This is the very conflation that zionist make in their representation of israel as the expression of all "jewish collectivity." Are zionists therefore in violation of IHRA?

The author of this "working definition," Kenneth Stern, has made plain that the legal formalization of IHRA is an "attack on academic freedom and free speech," and that IHRA should never have been adopted as "campus hate speech code."

Illustrations, not prescriptions as these examples came to be used.

What is the actual purpose of this qualifier? Who decides what kind or class of criticism is similar to another? Leveled by whom?

The organization or the definition?

Why "any other country"? Not all countries are genocidal, settler-colonial, apartheid states + the biggest recipient of U.S. military aid. Israel and the U.S. are acting in ways not replicated by any other states currently, so deserve singling out.

Hints at a claim that you don’t need to be Jewish to be affected by antisemitism. E.g. https://x.com/Almuraqiba/status/1814577232192417842

What does this mean/refer to? Again, significant lack of clarity, concreteness, specificity (a particular problem for anything posing as a definition).

See "Hate with Dylan Rodriguez" for a critique of hate as a concept that is used to hijack anti-racist policies and struggles https://criticalzionismstudies.org/2024/05/21/hate-with-dylan-rodriguez

What might these be?

This is dog-whistle Islamophobia - "religious extremism" as a cause of Jew-hatred is an animating tenet of anti-Muslim racism, particularly since the War on Terror.

While a legitimate example of antisemitism, this example has been used to shield Israel and Zionists from criticism of their influence of these institutions. E.g. On p.3 of the Academic Engagement Network's 2022 Guide and Resource Book (https://academicengagement.org/2022-guide/), the BDS movement is described in these terms: "...the BDS movement's vehement anti-Zionist and anti-Israel rhetoric, campaigns, and programming often end up trafficking in centuries-old conspiracies, tropes, and canards about Jewish power, greed, and undue influence."

Or may not be? How else, then, might it be expressed? There is a lot of hedging here and, for a definition, a real lack of specificity and clarity.

The framing offers another way to put forward the case for the “collective Jew.”

This framing continues the harmful Zionist logic that exceptionalizes the Nazi holocaust of Jews as a single most horrible atrocity while denying the magnitude and significance of other genocides and atrocities. It also resists a structural analysis of colonialism, imperialism, and racism that would illuminate connections between the atrocities committed by Nazis and those perpetrated by Zionists and other colonial powers/regimes.

Note that antisemitism is defined as an apprehension, not a material system or structure of oppression and exploitation. a liberal conceptualization of racism as prejudice, bias, or stereotyping simply.

Up until recently, the legislative Jewish caucus in California had the Israeli flag as its banner image. how is such an image supposed to be read?

Makes self-determination synonymous with statehood which is 1) an absurd proposition and 2) ignores the fact that Zionism denies Palestinian self-determination in any form. It also presumes that describing a state as racist threatens its existence. if that were the case, no modern nation-state would exist.

Which? Lack of specificity

E.g., by censoring inquiry into racist policies implemented by Israel, even though other "liberal" states are subject to such inquiry, ironically by describing such inquiry antisemitic specifically when it is directed toward Israel? in other words, this principle actually requires that a double standard be applied -- in favor of Israel.

While a legitimate example of antisemitism, this accusation has been hurled to discredit investigative accounts of actual war crimes committed by Israel. * E.g. “Israel accused the ICJ of blood libel” (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/29/south-africa-accuses-israel-of-committing-genocide-in-gaza); “Tales of infanticide have stoked hatred of Jews for centuries. They echo still today” (https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/oct/06/tales-of-infanticide-have-stoked-hatred-of-jews-for-centuries-they-echo-still-today).

This "non-legally binding working definition" has been pushed as both legally binding and authoritative.

Ignores the fact that Israel is not a democracy.

Refuses to name racism.

This sentence highlights the importance of focusing your research by narrowing your topic, which helps you find more specific and relevant information for a deeper, more effective project.

This sentence stresses the importance of choosing the right keywords when conducting online searches, as they help you find the most relevant information for your research.

It's a complex concept because many sources may fall into a grey area. I like how the list is provided to make sure we understand the relevance and what it can provide.

I agree with this because it allows you to focus on the most relevant information, refining the results. This saves time and ensures accuracy.

I like that this chapter can help with this! I often find that Google can be hard to find relevant and credible information due to popular/sponsored content.

Most of the information available online is overwhelming, especially when trying to determine accuracy and reliability. It's essential to evaluate credibility of the website.

good lab thing for study

I like the ideas of "to do" tables. I'd put them at the front instead though. Also maybe include fewer detail to de-densify the whole operation.

Lab report requirements will be interlaced throughout the assignment, with a comprehensive check off table at the end.

CUT

Maybe we write the graphing for them or otherwise simplify this sign off, but this "do X task and plot it" style of sign off doesn't always serve a learning objective and generally takes a lot of time.

These would all be separated into their own code blocks with function requirements and demo instructions in text blocks above

This sign off was a pain. It would have been easier to check if students made their robot do a little show.

Sign off 3: * Demonstrate servo_jp() by moving between two joint positions * Demonstrate interpolate_jp() by moving between the same two positions over 10 seconds * Interpolate between XXXX and YYYY over 20 seconds while printing out measured_js * Interpolate between YYYY and XXXX over 20 seconds while printing out setpoint_js * Interpolate between XXXX and YYYY over 20 seconds while printing out goal_js

Completely out of place! This should come BEFORE the instructions on what functions to write. Students should be following these directions WHILE they write those functions. I'm moving this to sign-off 2 territory.

This sign off needs to change a bit. I want this to become a "git practical".

Engagement marker: Student A: Add a comment to lab_1.mlx, and push it to a new branch

Students B&C: Pull student A's code, and show what happens to your file when you switch branches

This sign off is perfect as is--maybe it's so simple it's not even necessary. Run the provided code, show me that your robot moves in an arc, that's all I need to see.

Honestly I don't even know if there are any comprehension questions I can add that align with the LOs of the course. This is just a logistical step.

I might upgrade this "important" to a "warning: do NOT modify these files unless told". We're reworking the files to "accident-proof" the robots a bit, and we'd rather students not disable our protections.

Pre-labs are going to be a big part of at least one or two of these rewritten labs. Might be worth having a section dedicated to reminding students what they did (or should have done).

Ok, this is where the procedure actually begins. Little bit deceiving that it's signified with some bold + underline 12pt text and not a proper heading.

Important information. I'd be more likely to read it if it were a figure caption

This paragraph is redundant and tautological

No, this is not important. If students are messing with the file these IDs are used in (even in the current version of the lab), they've seriously screwed up.

This lab talks a lot of talk about teamwork, but is absolutely toothless when it comes to measuring student achievement in it! Major alignment issue.

I like this. The rewrite will have different objectives, but likely a similar objectives section.

Good! This is how I'd introduce the lab.

In re: "Team programming": This LO needs to be HAMMERED wayyyyy harder than it's being treated by this lab doc. We need to introduce measurable objectives (e.g. commit quotas, branch requirements, reflections on who did what that reference commit IDs).

This is essentially a list of all course objectives. I agree that this should be presented in the first lab to give a roadmap, but this list doesn't provide me with much information about how these topics relate to one another and why they are in this course together.

Overall comments: This section is all over the place. We bounce from "what we will be doing in this lab" to "specific robot details" to "litany of course objectives; most of which are not addressed in this lab"

This paragraph gives high level lab goals. Unfortunately, it fails to highlight any learning objective of the course! The rewrite will have a paragraph that serves the same purpose, but it will have a higher focus on LOs.

These two paragraphs introduce the robotic arm used in the class. A little more detail than is truly necessary.

The sentence expresses a student's frustration about having to include other people's ideas before sharing their own opinion, asking why they can't just skip that and state their view directly.

This sentence emphasizes that skilled writers use certain techniques automatically, which help them clearly express complex ideas in their writing.

I think this helps remind the reader what the main goal of what they are reading is and makes the writing feel more structured, clear, and complete.

I am writing this comment after finishing the chapter. I really like that it started with this story; it's a brilliant way to represent the idea. I also believe that if Dr. X had summarized the opposing views early on, the presentation would have been more compelling.

It's interesting how unsell this advice is, but I think starting with summarizing the other views is received best by people with the other view.

Not exactly related, but I noticed that in some classes, the instructor starts the semester without laying the groundwork for what we will be discussing. They dive deep into the topic, leaving many students confused and unable to understand what is being said. It's important to write in a way that everyone can understand, even if it means starting with small concepts. This approach can help readers conduct their own research on the topic and return with a better background for understanding the material.

Engaging in a debate can help strengthen your own position by analyzing others and does not give you pressure prematurely.

I like this idea, especially the statistic because it's a good way to capture the reader's attention at the beginning of your text. It creates a powerful lead.

This lets other people's perspectives help shape the issue/idea you're addressing, which strengthens the writing.

It's crucial to clarify the concept and ideas to maintain an audience's interest early to make sure they are following the writer's reasoning.

I like how this concept emphasizes the importance of engaging with others opinions to create a richer narrative.

Dont want to track peak velocity, not interested

Refuses to name racism.

The original case?

Explain how Snow learned about the agent, the host, and the environment. The Agent: The white "Rice" particles that he identified in the water but also humans stool The Host: Humans who harbored the disease Environment: Using the same contaminated water source

He found the source, the particles that were also found in the stools of the victims

How he came to the conclusion about how it spread

He assumed this was the cause of the disease

The agent: the cause of the disease

The host: the organisms that harbors the disease

The environment: the factors that cause or allow the transmission of disease [not just the physical environment, but also the social environment (actions/behaviors of people)]

Outbreak of chloera caused the investigation

理解递归程序：头脑这样想： - 用“树”的方式理解递归过程，构建出脑海的递归树，把这个问题套上去 - 确定边界条件 - 大问题 --> 小问题 ：自上而下

迭代会好理解些： - 循环终止条件 - 自下而上

Résumé de la vidéo [00:00:00][^1^][1] - [00:10:23][^2^][2]:

Cette vidéo explore comment les adolescentes YouTubeuses mettent en scène leur féminité en ligne. Elle présente les recherches de Claire Balle, sociologue, sur les pratiques numériques des jeunes filles sur YouTube.

Points forts : + [00:00:00][^3^][3] Développement de l'identité féminine * Affirmation identitaire en ligne * Étude des vidéos de filles et garçons * Importance des vidéos "je suis bizarre" et "anti-boyfriend tag" + [00:02:47][^4^][4] Proximité et sociabilité * Partage d'expériences personnelles * Attente de soutien des abonnés * Mention fréquente d'autres YouTubeuses + [00:04:46][^5^][5] Utilisation de l'intimité * Validation de l'identité par les pairs * Différences de genre dans l'expression de l'intimité * Sexualité et honte corporelle chez les filles + [00:06:30][^6^][6] Caractéristiques féminines involontaires * Manies et habitudes perçues comme féminines * Exigences dans le domaine amoureux * Perfectionnisme et propreté + [00:07:52][^7^][7] Dramatisation et standardisation * Effets de dramatisation pour représenter la féminité * Standardisation des modes de présentation * Influence des médias et réseaux sociaux

note for week 3 presentation

非常好的问题。让我为您详细解释这些概念。

1. 最优化问题：

最优化问题是指在给定的约束条件下，寻找可能解中的最佳解（最大值或最小值）。例如： - 寻找最短路径 - 最大化利润 - 最小化成本

1. 最优子结构：

最优子结构是指问题的最优解包含其子问题的最优解。换句话说，可以通过组合子问题的最优解来构造原问题的最优解。

特点： - 问题可以被分解为更小的子问题 - 子问题的最优解能够用来构造原问题的最优解

例子：最短路径问题 如果从A到C的最短路径经过B，那么A到B的这段路径一定是A到B的最短路径，B到C的这段路径一定是B到C的最短路径。

1. 无后效性：

无后效性是指某阶段的状态一旦确定，则此后过程的演变不再受此前各状态及决策的影响。

特点： - 当前状态仅与前一个状态有关，与更早的状态无关 - **未来的决策只依赖于当前状态，不依赖于如何达到当前状态 ** 例子：0-1背包问题 在考虑是否将第i个物品放入背包时，只需要考虑当前背包的剩余容量和第i个物品的价值，而不需要关心背包中已经放入了哪些物品。

让我们通过一个简单的例子来说明这些概念：

问题：计算从1到n的最大连续子数组和。

```python def max_subarray_sum(arr): n = len(arr) dp = [0] * n dp[0] = arr[0]

for i in range(1, n):
    dp[i] = max(arr[i], dp[i-1] + arr[i])

return max(dp)

示例

arr = [-2, 1, -3, 4, -1, 2, 1, -5, 4] print(max_subarray_sum(arr)) # 输出: 6 ```

在这个例子中：

1. 最优化问题：我们在寻找最大的连续子数组和。

2. 最优子结构：

3. 子问题：对于每个位置i，我们考虑以i结尾的最大子数组和。

4. 最优解构造：原问题的最优解是所有子问题最优解中的最大值。

5. 无后效性：

6. 在计算dp[i]时，我们只需要知道dp[i-1]和arr[i]，不需要知道之前的具体决策。

7. 未来的决策不会影响当前的决策。

8. 重叠子问题：

9. 在计算过程中，我们重复使用了之前计算的结果（dp[i-1]）。

通过理解这些特性，我们可以更好地识别和解决适合使用动态规划的问题。这些特性使得我们能够将复杂问题分解为更小的子问题，并有效地重用子问题的解来构建最终的最优解。

您提出了一个很好的问题。我来解释一下动态规划和分治算法的区别，并通过一个简单的例子来说明。

动态规划和分治算法的主要区别：

1. 子问题的依赖性：
2. 动态规划：子问题之间通常是相互依赖的。

3. 分治算法：子问题通常是独立的。

4. 重叠子问题：

5. 动态规划：存在大量重叠子问题。

6. 分治算法：子问题通常不重叠。

7. 解决方式：

8. 动态规划：自底向上或自顶向下（带备忘录）解决。
9. 分治算法：通常自顶向下递归解决。

让我们通过斐波那契数列的计算来举例说明：

斐波那契数列定义：F(n) = F(n-1) + F(n-2)，其中 F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1

1. 分治算法实现：

python def fibonacci_divide_conquer(n): if n <= 1: return n return fibonacci_divide_conquer(n-1) + fibonacci_divide_conquer(n-2)

这个实现会导致大量重复计算。例如，计算 F(5) 时：

F(5) ├── F(4) │ ├── F(3) │ │ ├── F(2) │ │ │ ├── F(1) │ │ │ └── F(0) │ │ └── F(1) │ └── F(2) │ ├── F(1) │ └── F(0) └── F(3) ├── F(2) │ ├── F(1) │ └── F(0) └── F(1)

可以看到，F(3)、F(2)等被重复计算了多次。

1. 动态规划实现：

python def fibonacci_dp(n): if n <= 1: return n dp = [0] * (n + 1) dp[1] = 1 for i in range(2, n + 1): dp[i] = dp[i-1] + dp[i-2] return dp[n]

这个实现避免了重复计算。我们只计算每个子问题一次，并将结果存储在 dp 数组中。

通过这个例子，我们可以看到：

1. 子问题依赖：F(n) 依赖于 F(n-1) 和 F(n-2)。
2. 重叠子问题：在分治方法中，较小的斐波那契数被重复计算多次。
3. 动态规划的优势：通过存储中间结果，避免了重复计算，大大提高了效率。

这就是为什么在处理具有重叠子问题的问题时，动态规划通常比分治算法更有效。动态规划利用了问题的这种结构，通过存储和重用子问题的解来提高效率。

reply to u/ArousedByApostasy at https://old.reddit.com/r/Zettelkasten/comments/1g8diq4/any_books_about_how_someone_used_zettelkasten_to/

If you're suffering from the delusion (and many do) that Zettelkasten is only about Luhmann and his own writing and 4-5 recent books on the topic, you're only lacking creativity and some research skills. Seemingly Luhmann has lots of good PR, particularly since 2013, but this doesn't mitigate the fact that huge swaths of the late 1800s to the late 1900s are chock-a-block full of books produced by these methods. Loads of examples exist under other names prior to that including florilegia, commonplace books, the card system, card indexes, etc.

Your proximal issue is that the scaffolding used to write all these books is generally invisible because authors rarely, if ever, talk about their methods and as a result, they're hard to "see". This doesn't mean that they don't exist.

I've got a list of about 50+ books about the topic of zettelkasten or incredibly closely related methods dating back to 1548 if you want to peruse some: https://www.zotero.org/groups/4676190/tools_for_thought/collections/V9RPUCXJ/tags/note%20taking%20manuals/items/F8WSEABT/item-list

There are a variety of examples of people's note collections that you can see in various media and compare to their published output. I've collected several dozens of examples, many of which you can find here: https://boffosocko.com/research/zettelkasten-commonplace-books-and-note-taking-collection/

Interesting examples to get you started:

• Vladimir Nabokov's estate published copies of his index cards for the novel The Original of Laura which you can purchase and read in its index card format. You can find a copy of his index card diary as Insomniac Dreams from Princeton University Press: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691196909/insomniac-dreams
• S.D. Goitein - researchers on the Cairo Geniza still use his note collection to produce new scholarship; though he had 1/3 the number of note cards compared to Luhmann, his academic writing output was 3 times larger. If you dig around you can find a .pdf copy of his collection of almost 30,000 notes and compare it to his written work.
• There's a digitized collection of W. Ross Ashby's notes (in notebook and index card format) which you can use to cross reference his written books and articles. https://ashby.info/
• Wittgenstein had a well-known note collection which underpinned his works (as well as posthumous works). See: Wittgenstein, Ludwig. Zettel. Edited by Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe and Georg Henrik von Wright. Translated by Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret Anscombe. Second California Paperback Printing. 1967. Reprint, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press, 2007.
• Roland Barthes had a significant collection from which he both taught and wrote; His notes following his mother's death can be read in the book Morning Diary which were published as index card-based notes.
• The Marbach exhibition in 2013 explored six well-known zettelkasten (including Luhmann's): Gfrereis, Heike, and Ellen Strittmatter. Zettelkästen: Maschinen der Phantasie. 1st edition. Marbach am Neckar: Deutsche Schillerges, 2013. https://www.amazon.de/-/en/Heike-Gfrereis/dp/3937384855/.
• Philosopher John Locke wrote a famous treatise on indexing commonplace books which underlay his own commonplacing and writing work: Locke, John, 1632-1704. A New Method of Making Common-Place-Books. 1685. Reprint, London, 1706. https://archive.org/details/gu_newmethodmaki00lock/mode/2up.
• Historian Jacques Barzun, a professor, dean and later provost at Columbia, not only wrote dozens of scholarly books, articles, and essays out of his own note collection, but also wrote a book about some of the process in a book which has over half a dozen editions: Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. The Modern Researcher. New York, Harcourt, Brace, 1957. http://archive.org/details/modernreseracher0000unse. In his private life, he also kept a separate shared zettelkasten documenting the detective fiction which he read and was a fan. From this he produced A Catalogue of Crime: Being a Reader's Guide to the Literature of Mystery, Detection, and Related Genres (with Wendell Hertig Taylor). 1971. Revised edition, Harper & Row, 1989: ISBN 0-06-015796-8.
• Erasmus, Agricola, and Melanchthon all wrote treatises which included a variation of the note taking methods which were widely taught in the late 1500s at universities and other schools.
• The Jonathan Edwards Center at Yale has a digitized version of his note collection called the Miscellanies that you can use to cross reference his written works.
• A recent example I've come across but haven't mentioned to others until now is that of Barrett Wendell, a professor at Harvard in the late 1800s, taught composition using a zettelkasten or card system method.
• Director David Lynch used a card index method for writing and directing his movies based on the method taught to him by Frank Daniel, a dean at the American Film Institute.
• Mortimer J. Adler et al. created a massive group zettelkasten of western literature from which they wrote volumes 2 and 3 (aka The Syntopicon) of the Great Books of the Western World. See: https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/2623/mortimer-j-adlers-syntopicon-a-topically-arranged-collaborative-slipbox
• Before he died, historian Victor Margolin made a YouTube video of how he wrote the massive two volume World History of Design which included a zettelkasten workflow: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kxyy0THLfuI
• Martin Luther King, Jr. kept a zettelkasten which is still extant and might allow you to reference his notes to his written words.
• The Brothers Grimm used a zettelkasten method (though theirs was slips nailed to a wall) to create The Deutsches Wörterbuch (The German Dictionary that preceeded the Oxford Dictionary). The DWB was begun in 1838 by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm who worked on it through the letter F prior to their deaths. The dictionary project was ended in 1961 after 123 years of work which resulted in 16 volumes. A further 17th source volume was released in 1971.
• Here's an interesting video of Ryan Holliday's method condensed over time: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU7efgGEOgk
• Because Halloween is around the corner, I'll even give you a published example of death by zettelkasten described by Nobel Prize winner Anatole France in one of his books: https://boffosocko.com/2022/10/24/death-by-zettelkasten/

If you dig in a bit you can find and see the processes of others like Anne Lamott, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bob Hope, Michael Ende, Twyla Tharp, Kate Grenville, Marcel Mauss, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Phyllis Diller, Carl Linnaeus, Beatrice Webb, Isaac Newton, Harold Innis, Joan Rivers, Umberto Eco, Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, Raymond, Llull, George Carlin, and Eminem who all did variations of this for themselves for a variety of output types.

These barely scratch the surface of even Western intellectual history much less other cultures which have broadly similar methods (including oral cultures). If you do a bit of research into any major intellectual, you're likely to uncover a similar underlying method of work.

While there are some who lionize Luhmann, he didn't invent or even perfect these methods, but is just a drop of water in a vast sea of intellectual history.

And how did I write this short essay response? How do I have all these examples to hand? I had your same question years ago and read and researched my way into an answer. I have both paper and digital zettelkasten from which to query and write. I don't count my individual paper slips of which there are over 15,000 now, but my digital repository is easily over 20,000 (though only 19K+ are public).

I hope you manage to figure out some version of the system for yourself and manage to create something interesting and unique out of it. It's not a fluke and it's not "just a method for writing material about zettelkasten itself".

mutualism

interesting -- not the history of the fact of homosexuality, but the identity category

sometimes acquired status is official (run for office for position) and can reflect old patriarchies that trying to come back

social position of official is stronger where there's a demand for trained experts- a training that only the wealthy can afford

loyalty to office = loyalty to an impersonal and functional purpose as opposed to a person

activities are official duties

regulation not derived from individual judgement but from accordance with rules

training in field of specialization- increasingly important

items of official different from org.

monocratically organized hierarchy- lower offices supervised by higher ones and can be appealed to them

state = bureaucratic agency private = bureaucratic enterprise

methodical provisions for rules and for getting employees

officials distributing duties does it in a stable way and according to the rules

necessary regular activities are official duties

Modern bureaucracy means...

I don't know a significant amount about care homes in Japan, however, in America they are a bit infamous for poor care. There are a host of reasons for why this occurs. This makes me wonder if Americans would opt for robots over humans.

Is there a way to address this issue in the robots without trashing them? Is this a training Ai issue? Either way, this must be addressed.

I have always found it interesting that the government has a say/controls specifically how elders are treated in a family. In our western culture there is no specific requirement for how elders are cared for.

How is it looking now? What impact did COVID have on this timeline?

If the cost of robot care is similar to an elders home, what would people choose?

Would these have to be robots? They could be simple machines. It may even be easier for elders to accept that way.

good

Is this correct? Are these now scalaras rather than vectors?

The declaration of Independence in 1776. Politicians and the seeking eyes of the people and their freedom. July 4th 1776, Thomas Jefferson and many other leaders of the colonies got together and signed the document. It was signed and ratified in the Pennsylvania state house. A lot of people often ask questions about the Declaration of independence. I wonder where the document is? I also wonder about how the document being a piece of paper is held and preserved. The declaration document was ratified to grant freedom to the people and formally introduce equality. To separate from Great Britian and to form their own civilization. The audience they were reaching was Great Britian.

is it only for the summary cube? or also the pnl cube

really intend "glob"

Confused because the sample file listed does not match the columns here... what is listed here is a subset.

formula that shows the ratio of elements present in the compound

Also known as "NOAA Research," this office maintains NOAA's "Climate.gov" website, with such "alarmist" features as a "global climate dashboard" charting rising CO2 and other greenhouse gases, sea levels, and ocean heat, as well as declining sea ice and mountain glaciers. https://www.climate.gov/about.

The Trump administration let this portal go unfunded and at one point shut it down. The suppression of talk about climate change on this and other agency portals during these years, documented by EDGI, was far-reaching. Climate researchers had to alter webpages, for instance, by changing "climate change" to "climate," apparently taken as less politically charged. https://envirodatagov.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/New_Digital_Landscape_EDGI_July_2019.pdf

Trump's proposed funding cuts for this agency averaged a whopping 35.7% over the first three years. However, Congress pushed back hard, and actually authorized increases in it budget (8.5%) and staff (3.5%).<br /> https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Trump's average proposed budget cuts for his first three years for the Fish and Wildlife Service were slightly higher than those for NOAA itself--more than 18%. However, FWS fared much better in Congress, actually increasing its budget by 2% (adjusting for inflation). It nevertheless lost 5.8% of its staff. https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Trump tried to cut this service's budget by an average of 15.9% over his first years, but thanks to Congress its staff and budget barely budged. https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

For Project 2025, data supporting the reality of anthropogenic climate change appears biased by definition, since it takes sides in an imagined "climate debate" among scientists. This is a throwback to an earlier version of climate denialism. https://allianceforscience.org/blog/2024/01/new-analysis-exposes-shifts-in-climate-denial-tactics-on-youtube/

Trump's average proposed budget cuts for this service averaged a more modest 15% for his first three years. But through Congressional action, the inflation-adjusted budget fell over 40% and the staff over 10% during his time in office. https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Here's a belated recognition that the data used by commercial operations is indeed from the NWS. What it would mean for the NWS to also "fully commercialize its forecasting operations" is not at all clear.

A claim that seems to disregard how so much today's commercial services actually hinge on federal weather data. As AccuWeather chief executive Steven R. Smith put it: "NOAA’s 'foundational data' helps inform AccuWeather’s own forecasting software, artificial intelligence and meteorologists." Moreover, “it has never been our goal to take over the provision of all weather information.” https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2024/07/22/project-2025-weather-service-trump/

Here's the reason why NOAA receives such treatment: its contributions to the science of climate change. Another Project 2025 theme: future US prosperity depends on ignoring and not researching climate change, and certainly not seeking to prepare for or mitigate it.

While the roots of some NOAA functions date to the nineteenth century, it took on more modern form after the passage of the Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act in 1966. President Richard Nixon created the agency in 1970, the same year as the EPA. NOAA had the following goals: "to protect life and property from natural hazards, better understand the total environment, and explore and develop ways to use marine resources in a 'coordinated way' within the Department of Commerce." A recent report by the Congressional Research Service outlines the many efforts to legislate on this agency's work and structure.<br /> https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R47636.pdf

The Trump Administration proposed cutting NOAA's budget an average of 17% in its four budget proposals. Because Congressional support for NOAA was less robust than that for other environmental agencies (including EPA), NOAA's actual budget slid over 14% between 2016-2019, the biggest actual funding cut of any environmental agency studied by EDGI over the Trump years. https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Gilman's proposals in the NOAA chapter are among the most hostile plans for any agency proposed by Project 2025.

教示なし学習 - IP Insights - IPv4アドレスの使用パターンを学習し、IPv4アドレスとユーザーIDやアカウント番号などのエンティティ巻の関係をとらる - 不正検出や異常な IPアドレスの使用パターンを特定するために使用 - K-Means - データ内の離散的なグループを見つけ、グループ内のメンバーが互いに似ており他のグループとは異なるようにする - クラスタリングに使用。データポイントをk個のグループ分けに使用 - Principal Component Analysis(PCA) - データセット内の次元を削減、データポイントを主成分に投影してできるだけ多くの情報や変動を保持する - 次元削減でデータの可視化やモデルの計算効率の向上に使用 - Random Cut Forest(RCP) - 規則的またはパターン化されたデータから逸脱する異常なデータポイントを検出する - 異常検知に使用され、特に異常なデータ点や外れ値を検出するタスクに適している

this way, we actually account for the context, it is just that the starting point is the language and form of the text

that is why suggested that we start with close reading

why very crucial also yung transcription because it changes the feel or effect of the form of the writing

dapat maayos muna yung transcription ng text before makapag close read nang maayos

expert, genius

Close reading as Practical criticism

paying attention to the formal properties, to the language

Here, preparedness grants to the state, local, tribal, and territorial governments DON'T count as federalism. That's in stark contrast with the "New Federalism" proposed by Richard Nixon back in the early 1970s. For Nixon, federalism entailed "revenue sharing" of federal funds with the states, with the states granted more control over how the money was spent: “more money and less interference.” Here, federalism for relief efforts means that states, localities, tribes, etc. will no longer get any federal money. Their efforts will be entirely defunded. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/nixons-new-federalism-45-years-later/

If the NFIP had been wound down prior to Helene and Milton, the vast majority of those whose homes were damaged by these storms would have had means of receiving any compensation to cover the destruction. That's because only 25% of Floridians in storm-affected had purchased flood insurance and far fewer in hard-hit Western North Carolina. Moreover, the storms hitting Florida had come after Florida had passed reforms to attract private flood insurers back into its home insurance market. The struggles owners of these policies faced in getting companies to recognize their claims foreshadow what will happen if flood insurance markets turn completely private. https://www.nbcnews.com/business/consumer/hurricane-milton-helene-insurance-nightmares-torment-florida-residents-rcna175088

The Trump Administration deprived FEMA of funds by repeatedly taking its allocations for disaster relief and applying them to immigration and border policing. Funds transferred included nearly $10 million in 2018 and nearly $160 million in 2019. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/09/12/document-shows-the-trump-administration-diverted-nearly-10-million-from-fema-to-ice-detention-program/ https://www.politifact.com/article/2019/oct/02/fema-money-reprogrammed-immigration-enforcement-wh/

Oversimplified. Since its establishment in 1968, the NFIP has indeed struggled to fulfill the roles envisioned by its architects and proponents, according to historian Scott Knowles. But waves of legislation have repeatedly sought reforms to incentivize and create other mechanisms for reducing risks from floods as well as discouraging development of flood prone areas. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47646

According a recent history by the Congressional Research Service, the Stafford Act was passed in 1988 largely in response to an effort by the Reagan administration to reduce the federal funding share for many forms of disaster relief to just 50%, leaving states and localities to cover the rest. After a bipartisan outcry, Congress then acted to legislate a 75% federal/25% state and local rate for many of FEMA's programs. Most proposals here seek to reduce or eliminate federal support for disaster relief may face a similar fate to the Reagan Administration's effort. https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R47646

In stark contrast to the approach recommended for immigration and the border, Cuccinelli suggests that FEMA pass more of its responsibilities off to the states and cities and to avoid disasters not considered sufficiently "large" and "widespread."

Cuccinelli's comment neglects another more recent cause of FEMA's dearth of funding: the Trump Administration. From its first proposed budget onward, Trump and his appointee sought to cut FEMA's and other funding for "long-term preparedness efforts, many of them put in place to address the sluggish federal response to Hurricane Katrina." https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/as-agencies-respond-to-storm-some-face-cuts-under-trump-budget-proposal/2017/08/29/0fbbd6ca-8cc8-11e7-84c0-02cc069f2c37_story.html

h

Se destaca la importancia de establecer buenos hábitos dentales desde el embarazo y en los primeros años de vida del niño

La caries dental es una enfermedad multifactorial que implica la interacción de varios factores como el huésped, los microorganismos y la dieta. Factores socioeconómicos y el acceso a servicios de salud también juegan un papel importante.

La malnutrición puede afectar negativamente la salud dental, causando problemas como la mala calidad de los tejidos dentales y un mayor riesgo de caries y enfermedades periodontales.

En general, se ha restado importancia a la dieta como factor de riesgo para la caries dental, favoreciendo la promoción de una buena higiene y el uso de flúor. En niños y ancianos, la dieta sigue siendo clave para prevenir la caries

This constitutes another move to erase climate change from the federal policy. This working group was established in 2009 to draw on the best available science to understand, define, and incorporate "the social benefits of reducing emissions of each of [the main]greenhouse gases, or the social costs of increasing such emissions, in the policy making process." Its calculations were then incorporated in agency cost-benefit analyses. Trump abolished the working group, which was restarted under Biden. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TechnicalSupportDocument_SocialCostofCarbonMethaneNitrousOxide.pdf

Consistent with Project 2025's other proposed erasures of climate change, the authors propose to continue this with the Oval Office. A Senior Advisor for "energy and environment" will replace an Office of Domestic Climate Policy.

The 2020 Trump-era rule revision for NEPA faced many questions about its constitutionality. Though court proceedings were cut short by the Biden revocation of that rule, these proposed measures may well be even more judicially vulnerable. https://www.theregreview.org/2020/08/24/glicksman-camacho-trump-administration-unconstitutional-power-grab/

This ruling from 1979 may prove judicially vulnerable in the wake of the Supreme Court's recent overturning of the Chevron decision, which had long grounded judicial doctrines of deference to agencies.

This 2020 rule revision to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) rolled out early in 2020 and sought to curb the use of science in permitting federal or federally sponsored projects. They attempted to do so indirectly, by mandatory speed-up as well as circumscription of the environmental assessments that NEPA required. More directly, the Trump administration overturned guidance from the Obama administration that NEPA analyses consider effects on climate change. The new rule revision curbed consideration not just of climate change but of all other “effects” that are “remote in time, geographically remote, or the product of a lengthy causal chain” including "cumulative impact analysis"--long a required element of NEPA assessments. https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/

Upon overturning this Trump-era rule, the Biden Administration also included environmental justice impacts among the "cumulative" assessments to take place under NEPA, a step which Project 2025 also seeks to reverse. https://www.insideenergyandenvironment.com/2024/05/ceq-final-nepa-regulations-and-department-of-energy-actions-aim-to-responsibly-accelerate-clean-energy-transmission-and-other-infrastructure-development/

When President Richard Nixon created the Council in 1970 and announced its first three members, he described CEQ to the press as "the environmental conscience of the nation." https://www.jstor.org/stable/27551558

In his and many subsequent administrations, Republican as well as Democratic, the CEQ played a central role coordinating environmental policy across the agencies. Trump's nomination of Mary Neumayr to head the CEQ came after the rest of his White House-based political appointees. Though she was at the time considered moderate politically, the Council's work under her leadership focused on circumscribing NEPA's requirements and scope under the guise of "streamlining." https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2018/06/13/trump-tries-a-more-middle-of-the-road-pick-for-top-white-house-environment-post/

There has long been a debate about the proper use of the SPR. Should it only be used in the event of actual supply shortages and gasoline lines? Or should it be used when prices spike "too high?" See https://www.tamupress.com/book/9781585446001/the-strategic-petroleum-reserve/

Political perception of the impact of SPR releases on Americans' prices at the pump tend to far outstrip the actual economic impact: https://visualizingenergy.org/can-releases-from-the-strategic-petroleum-reserve-lower-energy-prices/

Under Project 2025, promoting American energy interests is limited to expanding production and consumption of fossil fuels both in the United States and abroad. Currently, the U.S. leads the world in production of oil and gas. Where the U.S. is at greatest risk of falling behind is investments in clean energy manufacturing and deployment, as explained in the International Energy Agency's World Energy Investment 2024 report. For historical context about how the U.S. fell behind China in investments in clean clean energy, see https://uwapress.uw.edu/book/9780295752181/charged/(2022), chapter 4.

How many times does the licensing process need to be streamlined? It was last streamlined in the Energy Policy Act of 2005. What is left unsaid here is that the expected nuclear renaissance of the early 2000's was killed by cheap natural gas produced by fracking. The problem with nuclear power isn't burdensome regulation or environmentalists; it's that the technology is simply not cost-competitive. See https://www.academia.edu/41080344/Nuclear_Power_in_America_The_Story_of_a_Failed_Energy_Transition

While it is proper for the federal government to dispose of spent nuclear fuel, how is this not a subsidy to the civilian nuclear power industry? The fees collected will never come close to paying for disposal.

Substantial private-sector engagement with US energy infrastructure is well-documented: https://visualizingenergy.org/which-banks-fund-upstream-oil-and-gas/

This chapter stands in support of a presidential campaign that advocates increasing tariffs, which is literally the very definition of picking winners and losers (why industrial policy is okay for some sectors of the economy but not energy is left unexplained).

Putting that aside, there is a tension between the market liberalism of trying not to pick winners and losers and the goal of American energy dominance and energy independence. For if the proper role of government is to step back and let the market decide, it shouldn't matter where the energy comes from. It shouldn't matter if the US is energy-independent.

Our involvement in the Middle East over the past century suggests it does matter. Oil is not just another commodity. Daniel Yergin titled his history of oil "The Prize" for a reason. Oil (and energy more broadly) has always been considered too important for its distribution, price and reliability to be left solely to the private market. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/The-Prize/Daniel-Yergin/9781439110126

This ignores the fact that government has played a role in every energy transition over the past two hundred years. For a study of how government "picked" coal in the early 1800s. See https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674970922

For more information on the history of energy subsidies for fossil fuels, nuclear, biofuels, and renewables see https://www.dbl.vc/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/What-Would-Jefferson-Do-2.4.pdf

Translation: these are the forms of energy that matter. And their impacts on the atmosphere and those millions whose lives will be disrupted or lost through climate change do not.

A peculiar turn of phrase suggesting we need more public control over the energy industry, especially if readers have some knowledge of how many contemporary energy markets work. If the author was serious about this goal, he would favor doing away with investor-owned electric utilities that possess state-sanctioned monopoly control of their territories.

While Project 2025 authors describe a contermporary "war on oil and natural gas," the data belie this claim. The U.S. currently produces more crude oil than any other country in world history and is producing record levels of natural gas. Biden administration energy policy has included provisions support expansion off-shore oil and gas development, to the consternation of climate hawks. The Energy Information Administration is the best source for information on domestic energy production. On natural gas, see https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61263 On crude oil production, see https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=61545#:~:text=Crude%20oil%20production%20in%20the,than%2013.3%20million%20b%2Fd.

Such a policy goal disregards the longstanding federal policies subdidizing research, extraction, and deployment of all types of energy sources in the United States, including wood, fossil fuels, biofuels, nuclear power, and renewable energy. As Nancy Pfund and Ben Healey explain, based on their research on historical energy subsidies, "From land grants for timber and coal in the 1800s to tax expenditures for oil and gas in the early 20th century, from federal investment in hydroelectric power to research and development funding for nuclear energy and today’s incentives for alternative energy sources, America’s [i.e., our government's] support for energy innovation has helped drive our country’s growth for more than 200 years." While support for renewables has grown under the Biden administration, those policies are catching renewables up to the historical subsidies provided to the nuclear, oil and gas, and biofuels in the past, many of which also continue into the present. For more information, see https://www.dbl.vc/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/What-Would-Jefferson-Do-2.4.pdf

This is a recurring motiff: fossil fuels are reliable and renewable forms of energy (because they are intermittent) are unreliable. This chapter even references the February 2021 blackout in Texas during winter storm Uri as supporting evidence, repeating conservative talking points from the time that have persisted despite repeated debunking. By far the chief reason for the blackout was the widespread failure of Texas' insufficiently weatherized natural gas plants. They shut down just as natural gas demand for home heating rose. Texas suppliers were also hampered by how disconnected this state remained from any larger grids. Oklahoma suffered many of the same problem experienced in Texas but was able to draw power from states further north avoiding a blackout. https://energy.utexas.edu/research/ercot-blackout-2021#:~:text=In%20February%202021%2C%20an%20extreme,more%20than%204.5%20million%20homes.

Fossil fuels don't ensure reliability. On the contrary, there is a long history of blackouts associated with fossil fueled power; to an extent most people don't realize, these are often caused by issues of transmission lines running from coal-, fuel oil-, or gas-powered generation plants. See https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/3271/When-the-Lights-Went-OutA-History-of-Blackouts-in

We environmental historians are unaware of any recent calls for government ownership of the energy industry; the actual definition of nationalization. There was a debate, in the early years of American electrification, about whether electric utilities should be under public or private control, and other national governments have taken public control over the holdings of private oil companies, including Mexico in 1938. But we have seen no discernible trend toward this nationalization--what most scholars mean by the word-- in recent times in the United States.

Climate change: the problem that cannot be named or acknowledged as genuine here, as elsewhere in Project 2025. Many of the policies in this chapter make little sense absent the assumption that global warming is either a hoax or grossly exaggerated by "radical" environmentalists and a political left, which can be safely ignored. If only we lived in that world.

This claim ignores significant evidence. For instance: since 2015, the US has become a net exporter of gasoline: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=63224 The reliance on oil advocated here renders us dependent on Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) largely because of its collective ability to set or influence global oil prices, despite America's current status as net fossil fuel exporter.

Moreover, finite oil supplies of particular fields and regions have a habit of running out. What happens when fracking runs its course and the US is no longer a net exporter of oil and gas? Likely: even greater dependence on other oil-producing nations.

Third, true energy independence or dominance is not possible with a reliance on an energy source that is priced by global supply and demand dynamics, such as oil. Not just oil but natural gas may soon rely on international price-setting; many expect a global price for natural gas is on the horizon. Our reliance on a commodity priced by global forces places true "independence" and "dominance" out of reach for national policy-makers.

Fourth, every form of energy is subsidized (some intentionally, some unintentionally) by a range of policies. (see especially the Introduction in https://www.ucpress.edu/books/crude-politics/hardcover). Historically, the oil and gas industry has received the lion's share of these subsidies. If one were to include greenhouse gas emissions, US foreign policy commitments, and federal preferece for automobility (over other forms of transportaton), federal subsidies for petroleum continue to overshadow those for other sources of energy.

The idea advanced by these authors simply ignores these historical and contemporary realities. When they say government should not be picking winners and losers by subsidizing energy, the authors only talk about the subsidies enjoyed by the forms of energy they dislike while ignoring the vast subsidies for the forms of energy they prefer.

As a result, the chapter ignores the costs to the economy of a continued reliance on fossil fuels.

interesting

cure?

In this part of the journal, Columbus goes on another trip to explore the land. His crew member, Martin Alonso Pinzon, tells him that a Portuguese sailor saw a native carrying large bundles of cinnamon, but didn’t trade for it because of a rule Columbus made that banned trading without permission. The native also had brown objects that looked like nutmeg. This shows the European interest in valuable spices and how Columbus strictly controlled his crew's interactions with the natives, likely to maintain order and avoid conflicts.

In this passage, Columbus describes how the native people brought gifts like parrots, cotton, and darts to trade with the Europeans, who gave them small items like beads and bells in return. The natives were happy to exchange their goods, and Columbus notes that they gave everything willingly. However, he also assumes that the natives are poor because they don't have the same kinds of wealth or goods as the Europeans, showing his limited understanding of their culture and way of life. This exchange highlights the difference in values between the two groups and Columbus's biased view of the natives' lifestyle.

The intended audience for Columbus's journal appears to be the Spanish monarchy, particularly King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. By documenting his findings and framing his encounters as friendly and productive, Columbus aimed to secure further support and funding for future voyages. This document serves to justify his actions and the continued exploration of the New World.

Annotated Question:

What long-term effects did Columbus’s arrival have on the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean? Initially, the encounters were marked by curiosity and trade, but they quickly turned violent as European powers tried to take control of the area. European diseases wiped out many indigenous people, and the need for labor led to the enslavement of those who survived. This question encourages us to look at the various impacts of colonization, such as cultural disruptions, loss of land, and social changes faced by these communities. How can we better understand how these cultures showed resilience despite these challenges?

One crucial question arising from Columbus’s account is how his descriptions of the indigenous peoples reflect his own cultural biases and assumptions. For instance, by portraying them as "very poor" and "simple," Columbus reveals a Eurocentric view that often disregarded the complexity of their societies. This raises further questions about the impact of these perceptions on subsequent colonial policies and attitudes toward indigenous peoples. How did Columbus's framing of these communities influence European views of colonization? Additionally, to what extent did these narratives shape the justifications for the exploitation of native resources and peoples? Understanding this bias is essential to critically examining the historical narratives surrounding European exploration

Columbus mostly encountered the Caribbean islands, which became important for European colonization after he arrived. These islands were rich in resources and in a good location, attracting various European countries looking to expand their empires. After Columbus landed, the indigenous populations faced terrible consequences, including violence, disease, and forced labor, which caused significant changes in their numbers. The first meetings between Columbus and the indigenous peoples set a pattern for future colonial relationships marked by exploitation and control. The effects of these encounters are still felt today, as they laid the groundwork for complicated histories of colonization, resistance, and cultural exchange in the region.

Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean from 1492 onward are credited with opening the Americas to European colonization. Sponsored by Spain, his journeys aimed to find a westward route to Asia but instead led him to the Caribbean. Columbus's encounters with indigenous peoples marked the beginning of a significant and often tragic chapter in history, characterized by exploration, conquest, and colonization that would profoundly alter the social, economic, and cultural landscapes of both Europe and the Americas.

Durante mucho tiempo, la odontología se enfocó en procedimientos mecánicos como extraer o reparar dientes. En los últimos años, ha evolucionado hacia una ciencia enfocada en la prevención y conservación de los tejidos bucales.

La odontología preventiva se define como el conjunto de esfuerzos para promover, mantener y restaurar la salud bucodental. Se centra en la prevención de enfermedades dentales, evitando complicaciones y tratamientos invasivos. Los objetivos incluyen mantener la salud bucal, reducir factores de riesgo y prevenir la aparición de enfermedades.

La salud dental incluye la salud y el funcionamiento de la boca, dientes y encías. Es esencial para actividades como comer, hablar y sonreír, además de prevenir problemas como caries, inflamación de encías, pérdida de dientes y mal aliento.

Objetivos específicos de la odontología preventiva

Mantener la salud bucodental.

Reducir los factores de riesgo de problemas dentales.

Estimar las necesidades de salud.

Prevenir la aparición de enfermedades dentales.

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Se analizo la actividad antibacteriana del suero de 23 cocodrilianos vivientes. However, despite living in environments rich in potentially pathogenic micro organisms, these wounds often heal without infection. Several species of crocodylians have been shown to be resistant to disease. For instance, Madsen et al. (1998) found a variety of Salmonella serotypes in the cloacae of healthy Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus). Manolis et al. (1991) found a high incidence of Salmonella in farmed Crocodylus johnsoni and Crocodylus porosus, while Scott and Foster (1997) described the isolation of Salmonellae from both farmed and wild American alligators (Alligator mississippiensis). In addition, Williams et al. (1990) found 23 different species of bacteria in the gular and paracloacal glands of healthy American alligators.

I thought this was a profound statement! In Intro to Org Leadership, we learned about strengths based theory, the belief that everyone has strengths and if you can identify them and utilize them for the better of the team it is a better technique than pointing out weaknesses and try to change those. I also like the following statement that says, "the role of a leader is to produce more leaders." It takes a confident and humble leader to consciously seek people with strengths that they lack and to place them in the business to utilize those strengths. I hope to be this kind of leader because I do believe in building up those around me and as the saying goes, "It is the greatest achievement of a teacher to enable his students to surpass him." I also believe in learning from the student. Reciprocal leadership is my goal.

En el sistema complemento de los reptiles requiere metales divalentes, temperaturas de 5 y 40 grados, superiores e inferiores lo inactivan . In a subsequent study, Merchant and Britton (Merchant and Britton, 2006) found that the lysis of sheep red blood cells by serum from saltwater (Crocodylus porosus) and freshwater (Crocodylus johnstoni) crocodiles required divalent metal ions, was heat sensitive and was unaffected by methylamine; therefore, suggesting that the alternative pathway was responsible for the lysis. Despite reptiles’ key place in evolutionary history, reptilian immune responses have received relatively little attention. Like all jawed vertebrates, reptiles possess both an innate and adaptive immune system. The innate system, which includes components such as non-specific leukocytes, antimicrobial peptides and the complement system, responds quickly as a non-specific first line of defense against a broad range of pathogens. In many cases the responses are stronger than those of mammals. Much less is known about the adaptive branch, and studies of the cell-mediated and humoral responses have been generally hampered by a lack of appropriate reagents.

Anarchy is defined as a state of disorder due to absent or nonrecognition of authority or other controlling systems. This the perfect and most astute description of the internet I have ever read.

Where would the community have been if it didn't have those dedicated protestors that were brave enough to risk their own health for the good of the kids?

When a community is hit with such injustice, the ability to see people rise and gain strength from each other is such an amazing thing.

At the end of the day, it is hard not to agree to the simple principle that the kids in this area deserved the right to a quality public education in their own neighborhood.

I believe this was the intention. If you divide the community it falls. "A house divided against itself cannot stand"

It is so hurtful to the kids in the community when they see this type of injustice. To watch schools being built in an unfair and inequitable way is just hurtful.

Despite how unfair CPS and the city is to this community, I do love that they find a way to rejoice. It really speaks to the resilience of the community.

It is such an unbelievable shame that it had to come to that. CPS should have listened in the first place.

I can't believe that the original excavation was just a part of a class, maybe that's why it wasn't taken care of very well?

https://newenglandtypewriter.com/<br /> New England Typewriter

Officially opened as of 2024-10-19<br /> see: https://new.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1g7m3zs/a_new_typewriter_shop_among_us/

Shows the bond and connection they have with on another. The armpit wax seems to have a deep meaning in their ritual, by the author saying that they mixed together, it shows the care and effort the are putting to help each other.

The women had no idea where her boy was gone because she was to busy doing something else and not taking care of him.

This seems like she thiks Indians will be like this and there will be no way to change them .

sounds like myth-teller had a important roll of unite people and build kinship.

All the videos on YouTube are generally of mechanics who are covering things up for a quick operation (like cleaning slugs) and not for longer cleans. This can be misleading for those who are doing longer term work where the rags need to withstand more liquid or are sitting for longer.

This is a test