Not all undesirable attributes are at issue, but only those which are incongruous with our stereotype of what a given type of individual should be (Goffman, 1963, p. 12).

Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma Notes on the management of spoiled identity.

Avoiding the blame game: Reframing conversations on racialised health inequalities. (2021, March 3). Cost Of Living | Cost of Living: The Politics, Economics and Sociology of Health and Health Care. https://www.cost-ofliving.net/avoiding-the-blame-game-reframing-conversations-on-racialised-health-inequalities/

The BMJ. (2021, March 1). “It’s really important we don’t situate vaccine hesitancy and low uptake of the vaccine as a problem of particular individuals or communities." @ProfKevinFenton joins the #DeepBreathIn podcast to talk covid vaccines and their uptake http://ow.ly/iIXf50DMtDE http://ow.ly/dAzS50DMtDF https://t.co/FEJAvBODLf [Tweet]. @bmj_latest. https://twitter.com/bmj_latest/status/1366407891419283456

Sanderson, L., Harkin, L., Stuart, A., Stevenson, C., Park, M. S.-A., Yan, R. J., Mitra, S., Nuseibeh, B., Gooch, D., & Katz, D. (2021). A Siege on Positive Ageing: COVID-19 as Exacerbating Age-based Stereotype Threats among Older Adults [Preprint]. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/pufd5

Chinese Canadians share their experiences of racism during COVID-19—Macleans.ca. (n.d.). Retrieved 1 September 2020, from https://www.macleans.ca/society/chinese-canadians-share-their-experiences-of-racism-during-covid-19/#gallery/covid-racism/slide-1

Mandalaywala, T. M., & Rhodes, M. (2020). Gender stereotypes about leadership in early childhood. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/ytsbn

Rosenfeld, D. L., & Tomiyama, A. J. (2020, April 22). Can a Pandemic Make People More Socially Conservative? Longitudinal Evidence from COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/zg7s4

I'm reminded of Claude Steele and his work on stereotype threat.