Another stream of efforts sought to understand physical and cognitive performance of older adults in interacting with mobile technologies. Studies have shown that typical interaction components and techniques of a smartphone often prevent older adults from smooth and instant interactions with it. For example, the small size and the low contrast of buttons on a mobile display has a significant negative influence on interaction performance such as speed and accuracy [18], and decline in motor skills is correlated with time required to complete a task [30].

Lee and Coughlin reviewed studies of older adults' technology acceptance and identified ten factors that are critical facilitators or determinants of older adults' acceptance of technology: value, usability, affordability, accessibility, technical support, social support, emotion, independence, experience, and confidence [20].

Many studies have empirically investigated technology acceptance practices among older adults. While diverse in detail, most works point out that an individual's personal context [38] and the social context [36] in which the technology is introduced are the primary factors influencing the perception of, experience with, and evaluation of new technological developments among older adults [19].

Seniors have historically been late adopters to the world of technology compared to their younger counterparts [24, 40]. As a result, older adults and their adoption of new technologies have been a topic of active research since the advent of consumer technologies (e.g., automated teller machine [32], scanner-equipped grocery stores [41], electronic funds transfer [15]).

Nowadays, older adults are increasingly adopting and adapting to information and communication technologies [5]. For example, smartphone ownership among older adults has significantly risen in recent years [3]. However, its adoption levels among older adults in the US still sit at 27% as of 2015, whereas some 85% of Americans aged 18-29 are smartphone owners [31].

Today's generations of older adults have not grown up with information and communications technologies that are widely available these days. Thus, there is "a natural confound of age and experience, since today's older adults are exposed to these technologies at a different point in their lives than today's young adults." [17]

Older people are less likely to have peers with sufficient technology experiences compared to their younger counterparts.

Incorporating these human factors and practical design suggestions for older adults, Fisk et al. proposed key recommendations for designing mobile devices for this age group [12].

Studies have shown that typical interaction components and techniques of a smartphone often prevent older adults from smooth and instant interactions with it. For example, the small size and the low contrast of buttons on a mobile display has a significant negative influence on interaction performance such as speed and accuracy [18], and decline in motor skills is correlated with time required to complete a task [30].

Lee and Coughlin reviewed studies of older adults' technology acceptance and identified ten factors that are critical facilitators or determinants of older adults' acceptance of technology: value, usability, affordability, accessibility, technical support, social support, emotion, independence, experience, and confidence [20].

most works point out that an individual's personal context [38] and the social context [36] in which the technology is introduced are the primary factors influencing the perception of, experience with, and evaluation of new technological developments among older adults [19].

One exception is the senior technology acceptance model (STAM) [28]. Using TAM, UTAUT, and several other works as theoretical underpinning, Renaud and Biljon proposed a model to explain older adults' mobile phone adoption.

Several studies have attempted to determine older adults' acceptance of technologies in general, and healthcare-related systems in particular, using the UTAUT framework. (e.g., email [14], a telehealth service [7]).

As a result, older adults and their adoption of new technologies have been a topic of active research since the advent of consumer technologies (e.g., automated teller machine [32], scanner-equipped grocery stores [41], electronic funds transfer [15]).

Seniors have historically been late adopters to the world of technology compared to their younger counterparts [24, 40].

Nowadays, older adults are increasingly adopting and adapting to information and communication technologies [5].

smartphone ownership among older adults has significantly risen in recent years [3]. However, its adoption levels among older adults in the US still sit at 27% as of 2015, whereas some 85% of Americans aged 18-29 are smartphone owners [31].

Older adults are not newcomers to computer and Internet technologies. According to Hilt and Lipschultz ([16]), they use the Internet to communicate with family, friends, and business associates and research personal interests. In 2003, Heineman and Kim stated that older adults were the fastest growing group of Internet users in the United States (followed closely by individuals between the ages of 55–64). Communication via the Internet helps older adults remain informed of situations involving family and friends, stay

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