I like this line because it demonstrates how some people don't take into consideration how serious a situation can get.

I feel like this what goes through every addicts mind whenever they think about their past actions and most of the time they are able to get help and get clean but there is always the few that realize they need help but don't do anything about it

The narrator didn't realize or maybe even understand Sonny's suffering because he never experienced it himself but after his daughter's passing he knew and understood.

Even though this is only the title, I think it is a perfect way to title the story. It encapsulates the theme of Sonny's fight with addiction while talking about his love of music

"I suddenly had the feeling that I didn't know him at all." I like this part a lot. It's simple, but I feel as though it holds a lot of weight. People we once knew can feel like strangers in just a blink of an eye.

This particular part is very descriptive, the use of light and dark adds extra feeling to it. "The darkness outside is what the old folks have been talking about." right after talking about how when the light turns on, the child will be filled with darkness. The child will see the reality of the world around them, and that will fill them with the darkness the author speaks of. It leaves you with a gloomy/upset feeling.

I really love this opening, it grabs the readers attention and leaves you wondering what the narrator is talking about. It compels the reader to keep reading!

After everything Sonny has been through as well as the Narrater they both don't know how to communicate with each other. Sonny does not seem like himself because he has been through a trauma which can seem to the narrater there is no way to get through to him. Could open communication solve this issue?

This letter is a great representation of Sonny's side of the story and how grateful he is to hear from his brother. Having that sense of connection shows a lot about his character.

Why is he scared for Sonny? The narrater seems to be empathic towards Sonny due to the story he read in the paper.

This is a great opening paragraph in terms of catching the readers eye. I read this and was hooked wanting to know more. It sets up a mysterious story and has me wondering what he is reading.

I think that this is my favorite passage, just because of all of the details that are in it. How the narrator describes the band being held back, how Creole waits and watches Sonny to let him take control.

I just had an 'aha' moment readinf this sentence because of all I learned from last year's Ap US History class that I know about this Bill and the benefits to the men who served in the military

I thought this quote was significant because the narrator is saying that sonny is the same person he always was but with experiences that changes him. I also think that the narrator regrets not getting to know his baby brother but that he can still see bits of him buried underneath all of the prison time and drug addictions. There is also the symbol of darkness vs. light reappearing.

I thought this quote was really significant, not only because it's a really good piece of advice, but also because I kind of feel like I'm going through the same problem at home with my younger sister, who wants to do things, no matter the cost. I wanted to know from my classmates if anyone else has felt this way.

Their laughter isn't the childish laughter that you might expect, full of happiness, but instead it's mean and scathing. It emphasizes how this is the angry laughter of men who are already hardened against the world even though they shouldn't have to be.

I looked up this word because I did not know it and found that it is defined as "the ‘sperm’ (sometimes ‘menstruum’) of the world, and ‘our Mercury’ (philosophical mercury as opposed to common mercury)." (Here is the link to the source where I found that definition.) This definition reminded me of how "The generation of the philosophers’ stone might be framed in terms of human or animal reproduction" (source). I wonder what might be the reasoning behind calling to mind human reproduction when discussing alchemy. One guess I have is that human reproduction is a natural process, so if making the philosopher's stone is a process similar to that, it can't be diabolical because it is as natural as giving birth. However, that is just a guess of mine.

I would focus this more on their physical fitness. I would compare this more to how physical appearance tends to me towards semi obesity when it comes down to low income because we tend to eat just junk food because of being on the run. It happens both ways and not being physically right or be more active. I can also relate this to sports. A lot of kids in my school would not do sports because of how expensive buying gear was. even if we thought it wasn't expensive, it is because it is money that you do not plan to spend as we live check to check.

This completely makes sense in the involvement based on the school or city you're in. I can say I see the difference with working in Orange County and the activities we give to the students or even with the supplies i know its something that my city where i grew up in would have. An example would be my coordinators bringing in animals to do a mini zoo for the kids and bringing in snakes, big tortoises, and just activities that i know in my after school we would not have opportunities provided like that from the school. Everything is different when it is more of the chools involvement for the school.

This study should be about the area in general not two families that support the evidence they are trying to make.

As a graduate from Fullerton High , we have a similar percentage of latin students to Santa Ana high . Troy High is a tech school their latin percentage is not in the same ballpark.

I went to school near this area at the time , I would have to say I saw more growth in numbers from the asian and middle eastern communities. The latino population of Fullerton is near mostly downtown.

This is a fun fact to know as by the name you would think other wise

It’s interesting to see how they actually worked hand in hand in some ways.

They had many ways to learn with many books available to them

A lot of the important things flourished in Spain and that’s intriguing.

it is interesting that they work together for these textiles because usually we see men and women have vastly different jobs back in history.

The spinning wheel was a really important inventions as that brought other important innovations.

It’s interesting that until the growth of towns is when craftsmen became important and not sooner.

This quote is important to understand who invented these machines and how they were utilized.

In our discussion section, we have been talking a lot about how knowledge production during the early modern period was, at times, a means toward gatekeeping and, in doing so, maintained hierarchies of class and gender, for example. Similarly, in Magus, the credibility of a magus often depended on their ability to neatly frame themselves as one of those magi who skillfully drew upon elements that already existed in nature rather than a magus who conspired with the devil to produce effects. I feel that Michael Maier is doing something similar here, as he establishes his credibility by setting himself apart from those "strangers to all good learning and intention."

It seems cannons where a big use in war in the older times of wars.

It’s interesting to see how wars was in the older times compared to now.

Gunpowder has been around for a long time and it interesting to see how it’s improved and how it’s used now.

It’s interesting how it was invented in the 15th century and how it moved to other places.

WorkBC want people with disabilities to take the opportunity to work and get further involvement in the community

more resourceful sites! i think it's very thoughtful to add in considering the fact post-secondary can be really scary for some people. it gives people an ease of mind knowing they have guides to lead them

a lot of reliable resources for those who want to go into post-secondary, they seem to be good sites to encourage their education/passion! unlike the past of being denied and bashed to let into school, theres education programs to not only make people w disabilities feel included, but get the education they deserve in our community

Like I said in previous readings you are the product of your environment . Pick up the good and throw out the bad. It may change the outlook on life.

I believe our upbringing can effect our growth, but it does not mean we want to fail. Sometimes life gets in the way and priorities change. I believe people of color like myself have to work just a little bit harder to achieve the same recognition, but its okay doe not mean giving up something that makes us better.

Each Student's mind thinks and works differently. The teacher makes a big difference . I believe free tutoring should be apart of everyones education if needed.

In education and in life we should not continue to separate by race. It comes down to resources and teachers without proper funding the care for education will continue to diminish.

How did she overcome her struggle? Did she obtain a tutor , pay someone to do her math work? What advantages did she get because of her social standing.

Sadly, this exists also now, as the world slowly gets slightly more and more horrible and dystopian.

To accuse a man for crimes based on the testimony of a single person is unjust and horrible.

This would continue until near the end of the 20th century.

South Carolina shows itself why, the sheriff and the the governor and many other higher indiviuals have control of it.

Group is too insignificant to call it, at that point it should be called a political party, South Carolina proves it.

So lower class people didnt care what about the upper class that have power..? did it not appear to them as well to be involved?

why does every lawyer pass a few weeks after a brutal case..?

That has to be frustrating- doing all that research, thinking you have the right case law in hand only to find out that there is new law that changes your support. This I hope will make me weary of neglecting to stay current on decisions in my field of practice, so i'm not as easily surprised. On the contrary, It'll make me more prepared for changes in law.

I really like how the author tells us her process for which resources to use and when to use when answering her problem. I also like how she acknowledges that this is the way that works for her and just because it works for her does not mean it is superior than another way in which others may tackle the same problem. I think the important concept is to find a way that works for you and acknowledging that it is not less efficient or wrong to start with a different source than others. It is going to take us some time to figure out what works best for us but this gives us a good idea for a starting point.

They were saying earlier in the text that legal research is a science. This section here truly explains why that is true. In science there are so many things that touch that specific topic, and, as a researcher, you must know where to start and how to look through these related items. The pooling of knowledge is imperative if we want growth and understanding as there are just too many things to look at. Pooling knowledge allows the field to come to an agreement of what rule they want to follow and any other approaches that people have tried that work or don't work. In the law we need to have a consensus on how we are interpreting and applying the law or we will not have the results that we are looking for when implementing them.

I had no idea what shepardizing was until a couple months ago; however, I think it is one of the most important steps in your research. At the OJ Simpson trial the prosecutor based one of her arguments off of a case that had not been shepardized and she was called out by the judge. The case she based her argument off of had been overturned. She could have saved herself a lot of embarrassment and time spent crafting that argument if she had just shepardized before she relied on the case.

One thing that I always struggle with is that legal problems usually arise from "laymen" but then legal terms of art and complicate concepts are brought in to complicate the problem. One major issue in the legal realm is that the law is not accessible to the average laymen person because they simply do not understand it. I understand that our job as lawyers is to write the legal questions and concepts in legal terms but the explain it to the clients clearly. However, if the legal issues are arising from the laymen, then why do we have to complicate the matter for the public and add in legal terms and concepts that makes the law more inaccessible? I think it's important to keep this in mind moving forward as we all start practicing law The part in this sentence that says "clearly and concisely" is going to be very important when we begin to interact with clients.

I do fear there is a lack of knowledge in what these chemicals can do long term not just in the short term.

A great example of this is the Cane toad in Australia. Were introduced to get rid of pests and now have taken over.

this is called gene flow!!! the movement of alleles from one population to another.

lol ya I don't think we as a Society are going to look too smart. I also feel it relies a lot on context it's so easy to look back in the past and think how dumb but they only had so much knowledge at that time.

There was a video released of high schoolers during the Cold War asking what they wanted to do in the future. A lot of them replied there wasn't going to be one because of the nuclear war or that they didn't think it was going to be a good fucher. This of course didn't happen but you could see the fear in general ideology of the time. This has a very similar feel and I wonder if it was written in the same time farm or this Author was at a critical point in life when this happened to be so impacted.

Also isn't this kind of counterintuitive to what she was saying before where animals couldn't evolve fast enough for the chemicals we were creating? I totally get the point that yes we are creating an habitat that isn't livable but I just found it ironic.

I went to Europe for the first time this summer and it was amazing what chemicals they didn't allow in their food in comparison to the US.

this is called Bioaccumulation one of the most Famous cases are in fish.

This made me think of the cases the acid rain that happened in the US in the late 70's I believes. It was a result of the Air pollutants that acidified the rain but this has been reduced Just in my lifetime and is a great Example of change that can happen.

I don't think this is true, there's so many species that alter their habitat and the world around them. Just think of plankton and how they help build the atmosphere and creates most of the oxygen we use.

Ok, I've definitely gone down the youtube rabbit hole of watching various things this group has done. It's interesting to know that a group who had an actual impact on the world started as a 4chan group.

This is fairly interesting, and something my discussion partner brought up in week two. I get that in some sense books are considered social media, but I feel like they have slipped away from that definition with new social media platforms becoming more and more prevailent. My biggest question regarding this is whether or not the lack of ability to recieve feedback directly through a boom would disqualify it from a more modern understanding of what constitutes social media.

This is very true, I witnessed violence in my childhood due to my neighbors on a weekly basis . The children went from being so joyful and happy , to isolated and dull. The mind wants to escape, the only way to do that is to take your mind elsewhere.

Nutrition is one of the most crucial parts in youth growth & development . Food is like Gasoline, our bodies are cars without proper fuel we can not possibly have the energy to grow in anyway.

The author has argued that a conservative EPA will take its cues from the states, even turn leadership in pollution control over "to the states." The regional offices mentioned here are the agency's primary vehicle for engaging with the states. But this recommendation advocates greater headquarters control over these regional offices, which conflicts with the earlier-expressed desire to work more collaboratively with the states. The author's jarring swerve here toward calling for centralization stems from what is apparently a higher goal: stymying or eliminating any efforts toward environmental justice within the agency.

Once again, the author is framing environmental justice as a priority only of the Biden administration. Civil rights and environmental justice have been long-standing concerns at the EPA, beginning under Republican leadershipl, when President George Bush first established an Office of Environmental Equity in 1991.

See comment #70 above as well others on the Foreword section of the document.

The author's failure to offer specific examples of how the Biden administration has "broadened" the EPA's use of Title VI, or to specify "long-standing understandings of the legal limits of that authority" reflects the speciousness of this argument. In the 1970s and 1980s, the EPA  circumscribed its statutory obligations under the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Fair Housing Act of 1968. President Clinton's Executive Order 12898 of 1994 along with the creation of the Office of Environmental Justice within EPA (from an earlier Office of Environmental Equity established under Bush), were important efforts to bring the agency into compliance with federal law.

https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/111/1/71/7695574?redirectedFrom=fulltext

The Inflation Reduction Act invests $1.5 million to provide support for basic science research at the national laboratories.  https://www.energy.gov/science/articles/fact-sheet-inflation-reduction-act-supporting-future-doe-science#:~:text=As%20part%20of%20the%20Inflation,and%20national%20laboratory%20infrastructure%20projects.

Precautionary models, including assumptions of "low-dose linear nonthresholds," have been central to EPA risk assessments since risk assessment itself began at the agency in the late 1970s.  Doing away with them would radically alter the EPA's safety levels for all chemicals known or suspected to cause cancer, for endocrine disruptors, and alll substances otherwise well-established as having no safe level  of exposure, such as lead.  Rejection of such models, apparently because of the "opaque decisions" and "disportionate economic impacts" they are accused of causing, flies in the face of consensual statements of public health professionals like the article below, which hold that "hazard and risk assessments should not assume existence of a 'safe' or 'no-risk' level of chemical exposure in the diverse general population."    https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-022-00930-3.

Precisely what the Trump administration sought to do, by trying to forbid those with EPA grants from serving as well as appointing more members who were corporate scientists-for-hire (working for regulated companies or corporate consulting firms), or also scientists working environmental agencies in Texas and other red states. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/02/14/583972957/top-epa-science-adviser-has-history-of-questioning-pollution-research https://www.eenews.net/articles/boards-add-industry-and-state-officials-drop-scientists/ https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/

Scientific advisory committees play a crucial and cost-effective role in making available to the EPA the best in contemporary knowledge in environmental sciences and policy to inform agency decision-making. For what the Trump administration actually did to these, see charts 1-3 in https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Most all the criticisms tallied here come from conservative and industry-allied critics.  EPA's scientific programs were targeted by severe cuts during the Trump Administration, which through the intervention of Congress were limited to actual cuts of 14% to 35.6% between FY2016 and FY2019.  See among other charts #s 2, 4, 8-10 in  https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Only the second call that more--not fewer--resources need to be devoted to an EPA program.   But during the Trump administration, research into "chemical safety for sustainability" was reduced by 35.6% between FY2016 and FY2019, surpassing the cuts in all other EPA research programs. See esp. chart 9 in https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Recent studies of the health effects of pesticides are sobering. Researchers investigated what happened in several rural counties where White-Nose Syndrome caused a sharp decrease in the number of bats, who eat insects. Pesticide use on nearby farms went up by 30% -- and infant mortality in those same counties went up by almost 8%. Cost-benefit balancing must include the most recent research on costs as well as benefits of these powerful chemicals.  https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adg0344

Yet another plan that will further strip the agency of scientific capacity, going beyond what was done in the Trump years.https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Given this emphasis on "productivity" in OLEM, it is worth noting how the Trump administration, the first to introduce ELMS to the agency, actually did on the Superfund front.  Between December 2016 and December 2019, the EPA office in charge of Superfund had lost 14.5% of its staff.  https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/ In 2019, "the EPA cleaned up the fewest sites of any year before the 1980s, as site backlogs were reaching a 15 year high." https://apnews.com/article/c1d827364ac630d53848ac3ec489788d

This is a repeat of the Trump administration's unsuccessful effort to sharply limit the waters to which the Clean Water Act is applicable.  In 2019, the Trump administration proposed a rule that would have removed protections for 1 in 5 river miles and 50% of wetlands previously protected.  That rule was replaced by a new rule finalized in 2023 that restored many of the earlier protections, though a Supreme Court decision in Sackett vs. EPA that same year struck down a wider definition of protected waters.   https://www.americanprogress.org/article/debunking-trump-administrations-new-water-rule/ https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-and-army-finalize-rule-establishing-definition-wotus-and-restoring-fundamental https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-454_4g15.pdf For context, see chapter 3 in https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674979970.

Political appointees to the EPA have been confined to leadership of the Administrator and program offices at the headquarters, along with regional office leadership.   Making political appointments to head these scientific wings of the agency could deepen a new administration's interventions into the agency's ongoing scientific work, going beyond the severe cuts and de-prioritization of agency science during the Trump administration.  https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/ https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

The 2009 endangerment finding, completed by the Obama Administration EPA in response to a court order, gathered the abundant evidence available by 2011 to declare that the EPA could regulate greenhouse gas emissions as threats to public health and welfare under the Clean Air Act. https://www.apeoplesepa.org/home/climate Ever since, it has been a dream of many in the conservative movement to reverse this finding, thereby pulling the legal rug out from any regulation of greenhouse emissions.  While some  in the Trump Administration resisted such a move, including this chapter's author, others did undertake a last minute unsuccessful move to try and overturn it.  It appears that Project 2025 authors would now like to take another crack at the finding, at least to "update" it.  https://www.eenews.net/articles/inside-the-trump-epas-final-moves-on-climate/

Current EPA reporting requirements for greenhouse emissions only apply to about 8,000 facilities in the US. While these cover about 85-90% of U.S. greenhouse emissions, most genuinely small businesses are already exempted from having to report these. https://www.epa.gov/ghgreporting US firms' reportage of greenhouse emissions has been falling behind that of "global peers" according to MSCI Sustainbility Institute https://www.msci-institute.com/insights/us-firms-fall-further-behind-global-peers-on-climate-disclosure/

Members of Congress cannot be expected to have the requisite expertise, as Congress itself acknowledged through its broad framing of the Clean Air Act. Highlighting "the growth in the amount and complexity of air pollution," calling for "a national research and development program to achieve the prevention and control of air pollution," it generally authorized the Executive Branch "to protect and enhance the quality of the Nation's air resources so as to promote the public health and welfare and the productive capacity of its population." Nowhere does the Act suggest an expectation that the authorized agency come back to Congress for the standard-settting needed to accomplish such a goal. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/USCODE-2013-title42/html/USCODE-2013-title42-chap85-subchapI-partA-sec7401.htm

Here and elsewhere, this author evinces a special animus against the many programs set up by the Biden EPA to fund and otherwise support community-based organizations addressing the pollution and other environmental impacts facing disadvantaged communities, under the Justice40 initiative led by the Biden White House https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40-epa

Best Available Control Technology, a higher standard than "reasonably available" should remain the standard to protect public health. For more on when each standard is currently applied, see https://www.epa.gov/clean-air-act-overview/setting-emissions-standards-based-technology-performance

Currently, “co-benefits” — benefits from a regulation that are ancillary to its intended purpose — must be considered alongside direct benefits for there to be an accurate cost-benefit analysis. For instance, when the EPA adopted its mercury rule to limit toxic mercury emissions from coal- and oil-fired power plants, the agency rightly included the co-benefits from reductions in fine particulate matter that would result from the installation of pollution control equipment used to reduce mercury emissions. Legalistically excluding the co-benefits of a rule, on the other hand, would make it harder for EPA to justify that rule, and stymie its ability to move against the multiple public health threats faced by many communities. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/reckoning-conservatives-bad-faith-cost-benefit-analysis/#:~:text=The%20demise%20of%20regulatory%20cost,conflicts%20with%20their%20deregulatory%20goals.

On the actual state of the scientific study of climate change at the time of the passage of the Clean Air Act, suggesting greehouse emissions were relevant to original ntent of the act, see https://www.ecologylawquarterly.org/print/climate-change-and-the-clean-air-act-of-1970-part-i-the-scientific-basis/ From the abstract: "In Massachusetts v. EPA, the Supreme Court held that the 1970 Clean Air Act granted the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate greenhouse gases as air pollution. But, while the Court found the Act to 'confer the flexibility necessary” to respond to “changing circumstances,' the Justices expressed skepticism that legislators in 1970 would have been familiar with the climate-altering effects of CO2 and other heat-trapping gases. At the time of the Clean Air Act’s passage, the Court wrote, 'the study of climate change was in its infancy.' That statement was misleading. By the late 1960s, scientists knew that greenhouse gases, derived from fossil fuel combustion, could alter the global climate with potentially serious and deleterious ensuing effects."

Auguring a more sophisticated effort to accomplish more of what a first Trump administration tried to do but was partly stymied by Congress: greatly reduce EPA budgets and staff. See charts 8 and 11-15 here: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Auguring a more sophisticated effort to accomplish more of what a first Trump administration tried to do but was partly stymied by Congress: greatly reduce EPA budgets and staff.  For documentation, see for instance charts 4, 6, 9, 11 here: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Targeting the several grant programs set up during the Biden administration to funnel more funding support to organizations representing "environmental justice" communities. For instance, https://www.epa.gov/environmentaljustice/environmental-justice-thriving-communities-grantmaking-program

Here, "diversity of scientific viewpoints," a rhetoric honed by Trump-appointed EPA political leadership, codes for diminishing the voice of academic scientists on these boards.  The previous Trump adminstration sought to undermine these boards by barring membership for academics with EPA grants, while expanding their membership share of corporate or consultancy (science-for-hire) experts.  See charts 1-3 here: https://envirodatagov.org/an-embattled-landscape-federal-environmental-science-integrity-in-the-united-states-a-three-part-series-part-1-targeting-scientific-influence-on-policy/

The Trump Administration targeted the Office of Children's Health, set up to better ensure environmental protection of children, are more vulnerable to many environmental threats such as lead and other toxics.  Undermining the OCH's leadership, the Trump EPA reduced staff by 40%.  This proposal to remove it from the overarching Administrator's Office and split it across or move it into one of the "media offices" is likely to reduce its influence still further.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8713602/#:~:text=The%20EPA%20established%20the%20Office,science%2C%20programs%2C%20and%20policy.

The first Environmental Education Act, passed in 1970, was a bi-partisan effort. Public school education on environmental issues has proven effective in helping children both understand environmental crises as well as develop a sense of agency towards solving them.

The Trump Administration sought to curb environmental education efforts by the agency,  from this office to its websites to the information it provided for public comments on its proposed rule changes.  Most audaciously, it sought to scrub mentions or discussions of climate change from its websites. https://envirodatagov.org/publication/the-new-digital-landscape-how-the-trump-administration-has-undermined-federal-web-infrastructures-for-climate-information/

Proposal is nearly identical to what  Anne Gorsuch did to EPA enforcement during the first two years of the Reagan Administration, as part of a far-reaching assault against the EPA's basic mission.  She and others in that administration also proposed cutting the agency's budget by one-third; though public outcry by 1983 drove her out of office and led the Reagan White House toward a more supportive approach.  Whereas the Trump administration was able to "achieve" a historic drop in EPA enforcement efforts without resorting to this measure, apparently a second Trump administration may draw from the early Reagan playbook.   https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29698097/ On the Trump admnistration's successes in cutting agency enforcement work without this measure, see https://envirodatagov.org/publication/a-sheep-in-the-closet-the-erosion-of-enforcement-at-the-epa/

Pollution and hazardous wastes have disproportionate negative health consequences in communities of color, on Tribal lands, and in low-income neighborhoods around the nation, from Flint, Michigan, to the Louisiana Gulf Coast. Beneficial environmental amenities, such as parks, green spaces, and recreation areas, which promote human health, are also unevenly distributed. In response to these documented disparities, the Office of Environmental Justice and External Civil Rights (OEJECR), which Project 2025 seeks to eliminate, was first established in 1992 as the Office of Environmental Equity by Republican President George H.W. Bush. The OEJECR now anchors the EPA’s efforts to remedy these longstanding inequalities. The OEJECR works to ensure that everyone has “equitable access to a healthy, sustainable, and resilient environment” and to protect people from adverse human health and environmental burdens, including those attributable to climate change, cumulative exposures, and “the legacy of racism or other structural or systemic barriers.” https://www.epa.gov/aboutepa/about-office-environmental-justice-and-external-civil-rights Since environmental racism was identified as a serious national problem in the 1980s, progress has been halting, but the OEJECR represents a significant commitment to address environmental inequalities. Politicizing federal agencies by reorganizing departments and by replacing experienced civil service experts with political appointees stands out as a key element of the Project 2025 plan. Eliminating the OEJECR would reduce environmental protections for all. For a history of this office and its fate during the Trump Administration, see https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/env.2021.0012

Already, all peer-reviewed findings can receive scrutiny and comment in the public record.  What this rhetoric of "transparency" targets for exclusion are studies of people who are actually exposed to environmental chemicals, which often draw on medical records whose privacy would be compromised by this "transparency." See comment and links at annotation #2 above of this chapter.

The EPA has long had a compliance program, as it should, but as many studies of EPA enforcement have shown, a lack of strong enforcement will lead to more violations that put public health and the environment at risk. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1093/reep/req017 https://envirodatagov.org/publication/a-sheep-in-the-closet-the-erosion-of-enforcement-at-the-epa/

Ordinarily "tangible" would be taken as meaning, among other things, scientifically demonstrable. Yet the aversion here to acknowledging the science of how intensifying storms or droughts have been worsening through climate change suggests otherwise. Instead, "tangible" seems to refer only to those problems that authors of this report and their allies--none of them scientists themselves--are willing to acknowledge as perceptible and real, without necessarily listening to what any scientists say.

States lack the budgets, enforcement authority, and breadth of expertise that the federal agency can provide.

They can also be susceptible to regulatory capture--a major reason why the state-based patchwork of pollution controls prior to the EPA was widely considered to have failed. For just one instance, see this analysis of the mining/smelting industry in Idaho. https://upittpress.org/books/9780822964483/

Rescusitates this slogan from Scott Pruitt, Trump's first appointee as EPA administrator. Before resigning under a cloud of multiple scandals, he claimed his vision for the agency to harken back to an earlier EPA, when its agenda was more "basic" and its relationships with states more harmonious. For a critical look by an actual historian at what Pruitt's vision missed, see this piece by Leif Fredrickson: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/made-by-history/wp/2017/07/14/scott-pruitt-is-wrong-about-the-origins-of-the-epa/

False; the EPA's workforce size and budget trends do not support this claim. Employment at the EPA, which actually peaked in 1999, shrank during the Obama administration. https://federalnewsnetwork.com/unions/2023/02/epa-employees-voice-concerns-about-low-pay-understaffing-burnout/ Also see charts 4 and 11 here which actually show slow declines in EPA's budget and staff over the Obama years: https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

Project 2025’s goal of devolving environmental regulation to the states would undermine longstanding federal policies that enjoy bipartisan support and have proved remarkably effective in improving public health. For example, the 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, negotiated and signed during the Reagan administration, required participating countries to curb the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were damaging the ozone layer. Rules implementing global treaties are of necessity federal regulations. The international agreement, signed by all of the world’s countries, worked because signatories agreed to reduce their output of CFCs by one-half within ten years. As a result, worldwide use of CFCs dropped by 80 percent in the first eight years. Thirty years later, the ozone hole was the smallest recorded. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/thirty-years-what-montreal-protocol-doing-protect-ozone The result: improvements in public health due to reductions in UV radiation, which can cause skin cancer and eye damage. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-07/documents/achievements_in_stratospheric_ozone_protection.pdf<br /> September 16, 2024, marks the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.

A critical aspect of the origins of the EPA is not stated here: States and localities had anti-pollution laws in place prior to the EPA's creation, but those laws were either inadequate or weakly enforced. Anti-pollution laws also existed at the federal level, but these were primarily designed to fund and otherwise assist states and localities. This system, however, failed to protect public health and the environment. The EPA, and the much stronger federal laws that were created in conjunction with it, constituted a historic response to these regulatory as well as market failues. A Republican President, with bipartian support from Congress, created a national agency and laws that could control pollution far more effectively than the preexisting system. States had a role, and would be given more authority if they proved they would effectively implement environmental laws. This document argues for a return to "state leadership," precisely what by 1970s was widely agreed to have poorly controlled the nation's pollution problems. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396

"...perceived threat...": another side-step from the scientific consensus about threats from climate change.

The EPA's failures in Flint are exactly the failures that Project 2025's state devolutionary approach would compound. The Grist article cited here by this Project 2025 author explains the EPA's failure differently from what is here implied, in the following way:

"The [Office of Inspector General] report cites five possible oversight actions that the EPA could have taken under the Safe Drinking Water Act, including alerting Flint residents about possible harms and acting in the place of state authorities when there is 'substantial endangerment' to human health." https://grist.org/article/the-epa-failed-flint-now-we-know-exactly-how/

But in almost every case, officials deferred to their state counterparts, rather than using their legal authority to step in. As the report’s authors note, such oversight tools — like most tools out there — are “only effective when used.”

Additionally, the Flint water crisis was the consequence of decades of deliberate underfunding of Detroit's water system. During the Nixon and Ford administrations, the EPA failed to allocate sufficient funds, through its Municipal Wastewater Construction Grants Program, to the Detroit Water and Sewer Department. This refusal worsened a municipal debt spiral that would eventually contribute to the Flint water crisis. Moreover, the EPA failed to adequately ensure DWSD's compliance with agreed-upon treatment standards and deadlines. For more on Detroit and the EPA's Construction Grants Program, see:

https://uncpress.org/book/9781469665764/toxic-debt/

https://academic.oup.com/jah/article-abstract/111/1/71/7695574?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Across both liberal and conservative administrations, there have been tensions between Congress and the Executive Branch over the EPA. But the most notorious case happened during the conservative administration of Ronald Reagan, when a bi-partisan Congress held Reagan's appointees accountable for their malfeasance and attempts to undermine the mission of the agency. As a result, Reagan was forced to re-install the original EPA administrator, William Ruckelshaus, to revive the agency's legitimacy and fend off a growing backlash from Congress and the public. In 2017, Ruckelshaus (a Republican) criticized the Trump administration for again undermining the basic mission of the EPA. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/07/opinion/a-lesson-trump-and-the-epa-should-heed.html; https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304396

Needing context: EPA staff levels actually peaked in 1999. Despite declining budgets and staff over the Obama years, largely driven by conservatives in Congress rather than the Obama White House, the Trump administration (of which this author was a part) repeatedly proposed draconian budget cuts for the agency, as much as 32%. Though Congress restored much of this money, both the agency's budget and staff declined significantly over the Trump years. https://www.apeoplesepa.org/home/origins https://envirodatagov.org/embattled-landscape-series-part-2b-the-declining-capacity-of-federal-environmental-science/

The argument that EPA has been coopted by the Left is a long-standing canard of the Republican party. In reality, Republican presidents have been the leaders in appointing partisan operatives to head and staff the agency, especially in more recent times. While Reagan appointed Anne Gorsuch early in his presidency, the public outcry against her actions, led the Reagan White House to reverse course after two years. And from the return of William Ruckelshaus, the well-respected first leader of the agency, in 1983 through the appointment of former New Jersey Governor Christine Whitman by George W. Bush in 2001, Republican presidents did appoint EPA administrators who were committed the agency's basic mission. But the Republican Party turned more aggressively anti-environmental stances by the 2010s lead to Republican appointees during the Trump administration who actively opposed and sought to undermine much of this agency's mission and ongoing work. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29698097/

"Open-source" science is code language for conservative efforts to undermine the work of scientists and the role of science in the regulatory process. It is the most recent variation on calls for "sound science," which was a talking point for EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt at the start of the Trump administration. Calls for "open source" or "sound science" seek to limit the kinds of scientific research that can be used in regulatory decisionmaking. In particular, they seek to eliminate any studies that draw upon sensitive healthcare records. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-easiest-way-to-dismiss-good-science-demand-sound-science/

This "open-source science" agenda would exclude from regulatory considerations practically all the burgeoning science done over the past two decades centering on actual people who are exposed to toxic pollutants, including what are considered by scientists to be the best and most conclusive studies in epidemiology. That's because all these studies involve confidential medical records the laws like HIPA make impossible to fully release to the public without violating patients' privacy. https://nyuelj.org/2021/06/transparency-in-regulatory-science-for-whom/

More details on the Schenck case and "Fire" opinion.

I should add this to my WWI course material!

Popper on Tolerance -- apparently. A citation would have been nice!

When computers store numbers, they are limited by memory space, which may lead to problems such as floating-point precision errors and integer overflows. Different programming languages ​​provide special data types such as fractions and complex numbers to solve these limitations.

Definition: A spirit or fairy that lives in the water (GJ)

After being saved in the pilots boat and by the Hermit, the Mariner remembers the lesson he learned and carries it with him throughout his life and shared it with others. (GJ)

As the Mariner awakes from his trance he realizes that the ship is making its way toward his native land. While he is taking in the sights of all things familiar he appears to witness angelic beings rising from the bodies of fallen sailors before seeing a Hermit who he hopes will be able to wash away all his sins. (GJ)

Definition (n): a revolving pointer that shows the direction of the wind in the shape of a rooster (GJ)

Often after you resurface a platen, it slightly changes the configuration of the platen with respect to the typeface. As a result one usually may need to do three adjustments in a specific order to get things to align properly again. These can definitely be done at home with some patience.

Usually the order for tweaking is: * Ring and Cylinder adjustment (distance of platen from typeface; the type shouldn't touch the platen or you'll find you're imprinting on your paper, making holes in the paper and/or ribbon, which isn't good). Sometimes using a simple backing sheet can remedy a bit of this distance problem, especially on platens which have hardened or shrunk slightly over time. * On Feet adjustment (vertical adjustment so that letters are bright and clear and neither top or bottom of characters are too light/faint) Repair shops will often type /// or a variety of characters with longer ascenders/descenders to make sure that the type is clear from top to bottom. * Motion adjustment (the lower and upper case letters are at the same level with respect to each other) The best way to test this is to type a center character like HHHhhhHHH to see if they line up on the bottom (the last three Hs are usually done with the Shift Lock on to make sure that's properly set).

You can search YouTube videos for your model (or related models) and these words which may uncover someone doing a similar repair, so you have a better idea of what you're doing and where to make the adjustments.

Here's Joe Van Cleave describing some of it in one of his early videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C0AozF2Jfo0

The general principles for most typewriters are roughly the same with slight variations depending on whether your machine is a segment shift or a carriage shift. You should roughly be able to puzzle out which screws to adjust on your particular model to get the general outcome you want.

Related blogposts: * https://munk.org/typecast/2022/01/23/adjusting-ring-cylinder-on-a-brother-jp-1/<br /> * https://munk.org/typecast/2013/07/30/typewriter-repair-101-adjusting-vertical-typeface-alignment-segmentbasket-shift-typewriters/

You might find a related repair manual for your machine with more detail and diagrams for these adjustments via the Typewriter Database or on Richard Polt's typewriter site.

For those not mechanically inclined you may be better off taking it onto a repair shop for a quick adjustment. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-repair.html 

Reply to u/Acethease at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1d76ygx/got_a_as_a_gift_corona_3_recentlyish_and_i_need/

Reading this last section of the reading, it makes me wonder. How did the schools that Latino and other catagories turned out? Did they shut down? Was there a low number of students? Did they take a ction on bettering thier schools? What hapened to the teachers?

Was NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) a large group of people? Were they only located in Los Angeles? If not, where were they located? If they were in other cities, did the other cities take the same action to send a message to schools about segragation?

Reading this paragraph made me wonder. When the families moved away from Los Angeles, was the main reason the families were moving because of overcrowding schools? Was it because they permitted Latinos and other categories to attend the schools?

This reminded me of the video that we watched in class, where a family fought for diversity in schools and the right for Latinos and other categories to attend "white" schools. I remember towards the end of the video, there was a woman who was one of the first students to attend "white" schools, and she talked about an experience that she had when she started to attend the school where a boy approached her and told her how they don't want Mexicans here.

In the reading, it mentions who are the Brown Berets. They are a group that fought for Chicano rights they fought for many things, such as police brutality, war, and U.S. imperialism, while fighting for education, workers' rights, and health care. I live in Barrio Logan across the street from Chicano Park. I still see the Brown Berets in their uniform during Chicano Park day and during Christmas, they receive toy donations to give to the children of the neighborhood. They always are there to help and protect the Chicano people. It is very nice to continue seeing them representing and continue to fight for what they fought for in the past.l

IRC was influential in the early development of online communities, offering a decentralized, flexible, and open environment for communication, which contributed to its popularity in the 1990s. Although it's less popular now, IRC still has a dedicated user base, and its influence can be seen in modern chat tools like Slack, Discord, and others.

I believe IRC and Discord are quite similar, despite being social media platforms from different decades. On Discord, like IRC, users can join groups focused on specific topics. Within these groups, there are designated channels for particular discussions. For example, the UW swim club has its own group, and within that group, separate channels like "workouts" or "swim times" help keep conversations organized and clear for everyone.

This reminds me of Lab 1, where I was so excited after successfully using code to post an article on Reddit. However, it also left me feeling a bit anxious when I considered the broader implications. It made me realize that so much content on the internet can be generated through code, and a single individual has the power to shape public opinion or even spark controversies with just a few lines of code. It's both empowering and a little daunting to think about how easily information can spread and influence people.

cultural events transcribed into the physical

resisting gender essentialism

the absent patronymic

This passage really resonates with me because it highlights the fun and flexibility of programming. Seeing how a simple for loop can help follow a bunch of users makes everything feel so much more manageable.

To me, I understand this as how the expectations we set can differ rom the cruel reality of things. The passage basically says that we see Mars as a perfect version of Earth which is healed by our dreams. However, if we were to actually go there somehow we would realize it’s more similar to Earth then our dreams imagined

How did this influence the expectations of government in other crisis situations?

This shows how women gender roles transformed during this time period, shifting from the prior household and work expectations to consumerism.

It is interesting and can be applied to different aspects of life. For example, if you are curious about science, your mind may become tired, but in the end, you will be rewarded by discovering new things.

I like this sentence and how the writers convey the idea that getting lost can be something positive. It helps people to think, become more creative, and explore new things.

• You need to pay attention to what is happening to the person
• You have to maintain that punishment in memory
• You have to repeat that behaviour when you're motivated to do so
• Reinforcement is affecting motivation the most

• Rewarded based on the amount of responses and it increases responses
• Immune to extinction

• Hinders drug-addiction recovery because the context is still fresh in the one's mind

• Are you able to access the reward even if you don't do the behaviour?
• Eg. We still need to feed dogs which is why food is not good for reinforcement

• How quickly after the behavior the reward can be received
• Eg. Obedient classes and treat

• Refers to the opportunity value of engaging in an activity
• The ability to do something is reinforcing behaviour, even when you don't actually plan on doing the behaviour

• We learn this reinforcer through conditioning Eg. Social status(eg. promotion), grades
• Used much more than secondary since the use of the former is inhumane

• Fulfill biological needs Eg. Fulfillment of food and sustenance, warmth(shelter, clothing, etc.), sleep, sex, etc.
• Praise is debatable -> We can live without it, but the absence of it has detrimental consequences in children's development

• Learn precursor behaviour from the deliverer of the punishment Eg. Avoid the person doing the punishment even when the behavior is committed which means the behavior continues

• Run away from the punishment; not effective in this case

• Negative reinforcement

• Taking something away to increase the probability of a behavior occurring Eg. Absolving a child the responsibility of doing chores if they're nice to their siblings

• Often confused with positive reinforcement

• • Negative punishment 2.

• Positive reinforcement
• Not synonymous with good and bad but refers to addition and subtraction in regards to the situation

• Increases the possibility of a behaviour continuing Eg. Rewarding a kid a piece of candy for being nice to their friends

• Positive punishment

• Decreasing the probability of a behaviour occurring

• Two stimuli become associated and we develop a conditioned response to that association

• Happens to people who regularly use psychotic drugs
• Individuals get a conditioned response to their environment and can contribute to drug tolerance. At the extreme, it contributes to overdose when individuals use drugs in different settings

• Cases of regular drug users
• Happens unintentionally around the use of the drugs
• Refers to the context which the drugs are used

https://ashby.info/journal/index.html

Note that the URL http://www.rossashby.info/index.html has moved.

https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/2415/zettelkaesten-in-the-fields-of-science-and-history

I learned that some writers only plan the beginning and the ending, and the middle is changeable, allowing anything to come to the writer's mind.

reply to Signynt at https://discord.com/channels/686053708261228577/979886299785863178/1293207926013427733

Does Carl Linnaeus' incarnation work? Isabelle Charmantier and Staffan Müller-Wille have a number of journal articles on his "invention" and use of index cards in his research and writing work. If you dig around you'll find references to Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz' use of index cards and the Arca Studiorum (Krajewski, MIT, 2011); Computer scientist Gerald Weinberg wrote Gerald M. Weinberg on Writing: The Fieldstone Method. New York, N.Y: Dorset House, 2005, which might appeal; you'll also find examples in physicist Mario Bunge, and, although he had a mixed practice of notebooks and index cards, W. Ross Ashby's collection of notes on complexity can be found at https://ashby.info/. Hundreds of other scientists and mathematicians had practices, though theirs typically fall under the heading of commonplace books (Erasmus Darwin, Charles Darwin, et al.) or as in the case of Isaac Newton and others the heading of "waste books". While looking at others' examples or reading about it may feel like it's going to get you somewhere (better?), having some blind faith and proceeding with your own practice is really the better way to go. Others have certainly done it. Generally it's far rarer for mathematicians, engineers, or scientists to write about their note making/methods so you're unlikely to find direct treatises the way you would for historians, sociologists, anthropologists, humanists, etc.

syndication link: https://discord.com/channels/686053708261228577/979886299785863178/1293663556197417082

Uses "they" a considerable amount of the time to give us more context to her situation

Personification

Use of humor to mediate the pain

Loewen likely intended this book to show us the raw, unfiltered truth of history. If we had been taught the full story from the beginning, we could use those lessons to improve our lives today. It's understandable why people often choose to ignore or downplay the negative aspects of history. They prefer to believe in heroic figures and a hopeful future rather than confront past mistakes. However, we can see how history is repeating itself because we were never taught the "dark side" of the past. This lack of knowledge prevents us from recognizing the warning signs and stopping harmful events from happening now.

The highlighted portion discusses the true nature of the early Virginians. When we are told the story of Columbus, Jamestown, and the Indians, we are told that everyone worked together. The Indians wanted to help the Virginians by teaching them how to plant crops, and in return, the Virginians educated the Natives in English culture. However, Loewen tells us that what happened was after Squanto volunteered to help them with fishing, other Virginians "took Indian prisoners and forced them to teach colonists how to farm."

These couple of paragraphs do not sit right with me. The reason is because I did not know that this happened. In my years of education, I was never told that A) the disease during this time was so bad and B) that the American Indians were used this way. Loewen demonstrated how the European Americans used the fear of the Natives to gain power over them. In the last paragraph highlighted, Loewen states, "many American Indians surrendered to alcohol, converted to Christianity, or simply killed themselves."

They provide legal bases for people (NGOs, journalists, activists, etc.) to ask bureaucrats information about the government performance.

Definition. These laws are introduced in response to increasing dissatisfaction with secrecy around government policy.

DCD is an improvement on CD towards the very expensive EMD method.

need to do both directions because of the minimization

This just shows how difficult it is to climb the income ladder. Lampra, who went to school for a specific practice, still struggles to find work, despite the work, time, and money she put into gaining skills and knowledge about her practice. Having connections is important, but difficult when you may not have access to resources and opportunities to build those connections. For Michael, "network engineer" sounds like a job that also requires education and that he has to be equipped with the right skills to do well. However, it does not come with health insurance which makes it a lot more difficult to support him and his family.

When thinking back to Week 1 when we discussed the purpose of schools, a majority of the class voted for "social mobility" as the main purpose of schools now, and I agree with this. However, reading about the effects of where you live and seeing the map of different districts on Tuesday, makes me wonder if this can be possible for students and families who live in poverty.

but what is the input transformation?

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why not be allies? bc if others see that you fear us, they will respect us more

negotiaion of Athens, be our slaves and we won't kill you

Athens motives

Athenians sens reps to speak to Melians, but Melians only allow them to speak infront of a few governing, Athenians claim they do this to prevetn the people from hearing their reason Melians reply that Athenians give them option of war or slavery, they see them as a threat

Brooklyn Engineers’ Club. Brooklyn Engineer’ Club Proceedings for 1906: Constitution and By-Laws and Catalogue of Reference Works Added to the Library During the Year. Brooklyn Engineers’ Club, 1907.

Winslow-Yost uses a lot of contrast and paradox to illustrate the complex emotional experiences offered by video games.

Technological systems lure people with apparent benefits while demanding something in return. The repeated listing of verbs ("oversee, track, quantify, guide...") highlights technological control, making the reader aware of how intrusive these systems are.

I've generally found that Olympia machines with a dedicated 1 key and a 4/$ key will usually have a script font. Additionally they don't have ribbon selectors (which are most often on the right hand side of the keyboard when they are present) or only have black and stencil settings.

The lack of bichrome settings on these machines is due to the taller/lower extenders on many script glyphs.

This shows that some oral or written artifacts could be intentionally created. Mostly, they created these artifacts to represent something already there but didn't have any evidence to prove it, so it could be made to describe that thing.

second kind of sources; testimonies

' the branch of psychology concerned with evaluation and use of psychological tests the application of statistical and mathematical techniques to psychological test

https://www.liberatingstructures.com/1-1-2-4-all/

I did not clue into this in my first read. Very interesting comparison between Gawain being hunted by the Lady Berdilak and the doe being hunted by Lord Berdilak.

I think the mind/body binary dovetails well with the man/nature one.

Gawain, at the end of the narrative has meted the chivalric/natural opposition in himself. Gawain was introduced as a personification of the human half of the binary. Gawain is chivalrous to his gleaming boots, noble and brave. He is polite, courteous, and socially adept. Devout in his religion and rational in his decision making. Gawain's journey results in a kind of transformation. He has not lost his chivalry, rather, he gains a deeper understanding of the natural. Gawain becomes more honest and emotionally mature through his experience, as the essay says more in touch with the 'inner man'.

ABCDE:

A. Asymmetry (of the moles) B. Border (Regular vs irregular border) C. Color (mult shades. etc) D. Diameter (<5-6 mm) E. Evolving (becoming bigger)

mic drop

so he's against relying on anything/anyone but yourself

I like this imagery