is extensive and spread out, and we are widely separated from each other along the wall. 14 Whenever you hear the sound of a trumpet, come to our side to support us immediately. Our God will fight for us.”

15 Therefore, we continued to labor at the work, from the break of dawn until the stars came out. 16 At the same time I also told the people: “Let every man with his servant remain each night in Jerusalem, so that they may spend the night as a guard for us and be at work during the day.” 17 Therefore, neither I, nor my brothers, nor my servants, nor any of the bodyguards who accompanied me ever took off our clothes. In addition, each one kept his spear in his right hand.

Chapter 5 Antisocial Conduct.[k] 1 Soon thereafter, there arose a great outcry from the common people and from their wives against their Jewish brothers. 2 Some were vehement in their complaints that they were forced to pledge their sons and daughters in order to obtain grain so that they might eat and stay alive. 3 Others asserted that they were forced to mortgage their fields, their vineyards, and their houses in order to survive.

4 Furthermore, there were those who said: “We are being forced to borrow money on our fields and vineyards in order to pay the king’s tax. 5 And although our flesh is identical to that of our kinsmen and our children are as good as theirs, we will have to subject our sons and daughters into slavery. Some of our daughters have already been enslaved, and our fields and our vineyards now belong to others.”

Nehemiah’s Action. 6 When I heard these complaints and the cries of the people, I was extremely angry. 7 After having considered the various options, I threatened to bring charges against the nobles and the magistrates, accusing them of exacting interest from their own kinsmen.

Then I summoned a great assembly to deal with them, 8 and I said to them: “As far as it was humanly possible, we have bought back our fellow Jews who had been sold to foreigners. However, now you are selling your own brothers and thus forcing us to purchase them back.” They remained silent, for they were unable to come up with a satisfactory reply.

9 Therefore, I said: “What you are doing is terribly wrong. Should you not walk in the fear of our God and make clear that you are not at all concerned with the taunts of the nations who are our enemies? 10 Moreover, I myself, along with my brothers and my servants, have lent the people money and grain without charge. Let us cease the custom of usury. 11 I also ask that you restore to them this very day their fields, their vineyards, their olive groves, and their houses, together with the interest on the money, the grain, the wine, and the oil that you have lent them.”

12 They replied: “We will give it all back and demand nothing more from them. We will do just what you ask.” I then summoned the priests and made them swear to do what they had promised. 13 I also shook out the folds of my garment and said: “So may God shake out from home and property everyone who fails to adhere to this promise. May every such man be shaken out and emptied.”[l]

All the assembled people said “Amen” and praised the Lord, and they did as they promised.

14 Nehemiah’s Lack of Self-Interest. Moreover, from the twentieth year that King Artaxerxes appointed me to be their governor in the land of Judah until the thirty-second year, neither I nor my brothers ate the food allotted to the governor by the king. 15 On the other hand, the former governors, my predecessors, had laid a heavy burden on the people and exacted from them forty shekels of silver each day for food and wine, while their servants also oppressed the people. However, because I feared God, I did not act in this way.

16 Indeed, I devoted all my efforts to the work on the wall, and I acquired no land, while all my servants were gathered there for the work. 17 Moreover, there sat at my table guests who numbered one hundred and fifty people, Jews and officials, as well as those who came to us from the surrounding nations.

18 Every day one ox, six choice sheep, and some poultry were prepared for me, as well as skins of wine in abundance every ten days. Despite all this, I did not claim the governor’s food allowance because the people had such a heavy burden of labor.

19 O my God, please remember me favorably for all that I have done for this people.

Chapter 6 Plots against Nehemiah. 1 When it had been reported to Sanballat, Tobiah, Geshem the Arab, and the rest of our enemies that I had rebuilt the wall and that not a single breach was left in it (although up to that time I had not set up the doors in the gates), 2 Sanballat and Geshem sent me this message: “Come here and confer with us in one of the villages in the plain of Ono.” Their intention was clearly to do me harm.

3 Therefore, I sent messengers to them with this reply: “I am engaged in a great project, and I cannot come down to you at this particular time. Why should the work come to a grinding halt while I leave it and come down to you?” 4 They sent me the same invitation four times, and on each occasion I gave them the same reply.

5 Then, for the fifth time, Sanballat sent his servant to me with the same message, but this time in an unsealed letter. 6 In it was written: “It has been reported among the nations, and Geshem[m] confirms it, that you and the Jews are planning a rebellion, that this is the reason you are building the wall, and that you are intending to become their king. 7 We have also heard that you have appointed prophets in Jerusalem to proclaim you king. Needless to say, such rumors will be brought to the attention of the king. So come at once and let us discuss this together.”

8 I sent the following reply to him: “No such thing that you are suggesting has taken place. It is all in your imagination.” 9 They all were trying to frighten us, hoping that we would become lax in our work and the job would not be completed. But instead I became more determined than ever.

10 One day I went to the house of Shemaiah, the son of Delaiah, son of Mehetabel, who was confined to his house. He said to me:

“Let us meet in the house of God inside the sanctuary, and let us lock the doors of the temple. For men are coming to kill you; they are coming to kill you tonight.”

11 However, I said: “Should a man like me run away? Or should a man like me go into the temple to save his life?”

12 Then I realized that God had not sent Shemaiah to say this, but rather that Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him. 13 He had been bribed to intimidate me and make me sin by acting in this way. Then they could ruin my reputation and discredit me.

14 Remember Tobiah and Sanballat, O my God, according to those things they did, and also the prophetess Noadiah and the rest of the prophets whose purpose was to intimidate me.

15 Conclusion of the Work. The wall was finished on the twenty-fifth day of the month of Elul.[n] It was completed in fifty-two days. 16 When all our enemies heard about this, and all the surrounding nations were completely aware of what had been happening, they realized that all this work had been completed with the help of God.

17 At the same time, however, the nobles of Judah were sending many letters to Tobiah, and in turn, letters from Tobiah kept coming to them, 18 for many in Judah were bound to him by oath, because he was the son-in-law of Shecaniah, son of Arah, and his son Jehohanan had married the daughter of Meshullam, son of Berechiah. 19 They were always praising Tobiah’s good deeds in my presence, and they reported my words to him. Furthermore, Tobiah also sent letters to me in an attempt at intimidation.

https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Nehemiah%202-6&version=NCB

It is lovely to be on the same wavelength with the Pope; the biggest challenge with this new technology is that we haven't decided what collective, societal problem we will fix it with. Instead, it has been merely the personal and corporate enrichment of a couple of hundred people in silicon valley.

CONTENT: activity of the newly found bacteria in the ants connects to previously identified bacteria that connect to the symbiotic processes of ants in terms of antibiotic production

CONTENT: The bacteria is found more in females than males because the females are the ones that do the harvesting of the soil, exposing them more to the invasive bacteria.

CONTENT: The bacteria spreads vertically between ants when they mate, and they are able to be passed from parent to offspring

FORM: Citing findings and information with reference to the visuals displayed above

CONTENT: The experiments held concluded that this bacteria was found in all of the sample species that were studied, making the previously unknown function of the bacteria identified throughout the species

CONTENT: The spread of the Streptomyces is shown from a microscopic point of view, displaying the process of spreading to eventually control the functions of the ant

CONTENT: The standard language ideology is used to help define how this bacteria is used to attract the ants in the soil and latch to them in order to control their bodies, making them essentially "zombies", since their functions are being controlled

CONTENT: The biological appearance of function of these ants have been mislabeled previously, but that has now been experimented on to define the function. This aligns with the inquiry of the article about how different parts of the ant are affected by the fungus.

FORM: Credit given to others within the discourse community that contributed to the new findings in the field.

FORM: Heavy amount of lexis that caters to the discourse community, making this a scholarly article aimed particularly at those with previous knowledge in the field.

FORM: Steps that are used to obtain the information in the article are defined using the lexis of the discourse community.

FORM: Why the findings are important to the DC

FORM: Defining findings and terms

FORM: The mode of the article consists of multiple up-close views of the process within the ants that in being studied, further clarifying the line of inquiry suggested by the author

FORM: Specific lexis is used from the DC community in order to explain the concept in terms familiar to the group

FORM: Source trail to give credit to previous findings from other members of the DC

FORM: Introduction that summarizes previous knowledge about the subject, using specific Latin names of the species in order to adequately define the material that was studied.

FORM: Authors that contributed to the DC and who collaborated on the new information below

FORM: Title to display a quick summary of findings and what the article is about

大多数人可能认为复杂的AI系统需要复杂的攻击才能被攻破，但作者展示的攻击仅用了5行代码就成功绕过了整个系统，这种极简主义的有效性挑战了人们对复杂系统安全性的认知。

大多数人认为最新的AI模型已经足够先进可以抵抗基本的注入攻击，但作者证明即使是像Claude Opus 4.7这样的前沿模型也无法抵御简单的间接提示注入，这挑战了人们对先进AI模型安全性的过高期望。

大多数人认为AI助手执行敏感操作如发送邮件时会要求用户确认，但作者发现Microsoft Copilot Cowork在向活跃用户发送消息时完全绕过了这一安全检查，这违背了人们对AI助手基本安全控制的期望。

这句话以优美的比喻总结了AI发展需要多方协作的核心观点，强调了外部视角对于内部构建者的重要性。它既表达了谦逊的态度，也指出了AI治理的正确路径，是整篇演讲的点睛之笔。

这个问题简洁而深刻，将AI发展的讨论从技术层面提升到人类福祉的哲学层面。它提醒我们，AI发展的最终目标不应是技术本身，而是如何促进人类的全面发展，这是一个极具启发性的思考方向。

这段比喻极其生动地解释了AI与传统工程技术的根本区别，将AI描述为'生长'而非'建造'的系统，强调了其复杂性和不可预测性。这种表述既科学又富有诗意，帮助非专业人士理解AI的特殊性。

这段话以简洁有力的方式颠覆了公众对AI的刻板印象，揭示了AI系统的本质——它们是人类思想和语言的延伸，而非纯粹的机器。这种比喻既准确又富有哲理，让人重新思考AI的本质。

这句话精准地指出了AI发展面临的根本困境：即使是最善意的AI公司也难以完全摆脱商业利益、竞争压力和人类固有弱点的束缚。这揭示了AI安全问题的结构性挑战，而非单纯的技术问题。

Population distribution can be any ugly shape. But take enough samples, compute each sample's mean, and those means will always form a beautiful normal curve centered exactly at the true population mean.

Allow creation of connected apps permissions is not available in salesforce, until a new connected app is created

Additional step!

Topography is the study and mapping of the surface features of a region, including its natural relief (mountains, valleys, rivers) and artificial structures

Berkeley, George. Jessop, T. E., ed. 1964. “The Principles of Human Knowledge.” In The Works of George Berkeley Volume 2: The Principles of Human Knowledge, First Draft of the Principles, Three Dialogues, Philosophical Correspondence with Johnson, The Works of George Berkeley, London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Ltd., 1–113.

Reprint of first edition (thus) 1949; Original publication 1710

• Core Premise: An Obsidian vault maps perfectly onto a code repository structure. It functions as an implicit graph database where notes act as nodes, wikilinks serve as directed edges, tags categorize subgraphs, and YAML frontmatter defines attributes.
• The Claude Code Solution: Instead of basic autocomplete plugins, users can navigate, search, and manage their knowledge vaults by connecting Anthropic's Claude Code via the terminal command line (cd ~/my-vault && claude).
• The Power of CLAUDE.md: Placing a CLAUDE.md file in the root directory establishes clear instructions, vault context, active projects, formatting rules, and strict negative constraints (e.g., prohibiting modification of templates or automated deleting).
• Integration Tooling Ecosystem:
  • Tier 1: Direct file system integration enhanced by obsidian-skills to natively understand format elements like wikilinks and callouts.
  • Tier 2: Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers like MCPVault or obsidian-mcp-tools for compressed token usage, structured search, and semantic discovery.
  • Tier 3: High-performance engines like TurboVault (Rust-based) for graph operations, multi-hop traversal, and SQL querying.
  • Tier 4: Embedded sidebar plugins (e.g., Claudian, Cortex) for users wanting a unified workspace layout.
• High-ROI Workflows:
  • Automated Backlinking: Scraping daily journal notes to dynamically match and generate links to existing or new entity stubs.
  • Cross-Domain Synthesis: Instructing the AI to exclusively reference personal notes to map structural parallels across seemingly unrelated folders.
  • Vault Maintenance: Identifying disconnected "orphan" notes, repairing broken wikilinks, and generating gap analysis reports to guide future writing.
• Safety Protocols: It is highly recommended to track the entire vault using Git to review changes via diffs, isolate all AI outputs inside a specialized draft directory (_ai-drafts/), and rigidly scope prompts to prevent hallucinated external data injection.

house church - shows how people worshipped differently!!!

While adults had seen religious participation decline through reduced church attendce, many still sent their children to Sunday Schools - religious teaching was viewed as vital for the young (teach up a child proverb), but not as neccisary for adults who had already learned this teaching.

Could add but idk if i want to keep it to just the anglican church?

Interesting, shows how not everything was a decline!

PRIMARY SOURCE!!

SLAY SLAY SLAYYY shows the impact of the war on men for religion

SLAYYY shows decline!!!

slayyyy

shows how people didn't agree with the church, but did belive in God, so they had their child baptised to show responsibility, but wished to bring up the child in their own faith

Shoes that it was revived in some ways in a new sort of worship!

Slayyy - whereas fear of death and a need for eternal life had seen people use the church as religious pariticpation, now sin and death were less of a focal point than meaning! Religious pariticpation had to not only focus on one's self, but on the collective, they had to change to world to make jesus' kingdom come!

slay

SLAYYY good quote for christian CND and activism - they increasingly saw their purpose to be not just to save the souls of people for heaven, but to make heaven on earth

SLAYYYY!!!

SLAYYYY

very important

important

important

important

important

American indian has origins in any of the tribal homeland .

This should be a folding box folded by default, but also I'm not sure these explanations are particularly helpful here.

I don't think this sentence is necessary. It's deeply confusing as well. You should probably remove this.

I don't think I agree with this. I don't see how retail market share or taste comparability data tell you about the impact of interventions on plant-based consumption, for example. . Maybe leave these last two sentences out. Or put them in a very speculative tool tip.

I'm not sure that either of these things are true. Cut the last part of the sentence, maybe. We're focusing on price because it's something economists are familiar with studying, and there potentially is actual data and variation in prices. (And also, we try to focus on one thing at a time rather than an overwhelmingly large set of questions. )

However, we've reported on this -- doublecheck it and rethink/revise

In Germany and the UK, the consumer survey story is also broader than a vegn niche. GFI Europe’s late-2024 survey found that 47% of German adults and 41% of UK adults said they were already reducing meat or following a meatless diet, and that 60% in Germany and 56% in the UK reported at least monthly consumption of some plant-based product category. For plant-based meat specifically, 25% of Germans and 23% of Brits reported consuming it in the last month. [DR: That’s an interesting and high level! Consuming (eating?) or just buying it? – digging in here – https://gfieurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/UK-Understanding-plant-based-category-dynamics-motivations-and-consumers.pdf it seems like we are talking about omnivores actually consuming PBM (regularly), which is important for our question about ‘is it mostly vegns eating PBM’? ] That supports a “mainstream-adjacent but imperfectly integrated” story much better than either a niche-vegan story or a full-substitution story. [13]

I'd change the order of the channels. Start with the taste parity, then the PBM buyers mostly being omnivores, and finally, the greater penetration in the natural/specialty channel as well as for some particular products like breakfast patties (the "greater penetration in some products and channels" can be bundled together as point three).

there is too much overlap between this and the paragraph beginning "The sceptical concerns"!

important

important

very important

This is a fascinating and potentially important preprint. The finding that LSD may influence conserved longevity pathways in Caenorhabditis elegans adds a striking new dimension to the modern reassessment of psychedelics—not only as tools for psychiatry and consciousness research, but possibly as probes into metabolism, stress resilience, cellular aging, and broader biological regulation.

I am especially reminded of the pioneering work of my grandfather, Eugene Seaich, whose short but remarkable 1959 manuscript, The Far-Off Land: An Attempt at a Philosophical Evaluation of the Hallucinogenic Drug-Experience, argued that LSD and mescaline should be regarded as serious instruments for scientific, psychological, and philosophical investigation. Writing before the cultural backlash of the 1960s largely halted psychedelic research, Seaich recognized that these compounds might open “fruitful directions for further investigation” far beyond the limited frameworks of his time.

This preprint is a powerful example of exactly that kind of expanded inquiry. While Seaich focused primarily on consciousness, self-knowledge, perception, and the philosophical implications of the psychedelic experience, today’s researchers are uncovering possible biological effects at the cellular and molecular level. The idea that LSD may interact with aging-related pathways such as TOR signaling would likely have fascinated him.

Whether these findings ultimately translate beyond C. elegans remains to be determined, but the study highlights why psychedelics deserve careful, open-minded, and rigorous scientific investigation. The Far-Off Land stands as an early historical witness to that vision—a reminder that some of the questions now returning to the laboratory were first asked by courageous thinkers decades ago.

if germany restricted alcohol percentage for public health?

if 15% is alcohol is legal in frence, should be lawful in germany

like inspection fees

Most of this is given in the 'a quick take' below. Just make this 2 sentences and flag 'unfold below for a quick take on the evidence'. And incorporate " better-tasting product categories capture 10× more market share, " with the reference tooltip into the fold below. -- Everything else here is basically already covered in that fold!

wait -- 1.4% is also the OVERALL -- are you sure 1.4% is 'mainstream"? The natural organic channel is virtually none of the market!

make it folded by default. And avoid overlap with the above

The correct term is hamburgers

Penetration might not be the right term. I think we just mean market share here

Evidence for this claim? Otw State as ,,we. SpeculTE that,,

footnote s should hyperlink back to their place in the text

some numbers are missing -- e.g., where is 36-39?

I'd make the third point the evidence that there's evidence of taste parity for some products.

this line is meaningless. Delete this sentence. People can interpret the numbers as they wish

Header for this: "A quick take: The sceptical concerns are only partially supported" ... and make this a folding box

skip this lat line

not up to the princess and he doesnt even ask her

sshe takes on the previous identity of the prince - complete lack of identity in marriage

!!!!!

WC roles specifically

clothingf = gender

In addition now we ask for better institutional library metadata in Wikidata too, https://de.wikiversity.org/wiki/Projekt:Archive_%2B_Wikidata_2025 The call remains open!

Origins of post-racism, of neutrality through algorithms, of "it's covered by the law"

Love is one of the most incredible, confusing, and life-altering emotions we can feel. It’s all-consuming, completely complex, and utterly devastating at times. And, even though everyone has the ability to feel love, its different stages are often misunderstood. So, what is the difference between being in love and loving someone—and how does falling in love fit into the equation?

Do you know that telecalling teams can increase performance using cold calling statistics in india? Find essential aspects and predict chances of success.

Know More: https://callyzer.co/blog/the-ultimate-list-of-cold-calling-statistics-in-india/

This is our latest manuscript on the role of Kif2C, a motor protein, in neurogenesis. We found two patients with mutations in the KIF2C gene, and validated the significance of Kif2C in microcephaly.

1 I found Lyndon Jhnson's statement herein very important because it shows that the Civil Rights Movement did not end with the passing of laws in the 1960s. Even after the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act, many African Americans still faced discrimination, poverty, and unequal treatment. I think people today should remember that legal equality does not always create true equality in society. Issues involving racism, voting rights, education, and economic opportunity are still debated today, which shows how the struggles of the Civil Rights era continue to affect America now.

Also, I think prejudice is not something people are born with; it is developed through repeated teachings and reinforcement during childhood. When those children become adults, they may pass the same beliefs to the next generation. Because of this, education is extremely important. People should learn history and understand the harm caused by discrimination so society can continue moving toward greater equality and understanding. This may be a very difficult and long process, like adding clean water into a cup filled with ink. One drop of water will not immediately change the color, and it may take many generations before the water becomes clear again. In the same way, prejudice and discrimination cannot disappear instantly because they have been passed down for generations. However, continued education, understanding, and equal treatment can slowly reduce those harmful ideas over time.

A really great new substrate. It looks like by the photon output it gives even a higher activity than the native D-luciferin (if the presented activity values are not corrected for the PMT sensitivity which is usually much less sensitive to red light).

This article satirizes how audiences and media consume celebrity scandals like entertainment and treating their struggles as fresh meat rather than a real human struggling or suffering. It exaggerates how the public needs gossip and things to talk about, fall apart, and repeat over again with the same or different people. This connects to the idea of schadenfreude where people take pleasure in someone elses downfall and this article accentuates how public criticism can become less about accountability and more about cruel entertainment when people are sought after for attention and their pain is content.

This personification comment make the food sound a little strange and embarrassing from Amy's perspective. Words like "slimy" and "bulging" help readers know why she feels uncomfortable showing her culture to Robert's family. At the same time, i wonder if Amy only saw the food a negative way because she wanted to seem more American. You think she would have described the food differently if she already felt proud of her culture?

I feel like this is a big moment in the story because Amy's mom says the importance about identity and being proud of your culture. I also feel bad for her because she was embarrassed during dinner, especially in front of Robert , but her mom understood how she felt the whole time. I think alot of people try to fit in when they are younger, especially around people they like, so this moment feels really relatable.

What a cruel way to describe them

• Introduction and Context: The author reflects on his experiences after being affected by layoffs at Atlassian, where he worked for approximately 8 years. He shares details about the technical architecture he built, key achievements, and non-technical lessons learned to inspire others in similar situations.
• The Interview Process (8 Years Ago):
  • Began with an online coding quiz on HackerRank, which he aced with full marks.
  • The first technical round involved reading a Cloudflare white paper on custom domains for 10 minutes and then answering architectural questions regarding microservices and containers.
  • The second technical round was a live troubleshooting simulation of a real Atlassian incident (an application issue causing a Denial of Service). He also faced questions about latency-based DNS routing.
  • During the values interview, when asked what success would look like in 12 months, the interviewers outlined the need for an internal platform application to provide self-service load balancing for Atlassian dewelopers.
• Building the Open Service Broker (OSP):
  • In his first few weeks, the author built an application adhering to the Open Service Broker API specification to automate infrastructure provisioning in a Kubernetes environment.
  • Internal developers declared their infrastructure requirements using configuration files in version control, which build servers then uploaded to the broker.
  • The system was originally built in Python using the Connexion library (routing based on OpenAPI documents), later migrated to pure Flask, and eventually transitioned to FastPI.
  • The architecture utilized an asynchronous task queue model: FastAPI received requests, pushed task details to AWS SQS, and background workers handled tasks (like creating DNS records or CloudFront distributions) while writing status updates to DynamoDB.
• Transitioning to Envoy Proxy and Sovereign (Control Plane):
  • Atlassian decided to replace expensive corporate enterprise load balancers with Envoy Proxy, an open-source, cloud-native proxy.
  • The author built a custom Envoy management server/control plane named Sovereign (which was open-sourced on Bitbucket).
  • Built with FastAPI, Sovereign pulled dynamic context data from the broker's database and AWS S3 buckets, injected it into templates for Envoy resources (clusters, routes, listeners), and dynamically pushed updated configurations to running proxies over the wire.
• Infrastructure as Code and Image Automation (AMI):
  • The entire proxy infrastructure—comprising around 2,000 proxies across 13 AWS regions—was deployed using AWS CloudFormation templates defining VPCs, subnets, Network Load Balancers (NLBs), Security Groups, and Auto Scaling Groups.
  • To create standardized images, the team used HashiCorp Packer combined with SaltStack (a declarative configuration management tool similar to Ansible or Chef).
  • The resulting AMI had pre-installed and optimized components, including Envoy, network tuning configurations, security hardening layers, and observability agents for logging, tracing, and metrics.
• Mass Migration and Edge Centralization:
  • Following the initial framework setup, the team spent roughly two years migrating major Atlassian core products (Jira, Confluence, Bitbucket, Statuspage) and thousands of microservices behind this centralized edge infrastructure.
  • The platform locked down public exposures; microservices could no longer be accessed publicly by accident. Developers had to explicitly signal intent through the proxy configuration.
  • Centralizing these features saved millions of dollars and massive development time, sparing thousands of developers from having to independently implement features like authentication, authz, or rate limiting on their own backends.
• Sidecar Architecture and Custom Rust Tools:
  • While DDoS protection was offloaded to AWS CloudFront and Access Logs were captured natively via Envoy's HTTP Connection Manager filters, more complex features required a sidecar container model running locally on the proxy EC2 instances.
  • The author personally designed and wrote a custom authentication sidecar container from scratch using Rust ("the Lord's language").
  • Other specialized internal teams contributed separate sidecar containers for authorization and rate-limiting.
• Non-Technical Growth and Professional Lessons:
  • Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution: Working with various managers and diverse personalities for nearly a decade forced the author to dramatically mature his skills in persuasion, mentoring, and navigating interpersonal friction.
  • Code Churn and Long-Term Maintenance: The author notes that building software is easy, but maintaining its malleability over time is hard. Codebases develop highly predictable areas of continuous modification ("code churn"), which serve as code smells indicating growing complexity that must be actively refactored before coupling paralyzes development.
  • Mentoring vs. Training: The author successfully mentored an intern to achieve the highest possible performance rating and a return offer. However, he reflects on mentoring as a highly challenging balancing act—knowing how to guide someone without giving away answers or letting them get overly frustrated—distinguishing it from his everyday engineering strength of breaking down complex system architectures into easily digestible mental models for peers.

• Core Findings: Large-scale randomized controlled trials ($N = 1,222$) reveal that while AI assistance boosts immediate problem-solving performance, it significantly damages a user's independent performance and persistence once the AI is removed.
• Rapid Onset: These negative cognitive effects manifest after only brief periods of interaction with an AI assistant (approximately 10–15 minutes).
• The "Persistence Muscle": Standard AI assistants operate as short-sighted collaborators, providing instant and complete answers. This deprives users of the "productive struggle" necessary for learning, conditioning them to expect immediate results and causing them to give up much quicker when forced to work independently.
• Domain-Generality: The reduction in persistence and the decline in independent success rates were robustly replicated across fundamentally different cognitive domains, specifically mathematical reasoning (fraction-solving) and reading comprehension (SAT-style tests).
• Direct Solutions vs. Hints: The decline in capability is highly concentrated among users who request direct answers from the AI. Conversely, users who leverage AI exclusively for hints, clarifications, or interactive scaffolding show no significant impairment compared to control groups.
• Implications for AI Design: Current AI optimization strategies favor short-term helpfulness, which risks eroding human cognitive capabilities over time. The study highlights an urgent need to pivot AI development toward reinforcing long-term competence.

• The Discovery: While attending the Colorado School of Mines, the author discovered that local DNS servers assign a unique subdomain to every device connecting to the campus Wi-Fi network.
• Subdomain Enumeration:
  • Initial Attempts: The author first used Python and brute-force permutations to guess subdomains, but the asynchronous script was too slow.
  • Rust Optimization: Moving to Rust and optimizing the code (incrementing an integer and converting it to base 36) dramatically improved speed. They bypass the standard library by interacting directly with the UDP port and utilizing Bash scripting to distribute offsets across multiple processes.
  • The Crash: The optimized Rust script generated queries so quickly (hitting peak rates up to 4.04 Gbps) that it crashed the campus DNS server, causing a 15-minute network outage. School IT tracked them down because they had spent two weeks talking openly about the project.
• PTR Records: Realizing brute forcing became unrealistic for longer subdomains, the author pivoted to utilizing DNS Reverse Lookup (PTR records), which allowed them to map known active IP addresses back to domain names.
• Port Scanning and AF_XDP:
  • The author created a custom, lightweight network scanner called convoy utilizing Linux's AF_XDP to bypass the core network stack.
  • By horizontally scanning (one port across all machines before moving to the next), they safely achieved scan speeds of 300,000 ports per second on a single core.
• Campus Exploitation:
  • Due to loose network restrictions surrounding wireless casting, certain subnets were accessible.
  • The scanner revealed 36 campus security cameras running on default passwords. Although deep packet inspection rules blocked live video streaming, the author reverse-engineered the web interface's API to synchronously manipulate camera positions.
  • They also found unprotected controls for almost every projector screen and input switch across the campus classrooms.
• Reporting: The vulnerabilities were responsibly disclosed to campus IT, who stated the issues would be patched over the summer. The author received no financial compensation.

Hacker News Discussion

• Network Segmentation Failures: Users expressed shock that a modern university in 2026 would still run a completely flat network architecture, allowing unvetted student devices onto the same subnets as critical infrastructure, surveillance cameras, and IoT equipment without basic VLAN segmentation.
• Lenient Academic Consequences: Commenters heavily debated the IT department's mild reaction to a network crash. Some argued that causing campus-wide outages warrants severe disciplinary action to prevent dangerous professional habits, while others recalled their own college days—noting that universities traditionally serve as a safe environment to learn boundaries, and harsh punishments only incentivize hackers to hide their findings.
• Alternative Enumeration Techniques: Network professionals chimed in with alternative scanning methods, noting that hotel and public networks often share a single central DNS server across guest and internal networks, allowing easy reverse PTR record profiling. Others recommended utilizing broadcast mDNS/Bonjour for local device footprinting.
• Industry Perspectives: Former project managers for AV hardware companies noted that modern firmware explicitly mandates changing default passwords upon setup, placing the blame squarely on poor campus IT implementation.

Definition of slop grenade

Intentional

Sounds too much like AI, better: Niche Beauty setzt im Vergleich am stärksten auf eine bewusst kuratierte Auswahl statt auf ein riesiges Massensortiment. Mit rund 300 Marken, zahlreichen exklusiven Labels und frei wählbaren Gratisproben wirkt das Einkaufserlebnis deutlich persönlicher. Auch das Loyalty-Programm THE CLUB gehört zu den durchdachteren Konzepten im Beauty-Bereich.

The sentence is too long, better: Die beiden höchsten Stufen lassen sich nicht einfach kaufen. Der Zugang erfolgt nur per Einladung und unterstreicht den exklusiven Anspruch von Niche Beauty zusätzlich.

The Sortiment always change, so I would say better: Ein Teil dieser Marken ist in Deutschland nur schwer erhältlich.

Definition: Innovation Systems

what is a pellicle?

ending with a question followed by stating the implied opinion we are to have concluded is a way of guiding the reader to the end of the piece and into a possibly newly formed or strengthened perspective on this matter

purpose

personal insight, also strengthens credibility in why she cares about this topic

making an interesting comparison to strengthen the view that the high salary is absurd

a bit of difficult math to put into words but an offered improvement

inviting us to ask these questions with her

exigence

responding directly to a critique of the issue she is now addressing

admonishing a portion of the audience, distances herself from this perspective

building credibility as not just a hyper-critical voice in the crowd

and then immediately slamming down context - informed right off the bat!

I couldn't add an annotation to the photo but I feel like starting the op-ed with a large piece of visual evidence is a rhetorical choice or, at the very least, it is very informative and intriguing - draws the reader in for more context

"allready eating less meat" is. Vague. And. I'm not clear what the argument is here

The lower animal welfare burden of beef vs chicken may not be known to all readers

We are expanding this focus a bit for the workshop to consider substitution issues more generally, and perhaps more.

"Background: Is the PBA market mature enough for substitution measures to matter" -- make that the italiicized header for this but

这个数据点声称长期使用时成本通常相当于同类通用工具的1/3左右。这是一个相当大的成本节约声明，但文章没有提供与哪些具体工具进行比较，也没有说明比较的条件和度量标准。1/3的成本节约需要更详细的基准测试和对比数据来支持。

大多数人可能认为LLM在业务逻辑和API实现上更容易出错，但研究表明数据层缺陷（如查询组成错误和ORM运行时违规）是主要根本原因，这与人们对LLM代码生成弱点的普遍认知相悖。

the act of spending money or incurring a liability to acquire goods, services, or assets

I am throughoutly testing the annotations

Definition of Ecosystem in Biology

There is enough hydrogen and carbon in biomass all by itself to make biomethanol

Wow, China makes its plastic from coal?!

Ah..... that's the figure I hadn't seen anywhere else

Interesting essay on how human cultures struggle with unclear input -> output association when learning and how that relates to problems in modern AI.

Witarist (witarist.com/hire) takes the management overhead out of remote development. Pre-vetted engineers, dedicated team model, 48-hour onboarding for startups.

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3

Cabbage Sorter's review of The New Leaf Journal, praising the articles about anime hair color.

**DM INFO: ** Both these are preped and tokens added to the map and hidden. I have a preference for Sangzor as a hit and run attack..

Jeff Starr's view that readers will respond to bloggers who "learn to exppress [themselves] in a genuine, authentic manner..."

Making the case that now is the time to start a blog because there are many people out there who are looking for "personal thoughts from real human beings..."

AI is negatively affecting search and organic traffic for blogs. Jim Grey proposes that bloggers should think about what they are doing to build their readership -- which is resilient to external changes affecting discovery.

Distinguishing between readers and visitors for blogs.

On writing about interests in the hope that someone finds it useful.

The case for bloggers to write about the things they want to see writing about.

On not writing about interests due to thinking that no one will be interested.

On being held back by wanting to have something to say about a popular topic for clicks.

Awesome! Thanks for checking this out, please use this tool to add your thoughts, as the essays update and change more opportunities to collaborate will appear!

Chicana lesbians challenge the Chicano community's patriarchal order because they resist the submissive roles of women to men, self-sacrificing motherhood, and challenge the religious norms. True liberation for Chicanos depends on the liberation of all women, lesbian and heterosexual, to have an equal place for their voices rahter than isolating both groups.

Sexism and racism are intertwined into a system where devalued men of color portray hyper masculinity (toxic masculinity) in order to compensate for their lack of power and where women of color are seen as far more dependent and mentally incapable of controlling their bodies. Within Chicano Movement, women face resistance when speaking against sexism and accused of acting white. Their actions and call for change are seen as secondarly and inferior compared to the collective Chicano Movement. Chicana feminism seeks to end women's oppression.

The New Chicana and Machismo argues that women should be proud of having multiple identities. Many Chicanas struggle with their identity under the expectation of machismo. Truly "macho" men should feel secure enough to support women's liberation to strengthen both their families but the Chicano movement. Calls on Chicanos to assert themselves politically and socially: getting involved in bilingual education, advocating for farmworkers, preserving culture at home. Chicanas should not passively accept machismo but instead reinterpret it for collective social change.

research question

🥲

From Terminal-Δ(now defunct) on Tuesday, April 14th, 2026

I think this is a very powerful line. Being creative allows students to solve problems in many different ways. There isn't just one way of doing things, students should be able to come up with many different solutions to a problem. We can open doors to new possibilities we wouldn't have thought about on our own. That's why collaboration is very important as well.

Arts integration is a really good way to learn about two different subjects at the same time. Before this class I didn't know how important art integration was for learning. Students can develop a deeper understanding and develop the 4C's (communication, collaboration, critical thinking and creativity) these are important skills to develop.