10,000 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2025
  2. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Neuronal HDAC9: A key regulator of cognitive and synaptic aging, rescuing Alzheimer’s disease-related phenotypes
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.09.13.675847v1
  3. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    wang-et-al-2025-conditional-mglur5-knockout-in-glutamatergic-pathways-disrupts-the-development-of-excitatory-synaptic-html.html
    7
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    54.241.53.176/8eb8b8ca2ffe731f29b51f4032c222f809688eef/wang-et-al-2025-conditional-mglur5-knockout-in-glutamatergic-pathways-disrupts-the-development-of-excitatory-synaptic-html.html
  4. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Early female germline development in Xenopus laevis: stem cells, nurse cells and germline cysts
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.07.29.667541v1
  5. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Platelet endocytosis and α-granule cargo packaging are essential for normal skin wound healing
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.02.01.636051v1
  6. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Smooth Muscle Cells and Fibroblasts in the Proximal Thoracic Aorta Exhibit Minor Differences Between Embryonic Origins in Angiotensin II-driven Transcriptional Alterations
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2025.01.23.610985v1
  7. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    nasiri-et-al-2025-sensorimotor-circuits-formed-by-di3-neurons-have-distinct-connectivity-within-and-across-the-lumbar-html.html
    3
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    54.241.53.176/01291db0e82112ce0da407491f196cc192abcdc9/nasiri-et-al-2025-sensorimotor-circuits-formed-by-di3-neurons-have-distinct-connectivity-within-and-across-the-lumbar-html.html
  8. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    whyms-et-al-2025-the-twist-and-squeeze-activation-of-carf-fused-adenosine-deaminase-by-cyclic-oligoadenylates-html.html
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    54.241.53.176/043f06a361bc1d3fad9812cf7b164dbc7a8242b5/whyms-et-al-2025-the-twist-and-squeeze-activation-of-carf-fused-adenosine-deaminase-by-cyclic-oligoadenylates-html.html
  9. www.nature.com www.nature.com
    Brain implantation of soft bioelectronics via embryonic development
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09106-8
  10. www.sciencedirect.com www.sciencedirect.com
    Optic nerve regeneration in regeneration-capable vertebrates: Lessons from high-throughput genomic studies
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780443155802000096
  11. onlinelibrary.wiley.com onlinelibrary.wiley.com
    A Cell Type-Specific Role for Tubb6 in Ciliogenesis of Xenopus Epidermal Multiciliated Cells
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cm.70056
  12. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    lone-et-al-2025-activation-of-the-piezo1-channel-stimulates-protein-kinase-d-and-migration-in-human-aortic-endothelial-html.html
    12
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    54.241.53.176/e5dd86bc98965e0aa0173dad6455151128a767b6/lone-et-al-2025-activation-of-the-piezo1-channel-stimulates-protein-kinase-d-and-migration-in-human-aortic-endothelial-html.html
  13. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    view
    3
    1. elisesaucedo 23 Oct 2025
      But these works have not given sufficient attention to the meaning of events or to the ways differ-ent family contexts may affect how a given task is executed

      This shows the importance of finding the root cause of certain conditions and then being able to connect the individual experiences back to that root cause. So many of these factors that were being studied separately ultimately can be drawn back to class analysis. Being able to connect them together and find the root cause allows educators to effectively fight back and support their students.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Social scientists sometimes emphasize the importance of reshaping parenting practices to improve children's chances of success. Explicitly and implicitly, the literature ex-horts parents to comply with the views of professionals (Bronfenbrenner 1966; Epstein 2001; Heimer and Staffen 1998). Such calls for compliance do not, however, reconcile professionals' judgments regarding the in-trinsic value of current childrearing stan-dards with the evidence of the historical record, which shows regular shifts in such standards over time (Aries 1962; Wrigley 1989; Zelizer 1985). Nor are the stratified, and limited, possibilities for success in the broader society examined.

      Treating the standards for “good parenting” as fixed and universally correct, and demanding that parents “follow expert advice.” The author points out that this perspective overlooks two crucial facts: parenting standards are historically variable (different eras have had different understandings of what constitutes a “good child” or “good parent”); opportunities for social success are inherently unequal and stratified, with not all families possessing the same resources to meet these standards. The so-called “correct parenting methods” actually reflect middle-class cultural values rather than universal truths. Educators and researchers advocating for “improved parenting practices” should be wary of the underlying class biases and structural inequalities at play.

    3. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Middle-class parents engage in concerted cultivation by attempting to foster children's talents through organized leisure activities and extensive reasoning. Working-class and poor parents engage in the accomplishment of natural growth, providing the condi-tions under which children can grow but leaving leisure activities to children them-selves. These parents also use directives rather than reasoning. Middle-class chil-dren, both white and black, gain an emerging sense of entitlement from their family life. Race had much less impact than social class.

      This is the most central theoretical passage in the entire work, establishing Lareau's research framework. Through ethnographic observation, she discovered that the logic of parenting within families reflects not only economic circumstances but also embodies cultural capital and social structure. “Nurturing” and “letting nature take its course” respectively symbolize the socialization pathways of the middle class and the working class, determining how children understand authority, communication, and institutions. Parenting styles constitute a “reproduction of cultural capital,” through which parents unconsciously transmit cultural resources that maintain class distinctions. When encountering students from diverse backgrounds, educators should recognize these differences as “cultural logic” rather than “educational deficits.”

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Lareau-Invisible-Inequalities-lr20n.pdf
  14. 54.241.53.176 54.241.53.176
    SSRN-id4461873-html.html
    8
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    54.241.53.176/3fed5d13aeb0c4c59241cb7b1dc11179e997d9dd/deal-et-al-2025-the-transcriptomes-of-hypothalamic-micropunches-reveal-sex-differences-in-regulatory-processes-across-html.html
  15. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Transcriptional Repression of reaper by Stand Still Safeguards Female Germline Development in Drosophila
    4
    1. EMBOpress 23 Oct 2025

      Note: This response was posted by the corresponding author to Review Commons. The content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons

      Reply to the reviewers

      Reviewer #1 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary: This work by Matsui et al. examined the function of a gene Stand Stil (stil) in Drosophila in regulation of germ cell death in the female germline. They show that stil mutants contain many apoptotic cells, leading to germ cell loss and infertility. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as rpr in stil mutant. DamID experiment further showed that stil binds to rpr promoter region to repress its expression. Additionally, they also show that undifferentiated germ cells are resistant to cell death in stil mutant (but stil mutant still eventually loses all germ cells).

      Major comments: Overall, experiments adhere to a general standard of rigor, and each result is fairly convincing. In that sense, this paper warrants publication, as a paper that revealed a new gene important for preventing germ cell death. With that said, I feel that this paper does not reveal a new biological insight. In a nutshell, this paper is about a transcriptional repressor for pro-apoptotic gene, hence its depletion leads to cell death. Data is solid and the conclusion is well supported. But the readers will be left wondering why nature implemented such control? Unless one can show what kind of defects stil rpr double mutant (which rescues germ cell loss phenotype) exhibits, there is no insight why the balance of pro-apoptotic gene and its repressor is important. The paper discusses the 'molecular' mechanisms that explain the phenomenon, but it does not provide insights. The lack of conceptual advancement is the limitation of this work.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for pointing out a biological insight into the evolutionary rationale underlying the adoption of such a regulatory mechanism in nature. To address this point, we assessed the evolutionary conservation of rpr and stil through BLAST searches and comparative analyses. Our results showed that both genes are Diptera-restricted, whereas their key domains (the rpr IAP-binding motif and the Stil BED finger) are widely conserved across metazoans. In this phylogenetic context, we propose that Stil acts as a dedicated repressor of rpr in the Drosophila female germline, thereby establishing an apoptotic control architecture in which hid predominates and rpr is repressed by Stil. This explains why the balance between a potent effector (Rpr) and its repressor (Stil) is critical in oogenesis; preventing catastrophic germline loss while preserving hid-mediated responsiveness.

      We have incorporated these phylogenetic analyses and the perspective into the revised Discussion section as follows.

      Revised Page 22, Line 475; rpr is conserved only within Diptera, although its IAP-binding motif, essential for apoptosis induction, is broadly conserved across metazoans (Du et al., 2000; Gottfried et al., 2004; Hegde et al., 2002; Shi, 2002; Verhagen et al., 2000; Vucic et al., 1998; Wing et al., 2001; L. Zhou, 2005) (Fig. S7). Similarly, stil is also restricted to Diptera, predominantly within Drosophila, whereas its BED-type zinc finger domain is widely conserved among diverse organisms (Aravind, 2000; Hayward et al., 2013; Tue et al., 2017b; H. Zhou et al., 2016). Phylogenetic patterns across Diptera are consistent with a model in which stil acts as a dedicated repressor of rpr in the Drosophila germline cells (Fig. S7). Due to its potent pro-apoptotic activity, rpr must be stringently repressed in a spatiotemporal manner through mechanisms that are specific to both cell type and developmental stage. During embryogenesis, repression of rpr is mediated by the Dpp-signaling factor Shn, which binds to the rpr regulatory region, whereas in intestinal stem cells (ISCs), its expression is suppressed through chromatin conformation. In Drosophila female germline cells, hid serves as the primary regulator of apoptosis, while rpr activity is generally suppressed (Park et al., 2019; Xing et al., 2015). However, rpr mutants exhibit reduced fertility despite producing viable eggs (Fig. 3H), suggesting that rpr-mediated apoptosis may be required for proper egg development. Accordingly, we propose that stil restrains rpr in the Drosophila female germline, allowing hid to predominate in apoptotic regulation.

      New Fig. S7;

      The legend of new Fig. S7;

      Figure S7 Conservation of Rpr and Stil within Diptera

      Homologs of Drosophila melanogaster Rpr and Stil were identified by BLASTp, aligned, and analyzed phylogenetically. Homologs are present across Dipteran lineages, with the genus Drosophila highlighted in blue. Branch lengths indicate the expected number of substitutions per site, as shown by the scale bar.

      Minor comments: Although this is a minor point, and this is not specifically pointing a finger at the author of this paper, I really don't like the term 'safeguard'. This term is now overutilized to add hype to papers, when 'is necessary' is sufficient. In this case, unless the answer is provided as to 'against what stil is safeguarding germ cells', this term is not meaningful. For example, if one can show that stil specifically senses germline-specific threat and tweaks the regular apoptotic pathway based on germline-specific needs, then the term 'safeguard' may be warranted.

      Response:

      In light of the reviewer's comment, we have revised the title of the manuscript to replace 'safeguard' with 'ensure,' which better reflects the demonstrated function of Stil without overstating its role. The new title of the manuscript is: 'Transcriptional Repression of reaper by Stand Still Ensures Female Germline Development in Drosophila'

      Reviewer #2 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      In this well-executed study, Matsui et al. investigate how the female Drosophila germline prevents inappropriate apoptosis during development. They identify stand still (stil) as a key germline-specific repressor of apoptosis. Stil mutant flies are homozygous viable but female sterile due to widespread germ cell loss at the time of eclosion, which is driven by activation of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper (rpr) and caspase-dependent cell death. Germline-specific expression of anti-apoptotic factors such as p35 can rescue this phenotype, confirming that the defect lies in apoptotic regulation. The authors show that Stil directly represses rpr transcription through its BED-type zinc finger domain. Notably, undifferentiated germline cells remain resistant to apoptosis in the absence of stil, which the authors attribute to a silenced chromatin state at the rpr locus, marked by H3K9me3. These findings support a dual mechanism of protection: transcriptional repression of rpr by Stil, and a potential parallel chromatin-based silencing mechanism operating specifically in undifferentiated cells.

      Major Issues:

      1. Clarify cell identity in Figure 2E: It is unclear whether the apoptotic cells shown are somatic or germline in origin. Including a somatic marker such as 1B1 would allow the reader to clearly distinguish the apoptotic population and better interpret the figure.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for this helpful suggestion. Occasionally, the signal of the germline marker Vasa can be attenuated in dying germline cells. As suggested by the reviewer, we also tested α-Spectrin (a plasma membrane and fusome marker) instead of 1B1 together with TUNEL labeling, but this approach did not clearly distinguish somatic from germline apoptotic cells. To directly clarify cell identity, we now provide an improved co-stained image in which TUNEL-positive nuclei are surrounded by Vasa-positive cytoplasm, indicating a germline origin. Figure 2E has been updated accordingly.

      New Fig. 2E;

      Quantification of undifferentiated cells in mutants: There appears to be inconsistency in the representation of undifferentiated germ cells across figures. Early panels show near-complete germline loss, while later analyses focus on undifferentiated cells that are reportedly apoptosis-resistant. The authors should quantify the proportion of ovarioles retaining undifferentiated cells and present this data in Figure 1 or the supplements to resolve this discrepancy.

      Response:

      Thank you for raising the important point regarding the apparent inconsistency in the representation of undifferentiated germ cell populations. In early panes (Fig.1C, D), we analyzed adult ovaries of stil loss-of function mutants where all germline cells including undifferentiated germline stem cells (GSCs) are almost completely lost (Fig. 1C), showing nearly 100% agametic ovarioles. However, in later analysis such as those in Fig. 5A, B, we showed 3rd instar-larval ovaries of stil loss-of function mutants containing a few surviving germline cells nearby the future cap cell, the niche providing stem cell ligand, Decapentaplegic (Dpp) (Xie & Spradling, 1998). This suggests that Dpp-responsive undifferentiated germline cells may be relatively resistant to apoptosis caused by stil loss.

      Indeed, the GSC-like cells generated by the overexpression of a constitutively active form of Dpp receptor, Thickveins (Tkv.CA) or loss of the differentiation factor bam, were resistant to apoptosis caused by stil loss (Fig. 5C, D). These GSC-like cells may possess enhanced stemness, owing to either excessively elevated Dpp signaling or complete loss of bam, which could lead to stronger repression of rpr expression through tighter chromatin compaction.

      We added this argument in the Results section of the revised manuscript as follows.

      Revised Page 16, Line 361; Compared to GSCs, which were almost completely lost in stil mutants, GSC-like cells may retain a more robust stemness owing to the extremely elevated Dpp signaling pathway, potentially resulting in stronger repression of rpr expression.

      Interpretation of chromatin state at the rpr locus: The claim that H3K9me3, but not H3K27me3, marks the rpr locus is not fully convincing given the low ChIP-seq signal shown. Including a comparison to a known positive control locus would strengthen the argument. Alternatively, the authors could broaden the discussion to include global chromatin reorganization during germ cell to maternal transition, as reported in Kotb et al., 2024 and how such changes may impact rpr accessibility. Also stl mutant rescued with P53 have a "string of pearls" phenotype that are associated with germ cell to maternal transition defects (Figure S3, p53 OE)

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for the thoughtful and constructive comment regarding the interpretation of chromatin state at the rpr locus. To strengthen the inference that the rpr locus shows H3K9me3 enrichment, whereas clear H3K27me3 enrichment is not evident, we have now included ChIP-seq signal profiles for known positive control loci, using light (lt) as an H3K9me3-enriched locus (Akkouche et al., 2017; Greil et al., 2003) and Ultrabithorax (Ubx) as a canonical H3K27me3 target (Torres-Campana et al., 2022). These comparisons support our interpretation that H3K9me3, rather than H3K27me3, characterize chromatin around the rpr locus in GSCs. Accordingly, while we do not exclude a minor H3K27me3 contribution, our analyses indicate H3K9me3 as the predominant signature at rpr in GSCs.

      New Fig.6B and 6C;

      The legend of new Fig. 6B and Fig. 6C;

      (B) H3K9me3 ChIP-seq signal at the rpr locus and the lt locus (H3K9me3-positive control) in GSCs and 4C NCs. (C) H3K27me3 ChIP-seq signal at the rpr locus and the Ubx locus (H3K27me3-positive control) in GSCs and 32C NCs.

      A sentence of Result section was revised as below.

      Revised Page 17, Line 396; As internal controls, we confirmed H3K9me3 enrichment at the light (lt) locus and H3K27me3 enrichment at the Ultrabithorax (Ubx) locus, consistent with their established chromatin states (Akkouche et al., 2017; Greil et al., 2003; Torres-Campana et al., 2022); relative to these controls, the rpr locus shows H3K9me3 but no clear H3K27me3 enrichment in GSCs.

      Regarding the suggestion to broaden the discussion to include global chromatin reorganization during the germline-to-maternal transition, as reported in Kotb et al., 2024, we agree that this is an important avenue for understanding rpr accessibility. The "string of pearls" phenotype observed in stil mutants rescued with P35 overexpression (Figure S3) is consistent with perturbations during this transition. However, a detailed analysis of such chromatin reorganization and its potential impact on rpr regulation lies beyond the scope of the present study and represents a valuable direction for future work.

      Broader analysis of rpr regulation in somatic cells: It would be informative to examine publicly available chromatin or transcriptional data for the rpr locus in somatic ovarian cells. This could help clarify whether rpr regulation by Stil is truly germline-specific or reflects broader developmental trends. This will also clarify why the flies are homozygous viable but female sterile.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for this insightful suggestion. We agree that exploring chromatin accessibility and transcriptional regulation at the rpr locus in somatic ovarian cells would provide valuable insights into tissue- or cell-type-specific chromatin environments that influence rpr expression.

      However, to our knowledge, there are currently no publicly available ATAC-seq or comparable chromatin datasets for purified ovarian somatic cells, including follicle cells or ovarian somatic cells (OSCs). As such, we are unable to incorporate this analysis in the current study. Nevertheless, we fully recognize the importance of this line of inquiry and consider it a valuable direction for future research.

      Reviewer #3 (Evidence, reproducibility and clarity (Required)):

      Summary:

      This manuscript describes the characterization of stand still (stil), a previously identified gene needed for germ cell survival in Drosophila. The molecular function of Stil has until now remained poorly understood. This new work shows that loss of stil results in reaper (rpr)-dependent apoptosis within female germ cells. Loss of rpr suppresses many of the phenotypes observed in stil mutants. Experiments performed using Drosophila cell culture suggest that Stil binds to elements within the rpr promoter. DamID and structure/function experiments indicate that Stil likely directly represses the transcription of rpr within germ cells.

      In general, the experiments are well executed, and the data largely support the basic claims of the authors. Replicates are included and appropriate statistical analyses have been provided. The text and figures clear and accurate. Appropriate references were cited. There are a few things the authors should address or rephrase before publication.

      On page 9 line 190-192. The authors state "Altogether, these findings indicate that the loss of stil function not only triggers apoptosis that can be suppressed by apoptosis inhibitors but also causes defects in oogenesis progression that are not rescued by blocking cell death." Failure to rescue defects during mid-oogenesis could be due to insufficient transgene expression. Indeed, loss of rpr appears to rescue the fertility of stil mutants. The conclusions of this section should be restated.

      Response:

      We agree that the failure to rescue mid-oogenesis defects by P35 overexpression may, at least in part, be due to insufficient transgene expression. This explanation is particularly plausible given that loss of rpr more effectively restored fertility in stil mutants. As suggested by the reviewer, we have revised the relevant sentences, to avoid misinterpretation as below.

      Revised Page 9, Line 191; Altogether, these findings indicate that the loss of stil function triggers apoptosis that can be suppressed by apoptosis inhibitors.

      Revised Page 12, Line 253; The complete rescue of germline survival in stil rpr double mutants also suggests that the failure of P35 overexpression to restore mid-oogenesis defects may partly reflect insufficient transgene expression (Fig. S3).

      The authors should present the overlap between genes that change expression in a stil mutant and those in which the DamID experiments indicate are directly bound by Stil protein. DamID can sometimes give spurious results depending on expression levels. Further discussion along this point is necessary.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for raising this issue. As suggested, we have now analyzed the overlap between genes that are differentially expressed in stil mutant ovaries (identified by RNA-seq with stil mutant expressing P35) and genes that are potentially bound by Stil based on DamID-seq data (promoter-proximal peaks {less than or equal to}1 kb) as Supplementary Table 4. The list includes genes with DamID peaks within promoter regions and that also exhibit significant differential expression (|log2FC| > 1, adjusted p The overlap between DamID-seq and RNA-seq comprises 682 genes, including rpr, supporting the idea that Stil regulates rpr expression through interaction with its upstream promoter region. However, the detected peak signal at rpr was 3.41, which was not that strong, suggesting that Stil may also bind to and regulate other genes in female germline cells. Investigating the potential role of Stil in regulating other genes represents an important future direction of our study.

      We have included this analysis and argument in the revised manuscript as below.

      Revised Page 13, Line 280; A total of 682 genes with Stil-enriched peaks detected at promoter regions ({less than or equal to}1 kb) showed significantly altered expression in RNA-seq analysis of stil mutants expressing P35, including rpr (Supplementary Table 4).

      Revised Page 20, Line 440; Notably, the DamID peak intensity at the rpr locus reached 3.41, which is moderate rather than strong (Supplementary Table 4). This suggests that, in addition to repressing rpr, Stil may bind to and regulate other genomic loci in the female germline. Investigating the repertoire of Stil target genes and elucidating their roles in germline cells will be an important future direction of this study.

      For structure function experiments, a western blot showing expression levels of the different transgenes in ovaries should be included.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for this helpful comment. To address this point, we examined the expression levels of the four Stil variants (FL, NT, CT, and AAYA) in ovaries driven by a germline driver under a wild-type background using Western blotting. The representative blot and quantification from three biological replicates showed comparable expression levels among the variants, with the CT variant displaying a slightly reduced signal. Importantly, AAYA showed expression comparable to FL yet, like CT, failed to rescue, indicating that the rescue failure is not explained by expression-level differences. These data instead support a requirement for the BED-type zinc finger for Stil function in the germline. While we cannot fully exclude a minor contribution from the slightly lower expression of the CT variant to the lack of rescue, the AAYA result argues that loss of BED-type zinc-finger function is the primary cause; we note this caveat in the revised text. The corresponding data are now presented in Figure S6A of the revised manuscript.

      New Fig. S6A;

      The legend of new Fig. S6A;

      (A) Western blot analysis of 6×Myc-tagged Stil variants (FL, NT, CT, and AAYA) driven by NGT40-Gal4; NosGal4-VP16, with y w as a control. Stil variants were detected with anti-Myc, and α-Tubulin (αTub) served as a loading control. Arrowheads indicate Stil variant proteins. The lower panel shows quantification of the Myc/αTub signal ratio normalized to FL. Error bars indicate standard deviation (s.d.) (n = 3).

      A sentence of Result section was revised as below.

      Revised Page 13, Line 291; The expression of all four Stil variant proteins from the transgenes was confirmed, although Stil-CT showed a slightly reduced expression level (Fig. S6A)

      Revised Page 14, Line 305; Although CT shows slightly lower expression, AAYA fails to rescue despite FL-like expression, indicating that expression level is not limiting and that loss of the BED-type zinc finger underlies the phenotype.

      "With the addition of the new Fig. S6A, the following figure labels have been updated;

      Fig. S6A →S6B

      Fig. S6B → S6C

      Fig. S6C → S6D

      Fig. S6D → S6E

      Individual data points should be shown in each graph in place of simple bar graphs. This type of presentation was inconsistent throughout the paper.

      Response:

      We thank the reviewer for this constructive comment. In line with the reviewer's suggestion, we have revised the relevant graphs to include individual data points overlaid on bar plots with error bars. This modification enables readers to better assess data variability. We also ensured consistency in data presentation among the revised figures while maintaining clarity throughout the manuscript.

      Reference "G & D., 1997" should be properly formatted.

      Page 6 line 117 and 121- a couple of instances where "cell" should be "cells"

      Page 14 line 304- typo "Still"

      Response:

      As suggested, we have revised all figures to display individual data points in each graph instead of using simple bar graphs. This change has been applied consistently throughout the manuscript to improve data transparency and readability. The revised figures include Figure 1A, 2B, S1A, and S2A.

      We have also corrected the following textual issues;

      ・The reference "G & D., 1997" has been properly formatted as "Pennetta & Pauli, 1997".

      ・On page 6, lines 119 and 123, "cell" has been corrected to "cells" to ensure grammatical accuracy.

      ・On page 14, line 315, the typo "Still" has been corrected to "Stil".

      Reviewer #3 (Significance (Required)):

      The significance of the work lies in characterizing a previously unknown function of Stil. By showing that Stil acts to repress transcription of the cell death gene rpr, the authors provide new insights into how programmed cell death is regulated in the Drosophila female germline. Readers interested in reproductive biology, cell death, chromatin, and general developmental biology will find value in these new findings.

      One thing to consider is the possibility that Stil represses rpr in the context of the double strand breaks that form during meiosis. Experiments in the paper indicate that stil knockdown results in TUNEL labeling in region 2A/2B of the germarium. The authors should consider co-labeling for a meiosis marker (C(3)G or gammaH2Av) to see if this PCD correlates with this expression. In addition, they could test whether loss of Spo11 (mei-W68) suppresses stil phenotypes during early germ cell development. Relating the function of Stil to repression of cell death during this critical time of germ cell development would elevate the impact and significance of the paper. However, this may be considered beyond the scope of the current study.

      Response:

      We deeply thank the reviewer for this insightful and thought-provoking suggestion.

      As suggested, we conducted co-staining with γH2Av (DBS marker), as well as genetic interaction experiments with Spo11 (mei-W68) mutants to address this question shown below. In region 2 across all genotypes including y w control, and stil heterozygous and homozygous ovaries expressing P35, γH2Av signals were discernible and subsequently lost in region 3 through the meiotic recombination-specific DNA repair program (Additional Figure A). In stil mutants, however, an additional strong γH2Av signal was specifically observed in the oocyte, beyond the expected meiotic pattern. Furthermore, loss of meiotic recombination factors, including mei-W68, in stil mutants partially rescued the germline loss phenotype, although not to the same extent as in rpr mutants (Additional Figure B, C: 43.5 % in mei-W68-GLKD, 23.9 % in mei-P22P22 and 12.8 % in vilya826 versus 100 % with loss of rpr in Fig. 3E, F of the revised manuscript). These findings suggest that accumulation of meiotic DSBs is not the main cause of rpr upregulation in stil mutants. We feel that these analyses are beyond the scope of the current study, which focuses on identifying Stil as a transcriptional repressor of rpr and characterizing its role in germline apoptosis. Elucidating other mechanisms that elevate rpr expression in stil mutants will be the focus of future work. Hence, we are providing these data here for the reviewer's reference, but if the reviewer prefers, we would be happy to incorporate them into the manuscript.

      Additional Figure (A) Immunostaining of ovarioles from y w, stilEY16156/CyO; P35 OE (NGT40; NosGal4-VP16> P35), stilEY16156; P35 OE flies with antibody against DNA double-strand break marker H2Av (green), Vasa (red), and DAPI (blue). Insets show enlarged views of egg chamber. White dots indicate oocyte nuclei, Scale bar: 50 μm (ovariole) and 20 μm (egg chamber). (B) Immunofluorescence of Vasa (red) and DAPI (blue) in ovaries from stilEY16156, stilEY16156; mei-W68-GLKD (driven by NGT40; NosGal4-VP16), stilEY16156; meiP22P22, and stilEY16156; vilya826. Scale bar: 50 μm. (C) Quantification of the percentage of ovarioles containing germline cells in 2-3-day-old females. The genotypes of females are indicated below the x-axis, and the number of germaria analyzed is shown above each bar. Error bars represent the standard deviation (s.d.).

      Akkouche, A., Mugat, B., Barckmann, B., Varela-Chavez, C., Li, B., Raffel, R., Pélisson, A. & Chambeyron, S. (2017). Piwi Is Required during Drosophila Embryogenesis to License Dual-Strand piRNA Clusters for Transposon Repression in Adult Ovaries. Molecular Cell, 66(3), 411-419.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2017.03.017

      Greil, F., Kraan, I. van der, Delrow, J., Smothers, J. F., Wit, E. de, Bussemaker, H. J., Driel, R. van, Henikoff, S. & Steensel, B. van. (2003). Distinct HP1 and Su(var)3-9 complexes bind to sets of developmentally coexpressed genes depending on chromosomal location. Genes & Development, 17(22), 2825-2838. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.281503

      Röper, K. & Brown, N. H. (2004). A Spectraplakin Is Enriched on the Fusome and Organizes Microtubules during Oocyte Specification in Drosophila. Current Biology, 14(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.12.056

      Torres-Campana, D., Horard, B., Denaud, S., Benoit, G., Loppin, B. & Orsi, G. A. (2022). Three classes of epigenomic regulators converge to hyperactivate the essential maternal gene deadhead within a heterochromatin mini-domain. PLoS Genetics, 18(1), e1009615. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009615

      Xie, T. & Spradling, A. C. (1998). decapentaplegic Is Essential for the Maintenance and Division of Germline Stem Cells in the Drosophila Ovary. Cell, 94(2), 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81424-5

      PeerReviewed
    2. EMBOpress 23 Oct 2025

      Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons

      Referee #3

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary:

      This manuscript describes the characterization of stand still (stil), a previously identified gene needed for germ cell survival in Drosophila. The molecular function of Stil has until now remained poorly understood. This new work shows that loss of stil results in reaper (rpr)-dependent apoptosis within female germ cells. Loss of rpr suppresses many of the phenotypes observed in stil mutants. Experiments performed using Drosophila cell culture suggest that Stil binds to elements within the rpr promoter. DamID and structure/function experiments indicate that Stil likely directly represses the transcription of rpr within germ cells.

      In general, the experiments are well executed, and the data largely support the basic claims of the authors. Replicates are included and appropriate statistical analyses have been provided. The text and figures clear and accurate. Appropriate references were cited. There are a few things the authors should address or rephrase before publication.

      On page 9 line 190-192. The authors state "Altogether, these findings indicate that the loss of stil function not only triggers apoptosis that can be suppressed by apoptosis inhibitors but also causes defects in oogenesis progression that are not rescued by blocking cell death." Failure to rescue defects during mid-oogenesis could be due to insufficient transgene expression. Indeed, loss of rpr appears to rescue the fertility of stil mutants. The conclusions of this section should be restated.

      The authors should present the overlap between genes that change expression in a stil mutant and those in which the DamID experiments indicate are directly bound by Stil protein. DamID can sometimes give spurious results depending on expression levels. Further discussion along this point is necessary.

      For structure function experiments, a western blot showing expression levels of the different transgenes in ovaries should be included.

      Individual data points should be shown in each graph in place of simple bar graphs. This type of presentation was inconsistent throughout the paper.

      Reference "G & D., 1997" should be properly formatted. Page 6 line 117 and 121- a couple of instances where "cell" should be "cells" Page 14 line 304- typo "Still"

      Referee cross-commenting

      I also agree with the points raised by the other two reviewers. I think we are in general agreement on the strengths and weaknesses of the study.

      Significance

      The significance of the work lies in characterizing a previously unknown function of Stil. By showing that Stil acts to repress transcription of the cell death gene rpr, the authors provide new insights into how programmed cell death is regulated in the Drosophila female germline. Readers interested in reproductive biology, cell death, chromatin, and general developmental biology will find value in these new findings.

      One thing to consider is the possibility that Stil represses rpr in the context of the double strand breaks that form during meiosis. Experiments in the paper indicate that stil knockdown results in TUNEL labeling in region 2A/2B of the germarium. The authors should consider co-labeling for a meiosis marker (C(3)G or gammaH2Av) to see if this PCD correlates with this expression. In addition, they could test whether loss of Spo11 (mei-W68) suppresses stil phenotypes during early germ cell development. Relating the function of Stil to repression of cell death during this critical time of germ cell development would elevate the impact and significance of the paper. However, this may be considered beyond the scope of the current study.

      PeerReviewed
    3. EMBOpress 23 Oct 2025

      Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons

      Referee #2

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      In this well-executed study, Matsui et al. investigate how the female Drosophila germline prevents inappropriate apoptosis during development. They identify stand still (stil) as a key germline-specific repressor of apoptosis. Stil mutant flies are homozygous viable but female sterile due to widespread germ cell loss at the time of eclosion, which is driven by activation of the pro-apoptotic gene reaper (rpr) and caspase-dependent cell death. Germline-specific expression of anti-apoptotic factors such as p35 can rescue this phenotype, confirming that the defect lies in apoptotic regulation. The authors show that Stil directly represses rpr transcription through its BED-type zinc finger domain. Notably, undifferentiated germline cells remain resistant to apoptosis in the absence of stil, which the authors attribute to a silenced chromatin state at the rpr locus, marked by H3K9me3. These findings support a dual mechanism of protection: transcriptional repression of rpr by Stil, and a potential parallel chromatin-based silencing mechanism operating specifically in undifferentiated cells.

      Major Issues:

      1. Clarify cell identity in Figure 2E: It is unclear whether the apoptotic cells shown are somatic or germline in origin. Including a somatic marker such as 1B1 would allow the reader to clearly distinguish the apoptotic population and better interpret the figure.
      2. Quantification of undifferentiated cells in mutants: There appears to be inconsistency in the representation of undifferentiated germ cells across figures. Early panels show near-complete germline loss, while later analyses focus on undifferentiated cells that are reportedly apoptosis-resistant. The authors should quantify the proportion of ovarioles retaining undifferentiated cells and present this data in Figure 1 or the supplements to resolve this discrepancy.
      3. Interpretation of chromatin state at the rpr locus: The claim that H3K9me3, but not H3K27me3, marks the rpr locus is not fully convincing given the low ChIP-seq signal shown. Including a comparison to a known positive control locus would strengthen the argument. Alternatively, the authors could broaden the discussion to include global chromatin reorganization during germ cell to maternal transition, as reported in Kotb et al., 2024 and how such changes may impact rpr accessibility. Also stl mutant rescued with P53 have a "string of pearls" phenotype that are associated with germ cell to maternal transition defects (Figure S3, p53 OE)
      4. Broader analysis of rpr regulation in somatic cells: It would be informative to examine publicly available chromatin or transcriptional data for the rpr locus in somatic ovarian cells. This could help clarify whether rpr regulation by Stil is truly germline-specific or reflects broader developmental trends. This will also clarify why the flies are homozygous viable but female sterile.

      Referee cross-commenting

      I agree with the assessment of the other two reviewers. I think reviewer 3 point of "the overlap between genes that change expression in a stil mutant and those in which the DamID experiments indicate are directly bound by Stil" is important and needs to be addressed.

      Significance

      This study provides important insight into how germline cells in Drosophila evade apoptosis through both transcriptional and chromatin-based regulation. While reaper is a well-known effector of apoptosis, the identification of stil as a direct repressor in the female germline adds a new layer of cell type-specific control. The authors also delineate an epigenetic mechanism that protects undifferentiated germline cells, highlighting stage-specific differences in apoptotic susceptibility. This dual mechanism is conceptually significant and expands our understanding of how cell survival is maintained during gametogenesis. However, the precise novelty of stil relative to other rpr regulators could be articulated more clearly, and some data interpretations would benefit from additional clarification.

      PeerReviewed
    4. EMBOpress 23 Oct 2025

      Note: This preprint has been reviewed by subject experts for Review Commons. Content has not been altered except for formatting.

      Learn more at Review Commons

      Referee #1

      Evidence, reproducibility and clarity

      Summary: This work by Matsui et al. examined the function of a gene Stand Stil (stil) in Drosophila in regulation of germ cell death in the female germline. They show that stil mutants contain many apoptotic cells, leading to germ cell loss and infertility. Gene expression analysis showed upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as rpr in stil mutant. DamID experiment further showed that stil binds to rpr promoter region to repress its expression. Additionally, they also show that undifferentiated germ cells are resistant to cell death in stil mutant (but stil mutant still eventually loses all germ cells).

      Major comments: Overall, experiments adhere to a general standard of rigor, and each result is fairly convincing. In that sense, this paper warrants publication, as a paper that revealed a new gene important for preventing germ cell death. With that said, I feel that this paper does not reveal a new biological insight. In a nutshell, this paper is about a transcriptional repressor for pro-apoptotic gene, hence its depletion leads to cell death. Data is solid and the conclusion is well supported. But the readers will be left wondering why nature implemented such control? Unless one can show what kind of defects stil rpr double mutant (which rescues germ cell loss phenotype) exhibits, there is no insight why the balance of pro-apoptotic gene and its repressor is important. The paper discusses the 'molecular' mechanisms that explain the phenomenon, but it does not provide insights. The lack of conceptual advancement is the limitation of this work.

      Minor comments: Although this is a minor point, and this is not specifically pointing a finger at the author of this paper, I really don't like the term 'safeguard'. This term is now overutilized to add hype to papers, when 'is necessary' is sufficient. In this case, unless the answer is provided as to 'against what stil is safeguarding germ cells', this term is not meaningful. For example, if one can show that stil specifically senses germline-specific threat and tweaks the regular apoptotic pathway based on germline-specific needs, then the term 'safeguard' may be warranted.

      Referee cross-commenting

      I also agree with other reviewers.

      Significance

      As I summarized above, as is, this manuscript's impact is limited to identifying a gene that is required to prevent germ cell death.

      PeerReviewed
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2025.05.17.654630
  16. docs.aws.amazon.com docs.aws.amazon.com
    Endpoints for Amazon S3 - Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    docs.aws.amazon.com/vpc/latest/privatelink/vpc-endpoints-s3.html
  17. www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
    Untitled document
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    biorxiv.org/lookup/doi/10.1101/2023.09.15.557939
  18. Local file Local file
    Untitled document
    7
    1. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      The key to cross-cultural success is to develop an understanding of, and a deep respect for, thedifferences.

      Concluding message — cultural awareness and respect are essential in global communication.

    2. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      Incultures with high affect, people show their feelings plainly by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling – andsometimes crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.

      Contrast — open display of emotions being normal in certain countries

    3. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      High-context cultures(Mediterranean, Slav, Central European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian) leave muchof the message unspecified – to be understood through context, nonverbal cues, and between-the-linesinterpretation of what is actually said.

      Shows how some cultures communicate indirectly, nonverbally.

    4. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      low-context cultures (most of the Germanic and English-speaking countries) expect messages to be explicit and specific.

      Contrasts — direct communication style prevalent in U.S., U.K., Germany.

    5. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      Whether time is perceived as a commodity or a constant determines the meaning and value of being “ontime.”

      Explains why punctuality is not universally accepted by individuals from various cultures.

    6. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      In synchronic cultures (including South America, southern Europe and Asia) the flow of time is viewedas a sort of circle – with the past, present, and future all inter-related

      Illustrates a contrasting, more flexible notion of time — common in Asia and Latin America.

    7. pedri 23 Oct 2025
      ulture is, basically, a set of shared values that a group of people holds. Such values affect how youthink and act and, more importantly, the kind of criteria by which you judge others.

      Defines culture simply; foundation for discussing communication differences.

    Annotators

  19. oer.galileo.usg.edu oer.galileo.usg.edu
    Introduction to Human Geography (2nd Edition)
    2
    1. kyan.klinger 23 Oct 2025
      Aregion is an area that shares some sort of common characteristic that binds the areainto a whole.

      This reminded me of different regions of Alaska. It's similar to how Southeast Alaska is wildly different from northern Alaska. Southeast Alaska has a wetter and temperate climate, whereas Northern Alaska has a much colder and drier climate. Both of these regions are part of Alaska and share similar characteristics, but ultimately are vastly different.

    2. kyan.klinger 23 Oct 2025
      Besides projections, another important characteristic of maps is the scale.

      When I think of a scale, I think of the most common scale model of the Earth, a globe. When I see a globe, it's always fun to spin it around and try to find where I have been and traveled to. When I traveled to Italy, it wasn't just a spin of the globe; it was a 14-hour flight across an entire ocean. This is interesting because it shows how small we are compared to how big the world is.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    oer.galileo.usg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi
  20. Local file Local file
    Metabolic tagging of extracellular vesicles and development of enhanced extracellular vesicle based cancer vaccines
    4
    1. lucasalopz 23 Oct 2025
      Invitro, upon incubation with bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs), flowcytometry analysis revealed the time-dependent cell uptake of Cy5-conjugated EVs

      Here, they use the term in vivo. However, did they incubate outside of the body? Figure 3l shows what happens in the body, so they prob did this in vitro. Check methods.

    2. lucasalopz 23 Oct 2025
      ). It is noteworthy that DTT treatmentdid not disrupt or alter the size of EVs (Fig. S5a–c).

      The assumption is that the lack of disruptions in in vitro morphology of cells and EVs means there is no or minimal disruption in vivo.

    3. lucasalopz 23 Oct 2025
      The higher Cy3 fluorescence intensity in the Ac4ManAztreatment group demonstrated the successful capture of azido-tagged

      Treated EVs have higher fluorescence. Fluorescence was used to quantify the capture on beads. Capture efficiency could be high enough that a big fluorescence difference corresponds to a smaller capture difference.

    Annotators

  21. doc-0o-bs-apps-viewer.googleusercontent.com doc-0o-bs-apps-viewer.googleusercontent.com
    Tam 2002.pdf
    1
    1. Siddhartha_gupta 23 Oct 2025
      The importance of networks of recent immigrants from Hong Kong couldnot be more strongly emphasized

      In recent years, the CCP has been conducting surveillance on overseas pro-democracy Chinese and Hong Kong people by depending on a network of pro-Beijing informers. Does the CCP also utilize such a network as mentioned here to keep a tab on its citizens abroad?

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    doc-0o-bs-apps-viewer.googleusercontent.com/viewer/secure/pdf/cd46vgndkst3vsns6fq03loben3458kg/e8keelmkibio02189c1i0usnvngmdgm5/1761196575000/drive/10044208657657513698/ACFrOgCeh-fFS8CcwepRsgmQT3Ci_PyBY27W2clwuxK6qzQDUzlLZEvEz8MnDR0RlcmncAIQfteb7JzjZlC7mf40n7zJBcz9_u6tAHbCoq14N98NV532w87kyixeadQfU0ZvJv9KLPdcCH_y4eWUtaU5pX1x4aPt6kBaFnegFJ2UonSysWhw_63w32SWaqfw-XeCJWfW7_SBWkijfz-mAT1YK9xBh8F4qZYm6OfdBA==
  22. attachments.are.na attachments.are.na
    digitalSTS
    1
    1. l3slie 23 Oct 2025
      the formalizing of a common definition of design conflict data for col-lection purposes is discussed as a type of research intervention that in fact chal-lenges the very ephemerality of the data being collected.

      hm?

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    attachments.are.na/40527232/2e0ae2881288da00853b3dd2dbdac435.pdf
  23. www.aihw.gov.au www.aihw.gov.au
    An AIHW framework for assessing data sources for population health monitoring: working paper (full publication; 2 oct 2014 edition) (AIHW)
    1
    1. MORSY068 23 Oct 2025
      List of tablesTable 1: Data source information template (for use in Step 1 of the AIHW’s framework forassessing data sources for population health monitoring) .......................................................... 2Table 2: Priority monitoring information area template (for use in Step 2 of the AIHW’sframework for assessing data sources for population health monitoring) .............................. 3Table 3: Data quality assessment summary template (for use in Step 3 of the AIHW’sframework for assessing data sources for population health monitoring)................................ 8List of figuresFigure 1: The AIHW’s 3-step process for assessing data sources for population healthmonitoring .......................................................................................................................................... 1Figure 2: Seven elements for assessing data quality ..................................................................................... 4List of boxesBox 1: Core aspects for assessing the institutional environment supporting a data collection .......... 5Box 2: Major sources of errors ..................................................................................................................... 6Box 3: Aspects of coherence for consideration .......................................................................................... 7

      Good reference list for locating the above tables and figures that provide good summaries of the three core steps outlined by the AIHW

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    aihw.gov.au/getmedia/a754c39e-ec91-48a0-a9c5-cda828e0045b/18239.pdf.aspx
  24. tokamak-network.github.io tokamak-network.github.io
    Class Structure · Tokamak zk-EVM Documentation
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tokamak-network.github.io/tokamak-zk-evm-docs/frontend/synthesizer/synthesizer-class-structure.html
  25. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    10.3: Text Description - Digital Divide Information Graphic
    3
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Literacy_and_Critical_Thinking/Critical_Thinking_and_Information_Literacy_(Pogue)/10:_Information_Value_and_Privilege/10.03:_Text_Description_-_Digital_Divide_Information_Graphic
  26. tokamak-network.github.io tokamak-network.github.io
    Code Examples · Tokamak zk-EVM Documentation
    2
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tokamak-network.github.io/tokamak-zk-evm-docs/frontend/synthesizer/synthesizer-code-examples.html
  27. Local file Local file
    The Human Economy: A Citizen's Guide
    1

    Tags

    Annotators

  28. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    10.4: Text Description Profits by Industry Graphic
    1
    1. Amoriahh_ 23 Oct 2025
      The graphic is a chart showing the profit, company name and logo, and industry.

      Considering Amazon is used daily and is a huge company, it does have al ow percentage.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Literacy_and_Critical_Thinking/Critical_Thinking_and_Information_Literacy_(Pogue)/10:_Information_Value_and_Privilege/10.04:_Text_Description_Profits_by_Industry_Graphic
  29. tokamak-network.github.io tokamak-network.github.io
    Execution Flow · Tokamak zk-EVM Documentation
    6
    1. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      SSTORE, LOG

      CALLER, SLOAD and SSTORE will be the third important things. CALLER is related to verifying the transaction signature. SLOAD and SSTORE should involve Merkle proof verification.

      The current version of Synthesizer treats them as oracles, provided by EVM. I'm working on fundamentally treating those.

    2. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      One of Synthesizer's most complex tasks is tracking overlapping memory writes:

      This is second important part. In which cases this aliasing resolution is required? "Overlapping" is just one example but not all.

      Example one: Suppose that MSTORE is going to store a DataPt "X" (32 bytes) in the memory at offset 0x03. After some time has passed, MLOAD is loading a 32-byte memory value at offset 0x00 to the stack. Say this "Y". Suppose there have been no "overlapping" during the meantime. Do you think the returned stack value "Y" is still the same as "X" even if there was no overlapping?

      Example 2: In general, Calldata can be much longer than 32 bytes. So whenever EVM is going to load specific function input argument "Y" onto the stack, it chunks the Calldata.

      It's quite tricky for a Synthesizer to shadow this, since DataPts cannot deal with words greater than 32 bytes! The current version of the Synthesizer avoids solving this problem: it simply takes the resulted chunk made by the EVM as an Oracle. The next version, currently in development, will fundamentally solve this: it will create another virtual MemoryPt dedicated to CallData and store DataPts for the function selector and function arguments there—this process is the reverse of resolving aliasing.

      Please see this code for dealing with "CALLDATALOAD".

    3. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      Synthesizer needs to convert between external values

      Why do we have to do this? What would we lose if we do not this conversion? This question is all about the Synthesizer and the most important. So please add more introduction about Why and How.

    4. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      internal symbols

      Please mention that, .e.g, "Symbols are instantiated with the DataPt format."

      Readers may be confused with the terminology "symbol", since we never defined it.

    5. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      Important: The RPC connection remains active throughout execution, not just during initialization. When the EVM encounters SLOAD, BALANCE, EXTCODESIZE, etc., it queries the blockchain state through RPC in real-time.

      This is true for the moment, but in the future updates it will be changed to not to do this.

    6. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      Subcircuit Library Compilation: Circom compiles all the fundamental circuits (ALU1, bitify, XOR, etc.) into WebAssembly files. These are the building blocks that Synthesizer will use to construct the transaction-specific circuit.

      This task should be separated from the Synthesizer. Please consider mentioning, e.g., "QAP-compiler compiles all fundamental subcircuits for I/O interface buffers, arithmetic and bitwise operations, and cryptographic primitives with Circom.", "See this page to find more details about the QAP-compiler."

      We will add a page for the qap-compiler in the future.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tokamak-network.github.io/tokamak-zk-evm-docs/frontend/synthesizer/synthesizer-execution-flow.html
  30. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    10.2: Text Description - Invisible Knapsack of Information Privilege
    2
    2. Amoriahh_ 23 Oct 2025
      My high school prepared me for college-level research (example: citing sources, plagiarism, finding & evaluating sources)

      I am very thankful for this, because it really does apply to college especially the citing source's part.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Literacy_and_Critical_Thinking/Critical_Thinking_and_Information_Literacy_(Pogue)/10:_Information_Value_and_Privilege/10.02:_Text_Description_-_Invisible_Knapsack_of_Information_Privilege
  31. Local file Local file
    Untitled document
    7
    1. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      spent my early years in a large, single-family suburban home, the crown jewel of my immigrant parents' AmericanDream. I have fond memories of playing and raking leaves in the big backyard. Then my parents divorced, and mymother and I moved to a smaller townhouse.I eventually came to appreciate the house's more manageable size.When I moved to the city for college and work, I lived in even smaller apartments. I fell in love with the lively, walkableurban life and the freedom of not having to worry about a car or a long commute.The people around me make it feel like I'm part of something bigger than the walls of my home

      Suburbia House: "The immigrant dream" is it the top priority? Many seem to like the town houses as it is more walkable and accessible, but some want the space for children.

    2. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      The goal is to create an off-the-grid, super-energy-efficient, comfortable and secure nest for my wife and me. I want toleave it to our children, who share our love for this simple, nearly self-sufficient lifestyl

      More rural living and leaving it for the future generations

    3. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      Also, the federal government should reinstate the tax law that allowsyou to purchase a primary residence of equivalent value without paying capital gains on the sale of your home.If you live in a home for 30 years and increase its value with your own sweat equity, you shouldn't have to lose yourgains and move to something of lesser quality

      Maintaining equity from governmental influences

    4. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      . I love walkable urbanismand have never regretted the move.But the resistance to change persists in North Dallas, where houses built in the '60s are being replaced with muchlarger single-family homes. Traffic congestion is increasing, public transit use is low, and resistance to changes suchas allowing accessory dwelling units, duplexes or denser development is high

      Resistance to the Urbanization and public transit while other love it (there is a demand)

    5. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      I lived in a studio apartment in Spain for ayear, and I fell in love with the lifestyle. I didn't need a car and could walk wherever I needed: Everything wasaccessible within 20 minutes.Coming back home to the Midwest made me realize how little living space I actually needed, and how little I wanted ayard. I was happy to have a patio. I used to want a house in the suburbs because that's what I grew up thinking I wassupposed to want

      America suburbia is the idealized common trope, how much of America actually have actual similar living conditions to spain?

    6. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      My view of the American Dream hasn't changed, but my view of how the American Dream meets our needs haschanged as we've aged

      The American Dream does not fit the needs of people

    7. Calvinrw9 23 Oct 2025
      I woke to find myself in a 5,500-square-foot monstrosity that had several rooms my husband, son and I rarelyused. The bubble burst. My vision cleared

      Overindulgence on the pursuit of the American Dream

    Annotators

  32. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    10.1: Information Value and Privilege Details
    4
    2. JFAIRLESS 23 Oct 2025
      You can see that scholarly publishing is far more profitable than being one of the biggest retailers in the world (Amazon).

      These numbers shock me. And why is it that both Academic Publishing companies only give you the eeuro amount rather than the USD amojunt most probably wouldnt waste their time finding the conversion so we dont actually know the tru dollar amount here compared to the others

    3. JFAIRLESS 23 Oct 2025
      The good news is that academics, librarians, and even the government are pushing for more open access to academic materia

      I am pleased to know that someone is addressing the issue to have more open access to academic material.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Literature_and_Literacy/Literacy_and_Critical_Thinking/Critical_Thinking_and_Information_Literacy_(Pogue)/10:_Information_Value_and_Privilege/10.01:_Information_Value_and_Privilege_Details
  33. medium.com medium.com
    A Guide to Competitive Analysis for UX Design
    1
    1. kyamada 23 Oct 2025
      Don’t simply copy the designs you find in your research. The competitors may not be using best practices. Instead, be inspired by the solutions found in your research and adapt the solutions to fit your brand, product, and users.

      This is a good reminder to prioritize design principles and user needs over aesthetics. It’s easy to copy features you like, but taking time to consider why each element is necessary is valuable practice. Going a step further by adapting solutions rather than simply copying them can also strengthen your design skills.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    medium.com/design-bootcamp/a-guide-to-competitive-analysis-for-ux-design-1ddafeb9a3e7
  34. www.pewresearch.org www.pewresearch.org
    Writing Survey Questions
    1
    1. kyamada 23 Oct 2025
      Pretesting a survey is an essential step in the questionnaire design process to evaluate how people respond to the overall questionnaire and specific questions, especially when questions are being introduced for the first time.

      I agree in the importance of this step because pretesting can also allow you to put design justice principles into practice. In this stage, you can see whether the questions are relevant to the person you're interviewing, and when stakeholders are diverse, you can note any areas of improvement to make sure the questions are inclusive. This works especially well because in such an early stage in the process, you can prevent issues from happening down the line.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    pewresearch.org/writing-survey-questions/
  35. tokamak-network.github.io tokamak-network.github.io
    Terminology · Tokamak zk-EVM Documentation
    1
    1. Jehyuk 23 Oct 2025
      Synthesizer: Key Terminology

      Please move this page to the next to "Concepts". Terminologies should be defined first before going into the details. Same as coding.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tokamak-network.github.io/tokamak-zk-evm-docs/frontend/synthesizer/synthesizer-terminology.html
  36. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    j.ss.20251403.14
    2
    1. shurme5 23 Oct 2025
      The “black box” natureof AI, where users cannot fully comprehend how decisions aremade, presents challenges in ensuring transparency and ac-countability [30].

      This statement is both reasonable and factually grounded, as transparency and accountability are widely recognized issues in AI ethics. The premise is sound, but the author could strengthen it by providing empirical examples — for instance, known cases where opaque algorithms led to marketing biases or misinformation.

    2. shurme5 23 Oct 2025
      Artificial intelligence (AI) has become integral tool inmodern marketing, offering capabilities like predictive ana-lytics, customer segmentation, and personalized content de-livery

      I agree with this statement, and its a sound and valid argument. I like how it connects AI's predictive capabilities to its marketing usefulness. That's why people say AI is the future, because it has so many applications.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/ocr/download/j.ss.20251403.14-b5yik_ocr_force.pdf
  37. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    view
    3
    1. Charlie.farris 23 Oct 2025
      high-poverty secondary schools for over a dozen years woke meup to the educational injustices that arc forged by economic injustice and howthose injustices trickle up and out of high school and into college. My student

      This text made me think about things deeper than I did before. The teacher realizing here that many of her students did not attend community college or any college at all gave her a deep sense of frustration. From her experience, many kids were already uninterested in learning, but many times it seems as if they were set up that way, and the system failed them. This reminds me that many times the way the educational system is not fair; what may seem fair and achievable for some may not for others, which is the most upsetting part to me. Relating to one of our first texts, this reminds me of how school is supposed to be an equalizer for all people, but it seems like it actually does the opposite.

      When the teacher realizes all of the educational justices, it reminds me of when I was young and my mom was a high school teacher in Detroit, Michigan. Detroit is a very diverse area with low income. She was furious with the injustices of the school system, and I was exposed to much of the truth at a young age. I was still very young at this time, and fortunate enough to go to a private school at this time, but I felt for these kids.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Students who live in poverty, however resilient, face obstacles that are lay-ered, like matryoshka dolls, and once one issue is somewhat rectified, another one might reveal itself. These multilayered issues do not make an education or a successful life impossible, but they certainly provide more than a healthy dose of challenges for young people like Denise. This is why I stayed at my "failing" school, with poor students, for years. I could not change the larger circumstances of their lives, but I could do small things within my classroom to ameliorate their situations.

      She knew full well she couldn't change poverty, systems, or social injustice, but she chose to help her students within her means—bringing breakfast to hungry pupils, offering a listening ear and care. These “small acts” embody the most unassuming yet profound spirit of social justice in education: teachers may not save the world, but they can make a classroom warmer. True educational equity is not merely a grand policy slogan; it also stems from every moment in the classroom where a child is seen and cared for.

    3. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      We all are and we all aren't our stereotypes. During my first years teaching, I was continuously perplexed by how easily my students and I constructed and categorized each other along stereotypical racial lines. They saw me as a typical White girl, and I saw them as typical urban kids. We were flat characters in each other's eyes.

      This passage marks a turning point in the text. Starting from the mutual prejudices between “white teachers” and “disadvantaged minority students,” Ungemah reveals the power of humanizing understanding in educational relationships. She begins to realize that the barriers to education are often not knowledge gaps, but stereotypes and identity divides. When teachers learn to listen and see students as individuals, “they transform from labels into people.” Teachers must cultivate “cultural humility,” acknowledging their own shaping by societal stereotypes and actively dismantling these mutual biases through authentic engagement.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Ungemah-in-Poverty-and-Education-Reader-ibxnw.pdf
  38. sk.sagepub.com sk.sagepub.com
    Semiotic Analysis
    7
    1. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      Von Franz suggests that the anima has a positive side, however, that enables men to do such things as find the right marriage partners and explore their inner values, leading them to more profound insights into their own psyches. The animus functions in much the same way for women. It is formed, von Franz suggests, essentially by the woman’s father, and can have positive and negative influences. It can lead to coldness, obstinacy, and hypercritical behavior, but, conversely, it can help a woman to develop inner strength, to take an enterprising approach to life, and to relate to men in positive ways.

      We must stop shaming men for showing their anima side and stop shaming women for their animus's side.

    2. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      This explains, Jungians argue, why myths are universal and certain themes and motifs are found in works of art throughout history and everywhere in the world. Jung’s notions about archetypes, the collective unconscious, and the universality of myths, I should add, are very controversial, and many psychologists and others take issue with them. It is impossible to demonstrate, for instance, that a collective unconscious actually exists.

      Why is this controversial, I think Jung is right.

    3. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      The “cost” of civilization is generally too great for us; we are forced to renounce too much (especially our sexuality), and we suffer from too much guilt.

      And some choose to ignore the cost and repress it and suppress it by ensuring that it isn't learned in history

    4. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      This is where symbols (which I’ve already discussed) come in—they allow us to sneak “forbidden” material past our internal censors

      I didn't know this was the purpose of fairy tales

    5. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      Dreams are understood to be the hallucinatory fulfillment of irrational wishes and particularly sexual wishes which have originated in our early childhood and have not been fully transformed into reaction formations or sublimations. These wishes are expressed as being fulfilled when our conscious control is weakened, as is the case in sleep. (p. 67)

      Aren't dreams also things that we don't want to deal with in consciousness?

    6. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      Texts that feature the police or have religious messages are obviously superego texts.

      Interesting that this author says these messages are always superego texts. I'd say religion mostly is, but police? well....

    7. alisonbarlow93 23 Oct 2025
      The poor ego tries to mediate between the two—between the desire for pleasure and the fear of punishment, between the drives and the conscience.

      So, the id and the superego are in a tug of war against each other and the ego is the rope.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    sk.sagepub.com/book/mono/media-analysis-techniques-6e/chpt/sociological-analysis
  39. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    7.2: Tailoring an Argument to an Audience
    2
    2. Huy_Nguyen 23 Oct 2025
      ow you can work together with your audience to develop your paper

      I think we can make them more appealing by starting off the introduction phargrph more enaging

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Composition/Advanced_Composition/How_Arguments_Work_-_A_Guide_to_Writing_and_Analyzing_Texts_in_College_(Mills)/07:_Forming_a_Research-Based_Argument/7.02:_Tailoring_an_Argument_to_an_Audience
  40. www.irs.gov www.irs.gov
    Independent Contractor Defined | Internal Revenue Service
    3
    1. James.Powers 23 Oct 2025
      You are not an independent contractor if you perform services that can be controlled by an employer (what will be done and how it will be done). This applies even if you are given freedom of action. What matters is that the employer has the legal right to control the details of how the services are performed.

      This was brand new information to me and clarified a lot of what occurred in my past.

    3. James.Powers 23 Oct 2025
      People such as doctors, dentists, veterinarians, lawyers, accountants, contractors, subcontractors, public stenographers, or auctioneers who are in an independent trade, business, or profession

      Before reading this I did not know the amount and range of jobs able to be defined as Independent contractors.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    irs.gov/businesses/small-businesses-self-employed/independent-contractor-defined
  41. aprecruit.berkeley.edu aprecruit.berkeley.edu
    Assistant Teaching Professor -- Bioengineering Education -- Department of Bioengineering
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    aprecruit.berkeley.edu/JPF05050
  42. wtcs.pressbooks.pub wtcs.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Situations
    2
    1. cak045 23 Oct 2025
      both senders and receivers at the same time. This model highlights that communication is relational, meaning that it shapes and is shaped by the relationship between the communicators.

      this is a good method because it highlights duality how crucial it is to have two opinions working together for sucess.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    wtcs.pressbooks.pub/communications/chapter/chapter-1/
  43. Local file Local file
    Untitled 8
    2
    2. gashlock7 23 Oct 2025
      Within this passage Origen gives as clear a statement as we could wish of theagonistic paradigm of interpretation: one needs to bring the scriptures aswitnesses, “For without witnesses our interpretations and exegeses are incred-ible” (1.7).

      How is this "agonistic" though? There is no contention about Origen's exegesis in the same way that Paul's apostleship is under attack.

    Annotators

  44. nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 10: Thesis Development
    3
    1. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      While it is true that some young women in today’s society are more sexualized than in the past, that is not true for all girls. The writer of this thesis should ask the following questions: Which teenage girls? What constitutes “too” sexualized? Why are they behaving that way? Where does this behavior show up? What are the repercussions?

      In other words be specific?

    2. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      Weak thesis statement: My paper will explain why imagination is more important than knowledge. A thesis is weak when it makes an unreasonable or outrageous claim or insults the opposing side.

      It is important to be logical.

    3. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      A thesis is not your paper’s topic, but rather your interpretation of the question or subject.

      It's good to know that it will be my own interpretation vs a perfect 100% factual piece of paper. Knowing that there is room for my own interpretation is refreshing.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    nmoer.pressbooks.pub/english1101/chapter/chapter-8-thesis-development-mytext-cnm/
  45. nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 13: Proofreading and Peer Review
    2
    1. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      You might receive feedback from more than one reader as you share different stages of your revised draft. In this situation, you may receive feedback from readers who do not understand the assignment or who lack your involvement with and enthusiasm for it. These differing opinions most commonly occur when students ask people outside the classroom to review their writing.

      A good introduction paragraph that explains what your paper will be about or some idea of it can help with this.

    2. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      If you can’t find it, say, “I looked but couldn’t find it”, instead of “You didn’t include one.” Both may mean the same thing, but the former sounds less aggressive and accusatory, and the reason for that is that you state that you as the reader tried to accomplish the given task of finding the thesis statement.

      This is a good example of ways not to "call out" your classmates.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    nmoer.pressbooks.pub/english1101/chapter/chapter-10-1-revising-and-peer-review-contd-mytext-cnm/
  46. clalliance.org clalliance.org
    CLRN_Report.pdf
    2
    1. Ozmonster1 23 Oct 2025
      When educational research prioritizes the interests of the academyand of researchers to build their scholarly reputations, it can be conducted with a form of“independence” in which results do not necessarily serve marginalized communities andthose implementing programs and institutions.

      When this happens "independence" develops very broad terms when it comes to its operation.

    2. Ozmonster1 23 Oct 2025
      Our design principles have a strong skew towardapproaches that give advantage to less resourced youth and families.

      Design principles need to help including the less resourced the knowledge needs to be given to all, knowledge is for everyone.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    clalliance.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/CLRN_Report.pdf
  47. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    view
    3
    1. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Students from poor families need to be told this, and more, they need to be made to believe it. 4

      Teaching is not merely about imparting knowledge; it is about “helping students believe they deserve respect.” Students from disadvantaged backgrounds are often told by society that “you're not good enough,” and it is the teacher's role to challenge this narrative. Education should shift from being an “academic tool” to embodying “humanistic care.” True educational equality does not mean “providing identical resources,” but rather offering the same belief and dignity. A single word from a teacher, a moment of genuine attention, can become the starting point for a student to rebuild their confidence.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Communication with teachers and school representatives was never an easy fit for my parents. They both had negative experiences with schooling when they were kids, and the residual feelings from those experiences, what Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot (2003) called "generational echoes," surely affected their views of interacting with school representatives.

      The author cites education scholar Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot's concept of “Generational Echoes” to reveal the intergenerational transmission mechanism linking poverty and school alienation. Both his parents experienced the humiliation of being excluded from school during childhood, leading to a lack of trust in educational institutions as adults. This distrust is further transmitted to their children, planting seeds of suspicion toward teachers. Such negative effects accumulate across generations, ultimately creating irreconcilable conflicts between schools and families. Teachers should proactively bridge this generational divide—through proactive communication, non-judgmental language, and inviting parental involvement—to rebuild trust and restore schools as spaces accessible to families.

    3. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      When I started school, I soon learned that being poor might mean both the things I thought it did and also something much, much worse: It meant that I was inferior to those who were not poor; I was less than. It's a terrible feeling to become aware at an early age that not having money somehow means that you are less deserving in the classroom than students who are more privileged, that you are less deserving of a teacher's attention or praise, that you arc less deserving of good grades, that your financial shortcomings indicate that your parents have failed in some way.

      This sentence marks the pivotal turning point in the entire text—the author's first realization that “poverty” is not merely an economic condition but also a social identity. School taught him not only knowledge but also an invisible “hidden curriculum”: that the poor are “second-class.” This awareness did not stem from direct instruction but from peer exclusion, teacher indifference, and society's unspoken norms. Teachers must remain vigilant against “silent discrimination in the classroom”—such as judgments based on clothing, homework, or parental involvement—which can make students feel evaluated or marginalized. Education should convey dignity and equality, not inadvertently replicate societal inequalities.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Allen-In-Poverty-And-Education-Reader-fcsm5.pdf
  48. nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 7: Writing for Different Rhetorical Situations
    3
    1. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      An evaluation judges the value of something and determines its worth. Evaluations in everyday experiences are often dictated by both set standards but are also influenced by opinion and prior knowledge.

      When is it okay to use your own opinion when evaluating paragraphs? When you have enough knowledge on a certain topic? Or using a specific criteria?

    2. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      If an assignment asks you to summarize, you will know that your teacher wants to make sure you comprehend the material, and the teacher would like you to re-state a text’s main ideas in your own words. If you see a verb like evaluate, rate or assess, you will know that your instructor expects you to write evaluative paragraphs. There aren’t many synonyms for synthesis in an assignment prompt. If your teacher asks you to synthesize in writing, you can expect that they would like you to use multiple sources and discuss them together, how they relate to one another, and how they relate to your ideas and claims in an essay. If your teacher asks you to examine, interpret, consider, or investigate a piece of writing, chances are they would like to see you writing analytical paragraphs.

      The definitions on here are helpful in trying to understand writing assignments for this class.

    3. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      After thoroughly reading the assignment sheet, you might not have questions right away. However, after reading it again, either before or after you try to start the assignment, you might find that you have questions.

      Is it appropriate to ask other classmates questions without it being plagiarism?

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    nmoer.pressbooks.pub/english1101/chapter/chapter-4-writing-for-different-rhetorical-situations-mytext-cnm/
  49. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    Tell all the truth but tell it slant — (1263) by… | Poetry Foundation
    2
    1. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      As Lightning to the Children eased With explanation kind The Truth must dazzle gradually Or every man be blind

      The poem likens truth to lightning: sudden, overwhelming. Like a child learns the meaning of lightning bit by bit, truth must be delivered gently. Otherwise, the shock is too much

    2. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      Tell all the truth but tell it slant — Success in Circuit lies Too bright for our infirm Delight The Truth's superb surprise

      Dickinson tells us to reveal the whole truth, but indirectly. The truth, she suggest is too brilliant. "too bright for our infirm delight".

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/56824/tell-all-the-truth-but-tell-it-slant-1263
  50. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    view
    3
    1. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Over and over and over again in school I had been cued both verbally and nonverbally that I was poor. I wasn't good enough, I didn't have enough, and what I had was the wrong thing. School projects, holidays, extracurricular activities, and field trips would send a surge of panic through our house because they were yet another expense. There are other curricula besides the one being verbalized.

      After becoming a teacher, the author realized that schools not only teach the explicit academic curriculum but also impart a “hidden curriculum” through unspoken language, activities, and attitudes—a curriculum that teaches children their place in society. The phrase “More is caught than taught” reveals the unconscious biases in education: students “learn” inferiority through being ignored, compared, and pitied—a lesson far more profound than any textbook knowledge.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      My egg was spectacular, and I was thrilled to carry it proudly into school the next day. And that's when I saw the other eggs. Danny's egg was dressed exactly like Abraham Lincoln. It had a top hat and a black jacket with a white shirt and stiff paper collar. Its face was painted like a china doll, and it had real hair that had been liberated from a curly-haired sister for a beard and mous-tache. It had its own little stand. It looked presidential.

      The author once took pride in his own efforts, yet through comparison came to feel the shame brought by poverty. His homemade “flag eggs” symbolized innocent patriotism and dreams of equality, but the reality of competition exposed class divisions—who could afford better materials, who received parental help, determined “whose work would be admired.” Many school family events suffer from this issue: ostensibly a contest of creativity, they essentially become displays of economic resources. When school activities overlook students' economic disparities, they often inadvertently “put poverty on public display.” Educators must rethink evaluation criteria to prevent classrooms from becoming places of humiliation.

    3. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      ou're poor, White trash," Danny hissed as he sashayed by me on the dusty, pebble-filled p!a~ground at first recess. I started to cry, and I remember that Phillip laughed and said, "He's crying like someone just threw dirt in his eyes." And that's exactly what it felt like being told you're poor without being ready for it. I had no idea-absolutely no inkling whatsoever-that I'd spent the last eight years in poverty

      This is the emotional climax of the entire piece, the moment when the author's “awareness of poverty” was awakened. Before this, he lived in the natural mountains and forests, utterly oblivious to economic status; but a single insult from a classmate, like a mirror reflecting society, made him ‘learn’ the meaning of poverty for the first time through others' eyes. The playground, the dust, and the tears here are not merely childhood memories; they symbolize the process by which the poor are “labeled” by society. Schools, meant to be sanctuaries of learning, instead become extensions of societal class prejudice. Peer language wields immense power in shaping children's self-perception. Education should foster self-respect and equality, not “educate children into poverty” through peer discrimination.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Sapp-How-School-Taught-Me-I-Was-Poor-fed2g.pdf
  51. human.libretexts.org human.libretexts.org
    7.1: Deciding the Purpose of a Research-Based Argument
    4
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    human.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Composition/Advanced_Composition/How_Arguments_Work_-_A_Guide_to_Writing_and_Analyzing_Texts_in_College_(Mills)/07:_Forming_a_Research-Based_Argument/7.01:_Deciding_the_Purpose_of_a_Research-Based_Argument
  52. nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 6: Considering Audience
    2
    2. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      As a writer, it is important to know your audience and to consider which content will be appropriate for that audience. Once you have determined these basic steps in your writing process, you can begin to consider how to shape and develop your voice to be academic and appropriate to the discipline in which you are writing. The textbook Boundless Writing introduces great information on developing voice.

      When is it appropriate to use your own language or writing style?

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    nmoer.pressbooks.pub/english1101/chapter/chapter-5-considering-audience-mytext-cnm/
  53. nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
    Chapter 4: Common Writing Assignments
    1
    1. Ivanf18 23 Oct 2025
      Your college composition courses will focus on writing for its own sake, helping you make the transition to college-level writing assignments. However, in most other college courses, writing assignments serve a different purpose. In those courses, you may use writing as one tool among many for learning how to think about a particular academic discipline.

      It's difficult to see what the purpose is of some of these writing assignments because they might be posed as a trick question or statement.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    nmoer.pressbooks.pub/english1101/chapter/chapter-3-common-writing-assignments-mytext-cnm/
  54. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    There's a certain Slant of light, (320) by Emily Dickinson
    2
    1. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      There's a certain Slant of light, Winter Afternoons – That oppresses, like the Heft Of Cathedral Tunes

      Dickinson turns a simple moment of winter light into something deep and heavy.

    2. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      When it comes, the Landscape listens – Shadows – hold their breath – When it goes, 'tis like the Distance On the look of Death

      Nature seems to feel the strange stillness of the light. When it fades it leaves a sense of loss. Like a brief brush with something beyond us

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/45723/theres-a-certain-slant-of-light-320
  55. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    Pathologizing the Poor
    3
    1. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      While schools must continue to be beacons of hope, it is disingenuous to sug-gest that schools alone can solve the issue of poverty. Neuman (2009) in her book, Changing the Odds for Children at Risk, expressed concern that while schools are a piece of the poverty puzzle, they are just one piece. Schools cannot eradicate poverty on their own (Neuman, 2009). Let’s look at a poten-tial case study

      Schools can indeed help students, but they cannot eliminate poverty on their own. The causes of poverty are too complex to be eradicated by a single factor like educational success. Teachers' task is not to play the role of saviors attempting to eradicate poverty, but to offer support and hope within reality. Instilling in children from impoverished families the belief that “education can change one's destiny” is precisely what educators should do. Teachers must both understand the complexity of poverty and maintain a conviction to act. Future educators must learn to maintain both the warmth and professionalism of education within systemic constraints—empowering students to find strength through relationship-building, resource-linking, and upholding high expectations, rather than succumbing to pessimism or blind optimism.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Despite many scholars concluding that a culture of poverty does not exist (see Gorski, 2008), the long-term residue of this mentality remains. Wilson (2009) points to research which shows that “nine out of ten American adults felt that lack of effort was either very or somewhat important in terms of causing poverty” (p. 45). Contemporary opinion polls continue to reflect the notion that the poor are poor due to their own shortcomings (Wilson, 2009). Each time we hear “parents just don’t care—they don’t even know how to help their kids” or “he’s just lazy” to reference families and children in pov-erty, we are reminded of how persistent this belief system is among adults. It is imperative for teacher educators to challenge these beliefs early and often with preservice teachers. In utilizing the culture of poverty rationale, teachers are able to shrug off responsibility to work against classism in schools as the source of the problem remains the children’s own deficiencies and beyond their scope as educators (Gorski, 2008)

      The author strongly criticizes the long-standing theory of “poverty culture.” This theory blames poverty on the values or behaviors of the poor themselves, obscuring systemic injustices and fostering among teachers an attitude that “children's problems are their own fault.” This narrative of “pathologizing poverty” directly influences teachers' expectations and teaching methods, leading to students being “othered” in the classroom. Teachers must learn to distinguish between “cultural differences” and “experiences of poverty,” recognizing that families in poverty also possess resilience, cooperation, and creativity. Students should not be defined by a single negative label.

    3. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      The United States has long prided itself on the belief that anyone can succeed in this country—that anyone can pull themselves up by their bootstraps and reach their economic goals. Much of what is lacking from this discussion is the manner in which social policies and institutional arrangements reinforce poverty. It is disingenuous to suggest that people can will themselves out of poverty without looking at the complex contexts which keep them there. Instead, a web of systems and policies interact to help—or stymy—those who are trying to rise out of poverty. Hilfiker (2002) provides a thorough analysis of legislation, economic, and social policy that contribute to the cre-ation and maintenance of impoverished neighborhoods across the United States both historically and contemporarily. Haveman (in Cass, 2010) posits that those in poverty need a variety of supports including (a) skills building (through education), (b) health care, and (c) opportunities to use their skills (through employment possibilities and decent wages). But wages—in con-stant dollars—have fallen; high paying jobs are hard to come by (Anyon, 2005). Anyon argues that these consequences arise from faulty federal

      Viewing poverty as a result of individual willpower or insufficient effort is an ideological bias that overlooks structural inequality. Educators should rethink the root causes of poverty—educational inequality, discrimination, and policy imbalances—rather than simplistically assuming that “hard work alone can change one's fate” when working with students from low-income backgrounds. Instead, they should focus on how social conditions and the distribution of educational resources impact students, avoiding the individualization of systemic issues.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/Ullucci-and-Howard-Pathologizing-the-Poor-j0ewo.pdf
  56. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    Some keep the Sabbath going to Church – (236) by… | Poetry Foundation
    2
    1. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      God preaches, a noted Clergyman – And the sermon is never long, So instead of getting to Heaven, at last – I’m going, all along.

      This ending captures what the PBS video calls Dickinson's "immediate presence", her ability to make eternity feel close. Instead of waiting for heaven. at last, she experiences it all along. It's a radical simplicity; her faith is living, ongoing, and joyful.

    2. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      Some keep the Sabbath in Surplice – I, just wear my Wings – And instead of tolling the Bell, for Church, Our little Sexton – sings.

      Here, Emily keeps her tone playful but quietly defiant. In the video, the curator mentions that Dickinson's strength in creating her own language of beauty and belief; how she turned small private moments into acts of spiritual freedom.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/52138/some-keep-the-sabbath-going-to-church-236
  57. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    Crossing Brooklyn Ferry by Walt Whitman
    2
    1. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      And you that shall cross from shore to shore years hence are more to me, and more in my meditations, than you might suppose.

      This is a powerful sentence. You're not only speaking to present readers but to future people that will cross the ferry as well. You suggest that you feel connected across time.

    2. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      Crowds of men and women attired in the usual costumes, how curious you are to me!

      Here, you shift to people; ordinary folks in "usual costumes". You are noticing them and you're calling them curious. This surprised me. It's like you're saying life around me is fascinating, even when it seems like a routine.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/45470/crossing-brooklyn-ferry
  58. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    Song of Myself (1892 version) by Walt Whitman
    3
    1. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.

      The verb “loafe” is wonderful. It's not idle in a lazy sense only, but a kind of active repose, observing the world. You recline, but you pay attention.

    2. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      The atmosphere is not a perfume, it has no taste of the distillation, it is odorless, It is for my mouth forever, I am in love with it, I will go to the bank by the wood and become undisguised and naked

      I like how you talk about the air, it's not fancy or perfumed, it's just real and natural. When you say you'll go to the woods and be "undisguised and naked", it feels like you want to be your true self.

    3. MozB 23 Oct 2025
      Have you reckon’d a thousand acres much? have you reckon’d the earth much? Have you practis’d so long to learn to read? Have you felt so proud to get at the meaning of poems?

      These questions sound like you're challenging the reader and me to think differently. You're asking if we really know the earth or not. Or if we just think we do

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/45477/song-of-myself-1892-version
  59. docdrop.org docdrop.org
    view
    3
    1. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Change the school culture from pity to empathy. When staff members work with children raised in poverty, a common observation is “Bless their hearts, they come from such terrible circumstances.” The problem with that sentiment is that it leads to lowered expectations. Encourage teachers to feel empathy rather than pity; kids will appreciate your ability to know what it’s like to be in their shoes. Establish a school culture of caring, not of giving up. You can help foster such a culture by speaking respectfully, not conde-scendingly, of and to your student population, and by using positive affi rma-tions, both vocally and through displays and posters.

      The educational outcomes of pity and empathy are fundamentally different. Pity leads teachers to lower expectations, creating implicit discrimination that deprives students of challenges and growth opportunities. Empathy, however, means teachers genuinely understand students' circumstances without diminishing their potential. Well-intentioned teachers may inadvertently undermine students' self-efficacy, exemplifying how good intentions can backfire in education. True equitable education does not mean “lowering standards.” Rather, it involves maintaining high expectations and standards while acknowledging challenges, using positive feedback to help students believe “I can do it.” This shift in mindset is key to building an inclusive classroom culture.

    2. fabianna 23 Oct 2025
      Poor children often breathe contaminated air and drink impure water. Their households are more crowded, noisy, and physically deteriorated, and they contain a greater number of safety hazards

      Poverty exists not only in economic data but also manifests in the concrete environments of daily life. The settings where impoverished children live are filled with pollution, noise, and hazards—all of which directly or indirectly impact their physical health and ability to focus on learning. Poor air quality can lead to respiratory issues, increasing absenteeism; noise and crowded conditions make it difficult for children to concentrate on their studies. When evaluating student performance, educators must account for the invisible factor of “environmental stressors.” Distractions, fatigue, and slow responses may not stem from attitude issues but rather from excessive cognitive load imposed by their surroundings.

    3. fabianna 22 Oct 2025
      I defi ne poverty as a chronic and debilitating condition that results from multiple adverse synergistic risk factors and affects the mind, body, and soul.

      This sentence is the core definition of the entire chapter. Jensen emphasizes that poverty is not merely an economic phenomenon, but a state that chronically undermines an individual's overall capacity, simultaneously affecting psychological, physical, and spiritual well-being. Traditional educational perspectives often reduce “poverty” to a lack of money or resources. When working with low-income students, educators must go beyond providing “material assistance” and also address emotional support, self-efficacy, and social belonging. Truly helping students from impoverished backgrounds requires a holistic perspective—one that builds security and trust through emotional, social, and cognitive dimensions.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docdrop.org/download_annotation_doc/EricJensen_2009_1UnderstandingTheNatu_TeachingWithPovertyIn-gx4hi.pdf
  60. www.tripleeframework.com www.tripleeframework.com
    About
    1
    1. bloper 22 Oct 2025
      The Triple E Framework is meant to be used as a coaching tool to support teachers in their instructional choices around and with technology tools.

      I like the idea of this tool acting as a coaching tool to help teachers because often teachers are left on their own to navigate new tools and they don't always have a way to tell if the tech they are finding will hold real value in their classroom. This like the text says should help teachers in their decision of is this tool "flashy and new" or is it going to hold actual value in my classroom. I know many tools that I have felt were going to do well but when I put them into actual practice they often fell short of the expectations. Having a tool that could have helped me get to that conclusion before introducing it to my class would have been helpful.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tripleeframework.com/about.html
  61. mlpp.pressbooks.pub mlpp.pressbooks.pub
    Cold War
    4
    1. Sayre_P 22 Oct 2025
      “continue to regard the Soviet Union as a rival, not a partner,”

      This is important because it shows how both made their conflict show as rivalry, influencing how people viewed them and their policies.

    2. Sayre_P 22 Oct 2025
      The issues that drove the conflict between the two superpowers strongly suggest the point was power rather than ideology.

      This is important because it shows that the Cold War was mainly about gaining power and influence and not just about Ideology, for beliefs, values, and ideas to shape the world.

    3. Sayre_P 22 Oct 2025
      An adaptation of Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the charter established the United Nations. The Soviet Union was among the fifty charter UN member-states and was given one of five seats alongside the “Four Policemen” (the United States, Britain, France, and China) on the Security Council. The Atlantic Charter also began planning for a reorganized global economy.

      This is important because it shows that the United Nations was created to improve on the flaws of the League of Nations and to help countries work together better.

    4. Sayre_P 22 Oct 2025
      “World communism is like a malignant parasite which feeds only on diseased tissue,”

      This is important because it shows that Keenan saw the Soviet Union as a threat that needed to be stopped to prevent its growth and influence.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    mlpp.pressbooks.pub/ushistory2/chapter/cold-war/
  62. tianocore-docs.github.io tianocore-docs.github.io
    1.1 Overview · GitBook
    1
    1. HypHypHyp 22 Oct 2025
      This document describes the EDK II Platform Description file (DSC) format. The EDK Build Tools are included as part of the EDK II compatibility package. In order to use EDK II Modules or the EDK II Build Tools, an EDK II DSC and FDF file must be used.

      このドキュメントでは、EDK II プラットフォーム記述ファイル（DSC）形式について説明します。EDK ビルドツールは、EDK II 互換性パッケージに含まれています。EDK II モジュールまたは EDK II ビルドツールを使用するには、EDK II DSC ファイルと FDF ファイルを使用する必要があります。

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    tianocore-docs.github.io/edk2-DscSpecification/draft/1_introduction/11_overview.html
  63. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    9.7. Bibliography — Social Media, Ethics, and Automation
    9
    1. tarenazizi 22 Oct 2025
      Lyra Hale. New Book Says Facebook Employees Abused Access to Track and Stalk Women. The Mary Sue, July 2021. URL: https://www.themarysue.com/facebook-employees-abused-access-target-women/ (visited on 2023-12-06).

      This article didn't really surprise me. We know Facebook was formed as a Tinder-style sexual rating system, so information of women being exploited by Facebook employees isn't unexpected from this company. This article brought up two specific examples of men using their power as Facebook employees to track the locations of women in real time, but also notes 52 total employees being fired for abusing their access to users' information.

    2. fmkradel 22 Oct 2025
      Jacob Kastrenakes. Facebook stored millions of Instagram passwords in plain text. The Verge, April 2019. URL

      This article just reinforces my worries about social media companies and my privacy. The article explains that Facebook accidentally stored millions of passwords for people in plain text that thousands of employees could access. Usually passwords are supposed to be stored in an encrypted way so people can't see what they are. If Facebook was dumb enough to let something like this slip through, I don't trust that they are taking care of all the information that they have collected on me.

    3. cruzmar 22 Oct 2025
      Private message. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1185376021. URL:

      This reading of "Private message" lets the reader (me) know what private messaging is which is in turn, a form of private communication. They go on by explaining the two different types of private messages. The first one being IRCs which are through apps like facebook or instagram. This means that these messages are not the main thing occurring on the app. Since posting is the main thing occurring. The second one is PMs which is through apps like WhatsApp and kik. This is where the messages are occurring through apps that are specifically made to direct message one another

    4. Elephant_93 22 Oct 2025
      [i12] Emma Bowman. After Data Breach Exposes 530 Million, Facebook Says It Will Not Notify Users. NPR, April 2021. URL: https://www.npr.org/2021/04/09/986005820/after-data-breach-exposes-530-million-facebook-says-it-will-not-notify-users (visited on 2023-12-06).

      [i12] shows how “no user notification” after a breach undercuts self-defense: without notice, people rarely rotate credentials or enable 2FA in time. To match the chapter’s shared-responsibility theme, please add a 72-hour post-breach action checklist (email/password rotation, stop reuse, enable 2FA, high-value account resets) plus a disclosure-timeline template that platforms should follow.

    5. Scxrlett 22 Oct 2025
      (visited on 2023-12-08). [i15] Michael Kan. FBI: Hackers Are Compromising Legit QR Codes to Send You to Phishing Sites. PCMAG, January 2022. URL: https://www.pcmag.com/news/fbi-hackers-are-compromising-legit-qr-codes-to-send-you-to-phishing-sites (visited on 2023-12-06).

      After reading this article, I think its very important to be aware about scams, and not to click on anything shady. Here, the article discusses about how hackers were even able to manipulate QR codes in order to steal data from victims. This can be done with other methods too, as recently, I have seen a lot of text messages about "lost packages", or "vehicle fines", so its important to also double check before clicking on external sources and websites.

    6. kaitlinq 22 Oct 2025
      Mark Johanson. Can your boss read your work messages? BBC, February 2022. URL:

      This reminds me of how nearly everything on school laptops are usually monitored. I feel like people shouldn't use work/school technology for anything personal or private because it is definitely not private. The article stated that companies usually monitor employees for security reasons, especialy when they deal with sensitive materials.

    7. Scxrlett 22 Oct 2025
      Emma Bowman. After Data Breach Exposes 530 Million, Facebook Says It Will Not Notify Users. NPR, April 2021. URL: https://www.npr.org/2021/04/09/986005820/after-data-breach-exposes-530-million-facebook-says-it-will-not-notify-users (visited on 2023-12-06).

      This article talks about the data breaching that happened to Facebook sometime before 2019. The personal information of about 530 million users were stolen, however Facebook decided not to notify users about this. Something like this could put enormous amounts of people in danger. Our data within apps like Facebook include things like phone numbers, personal information, and even our connections. This data leaking could put people in risk to scammers, blackmail, etc. For example, there have been numerous cases were celebrities have had their data/personal photos to the public which caused major controversies. I think it was very immature for Facebook not to share this to users in order to not cause major backlash for the company.

    8. LeoLuo 22 Oct 2025
      Lyra Hale. New Book Says Facebook Employees Abused Access to Track and Stalk Women. The Mary Sue, July 2021. URL:

      We usually trustfully hand over our data to technology companies, but often overlook the fact that these companies are also composed of people. Since people are human, they always have some ill-intentioned thoughts. This requires more advanced institutions such as the government to supervise them in order to protect people's rights. When such incidents occur, it indicates that there is a significant lack of regulatory participation in this field, and this is an urgent problem that needs to be addressed now.

    9. AndrewJ1925 22 Oct 2025
      Right to privacy. November 2023. Page Version ID: 1186826760. URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_privacy&oldid=1186826760 (visited on 2023-12-05).

      While privacy laws exist, like any other rules, they need to be reinforces. If not, there is no reason for people or entities to obey and follow them. As such, entities without solid governing such as some branches of the government could have the ability to do as they wish. If certain bad actors gained control over the ability to monitor people through the web, they would be able to monitor and find large amounts of information about its population and target certain demographics.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    social-media-ethics-automation.github.io/book/bsky/ch09_privacy/07_bibliography.html
  64. socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
    1: Introduction to Communication Studies
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    socialsci.libretexts.org/Courses/Northeast_Wisconsin_Technical_College/Communication_in_the_Real_World_(NWTC)/01:_Introduction_to_Communication_Studies
  65. edmonds.instructure.com edmonds.instructure.com
    READ | Accessibility Tips & Resources: Edmonds College Accessibility Training 2025
    3
    1. catspinster 22 Oct 2025
      Charactercalculator.com Links to an external site.: This checks the reading level of your content. The instructions for your materials should be in plain English and easy to read, which typically falls between an 8th-10th grade reading level.

      Fascinating

    2. catspinster 22 Oct 2025
      If you create training materials or house resources in Canvas, deleting old files from your Canvas course is a quick way to improve your accessibility score. If you aren't using old files, delete them. That way, you only have to make current files accessible. It also helps you keep better track of what the most recent files are and what you're actually using. You can create a "Delete" folder in your Canvas "Files" and drag files into that folder in order to bulk delete:

      House keeping. It's a drag.

    3. catspinster 22 Oct 2025
      Consider using Gemini (Google's AI program) to revise text for digital accessibility. If you have a section of text that you are struggling to make accessible with plain language, consider putting the content into Gemini and asking it to revise the text for plain text or for a 10th-grade audience.

      cool

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    edmonds.instructure.com/courses/2556209/pages/read-|-accessibility-tips-and-resources
  66. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    9.3. Additional Privacy Violations
    1
    1. tarenazizi 22 Oct 2025
      Unclear Privacy Rules: Sometimes privacy rules aren’t made clear to the people using a system. For example: If you send “private” messages on a work system, your boss might be able to read them [i19]. When Elon Musk purchased Twitter, he also was purchasing access to all Twitter Direct Messages [i20]

      While I in no way think these invasions of privacy are ethical or justified, I do think there's something to be said about taking accountability online. What I really mean by that is, I feel like some of these things are intuitive as consequences of using such a universal platform like the Internet. The work system example feels very obvious to me, and I would never send or say something not work appropriate on my work or school email. On the other hand, all private messages being completely accessible to the owners of social media is kind of ridiculous.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    social-media-ethics-automation.github.io/book/bsky/ch09_privacy/03_privacy_violations.html
  67. www.nytimes.com www.nytimes.com
    Amazon Plans to Replace More Than Half a Million Jobs With Robots
    1
    1. pyxelr 22 Oct 2025
      Amazon Plans to Replace More Than Half a Million Jobs With Robots
      • Internal documents reviewed by The New York Times show Amazon plans to automate up to 75% of its operations in the coming years.
      • The company expects automation to replace or eliminate over 500,000 U.S. jobs by 2033, primarily in warehouses and fulfillment centers.
      • By 2027, automation could allow Amazon to avoid hiring around 160,000 new workers, saving about 30 cents per package shipped.
      • This strategy is projected to save $12.6 billion in labor costs between 2025 and 2027.
      • Amazon’s workforce tripled since 2018 to approximately 1.2 million U.S. employees, but automation is expected to stabilize or reduce future headcount despite rising sales.
      • Executives presented to the board that automation could let the company double sales volume by 2033 without needing additional hires.
      • Amazon’s Shreveport, Louisiana warehouse serves as the model for the future: it operates with 25% fewer workers and about 1,000 robots.
      • A new facility in Virginia Beach and retrofitted older ones like Stone Mountain, Georgia, are following this design, which may shift employment toward more temporary and technical roles.
      • The company is instructing staff to use softer language—such as “advanced technology” or “cobots” (collaborative robots)—instead of terms like “AI” or “robots,” to ease concerns about job loss.
      • Amazon has begun planning community outreach initiatives (parades, local events) to offset the reputational risks of large-scale automation.
      • The company has denied that the documents represent official policy, claiming they reflect the views of one internal group, and emphasized ongoing seasonal hiring (250,000 roles for holidays).
      • Analysts suggest this plan could serve as a blueprint for other major employers, including Walmart and UPS, potentially reshaping U.S. blue‑collar job markets.
      • The automation push continues a trajectory started with Amazon’s $775 million acquisition of Kiva Systems in 2012, which introduced mobile warehouse robots that revolutionized internal logistics.
      • Recent innovations include robots like Blue Jay, Vulcan, and Proteus, aimed at performing tasks such as sorting, picking, and packaging with minimal human oversight.
      • Long-term, Amazon may require fewer warehouse workers but more robot technicians and engineers, signaling a broader shift in labor type rather than total employment.
      AI Amazon work robots
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    nytimes.com/2025/10/21/technology/inside-amazons-plans-to-replace-workers-with-robots.html
  68. ponderingpen.substack.com ponderingpen.substack.com
    The Second Brain Scam
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    ponderingpen.substack.com/p/the-second-brain-scam
  69. www.americanyawp.com www.americanyawp.com
    Extracts from Gibson Clough’s war journal, 1759 | The American Yawp Reader
    3
    1. Westly 22 Oct 2025
      The first says there is great talk of a Spanish war.

      This shows how news traveled slowly. Colonists didn’t always know what was really happening in Europe.

    2. Westly 22 Oct 2025
      Soldier was condemned to die with him

      The army was about to kill him for stealing. What does that tell us about British rules and power over soldiers?

    3. Westly 22 Oct 2025
      . An escort went from here bound to Spanish River, consisting of 43 men, commanded by Lieutenant Henderson and Ensign Berry, one Sergeant and two Corporals. They went for to carry blankets to Capt. Davis’ men, who were on command there, and cutting wood there for the garrison; and the escort went there and returned in nine days.

      The soldiers were guarding supplies in cold weather near Louisbourg, Nova Scotia. This shows how tough army life was in the winter.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    americanyawp.com/reader/colonial-society/extracts-from-gibson-cloughs-war-journal-1759/
  70. docs.google.com docs.google.com
    Untitled document
    5
    1. trackyla21 22 Oct 2025
      So, scientists have to think about the social consequences of being wrong. That means science isn’t just about data—it’s also about ethics, responsibility, and trust.

      There are a lot of experiments and studies that require other people. The idea of morals and ethnics is something that should be discussed and solidified before doing anything at all.

    2. MichaelM07 22 Oct 2025
      For a long time, science was seen as purely objective—free from bias or personal influence. But feminist thinkerschallenged that idea. They pointed out that science has historically been dominated by men, and that this shaped what questions were asked, how studies were designed, and whose experiences were ignored.

      Allowing more diverse and unique practices and theories into science allowed it to grow beyond its rigid ways. This opened the doors to a "higher ceiling" of scientific thought.

    3. MichaelM07 22 Oct 2025
      Science should judge ideas based on evidence, not on who the scientist is.

      This is important to understand since science is a practice solely based on evidence being used to prove theories. If the character of the scientist since the evidence is more grounded and important.

    4. trackyla21 22 Oct 2025
      It’s shaped by the people doing it, the society they live in, and the values they carry.

      When reading about science experiments and findings, I always think about the people behind it and how they must've felt being able to replicate scientific findings knowing they did it right. I know for sure that I am the kind of person to feel great about that.

    5. MichaelM07 22 Oct 2025
      truth was possible—but only if people worked together to get closer to it.

      This is important because it shows how science is a collective team effort, not an individual one. It requires cooperation between individuals to bring up the best results.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vR73w3Y6hMxFnjU4_E6TNMtVuUtVSOt-Jya8zOr5kdzrO58twhI_nDfvKsQSqe3N2rKMbIltWp2DaBY/pub
  71. www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
    Golden Retrievals by Mark Doty | Poetry Foundation
    1
    1. Silas_Notess 22 Oct 2025
      Balls and sticks capture my attention seconds at a time

      I can see how this thing is saying that if you want a dogs attention the stick or ball will get there attention and show how he is there for the human when they need him

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    poetryfoundation.org/poems/47252/golden-retrievals
  72. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    9.2. Security
    1
    1. Elephant_93 22 Oct 2025
      For example, the proper security practice for storing user passwords is to use a special individual encryption process [i6] for each individual password. This way the database can only confirm that a password was the right one, but it can’t independently look up what the password is or even tell if two people used the same password. Therefore if someone had access to the database, the only way to figure out the right password is to use “brute force,” that is, keep guessing passwords until they guess the right one (and each guess takes a lot of time [i7]).

      This section explains password storage well, but it should explicitly separate encryption from hashing: sites should store passwords with a salted, slow hash (e.g., bcrypt and Argon2), not reversible encryption. Reversible schemes mean one leaked key exposes all passwords; slow hashing makes credential-stuffing economically painful. Minimal user practice: password manager + unique long passwords + TOTP or hardware-key 2FA.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    social-media-ethics-automation.github.io/book/bsky/ch09_privacy/02_security.html
  73. www.mass.gov www.mass.gov
    Child Guidance EEC
    7
    1. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Ask yourself and others in your program the following:1. Is the policy practical?2. Is the policy age-appropriate for all the children you care for and for yourenvironment?3. Will center based staff, (or family child care assistant if program is familychild care), be able to incorporate the policy and procedures into the dailyoperations of the program? What training may they need?4. Is the information in the policy accessible and easy to use?5. Does the policy do what it’s intended to do regarding the children’s healthand safety?Page 9 TAChildGuidanceGCC20051107

      I think I will share this with the others on my teaching team - They are veteran teachers but the way this text puts things plainly and sets out to clearly identify a guidance plan to turn to when challenging behavior presents itself is important.

    2. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Spanking or other corporal punishment of children;• Subjecting children to cruel or severe punishment such as humiliation,verbal or physical abuse, neglect, or abusive treatment;• Depriving children of meals or snacks;• Using methods such as force feeding children; and,• Disciplining a child for soiling, wetting, or not using the toilet; or forcinga child to remain in soiled clothing or forcing a child to remain on thetoilet, or suing any other unusual or excessive practices for toileting• Including a notation in your policy that Department of Early Educationand Care does not allow and licensed child care programs to use disciplinetechniques that require the use of any physical restraint.

      I can't imagine that anyone in a early childcare setting would resort to any of these methods. That's frightening - the only reason rules are set in place is usually a response to a challenging situation. I can't even allow my mind to envision any of this happening - that's sad and angering. Force feeding children?

    3. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Separate the child from the environment, but have the child remain withinthe teacher/provider’s immediate and direct supervision until the child isable to regain self-control and re-join the group;• Have the teacher/provider place him/herself in close proximity to the childuntil the child is able to regain self-control when the child cannot beremoved from the environment. In this instance, the teacher/provider mustalso remove anything within the child’s immediate reach that is a potentialdanger to the child or others.• If necessary, the teacher/provider may use another adult to support andassist in calming the child until the child is able to regain self-control.• Talk calmly to the child; this is always appropriate.Page 4 TAChildGuidanceGCC20051107

      I like these ways of responding - the child is not separated or singled out but provided additional support as most young children need when challenging behavior is presenting itself. We do most of these things in our classroom. Although there is one child who benefits from a hug and we ask him to verbally request that to respect him needs and only give when he requests.

    4. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Supportive holding of children should be considered only in the following situations:• The child’s safety is at risk;• The safety of other children or adults is at risk;• The child must be moved in order to be safely supervised;• The child demonstrates a sustained behavior that is highly disruptive and/or upsettingto other children necessitating moving the child.

      Although personally I keep physical contact to a minimum when a child is upset because it can sometimes escalate the situation but these guidelines are good to know to safeguard our team.

    5. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Providing opportunities for children to learn guidelines for acceptablebehavior

      I like this suggestion - Roleplay expectations. Children love imaginative play and asking what if - playing this out allows children the space to use their imaginations as well as better understand expectations.

    6. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Being clear about rules and being consistent in applying them;

      This is such a simple technique that is sometimes overlooked because some people assume certain expectations are common sense because of the way we were taught at home or the home environment we establish for our children at home.

    7. Sg250127 22 Oct 2025
      Modeling appropriate behaviors and positive attitudes;

      Modeling expected behavior during transitions, I think would be very effective in redirecting some of the challenging behaviors we have been encountering related to transitions and cleaning learning centers.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    mass.gov/doc/child-guidance-for-group-child-care-discipline/download
  74. social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
    9.1. Privacy
    2
    1. cruzmar 22 Oct 2025
      When we use social media platforms though, we at least partially give up some of our privacy.

      Relating back to this, I agree but also think most of your privacy gets taken away when you enter social media platforms. From what I have seen, people who post lifestyle content usually always get doxed by a random unemployed person who has too much time on their hands and slows every part of the video down until they find what they need. So I think we lose our privacy both to the media platforms and to the people online

    2. Scxrlett 22 Oct 2025
      For example, a social media application might offer us a way of “Private Messaging” [i1] (also called Direct Messaging) with another user. But in most cases those “private” messages are stored in the computers at those companies, and the company might have computer programs that automatically search through the messages, and people with the right permissions might be able to view them directly. In some cases we might want a social media company to be able to see our “private” messages, such as if someone was sending us death threats. We might want to report that user to the social media company for a ban, or to law enforcement (though many people have found law enforcement to be not helpful), and we want to open access to those “private” messages to prove that they were sent.

      This makes me really think about how even things we think are "private", like our privates messages, really aren't. These social media companies have accesses to pretty much all our activity online/on their apps. For example, when you allow apps like Instagram and Tiktok to access your photos and videos, they pretty much can see everything in your camera roll. This also makes me wonder if these social media companies can use this as black mail to important people like celebrities and politicians. People who influence our world.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    social-media-ethics-automation.github.io/book/bsky/ch09_privacy/01_privacy_concerns.html
  75. jitc.bmj.com jitc.bmj.com
    Addendum 1: Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma
    1
    1. BMJ 22 Oct 2025
      Addendum 1: Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma

      Updates to the recommendations, tables, treatment algorithms, and/or guideline text in this publication are made with the approval of the SITC Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma Immunotherapy Guidelines Expert Panel.

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    jitc.bmj.com/content/13/7/e003956add1
  76. jitc.bmj.com jitc.bmj.com
    Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma
    1
    1. BMJ 22 Oct 2025
      Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immunotherapy for the treatment of lung cancer and mesothelioma

      Updates to the recommendations, tables, treatment algorithms, and/or guideline text in this publication are made with the approval of the SITC Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma CPG Expert Panel. More information on the SITC Guidelines can be found at sitcancer.org/guidelines. Last updated May 2025.

      Addendum Summary

      The SITC Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma CPG includes an addendum incorporating updates to the treatment landscape made by the SITC Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma CPG Expert Panel. A detailed description of the addendum updates can be found here: https://jitc.bmj.com/content/13/7/e003956add1

    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    jitc.bmj.com/content/10/5/e003956
  77. jitc.bmj.com jitc.bmj.com
    Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events
    1
    1. BMJ 22 Oct 2025
      Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer (SITC) clinical practice guideline on immune checkpoint inhibitor-related adverse events

      Updates to the recommendations, tables, treatment algorithms, and/or guideline text in this publication are made with the approval of the SITC Cancer Immunotherapy Guideline Expert Panel. More information on the SITC Guidelines can be found at sitcancer.org/guidelines

      Update October 2022

      In response to recent data regarding increased risk for MACE in patients with RCC receiving ICI + VEGF TKI therapy, the ICI-related Adverse Events Guideline was updated in the following location: * General Expert Panel Recommendations

      Reference: Prospective Cardiovascular Surveillance of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Based Combination Therapy in Patients With Advanced Renal Cell Cancer: Data From the Phase III JAVELIN Renal 101 Trial

      Update 8-7-2021

      To add additional guidance on the management of patients with ICI-related hypophysitis and severe compressive symptoms, the ICI-related Adverse Events CPG was updated in the following location: * Endocrine Toxicity Expert Panel Recommendations

      ICI irAE
    Visit annotations in context

    Tags

    Annotators

    URL

    jitc.bmj.com/content/9/6/e002435
  78. web-test.stonybrook.edu web-test.stonybrook.edu
    Stony Brook University Administration | Leadership & Governance
    1
    Visit annotations in context

    Annotators

    URL

    web-test.stonybrook.edu/about/administration/index.html