One of the more notable adopters of this approach to design and architecture was the Bauhaus in the early 20th century. See: Owen, C. (2009). "Bottom-up, Top-down." https://id.iit.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Bottom-up-top-down-updown09.pdf↩

It's a question of teleology. Is there a goal or a purpose in mind? (teleology: the explanation of phenomena in terms of the purpose they serve rather than of the cause by which they arise.)

• for: intentional communities - case study - New Harmony
• paraphrase
  • New Harmony
  • Year: 1825
  • Location: Indiana
  • Size: 20,000 acres
  • Members: 800 in first 6 weeks
  • ideals
    • environment
    • education
    • abolish private property
  • problems
    • low percentage of hard skills
      • 140 of 800 had skills contributing to local industry,
      • 36 were skilled farmers
    • indiscriminate and allowed too many without skills to join
    • intentional communities are often the most attractive for a dangerous constellation of actors
      • dreamers,
      • drifters,
      • seekers in need of belonging,
      • the needy and wounded,
      • the egomaniacal and power-thirsty
      • free riders, lazy and without skills
    • founder was absent a large percentage of the time

Labour Exchange - Encyclopedia

Encyclopedia Britannica 1911

The labour exchange at Gray's Inn Road which began on September 3, 1832, which was based on Robert Owen's idea in The Crisis (June 1832), eventually collapsed in 1834 as the result of Greshham's Law in which "bad money drives out good." In this case, rather than money the object was the relative value of goods which were exchanged based on Labour notes. Labour notes were used to exchange unsaleable stock in shops for labour notes which were then used to purchase more valuable goods. This caused depreciation of the labor notes ultimately causing the experiment to collapse in 1834.

An independent initiative made by Owen Cornec who has also made many other beautiful data visualizations. Wikiverse vividly captures the fact that Wikipedia is a an awe-inspiring universe to explore.

• Title: The trajectory of the Anthropocene: The Great Acceleration
• Author: Steffen, Will; Broadgate, Wendy; Deutsch, Lisa; Gaffney, Owen and Ludwig, Cornelia Date: 2015

Research by Britannica (source?) indicated that the Great Books of the Western World sold well but were not often read.

Link to: A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawking Owen Gingerich Copernicus

https://forum.saysomethingin.com/t/could-we-have-a-thread-on-welsh-customs/4068

• robingoch
• hawthorn
• The Hamish Macbeth series By M.C.Beaton has superstitions of highlanders
• Mari Lwyd
• Siôn Corn
• Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (1923) by J. Glyn Davies
• Folklore of West and Mid Wales by John Ceredig Davies
• Welsh Folk Customs by Trefor Owen
• Welsh Folklore and Folk-Custom by T Gwynn Jones
• Wirt Sykes including a volume on British Goblins
• John Rhys
• Welsh Folklore: Folktales & Legends of North Wales (1896) by Elias Owen
• Calan Mai

Stages of annotation in the medieval period

When is Hypothes.is going to branch out into the business of professional readers to add aids to texts?! :)

Link this to the professional summary industry that reads books and summarizes them for busy executives

Link this to the annotations studied by Owen Gingerich in The Book Nobody Read.

UnHerd. ‘Should Big Pharma Profit from Covid?’, 17 November 2020. https://unherd.com/2020/11/should-big-pharma-profit-from-covid/.

As I read both this post and this comment from Alan, I can't help but think again about scholars in the 14th century who taught students. It was more typical of the time that students were "forced" to chose their own textbooks--typically there were fewer, and at the advent of the printing press they were significantly higher in price. As a result students had to spend more time and attention, as Robin indicates here, to come up with useful things.

Even in this period students often annotated their books, which often got passed on to other students and even professors which helped future generations. So really, we're not reinventing the wheel here, we're just doing it anew with new technology that makes doing it all the easier.

As a reference, I'll suggest folks interested in this area read Owen Gingerich's The Book Nobody Read.

Other great examples include teaching and scientific progress. Owen Gingerich details annotations in all the extant copies of Copernicus in his text The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus. There it seemed obvious that the moving state-of-the art of science and teaching was reflected in the annotations made by professors who handed those annotations down to students who also copied them into their textbooks.

Shouty!

This paragraph tells about the attack on Vail and who did it. It also gives us good information about