Puerto Ricans owned most of the bodegas in the city. Today Dominicans do.

wenty years ago, her mother started cooking a Dominican stew called sancocho for neighborhood customers.

And back home, everyone has an image of easy money to be made in New York. You want to go back with money. Otherwise your community thinks you're a loser

e defined as drug dealers in the popular imagination.

The Dominicans, redefining the nature of "Hispanic" in a city where the word has long been synonymous with "Puerto Rican,"

Everyone is depending on me

$1,000 to $3,200 a month cleaning offices and factories

$10 a week as a cook

I'm going to save money, buy a house back home, and go back and start a business.'

bureaucracy

All immigrants live suspended between two worlds, the old country and the new. The Dominicans just do so more than most. They may complain incessantly about how bad things are at home -- the incompetent bureaucracy, the daily blackouts, the steep price of everything from plantains to sugar, but they talk just as much of returning. Home is a three-hour flight and a $489 round-trip ticket away.

"They have two lives, one back home and one here. It adds up to almost no life.

dependent on money from New York

remittances

Their lives are still defined by money: earning it, saving it, and sending it back to their families.

the largest group of recent immigrants

400,000 strong

As the commuters from New Jersey begin to flow across the bridge to their jobs in midtown Manhattan, Mr. Gomez and hundreds of other Dominican immigrants are heading the other way, in an alternative rush hour imported from the streets of Santo Domingo.

are parents seeking a quality education for their children and the real-life costs of English-only education

We are trying to go forward

Federal legislation now working its way through Congress would provide $5 million in grants annually for five years to tribes, tribal organizations, public schools, and other entities to establish Native-language immersion classes from preschool through college—a much-needed infusion of funds to educate Native learners. “

This means that teachers spend a lot of time adapting and creating their own materials

Often the teachers in these programs are second-language learners themselves

bring languages into our schools—our Native languages and many more; it spreads our language around

evamping how they serve language learners

allowing it to offer dual-language instruction

According to the state Department of Education, some 50,000 California children are receiving dual instruction in English and another language, including Armenian, German, Mandarin, French, and Korean.

higher math and reading score

dual-language programs

Now almost 17 years later, while the political tensions remain, a reversal is underway,

A

Colombian arts were heavily influenced by the Roman Catholic Church

Colombians celebrate the quinceañera, which is typically a young woman's 15th birthday

Lechona is also another Tolima specialty

urbanization

music and dancing is a very popular part of Colombian custom, and it is common for men and women to dance salsa, meringue or vallenato as a way of socializing and friendship.

“¿Que tal?”

“Ciao.”

The secret to the country's impressive biodiversity is its wide range of habitats. Few countries can match Colombia's diversity with its mountains, lowlands, seas, lakes, deserts, and swamps.

f birds, with 1,754

widespread logging activity

Bogotá is in the middle of Colombia

Cordillera Orienta

June and July are the city's wettest months

While most of the country is in the Northern Hemisphere, the southern region stretches into the Southern Hemisphere,

wet and tropical

90 percent of Colombians are Roman Catholic, while Protestants, Jews, and practitioners of native religions account for the remaining 10 percent.

Spanish

Mestizos

republic

ethnic attrition occurs among the offspring of parents or grandparents married to non-Mexicans, usually non-Hispanic whites

” A study published last year in the Journal of Labor Economics found that the parents of more than a quarter of third-generation children with Mexican ancestry do not identify their children as Latino on census forms.

“Race to me gets very confusing because we have so many people from so many races that make up our genealogical tree

Erica Lubliner, who has fair skin and green eyes — legacies of her Jewish father and her Mexican mother — said she was so “conflicted” about the race question on the census form that she left it blank

tend to identify themselves more by their ethnicity, meaning a shared set of cultural traits, like language or customs

We need a theory of meaning and a spe-cific methodology designed for the investigation of it

The concept of culture as acquired knowledge has much in common with sym-bolic interactionism, a theory that seeks to explain human behavior in terms of mean-ings.

Without realizing that our tacit culture is operating, we be-gin to feel uneasy when someone from another culture stands too close, breathes on us when talking, touches us, or when we find furniture arranged in the center of the room rather than around the edges

Explicit culture makes up part of what we know, a level of knowledge people can communicate about with relative ease.

The ethnographer sees artifacts and natu-ral objects but goes beyond them to discover what meanings people assign to these objects.

Members of two different groups ob-served the same event, but their interpretations were drastically different.

culture as the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behavior

cultural knowledge

cultural artifacts, the things people shape or make from natural resources

common form of cultural behavior: reading

When ethnographers study other cultures, they must deal with three fundamental aspects of human experience: what people do, what people know, and the things peo-ple make and use

learn the meanings of all these things

The naive realist assumes that love, snow, marriage, worship, animals, death, food, and hundreds of other things have essen-tially the same meaning to all human beings

Discovering the insider’s view is a different spe-cies of knowledge from one that rests mainly on the outsider’s view, even when the outsider is a trained social scientist

discover how these mountain people identified relatives and friends

Rather than studying people, ethnography means learning from people

understand another way of life from the native point of view.