Guiding Generative Models for Protein Design: Prompting, Steering and Aligning

If we accept these plausible assumptions, the following conclusion is difficult to escape: a consistent utilitarian cannot be impartial about persons, only about utility. Since some individuals generate far more utility than others, their interests must matter more. Thus, the supposed impartiality of utilitarianism collapses into a covert form of moral elitism. Persons are to be valued not as ends, but as instruments of aggregate utility. The famous actor, the brilliant musician, the genius doctor should be treated better than the ordinary farmer or the middling painter.

For example, on a strict hedonistic view, we should not desire or morally approve of the suffering of depraved rapists, if that suffering has no deterrent or rehabilitative effect2. But common sense suggests otherwise. Inflicting pain on certain individuals can be good precisely because they deserve it. In such cases, pain is not intrinsically bad; and it can even be morally good. Pain, in other words, is only bad in context, when, for instance, it is gratuitously inflicted on the innocent or the vulnerable. Pain is, we might say, intrinsically unpleasant, but not intrinsically bad.

Using General Algebra to Model the Directed Evolution of an Asexual Population

L’étude The World Unplugged a demandé à un millier d’étudiants provenant d’une douzaine d’universités des cinq continents, de faire l’expérience de 24h de déconnexion médiatique (Moeller et al., 2012). Les résultats ont été univoques : une nette majorité d’étudiants a admis l’échec pur et simple de leurs efforts de déconnection. Beaucoup d’entre eux se sont alors auto-déclarés « addicts » aux médias et technologies de communication numérique.

improving quality

I began to have a feeling of defiance, of scornful solidarity between Gatsby and me against them all.

“I feel far away from her,

he revalued everything in his house according to the measure of response it drew from her well-loved eyes.

too many mainstream Protestant churches offered only shallow theology and “far-left” ideology

But critics say that top church leaders rarely condemn even the most noxious rhetoric from high-profile Orthodox Christians.

Rod Dreher warned recently that “antisemitism is spreading like a virus among religious conservatives of the Zoomer generation,”

Matthew Heimbach, who organized the notorious Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Va., in 2017, had been excommunicated from the Antiochian Orthodox church but joined another branch.

Father Trenham’s congregation in Riverside, Calif., has more than 1,000 active parishioners, and 241 in the process of converting. “Five years ago I had 75, which I thought was a lot,” he said in an interview this fall. “The trajectory is increasing.”

In a more recent video reflection on the prominent white nationalist Nick Fuentes’s appearance on Mr. Carlson’s show, Father Trenham claimed he didn’t know much about Mr. Fuentes and went on to praise the men’s conversation about the scourge of pornography.

The Rev. Josiah Trenham, one of the most well-known American priests, appeared on Tucker Carlson’s show shortly after the assassination of the right-wing activist Charlie Kirk to discuss Christian mourning traditions

The online influencers that many young men credit with introducing them to Orthodoxy speak directly about politics and culture in a way that parish priests more often avoid. They tend to share an unbending social conservatism, with a particular interest in the “traditional family” and what they describe as the threats of feminism, homosexuality and transgender identities. They are also generally opposed to the state of Israel.

In North Carolina, All Saints is exploring the possibility of opening a school, as well as adding a second priest and a new location. This fall, the parish had a record 165 catechumens, people in the typically yearlong process of formally joining the Orthodox Church.

Some Orthodox parishes now have their own schools, long a rarity in a tradition with such small numbers. The pan-Orthodox Saint Constantine School has more than 500 students at its flagship school in Houston, which opened in 2015. The network opened a new campus in Pittsburgh last year, and another in Dallas this fall

Father Winn, 38, converted in the early 2010s. He has a seemingly endless energy for meeting with people curious about the church. His wife, Destinie, runs a popular Orthodox parenting account on Instagram when she is not home-schooling their four — soon to be five — children, or hosting groups from the church on their big back porch overlooking a patch of woods in nearby Cary.

Orthodox churches were significantly more likely than others to ignore the coronavirus pandemic and continue to hold in-person services.

The Orthodox Church stands as the hope of those who wish to be normal, to be healthy, true and beautiful

Many converts say they appreciate the notion that Orthodox theology and practices have remained the same since the birth of Christianity

not just conservative morally, but that take the unseen world seriously

Some argue that the common denominator in churches attracting young people is not their style of worship but their treatment of the supernatural. Father Damick, the priest in Pennsylvania, pointed out that charismatic Christianity, whose theology includes an openness to faith healing and “spiritual warfare,” has also resisted trends of religious decline

In the Catholic church, a significant minority of young people prefer the pre-Vatican II Traditional Latin Mass, and attend parishes where women wear veils to mass.Image

collapsed in scandal

“Young men are struggling to find jobs, they’re struggling to get into schools, and they’re really being told by society, ‘We don’t really need you.’”

There’s no war for us to die in — well, there are wars for us to die in, just not ones that are honorable

More than 60 percent of them are men, compared with 46 percent of evangelicals, according to the Pew Research Center

The church also maintains a strict and complicated schedule of fasting.

an hourslong affair at which attendees typically stand the entire time, rather than sitting in the pews or kneeling

Many of the young Americans new to the pews have been introduced to Orthodoxy by hard-edge influencers on YouTube and other social media platforms. Critics call the enthusiastic young converts “Orthobros.”

representing about 1 percent of the population

They are drawn to what they describe as a more demanding, even difficult, practice of Christianity

especially among conservative young men

share a link right after the upload finishes and it will just work.

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Accordingto an understanding of violence based on social systemstheory, the concept is neither physically nor structurallypredetermined. Instead, it focusses on the communication ofinevitability when attributing to action.

The result of this mechanic is one which allows players tofeel as if their selections have narrative and ingameconsequences, while subtly rewarding them for makingdecisions which lead to positive outcomes for characters.We defined ‘positive’ here as cessation of engagement withthe slave trade or awareness of their own culpability

Domsch suggests that for game choices to feel as if theypossess meaning, they must rely on three guiding principles:they must feel meaningful 1) by being difficult to achieve;2) by making their relevance ambiguous; and 3) by notproviding full gameplay information to the player, and onlysometimes providing full gameplay information. By presentingchoices with incomplete information, the player cannot applya mechanistic decision-making process to get the idealoutcome, and thus the choice feels more meaningful. Thisforces the player to rely on the game’s narrative structureand its broader fiction.

Meaningfully engaging with a recreated historical space isa very different experience from willingly believing in afantastic or futuristic alternative world. Questions ofhistorical authenticity, accuracy and meaning all arise,particularly with such a sensitive topic as the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Ensuring that every choice issupported by research also leads to a need for design choiceswhich explicitly support player engagement and embodimentin much the same way as a living museum might.

We anticipate that this writing process willcontinue for some time, as our team has committed to ensuringthat communities in Sierra Leone approve of ourrepresentation of what is their cultural heritage andhistory. This is time-consuming but an important act ofanticolonial narrative collaboration.

Tomba and an unnamed woman weredescribed as being leaders of an abortive slave revolt aboardthe slave vessel Robert, captained by a Robert Harding fromEngland. While their attempt was unsuccessful, our teamagreed that it represented African resistance, and shouldbe the key central narrative. We decided that the unnamedwoman should be the same individual as the Temne narrativeguide, who has been reborn and wishes her story to be told.This is consistent with Temne traditions and spirituality

The initial intention behind Bunce Island: Through theMirror was only to produce a high fidelity immersive digitalenvironment

majority Temne and Mende peoples, and the smaller indigenouscultures such as the Limba, Loko and Kuranko. What we seein effect is a complex and varied tapestry of cultures andpeoples into which the European travellers and traderssailed and then settled. Those newcomers intermarried withmany coastal families, and from those unions arose Afro-European families which grew to dominate the coastal trade

In part, this aspirational aspect was due to the financialsituation of the London-based Royal Africa Company (RAC)early on; those responsible for the fort were chronicallyunderfunded and typically owed money, as seen through anextensive correspondence by the chief factor, RobertPlunkett, requesting supplies in the early eighteenthcentury.3 Those who worked at Bunce were isolated by distanceand the time period from close oversight by their companyofficials.

Just 502.9 metres by 106.7 metres (1650 feet by 350 feet),the island is small, which made it attractive to the slavetraders intending to build a fort there. Local accountsdescribe how Tasso was the first site considered for a slavefort, but proved unsuitable due to the breadth of terraininto which an escaped slave could flee. Bunce was thereforedeemed a better site and had the advantage of lying justbefore the point where the river grows too shallow for deep-water vessels to navigate.

Webegan to ask questions like in what type of homes thesepeople might live in. Would their homes be made of stone orof wood? What kinds of stone would they have chosen? Howmight they dress?These questions, distinctly practical, sparked others, andthe close re-reading of traveler accounts began to shedlight on new ideas and problems. Anna Maria Falconbridgedescribed orange trees at Bunce Island in the 1790s; werethese planted deliberately to address scurvy on board slaveships? Falconbridge describes seeing these trees growingnaturally along the shores of the rivers she and her husbandtraversed in the estuary, indicating that these oranges werea native variety.

Einstein and the Manhattan Project. URL: https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/einstein/peace-and-war/the-manhattan-project (visited on 2023-12-10).

xkcd comics. The Pace of Modern Life. June 2013. URL: https://xkcd.com/1227/ (visited on 2023-12-10).

How have your views on social media changed (or been reinforced)?

Merriam-Webster. Definition of SOCIALISM. December 2023. URL: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/socialism (visited on 2023-12-10).

Lev Grossman. Exclusive: Inside Facebook’s Plan to Wire the World. Time, December 2014. URL: https://time.com/facebook-world-plan/ (visited on 2023-12-10).

In what ways do you see capitalism, socialism, and other funding models show up in the country you are from or are living in?

UNESCO have adopted the world’s first global ethical framework for neurotechnology

Chris Woodhead, SCAA's chief executive, used ALBSU (The Adult Literacy and Basic Skills Unit) statistics and anecdotal evidence from employers and parents to argue that it was the English teachers and the advisory group who were out of touch.

standard English is English spoken according to the correct rules of grammar but that argument is circular since correctness is only defined by standard English.

they were then shocked by the changes made to the published proposals. The outcome was a unanimous letter of complaint

the requirements appeared to be totally opposed to their colleagues' respect for accent and dialect

The demand for an emphasis on these aspects of talking and reading emanated from the DfE and Ofsted

affirm identity and resistlinguistic subordination.

Without targeted preparation that cultivateslinguistic awareness and critical consciousness, educatorsrisk reinforcing the very inequities they seek to dismantle.

many edu-cators enter classrooms without the critical linguistic aware-ness needed to affirm AAVE as a legitimate, rule-governedvariety of English.

this perspective rejects deficit lenses that focus on what bi/multilingual children supposedly do not know (i.e., their "lack" of English knowledge). Instead, each person is viewed as part of a language community, with ties to the full wealth of collective language knowledge.

"The community translanguaging framework can counterwork the separatist and hierarchical language paradigm and offers new ways to create classroom space... in which all the possible spatial/ecological repertoires are drawn upon

English was the default language of school instruction and assessment—teachers typically used English to teach, and students typically used English to engage in classroom learning activities

'm gonna ask my mom to write the word on there, and then my teacher's gonna read it, and then she's gonna learn them, and then she can, she'll teach us all them.

I'm the only person in my family who doesn't know like that much Spanish at all, so um my padrino [godfather] is from Mexico and he, and they like when I learn more words so I write this book for my padrino

The study took place in Mrs. Díaz's second‐grade classroom, located in a mid‐sized urban city in the Midwestern U.S. The school was a Catholic one and received Title I funds to support their large population of students from low‐income backgrounds. Students reported the following language practices: fourteen spoke Spanish or some Spanish at home, seven spoke primarily English at home, one spoke some Korean at home, one spoke French at home, and one spoke some Tagalog at home

Data were drawn from a larger, year‐long, qualitative study in which I used ethnographic (Heath and Street [21]) and practitioner research (Cochran‐Smith and Lytle [ 7 ]) methods to explore the writing practices of second‐grade students in a multilingual, English‐medium classroom.

This is important for understanding how English‐medium classrooms, where most multilingual students attend school, might be transformed into community translanguaging spaces that more equitably support the language and literacy practices of multilingual learners.

members of a translanguaging space "generate new identities, values, and practices"

Translanguaging spaces are social contexts created for and by translanguaging, where multilingual speakers employ the full range of their linguistic performances

Specifically, translanguaging stances carry a social justice orientation (García et al. [15]) as they explicitly center and value the multiple language resources of bi/multilingual learners, in contrast to mainstream, white English‐only perspectives and practices.

Translanguaging pedagogy centers on instructional practices that support students' flexible use of all their language resources to make meaning in the classroom.

monoglossic policies and ideologies prioritize English language resources as the "appropriate" language of school

community language repertoire (Orellana [35]) that comprises the group's collective knowledge of multiple named languages as well as material resources, to make meaning.

mandates for monoglossic instruction were locally challenged by the teacher's support for translingual composing in the writing workshop.

hierarchical ideologies around race influence what language use is deemed "appropriate" in a space, with white, middle‐class English language use positioned as the standard in many U.S. classrooms

This theoretical link between language resources and named languages is essential for understanding how the deployment of certain language resources are valued or devalued in certain spaces

This research shows that multilingual students learn better and have more positive school experiences when they can use all their language resources, as opposed to restricting language use to only the dominant language

An important role of translanguaging research has been to challenge monoglossic views of language, normalizing the flexible use of multiple named languages by individual speakers

Most multilingual learners in the U.S., like those in this study, attend English‐medium schools where policy dictates that instruction and assessment take place only in English

the classroom language repertoire in this space was complex, constantly negotiated, and influenced both by students' histories with language resources as well as macro‐level discourses and ideologies about language(s).

Rowe (referring to Tina's writing about her mother) Does your mom speak English or Spanish? Tina She speaks English, sadly, because I want to be English and Spanish. Rowe Yeah, well you have lots of friends here that probably could teach you some Spanish words. Maria I can help her! I only know a little bit though. Tina I need someone who knows all the Spanish, so I can become my own Spanish person.

Keywords: multilingual; translanguaging; translingual; writing

Implications for theory and pedagogy are discussed, arguing that a focus on community translanguaging offers a more nuanced view of classroom language learning.

Data were drawn from a year‐long, qualitative study employing ethnographic and practitioner research methods

The research question addressed is: How did students construct and employ a community language repertoire during writing interactions in a multilingual, English‐medium classroom?

Using a community translanguaging lens, this paper focuses on the collective translanguaging practices of second‐grade students who come from multilingual language backgrounds but were attending a school where English was the mandated language of instruction.

community translanguaging

multilingual, English‐medium classroom

White Man's Burden. URL: https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/WhiteMansBurden (visited on 2023-12-10).

What decisions felt the hardest? What felt the easiest?

English folktales are still comparatively neglected

The tradition that the fairies were driven out of England by the sound of church bells was used by Rudyard Kipling in Puck of Pook’s Hill (1906).

England was particularly rich in humorous stories. Many of these mock the stupidity of the inhabitants of particular villages, such as Austwick in Yorkshire and Gotham in Nottinghamshire.

Some of the folktales told in English were international stories

From the late 18th century, translations of foreign fairy tales became as popular as native stories.

exceptions to the rule The ban on using double negatives to convey emphasis does not apply when the second negative appears in a separate phrase or clause, as in I will not surrender, not today, not ever or He does not seek money, no more than he seeks fame. Note that commas must be used to separate the negative phrases in these examples. Thus the sentence He does not seek money no more than he seeks fame is unacceptable, whereas the equivalent sentence with any is perfectly acceptable and requires no comma: He does not seek money any more than he seeks fame.

In Standard English, it is therefore considered incorrect to say I couldn't hardly do it or The car scarcely needs no oil. These adverbs have a minimizing effect on the verb.

In fact, multiple negatives have been used to convey negative meaning in English since Old English times, and for most of this period, the double negative was wholly acceptable.

In these expressions the double negative conveys a weaker affirmative than would be conveyed by the positive adjective or adverb by itself.

Just to pass the time of day with him—(shivers) Like a raw wind that gets to the bone,

No matter when you compose the conclusion, it should sum up your main ideas and revisit your thesis.

Your writing voice will come across most strongly in your introduction and conclusion, as you work to attract your readers’ interest and establish your thesis.

Grand Master of Order in New Brunswick, saw as “definite discrimination in favor of one religious denomination in Canada” (Hall Citation1950). To Orangemen, this apparent embrace of Catholicism by the national government of Canada represented both the continued efforts of the Catholic Church to enforce its political will over the nation and a culmination of a century-long challenge to the Protestant traditions of Canada.

Intertwined with its concern over ethnicity and religion, the Orange Order presented an ideal of nationalism that differed from the conceptions being presented by other competing forces in Canada. While other Canadian thinkers of the early-twentieth century began to conceive of the Canadian nation as part of a North American tradition, along with the United States, or as a “northern nation” that, through the crucible of Arctic winters, broke with both the United States and Europe, the Orange Order celebrated Canada’s past and highlighted the accomplishments of the British in North America. As the Order saw it, the devotion of the Loyalists and the rise of an Anglophone hegemony in North America were foundational to Canada’s existence, and both owed their authority to British identity. Indeed, as Scott See points out with regard to the Orange Order’s Loyalism of the nineteenth century, The Orange Order served as a form of connective tissue to link the Old World with the New. It was a complex blend of full-throated dedication to the Empire and unswerving support for Britain’s imperial endeavors, as well as an indigenous pronouncement of colonial identity in North America that applauded the British connection, yet strove to articulate a distinct identity of Britishness. (See Citation2014, 182)

Almost a decade later, a circular published by a Loyal Orange Lodge in Moncton questioned “whether the Protestants of these Maritime Provinces realize the significance of the changes being brought about, racially, religiously, and politically” as a result of the growing Acadian population’s presence in New Brunswick society. Of particular concern to the Orange Order was the “illiteracy” of the Acadian population; as the circular claimed, “do you know that at the last census taken in 1931 we had in New Brunswick 134,499 French Roman Catholics, and that out of this total, 33,804 speak FRENCH ONLY?”

This loss of political control fed into the long-standing conspiracy held by Orangemen and other nativists that the Catholic Church sought to undermine the democratic authority of the British community through its own institutions, such as local school boards and the politics of the province. To this end, the lodge vowed that “we will oppose … with every organized legitimate means in Our Power … if the Board of Education persists in forming the regulations unto our school system without the sanction of the People” (Loyal Orange Lodge No. 162, Citation1929).

The Orange Order’s interest in marriage law was shared by the New Brunswick Ku Klux Klan, which in 1930 attacked Catholic opposition to a proposed divorce law in Ontario as an example of the Church’s attempts to control the lives of Canadians. Both organizations, and as political scientist Corey Robin points out, conservative movements more generally had long supported a strong interest in personal relations as a reflection of civil society. As Robin states, “when the conservative looks upon a democratic movement from below, this (and the exercise of agency) is what he sees: a terrible disturbance in the private life of power … it is his apprehension of the private grievance behind the public commotion that lends his theory its tactile ingenuity and moral ferocity” (Rob

To this end, the Order made the Catholic Church’s supposed conspiratorial actions a key part of its recruitment messaging. An Orange pamphlet entitled “Are You An Orangeman? If Not, Why Not?” suggested a series of questions to potential members, some of which ranged from “are not the aims and objects of the Church of Rome the same now as they were a century or two ago?”

rote to a fellow Orangemen during his first campaign for the federal House of Commons in 1921. He complained that “I am being made a target by the Seinn Feiners [sic] element here because of my connection with the Lindsay Crawford matter [an Irish-Canadian advocate for Irish independence], for which I am blamed as the leading spirit by that element.” Hanson further claimed that “there is a good deal of ugly talk among the Seinn Feiners here. They will, I know, vote against me to a man” (Hanson Citation1921).Footnote2 To counter this conspiratorial element, Hanson hoped the Orange Order might protect his electoral chances. His correspondent, H.C. Hockin, expressed his belief that “it would be quite improper for [the Grand Organizer of the Province] to canvas for you or make political addresses on your behalf.” At the same time, he also supported Hanson’s claims, stating that “the administration has the solid and active hostility and opposition of the Sein Fein element in the country” and that “I cannot understand any Orangeman voting against [the] present Government” (Hockin Citation1921

By the 1920s and 1930s, the Orange Order was well established in New Brunswick. During the 1920s, there were 169 lodges throughout the province, mostly distributed in the south and west, with a number along the Maine–New Brunswick border (Thorpe and Enman Citation1997, 9; Houston and Smyth Citation1980, 70). Orangemen looked on with worry at demographic and economic shifts in the province, which it viewed as evidence of growing Catholic influence across New Brunswick and indeed across the country. Its conspiratorial vision of the Catholic Church’s efforts to enforce its own hegemony over Canada extended from the purely political to the social and civil fabric of New Brunswick. The school system was a particular source of fear, as efforts to expand bilingual education and the funding of separate schools for Catholic parishes were presented as tentacles of the Catholic machine, meant to undermine Protestant and Anglophone hegemony and enshrine the Church’s control of the province. The Orange Order’s efforts to enforce its particular form of nationalism, which emphasized loyalty to the Crown and the firm maintenance of Protestantism and the English language in the province, were closely related to its fear of losing New Brunswick’s British identity.

As Irish Catholics fled the horrors of the Potato Famine, New Brunswick became a destination for refugees with severe consequences for the demographic balance of the province. Orangemen in New Brunswick reacted to the massive influx of Irish Catholics during the 1840s with violence.

ounded by Americans fleeing the new United States for the British Empire, See argues that “Loyalist fervor provided the guiding ethos for the British colony of New Brunswick,” a key ideological source for the Orange Order’s longevity in the province (See Citation1993, 14).

As a colonial organization, See argues that “rather than borrowing only Irish and English political concerns, the Canadian Orangemen charted a course that addressed local issues and attempted to solve indigenous problems,” particularly in the wake of Irish−Catholic and French−Canadian migration into English Canada (See Citation1993, 75). The Orange Order thus established itself in Canada as a “bulwark of colonial Protestantism,” in the words of Smyth and Houston, a force for the maintenance of a British identity in the face of a significant French Catholic population. The Order opposed the extension of French culture into Ontario, particularly with regard to the use of the French language in schools, and insisted that “the movement of French colonists into Ontario had been a ‘popish plot’” (Houston and Smyth Citation1980, 3, 47).

Scott See’s work on collective violence and the nineteenth-century Orange movement in New Brunswick presents the organization as explicitly nativist and aggressive in its attacks on the perceived threat of Catholicism to New Brunswick society. See also argues that the Orange Order was altered by its colonial status and its new context in North America. As See claims, in Canada, the Orange lodges “evolved into a distinctive Canadian organization … concentrating their energies on the tenets of Protestantism and loyalty to the Crown,” which appealed to the large number of American émigrés who fled the republicanism of the United States as well as to British migrants who arrived throughout the nineteenth century.

As a nationalistic and imperially minded Protestant organization in the heart of the British Empire, the Orange Order was well situated to expand its footprint to the new colonial settlements emerging across the globe. Canada was chief among them.

In Ireland, Smyth and Cecil Houston claim that the Order came to be seen as a group for the “industrial and commercial class … in Ulster which saw its interests as being intimately linked with those of Britain,” presenting a force against Irish home rule and Catholic ascendency on the island more generally (Houston and Smyth Citation1980, 10–13).

The Orange Order emerged in Ireland as England engaged in colonial expansion during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. As a religiously varied island, traditionally Catholic with a significant settler colonial population drawn from British Protestants, Ireland was the site of searing tensions

virulently attacked Catholic and Francophone rights and privileges in society. The New Brunswick branch of the Orange Order was particularly engaged in political and social anti-Catholicism throughout its long history. With the rise of the New Brunswick Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s, the Orange Order found an ally, drawn in some cases from its own membership, in its war against the rising tide of Catholicism in the province. Though often presented as a nineteenth-century phenomenon rooted in the religious conflict of the era, the Orange Order served as a powerful force for nativism throughout the twentieth century. While the Klan movement faded away on both sides of the border by the 1930s, the Orange Order pursued its “Protestant Crusade” against the Catholic community for decades after.

Although the peasant and city workers' revolts were mostly unsuccessful, changing economic conditions and the increased value of scarcer labor gradually improved the lot of the poor in European society.

During most of this period, despite the occasional famine, Europe had more people than were strictly necessary to work the land, and feudal lords could easily replace runaways or rebellious peasants.

The number of deaths in Europe may have been higher because in the generation before the Plague's arrival, a climate change known as the Little Ice Age had caused crop failures and famine that had already reduced the rural population by up to 20% and had left the survivors malnourished and stressed

The Mongol Empire and the Pax Mongolica created a stable environment for long-distance trade and the Silk Road across Central Asia thrived.

As a result of my experiences with working in different labs and professors, my research interests are much defined. More specifically, my interests center on the role of self-regulation and motivation in various aspects of college student academic achievement and retention. However, my research interests have expanded as I explored new ideas as a graduate student. Because of a study abroad experience to Greece during this past summer, I am now interested in examining the different patterns of self-regulation and motivation of students across different cultures. Additionally, I have a strong interest in learning about different statistical and methodological approaches to analyzing the relationship between self-regulation, motivation, and achievement. I know that as I continue to grow academically and expose myself to different, more specific areas of educational psychology, my research interests will also continue to grow and evolve alongside it.

The skills that I have gained throughout my undergraduate and graduate career has prepared me for Ph.D. level training. Given that I have successfully completed a thesis, I understand the process of research and how to effectively carry it out. Additionally, since I have presented research at six national and local conferences and am in the process of publishing multiple journal articles, I have developed strong writing and data analysis skills. My background in research has also familiarized me with SPSS, statistical knowledge, research methodology, and APA style writing. With my experience in the research setting, I have also developed strong communication skills. I understand that in order to produce high quality research, effective communication skills and the ability to collaborate with others is vital. My knowledge and strong background in research will undoubtedly equip me with the necessary tools to excel as a Ph.D. student

is a fundamental and familiar part of our moral practices and our interpersonal relationships.

Drawing upon anti-intellectualism and a sense of urgency, often largely created by the populist themselves, he will argue that the situation (“crisis”) requires “bold action” and “common sense solutions.”

, the elite are defined on the basis of power, i.e., they include most people who hold leading positions within politics, the economy, the media, and the arts. However, this obviously excludes the populists themselves, as well as those within these sectors that are sympathetic to the populists.

This means that the thin-centered nature of populism allows it to be malleable enough to adopt distinctive shapes at different times and places

Democratic Promise: The Populist Moment in America,

The archives of the Securitate, opened after being vetted by SRI in the mid-2000s, have become a national fixation. Rather than providing transparency, the opening of the archive created what I call a “cult for the occult” – a passion for revealing that which has been hidden about others; searching through files for evidence of collaboration; using the archive as a weapon in political and personal disputes; and trading secrets from the archive for money. More troublesome, the contents of the archive are unreliable.

At the altitudes of the upper atmosphere, the air is so rarefied (thin) that collisions between molecules become less common and it no longer behaves like a familiar gas. In fact, it becomes difficult to assign a single temperature to the atmosphere, and different gas species separate out and must be treated independently. Although there is no distinct border, one definition chooses a boundary of 100 km altitude as the line between the atmosphere and ‘outer space’. This is known as the Kármán Line, proposed by the Hungarian-American engineer and physicist Theodore von Kármán in the 1950s. At around this altitude (the 100 km definition provides a round, practical value), aerodynamic flight becomes impractical because the air is so thin that an aircraft would need to travel faster than orbital velocity to generate enough aerodynamic lift from the atmosphere to support itself. The upper atmosphere is only mentioned briefly here for context. This module will focus principally on the troposphere and stratosphere.

The term ‘troposphere’ is derived from the Greek work tropos, meaning ‘turn’ or ‘churn’, and this is the layer in which the greatest amount of churning or mixing of air occurs. Vertical churning is a crucial driver for weather systems, and the troposphere is where the weather action mostly occurs. It contains 80% of the mass of the atmosphere and virtually all of the clouds and moisture in the atmosphere. The warming in the stratosphere is caused by internal heating of the stratosphere where a layer of ozone absorbs incoming solar ultraviolet radiation. The stratosphere is so named because it is a very stable, or stratified, region with little convection. We will go into more detail on the processes in the troposphere and stratosphere in later sections.

It is evident that there is more structure to the atmospheric temperature profile than the pressure profile, and from this structure we can distinguish regions, or layers, of the atmosphere, which are indicated in Figure 2.1.8. Note that these heights are approximate and based on this average global profile; they will differ for specific profiles at a given place or time. The troposphere is known as the lower atmosphere and the stratosphere and mesosphere can be referred to together as the middle atmosphere. The upper atmosphere expanse above the mesopause is called the thermosphere, where temperature increases again (not shown in this figure).

If the relationship between pressure and altitude were exactly exponential, this plot would be a straight line. It is not quite straight because the temperature of the atmosphere also comes into play, and temperature is also not constant with height. Pressure decreases with altitude less quickly where the atmosphere is warmer because the density is lower, and more quickly where the temperature is lower. However, these variations are not huge because the temperature range (in kelvin) is not large – about 213–288 K over the troposphere, for example – compared to pressure changes that span many orders of magnitude. We will look at temperature changes with altitude next.

The fundamental variables that can be measured in the atmosphere are often pressure and temperature, and height itself is derived from the pressure and temperature structure. In fact, meteorologists often plot the height of a given pressure surface as a dependent variable because it is related to the mean atmospheric temperature below that pressure level.

As discussed in the previous section, atmospheric pressure is high near the Earth’s surface and decreases with altitude. Figure 2.1.6 illustrates the way atmospheric pressure varies with altitude. The figure shows a global mean pressure profile, meaning it is an average over location and time of atmospheric pressure against height above sea level. It is based on climatological data for the lowest 50 km of the atmosphere.

The weather was likely to be calm and warm. High-pressure zones are due to descending air, which suppresses weather development and often leads to calm, clear and sunny conditions.

Defining the precise extent of the atmosphere is difficult, but we can also consider altitude in terms of pressure. If the pressure at the surface is 1000 hPa, then exactly half the mass of the atmosphere will be below the altitude where the pressure is 500 hPa, and half will be above that point. However, atmospheric pressure at the surface is not constant in space or time, so the height at which this half-mass point occurs is not constant. This close connection between mass and pressure is just one reason pressure as a physical variable is important, and why many atmospheric phenomena are discussed in relation to pressure rather than height.

Atmospheric pressure at a given altitude is the weight of all the air above that point, and is one of the most fundamental atmospheric properties. Pressure is defined as force per area, and the pressure of a gas is simply a force per unit area, exerted in all directions, resulting from collisions with the moving gas molecules.

The atmosphere thins rapidly with altitude, and we can use the resulting change in atmospheric pressure to determine the vertical extent of the atmosphere.

hat reduction involves donating electrons in chemical reactions, and oxidation involves accepting electrons. Reducing gases are hydrogen or hydrogen-containing gases, such as methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Oxidising gases include oxygen, ozone (O3) and other oxygen-containing gases. Essentially, this has meant going from an atmosphere free of oxygen to the current level of 21%. Consequently, we can infer what past atmospheres were like, as these changes have been recorded in rocks and sediments through chemical reactions between the atmosphere and the Earth’s crust, and biological processes associated with life. These stratigraphic records (layers in the Earth’s crust) have led to the division of geological time into four eons, each lasting hundreds of millions to billions of years: the Hadean Eon (4.6‍–‍4.0 billion years ago, bya), the Archean Eon (4.0‍–‍2.5 bya), the Proterozoic Eon (2.5 bya‍–‍540 million years ago, mya) and the Phanerozoic Eon (540 mya–now).

Earth’s atmosphere has gone through some substantial changes since the formation of the planet 4.6 billion years ago, and the current atmosphere reflects the dynamic and complex evolution of the Earth system through geological time. These changes have both influenced and been shaped by the environmental conditions on Earth and the development of life. The change in the atmosphere over geological time has broadly involved a transition from a reducing atmosphere to an oxidising one.

The values in Table 2.1.1 represent average values for the lower atmosphere, but the exact proportion of each gas can vary with location, both horizontally (latitude and longitude) and vertically (altitude), and with time between seasons. As you can see, the amount of water vapour in the air is very variable, so scientists usually deal with this constituent separately and refer to the other constituents as dry air. In the lower atmosphere, the three ‘essentially constant’ gases listed in Table 2.1.1 are well mixed by the winds and the churning of the atmosphere, and composition does not vary much from place to place. Higher layers of the atmosphere have similar proportions of the two main gases, oxygen and nitrogen, but they can have quite different proportions of the trace gases. A well-known example of a gas found in variable concentration in different parts of the atmosphere is ozone. Its mixing ratio is greatest in the stratosphere, and the amount of stratospheric ozone varies strongly because of chemical reactions in the atmosphere. This will be discussed further in Part 4 of this block.

This mixing ratio definition is based on the number of molecules and not their proportion by mass, which is called the mass mixing ratio. The mass mixing ratio is different from the volumetric mixing ratio because the molecules each have a different mass.

The mixing ratio of a gas is the number of molecules (or atoms of monatomic species, such as argon) of that gas divided by the total number of molecules of all gases present in a given volume. For trace gases, these are given as either parts per million (ppm; 1 ppm is a mixing ratio of 10 super negative six ), parts per billion (ppb; 1 ppb is a mixing ratio of 10 super negative nine ) or parts per trillion (ppt; 1 ppt is a mixing ratio of 10 super negative 12 ) as this is a more convenient way of expressing small mixing ratios. Note that, as a volume mixing ratio, the units are expressed as ppmv, ppbv and pptv, but these are also frequently shortened to ppm, ppb and ppt respectively. Although they have small mixing ratios, many trace gases play a vital role in atmospheric processes, as you will see later in this block.

Table 2.1.1 lists the mixing ratios of some of the gases in air in the lower part of the atmosphere, including the most common gases and some trace gases you will encounter in this block. A trace gas is one that makes up only a small proportion of a sample of air, and tends to be more variable in its mixing ratio.

Many forms of life on Earth (all multicellular organisms and most single-celled ones) can use oxygen because they are able to break the oxygen-to-oxygen bond in the O2 molecule. In contrast, only a very few species can cleave the strong bond that binds the N atoms in the N2 molecule (e.g. certain specialised bacteria which can use atmospheric nitrogen in protein synthesis). Figure 2.1.2 is interactive and allows you to compare the basic molecular structure of O2 (a) and N2 (b).

The gas we call air is a mixture of many individual gases, but it is predominantly nitrogen with oxygen. Nitrogen makes up a little over 78% of the atmosphere (Table 2.1.1) and is in the form of nitrogen molecules – that is, a pair of nitrogen (N) atoms strongly bonded together. Atomic N has three unpaired electrons and is very reactive, hence the gas usually forms the triple-bonded molecular dinitrogen, or N2. Oxygen, which makes up 21% of the atmosphere, is composed of O2 molecules, in which two oxygen (O) atoms are bonded together, but with a double bond that is not as strong as the bond connecting the N atoms in N2 molecules.

The atmosphere is supplied with gases and small particles (known as aerosols when suspended in a gas) from the interior of the planet by volcanic eruptions, which modify the climate and the surface temperature of the Earth. This natural ‘greenhouse effect’ traps thermal radiation emitted by the Earth and keeps the planet’s surface about 35 °C warmer than it would otherwise be. Importantly, this allows much of the Earth’s water to remain as a liquid, rather than freeze, which is essential for sustaining life.

Without this thin, gaseous envelope, there would be no life on our planet. The lower atmosphere is where weather happens, and therefore determines the climatic conditions underlying the distribution and function of life.

When looking skyward, you might think that the atmosphere extends for considerable distance but, in fact, relative to the size of the Earth, the atmosphere is very thin (Figure 2.1.1). The diameter of the Earth is about 12 700 km, but 99% of the Earth’s atmosphere is within 30 km of the surface. The mass of the whole atmosphere is much less than one-millionth of the total mass of the Earth. The atmosphere becomes exponentially less dense with distance from the surface, and half of the total mass of the atmosphere lies within about 5.6 km of the Earth’s surface. Although the atmosphere does extend to over 100 km from the Earth’s surface, it becomes extremely thin by this point.

Epistemia

The initialterms of the limited partnership stated that the first round of investorswould have their returns capped at 100x of what they put in.

Initial investments poured in to the LP, including more than $60 millionrolled over from OpenAI’s nonprofit, $10 million from YC, and $50 millioneach from Khosla Ventures and Hoffman’s charitable foundation. Hoffmanwas initially reluctant to invest more in OpenAI when it had no product ormarket plan, he later recounted. But he ultimately agreed to colead theround after Altman told him it would help legitimize the seriousness ofOpenAI’s intention to develop a profitable business.

After fiveyears as head of the organization, frustration with Altman had reachedcritical levels over an issue strikingly similar to one that had arisen atLoopt: his seeming prioritization of his own projects and aspirations overthe organization’s—sometimes even at its expense.

alias SummerSafeLP. The name was a reference to an episode of the cartoon show Rick andMorty

In the meantime, “those who wanted to maintain the status quo have won

American cloud giants Amazon, Microsoft and Google, as well as Chinese tech giants Huawei and Alibaba, are all members of Gaia-X. In 2021, the annual summit in Milan was sponsored by Huawei and Alibaba, prompting backlash.

Those firms “steered the entire roadmap,” Lechelle said, throwing money and people at it. “The committees were drowning. They [global players] had the capacity, the bandwidth, but we were already underwater ... Americans have full-time lobbyists and massive budgets. Their job is basically to derail any initiative they don’t like.”

of a data space based on Gaia-X standards that French energy company EDF will use to securely coordinate the construction of new nuclear sites

That’s how the mission to create a “federated cloud infrastructure” came to life. But that “staggering complexity” would soon turn into an “unmanageable mess,” said Lechelle.

“I joined Gaia-X because I believed in the original mission. I left Gaia-X because I didn’t believe it was going in the original direction,” said its former CEO, Francesco Bonfiglio.

The results we’re providing and the real business benefits these interoperable data spaces are creating are more and more visible,” he said, highlighting the example of a data space based on Gaia-X standards that French energy company EDF will use to securely coordinate the construction of new nuclear sites.

Current CEO Ulrich Ahle, who joined in 2023, pushed back — saying Gaia-X is far from a “failure.” It has united the industry — both large and small players — around tangible deliverables, such as federated data spaces and compliance labels, he said.

The current university lecture has a few aspects that students from earlier decades might not recognize. Instead of the occasional tape recorder, professors will often find themselves surrounded by a small pack of electronic recording devices, and be expected to provide a link to a PDF containing their lecture slides. That's assuming they don't generate their own podcast of a lecture or are part of a university that records and posts the material for them. This apparently free exchange of ideas, however, might be about to get a lot more complicated, depending on the results of a lawsuit filed last week in Florida.

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The point of an informative essay is not to convince others to take a certain action or stance

The purpose of an informative essay, sometimes called an expository essay, is to educate others on a certain topic. Typically, these essays aim to answer the five Ws and H questions: who, what, where, when, why, and how.

The Informative Research Report is a report that relays the results of a central research question in an organized manner through more formal sources.

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