Being stranded on a peaceful desert island

Wandering the deserts of Egypt

The time when all your wishes would come true

Your sleepy, tired eyes

Everything that was cool in the '90s

Lullaby machines

Swimming in the Arctic ocean

Playing with the children of Africa

The moment after a baby is born

A warm bed to read stories in

Helyes angol szöveg: "Whenever either the Valuation type or the Portfolio rule changes, a new period must be registered with a new validity date."

valuation rule list from the portfolio rules registered in the Admin menu (offsets, rounding rules, and calendar, currency exchange rates)

Helyes angol szöveg: "In the expandable/collapsible section by clicking the icon next to the "Rules" title the parameters added on the Portfolio rule interface are viewable."

The volume of the hull which is above the water line

The centre of buoyancy is at the centre of the displaced volume.

Stingray earning the highest prices from syndicated television

The Daily Mirror's report on Thunderbirds and Lady Penelope

I feel like if there was more of this in the world, people as a whole but especially the younger crowd, would allow them to be more confident in who they are. I feel like people nowadays are so good at "masking" themselves. Everyone has to pretend to be something they are not, depending on where they are, they change. You become more of something, and less of something else, or vice versa. So much so, at least for me, you start to wonder who you really are. Which mask suits you best? If schools allowed for more self expression, I truly believe that could be one of the places that helps people find themselves.

I completely agree with this because everyone has stories, and as time goes by people have more and more stories to tell about life and all the things that happens in ones life.

some people are born to tell stories not only does it have to do with having good rapport within your community, you have to be able to act it out and show the emotions needed to tell a story.

I think this portion of the text made me think that in life, all people have stories and that makes them who they are so I completely understand when the quote says "by sharing stories and allowing students to share theirs" really puts emphasize on the fact that we are all trying to connect.

Here I am not sure wether the "of" is needed.

The abreviation was introduced before already.

The figure has label "Figure 1". Text and captions should be consistent.

Why you stir for 90 minutes but take the last sample at 60 min? Maybe stir until last measurement?

But in the flowchart, the supernantant fluid is also discarded. Isn't this a pre-washing?

Suggestion: across the Swiss Plateau

What challenge? The challenge of disentangling different P fates? Shortly introduce.

It's a repetition from previous paragraph.

Proposition: Make it two sentences and give a little more specifying detail on the second point as for me, it is not clear, if excess soluble or fixed P becomes a problem. Also, the second point can be better introduced, as it is not an evident consequence of the previous content.

The efficacy of P fertilization is often low due to these rapid immobilization processes. Also, soluble/immoblizied P lost from agricultural fields can become an environmental pollutant, disturbing P-limited aquatic ecosystems.

user needs to login first

This quote shows the state African Americans were in, where even when they escaped slavery down in the south they were still not considered American citizens but instead contraband or property of war, it also highlights how Abraham Lincoln navigated through this carefully with his words “ right now you are contraband and not yet American citizens” and “ hold on to your society they may be chance a for you”. He doesnt make his complete agenda clear and I guess keeps things fair on both sides, he does this by referring to escaped slaves as contraband but also acknowledging that they’re time for freedom may come soon. This was important because some border states could’ve easily turned and joined the south had he moved too fast on slavery.

https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1n5ytpl/yet_another_typeface_inquiry/

u/HumorPuzzleheaded407 is in/near SoCal

placing the user in the position of an editor instead of a creator

summaries of certain content give only the most important information, but oftentimes there is contextual information that is necessary in order to fully understand the piece that one is analyzing or reading

this can allow the user to not only view their work from a different perspective, but to take various points of view into account

i have not really considered the use of AI in professional environments, but in academic areas where plagiarism and cheating with AI are prevalent

broadens the ideas that could interest someone could use for their project, essay, etc.

Although I understand that this can make certain things more accessible for people I think its still more ethical to source and pay real people

learning and forming opinions by writing them down

i hope we can study these biases more in class

I don't know if I completely agree with this because AI presents information as if it is completely true. I agree that the work you submit is your responsibility, but AI isn't just used ot complete homework.

Sometimes I wonder why this alone isn't enough reason for people to stop using AI.

this is why I personally never use AI to generate writing- I enjoy using my own voice

Over the past 40 years it looks like having a good flow of tv shows like seasons are very important to keep the viewers coming back for more. Each season of a tv show is meet with new and updated media better quality footage that draws the viewers in.

I think it's very noticeable nowadays with "doom scrolling" and how one video can draw you in, and when you break out of the cycle, you notice how much time had truly passed due to how natural the flow was between each video, and ad.

I wonder how they reengage the concept of flow. Did they talk to a bunch of people, or was it just based on one person's experience?

Community Walk & Study!

This is so good advice

important

This text emphasizes the variety of network types made possible by technological progress. Illustrations consist of:

Metropolitan-Area Networks (MANs): This link has the several structures that is throughout the urban area.

Personal-Area Networks (PANs): Compact wireless networks, such as the Bluetooth or the Wi-Fi (802.11), that connect the devices across the short ranges, for instance, connecting a smartphone to a headset or a computer.

It demonstrates how the networks can be extended from the urban infrastructures to the highly localized, device-to-device connections.

This passage emphasizes that distributed systems can use both standard and proprietary network protocols. For an operating system, the main requirement is that the protocol has:

1. A hardware interface, such as a network adapter.
2. A device driver to manage the interface.
3. Supporting software to handle data transfer and communication.

These components ensure that the OS can interact with the network regardless of the specific protocol in use. The details of managing different network protocols are explored throughout the book.

This passage explains how the distributed system as a network for physically seperating (and sometimes heterogeneous) computers which work together to provide the users access to their shared resources. The benefits of such systems include:

1.Increased computation speed – multiple machines can process tasks in parallel. 2.Enhanced functionality – access to diverse resources across the network. 3.Higher data availability and reliability – resources remain accessible even if some nodes fail.

Operating systems handle networked resource access in different ways: some abstract it as file access (hiding networking details via the device driver), while others require users to explicitly invoke network functions. Common protocols like FTP and NFS illustrate this mix. The choice and implementation of these protocols significantly influence the system's utility, performance, and adoption.

This paragraph highlights that the distributed systems are frequently used to employ a mix of communication or the operational methods. For example:

1. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): A standard protocol for transferring the files over a network between the computers.

2. NFS (Network File System): A protocol which is used for the enabling of a computer for retrieving the files across the network as though they were said to be stored locally.

The selection of these protocols will affect both the performance and the acceptance of the distributed system. An appropriately selected combination of the protocols can be used to enhance the system's efficiency, reliability, and the user-friendliness, and also consequently boosting its appeal.

This passage explains about the virtualization from the emulation, though both allow software designed for one system to run on another:

Emulation: It simulates the hardware of one of the system in the software on another system.

Use case: Running the software which is compiled for one of the CPU on the different CPU architecture (e.g., Apple’s Rosetta translating the PowerPC instructions for the Intel x86).

Drawback: Performance overhead is said to be high because every source instruction must be translated into one or more of the target instructions, slowing execution compared to the native code.

Virtualization vs. Emulation: Unlike the emulation, the virtualization typically runs on the same CPU architecture as the host, so the performance overhead is said to be lower. Emulation is very essential when the host and the guest architectures differ.

This passage introduces virtualization, which lets an operating system run as a guest within another host operating system.

Purpose: While it may seem unnecessary at first, virtualization provides major benefits:

1. Resource efficiency: The multiple OS instances can be used to run on the same physical hardware.
2. Testing and the development: Developers can be able to experiment without affecting any of the host system.
3. Isolation and the security: Guest systems are isolated from each other and from the host.

The rapid growth of the virtualization industry highlights its importance in modern computing, including cloud computing, server consolidation, and software testing.

This passage explains how operating systems implement user-level protection and security using unique identifiers:

1. User identification: Every user has a different unique numeric identifier—called a user ID in most of the systems or the security ID (SID) in their Windows.

2. Authentication: When a user logs in, the system authenticates them and assigns the corresponding ID to all processes and threads they run.

3. Mapping to names: When a user-visible name is needed, the system translates the numeric ID back to the username using the maintained list.

In short, user IDs allow the OS to consistently track and enforce access permissions for each user** across all processes and system resources.

This text highlights the difference between the protection and the security:

1. Protection versus security: Defensive measures (such as access limitations on files or memory) prevent unauthorized actions inside the system, yet they cannot avert attacks if a user's credentials are breached. Security tackles these wider risks.

2. Attack categories: These instances encompass the viruses, worms, denial-of-service (DoS) assaults, identity fraud, and service theft—each one taking advantage of vulnerabilities outside the fundamental security protocols.

3. Function of the operating system: Certain operating systems include the inherent safeguards, whereas the others depend on the protocols or the extra applications for the of handling security. With such increasing threats, the security has emerged as the primary emphasis in the study and the creation of the operating systems.

Essentially, protection involves creating regulations within the system, while security focuses on safeguarding the system from internal and external threats.

This text describes how safeguarding improves the dependability and safety of a system.

1.Error detection: By monitoring the interactions between the subsystems, the protection can quickly detect concealed interface errors, preventing a malfunctioning component from affecting the system's functional areas.

1. Access control: The measures are implemented to restrict unauthorized or by implementing the improper access to the resources, ensuring that only the legitimate users or the processes can be used to interact with their sensitive information or their devices.

In conclusion, protecting guarantees safety while enhancing the reliability and steadiness of the system.

This passage defines protection in computer systems as the mechanism that regulates access to system resources by processes or users. Protection has two key aspects:

1. Specification – defining what access rights or restrictions each process or user has.
2. Enforcement – ensuring that the defined controls are actually applied, preventing unauthorized access or actions.

In essence, protection is the foundation of system security and resource management.

This passage highlights the importance of the one key role of the operating system is that of the hardware abstraction—hiding the low-level differences among the devices from both the users and the higher-level system components. In UNIX, this is achieved using the I/O subsystem, which is normalizes the communication with its various kinds of devices. The operating system offers a consistent interface, enabling programs to execute I/O operations without requiring knowledge of the specific characteristics of each device

This passage highlights the importance of the one key role of the operating system is that of the hardware abstraction—hiding the low-level differences among the devices from both the users and the higher-level system components. In UNIX, this is achieved using the I/O subsystem, which is normalizes the communication with its various kinds of devices. The operating system offers a consistent interface, enabling programs to execute I/O operations without requiring knowledge of the specific characteristics of each device

This passage extends the discussion of the data consistency to the distributed systems, where the multiple copies of the same file exist on the different computers. When the updates are occurring on one replica, the system should synchronize all the other replicas to prevent the inconsistencies. Ensuring this requires such specialized replication and the consistency protocols, which are used to handle the concurrent updates and also maintain a coherent view of the data across the network. This highlights the added complexity of maintaining the data integrity in the distributed environments compared to a single, multitasking system.

This passage highlights the challenge of maintaining the data consistency in the multitasking systems. When the multiple processes may be able to access the same data A, each process must see the most recent value, regardless of which level of the memory hierarchy currently holds it. Unlike the single-process systems, where the highest-level copy suffices, the multitasking systems are said to require the mechanisms—such as the cache coherence protocols or the memory barriers—to prevent the processes from reading such stale data. This ensures that the correctness when the CPU time is shared among processes.

This passage illustrates data replication across the storage hierarchy. An individual data element, like the integer A, can be considered to exist at the same time across various storage levels: on the disk, in the main memory, in the cache, and within the CPU register. Changes happen initially in the quickest storage (register) before moving back to slower layers. The final value of A is consistent across all levels only after it is written back from the register to memory and disk. This demonstrates the principle of temporal locality and consistency management in hierarchical storage systems.

Data movement in a storage hierarchy can be used either by the automatic (hardware-controlled) or managed by the operating system. For example, transfers from the CPU caches to the registers happen to be automatically via hardware, while the transfers from the disk to the main memory are usually initiated and managed by the operating system. This distinction highlights how some storage operations are transparent to software, whereas others require OS intervention.

Some caches exist entirely in hardware and are transparent to the operating system. Examples include the instruction caches, which are used to store the upcoming instructions for preventing the CPU delays, and the high-speed data caches within the memory hierarchy. These caches are used to improve the performance by reducing the time the CPU waits for the memory accesses, but their management is handled by the hardware, not the operating system.

Registers act as the fastest form of memory within a CPU, providing a high-speed cache for main memory. Programmers or compilers manage which values are kept in registers versus main memory using register-allocation and register-replacement algorithms. This careful management optimizes performance by keeping the most frequently accessed data in the fastest storage.

Caching improves the system performance by storing the frequently used data in a faster, smaller memory (the cache). When a program is meant to need the information, the system is used to first check the cache—if the data is present (cache hit), how it can be used immediately, saving time. If the data is said to be absent (cache miss), then it is fetched from the slower main memory or the storage and also copied into the cache, thus anticipating future use. This principle reduces the access time for the repeatedly used data.

Tertiary storage—such as the magnetic tapes or the optical disks—is slower and also used mainly for its backup or the archival purposes, so that it has less impact on the system performance than the primary or the secondary storage. Operating systems may be used to manage the tertiary storage by mounting/unmounting media, controlling access, and moving data between secondary and tertiary storage, though some systems leave these tasks to applications. This ensures proper organization and availability of less frequently accessed data.

Secondary storage performance has the direct impact on the overall system efficiency. Since the programs are frequently used for reading from and writing to these devices, both the hardware speed (HDD, SSD, etc.) and the operating system algorithms that are used to manage the data placement, retrieval, and the caching are critical. Efficient use of the secondary storage can greatly affect the computer’s overall speed and its responsiveness.

Secondary storage (like HDDs and NVM devices) serves as persistent storage for programs and data, backing up the volatile main memory. Programs—such as compilers, browsers, and games—reside on these devices until loaded into RAM and continue to read from or write to them during execution.

The operating system turns the abstract idea of a file into a practical system by managing storage devices and the data on them. To improve the usability, the files are usually organized into the directories (or folders). When the multiple users share the system, the OS also provides the access control, specifying who can read, write, or modify each of the file.

A file is a structured collection of related information created by a user or program. Files can store programs (source or executable) or data in various forms—numeric, text, or binary. They may be free-form, like plain text, or structured, like an MP3 or database record. The idea of a file is broad, serving as the primary means to organize, store, and access information in a computer system.

Operating systems are used to simplify the data storage for the users by providing the logical, uniform view of the storage. They abstract away the physical details of the disks or the other devices and also organize the data into the files. The OS handles the mapping of these files onto the physical storage and manages its access, so that the users and the programs are there to interact with the files without needing to know how or where the data is physically being stored.

Modern computers improve CPU utilization and responsiveness by keeping multiple programs in memory simultaneously, which necessitates memory management. Various types of the memory-management schemes exist, each with its advantages and their limitations. Choosing the right scheme depends on system hardware and the requirements of the operating system, as every scheme often needs the specific hardware support to function efficiently.

Before the execution, a program’s instructions and the data are assigned the absolute memory addresses and loaded into the main memory. During its execution, the CPU accesses these types of instructions and the data by using those addresses. When the program gets finished , the operating system reclaims the memory, making it available for the next program.

traditional input devices such as a keyboard or mouse, a touch-screen interface allows users to interact directly with what they see on the display. By using simple gestures like tapping, swiping, or pinching the user can give commands and control applications without the need for extra hardware. This approach is widely used in smartphones, tablets, ATMs, and kiosks because it feels natural and easy to learn. The main benefit of a touch-screen interface is that it creates a more intuitive and hands-on experience, making technology accessible to people of all ages.

Graphical User Interface is a type of user interface that allows people to interact with a computer system using visual elements like windows, icons, buttons, and menus instead of only typing text commands. It makes computers easier to use because users can click, drag, or tap to perform actions rather than remembering complex commands. Common examples include the interfaces of Windows, macOS, and Linux desktops, where tasks such as opening files, running programs, or adjusting settings can be done with simple mouse clicks or touch gestures. In short, a GUI provides a more user-friendly and intuitive way to work with computers.

The main function of a command interpreter, or shell, is to read user commands and execute them. Many of these commands are related to file operations such as creating, deleting, copying, listing, or executing files. These commands can be implemented in two ways. Some are built directly into the interpreter, which means they are executed immediately without starting a new process; for example, commands like cd in UNIX shells. Others are implemented as separate programs, where the shell searches for the command in the system, loads the corresponding executable file, and runs it, such as the ls command in UNIX. Together, these methods allow flexibility and efficiency in handling user requests.

Logging is the process of keeping a record of which programs or users are using computer resources, how much they are using, and what kinds of resources they access. These logs can be used for accounting, where users may be billed for their usage, as well as for monitoring system performance, detecting errors, and ensuring security. In simple terms, logging helps track activities in a system so administrators can analyze usage, identify problems, and maintain accountability.

I understand that communication in computers means processes sharing information with each other, either within the same system or over a network. This can be done through shared memory, where processes use a common memory space, or through message passing, where data is sent as messages between processes. Communication is important because it allows coordination, resource sharing, and smooth functioning of applications, especially in distributed systems and networking.

A process serves as the fundamental unit of operation within a computer system. Systems execute multiple processes simultaneously, encompassing operating-system processes (that oversee the system) and user processes (that run user applications). On a single CPU, processes take turns quickly through multiplexing, whereas on multiple CPU cores, they can execute simultaneously, performing various tasks concurrently

A process needs the resources such as the CPU time, memory, files, and the I/O devices to execute its functions. These resources are assigned when the process executes, and it may also obtain the input data to direct its operation—for example, a web browser process receives the URL to show the web page. Once the process is complete, the OS retrieves its resources for use by other processes

A process is merely the program that is actively executing on the CPU. For instance, the PC's word processor, a compiler, or a social media application on a phone are all processes while they run. Fundamentally, a process represents an active occurrence of a program, and processes are capable of generating subprocesses that operate simultaneously, enabling multiple tasks to be performed concurrently

Before running the user program, the OS sets the timer which can interrupt the program after a certain time. When the timer is said to goes off, then the control returns to the OS, which can decide whether the program has used too much time or needs more. Only the OS can modify the timer because changing it could let a user program bypass CPU control, so instructions that alter the timer are privileged.

System calls are used to allow the user programs to request the operating system for executing the tasks such that the program cannot be used to perform alone, like accessing files or sending data across the network. They function by triggering the trap that briefly switches the CPU from user mode to kernel mode, allowing the OS to securely execute the requested operation. Depending on the processor, this trap may use the general instruction or a specific system call instruction.

Some processors support more than just kernel and user modes. For example, Intel CPUs use four “protection rings,” with ring 0 being full-access kernel mode and ring 3 being restricted user mode. Rings 1 and 2 exist but are rarely used. ARM v8 has seven modes, and CPUs that run virtual machines often include a virtual machine manager (VMM) mode, which sits between user and kernel privileges. This allows the VMM to safely control virtual machines without having full kernel access.

Upon booting, the computer initiates in kernel mode, granting the OS complete authority over the hardware. Once the OS is said to be loaded, the user applications operate in the user mode, which has the limited access. When an interrupt or the trap occurs (such as an error or system call), the hardware returns to the kernel mode, allowing the OS to manage it securely. Before handing control back to a user program, the system reverts to user mode

Since the operating system and the user applications are said to utilize the same computer, it is essential for the OS to safeguard itself and the other programs from the faulty or the harmful code. To achieve this, the majority of the systems are meant to utilize hardware-supported execution modes that distinguish operating-system code from user code. This guarantees that user applications cannot inadvertently—or deliberately—disturb the OS or other applications, maintaining the system's stability and also security

Virtual memory is like giving each of the program the illusion of having its own huge memory space, even if the computer’s physical RAM is said to be limited. It allows the system to temporarily use the disk storage to the extend memory, so that the larger programs can run without worrying about the fitting into the actual RAM. This not only makes the multitasking smoother (faster response times) but also frees programmers from needing to manage memory details themselves.

Multitasking builds on the multiprogramming by making the process switching much faster and also more frequent. This gives the illusion such that the multiple programs are running at the same time, even though the CPU is just switching rapidly betweenthem. For example, while one program is waiting for the slow input from the keyboard or the mouse (at human speed), the CPU quickly moves to the another program instead of just sitting idle.

The book uses a lawyer as an analogy for multiprogramming. Just like the lawyer doesn’t have to handle only one case at a time—she switches between the cases while waiting on paperwork or trial dates—a computer doesn’t run just one program at once. When one program is waiting, the CPU works on another. This ensures the system (and the lawyer) is always busy and productive.

A major task of the operating system is to ensure the computer stays active and doesn't remain idle. One program cannot constantly engage both the CPU and input/output devices. This is why contemporary systems support multiprogramming—executing multiple programs simultaneously. In this manner, while one program is idle (for instance, awaiting data from the disk), the CPU can process another. This maintains system efficiency and ensures user satisfaction

If nothing is happening—no programs to run, no input/output to handle, no user activity—the operating system just waits. Something new usually starts with an interrupt. Hardware interrupts come from the devices (like a keyboard press), but there are also software interrupts, called the traps (or exceptions). Traps are said to happen when the program causes an error (like dividing by zero or accessing the memory it shouldn’t) or when the program requests the help from an operating system. That request is called a system call, which is like the program raising its hand and asking the OS to step in.

Once the kernel has completed loading, the operating system starts providing its services. Some of the services are reported to stem from the system programs (referred to as daemons) which start right after the boot process. These daemons keep on functioning in the background as long as the system remains to be active. In Linux, for example, the main system program is programmed, which is then starts various other daemons crucial for the system's functionality. Once all configurations are complete, the computer is considered fully functional and merely awaits events (like user interactions or assignments) to take place.

Having discussed the construction and arrangement of computers, we can now turn our attention to the operating system (OS) itself. The operating system is the software framework that creates the environment for all applications to operate. Despite the differences in appearance and functionality, operating systems have numerous similar characteristics. This part will emphasize the common characteristics and describe the function an OS serves in enabling the overall computer system to be functional

Clusters may appear in various configurations, including parallel clusters and WAN-based clusters. A parallel cluster enables several computers (hosts) to access identical data located on shared storage. However, because most operating systems don’t inherently permit multiple machines to access the same data simultaneously, specialized software is required. For example, the Oracle Real Application Cluster (RAC) serves this purpose, allowing different servers to work together with Oracle and access the same kind of database.To avoid problems (like two servers trying to alter the same data at once), the system employs a distributed lock manager (DLM)—a method that guarantees data changes take place in an organized way

Clusters are utilized not just to boost the reliability but also for the high-performance computing (HPC). By connecting the different systems, clusters can offer much higher computing power when compared to the single machine or even the symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) setup. This method is considered effective only when the application is crafted for the parallel processing, meaning it involves the breaking the program into smaller pieces that can run simultaneously on the different cores or machines in the cluster

This part evaluates asymmetric and symmetric clustering. In asymmetric clustering, one server operates actively while another remains on standby, prepared to assume control if the active server experiences a failure. In symmetric clustering, every server operates applications while observing one another, which is more effective as all hardware is utilized, though it necessitates several applications to distribute the workload.

This passage describes high availability, graceful degradation, and fault tolerance. Improved availability increases system reliability. Graceful degradation allows for the system to be able to function based on the hardware which is said to be accessible. Fault-tolerant systems are capable of enduring the failure of any individual component by utilizing techniques to detect, assess, and rectify problems

This section describes clustered multiprocessor architectures, comprising several individual systems (nodes), frequently multicore, linked to function collaboratively. They are loosely interconnected, usually share storage, and exchange information through a LAN or high-speed connection such as InfiniBand. Cluster definitions differ, but the main difference lies in the node-based architecture compared to closely integrated multiprocessors.

This text describes clustered multiprocessor systems, which comprise several individual systems (nodes), typically multicore, linked to function collaboratively. They are weakly linked, usually share storage, and interact through a LAN or fast interconnect such as InfiniBand. Cluster definitions differ, but the main difference lies in the node-based architecture as opposed to closely integrated multiprocessors.

I understand that in the early days of computing, software was something people freely shared so that everyone could learn from and improve it. Groups like MIT’s Tech Model Railroad Club and DECUS made coding a collaborative activity, and even big companies like Digital allowed open access to their operating systems. But later, especially in the 1970s, companies realized that software could be sold and also needed protection from competitors, so they started giving only binary files instead of source code. This change meant users could run the software but not see how it worked or modify it. By the 1980s, most software became proprietary, which shows how the focus shifted from open collaboration to business and profit.

The free software movement encourages programmers to create many open source projects, including operating systems. These projects are helpful for students because they can read the source code, learn from it, and even change it to practice. Websites like Freshmeat.net and DistroWatch.com are very useful because they collect and share lots of information about open-source software. Freshmeat.net lets people find new software updates, while DistroWatch.com gives details and comparisons of different Linux distributions. Both websites are good resources for learning, exploring, and supporting the open source community.

This passage explains blade servers, where multiple processor, I/O, and networking boards reside in a single chassis. Each blade boots independently and runs its own OS. Some blades are multiprocessor systems, effectively creating multiple independent multiprocessor systems within one chassis, blurring traditional system classifications.

This section highlights a possible limitation of NUMA architectures: retrieving remote memory via the system interconnect results in greater latency than accessing local memory. Operating systems are used to mitigate this penalty through the effective CPU scheduling and the memory management. Nonetheless, NUMA is being utilized more frequently in servers and high-performance computing because of its scalability

This section describes the NUMA (Non-Uniform Memory Access) method, which tackles scaling constraints in multiprocessor systems. Every CPU (or group of CPUs) possesses local memory that can be accessed through a rapid local bus, minimizing contention. All CPUs utilize a system interconnect for the global address space, enhancing scalability and performance as additional processors are included

This excerpt outlines a dual-core processor design, where each core possesses its own registers and L1 cache, but they both have access to a common L2 cache. Multicore processors are recognized as several CPUs by the OS, necessitating meticulous resource and process management to enhance efficiency. The majority of contemporary operating systems accommodate this multicore SMP architecture

This passage explains that multicore systems are now considered multiprocessors. Multiple cores on a single chip improve efficiency due to faster on-chip communication and lower power consumption compared with multiple single-core chips, making them ideal for mobile devices and laptops.

This excerpt emphasizes the benefits and difficulties of multiprocessor systems. Although multiple CPUs enable the concurrent execution of various processes, distinct processors may result in uneven load distribution. Dynamic sharing of data structures and resources aids in evenly distributing the workload, yet demands meticulous design to prevent inefficiencies and uphold system stability

This passage introduces symmetric multiprocessing (SMP), where each CPU handles both OS and user tasks. Each processor has its own registers and local cache, but all share the system’s physical memory, allowing coordinated access and parallel execution.

This passage discusses multiprocessor systems, which use two or more CPUs to increase overall throughput. While adding processors can speed up work, the speed-up is less than linear due to overhead in coordination and contention for shared resources like memory and buses.

This text describes the function of specialized processors in single-processor systems. These processors manage particular functions (e.g., disk scheduling, keyboard input) either with OS oversight or independently. Their presence does not convert the system into a multiprocessor configuration, which needs multiple general-purpose CPU cores. The majority of contemporary computers are not solely single-processor systems anymore

This passage describes single-processor systems, where one CPU with a single core executes general-purpose instructions. These systems may also include special-purpose processors for tasks like disk, keyboard, or graphics control, supplementing the main CPU.

This section explains how interrupts are effectively handled in computer systems. Rather than employing a standard procedure for managing every interrupt, the CPU utilizes the interrupt vector—a low-memory pointer table—to swiftly find and execute the relevant interrupt service routine. This approach enables rapid and regular management of device requests, a strategy employed by operating systems such as Windows and UNIX

This passage introduces the idea that computer systems can be organized based on processor count. The structure of a system—single-processor or multi-processor—affects how resources are managed and how tasks are executed concurrently.

This text describes Direct Memory Access (DMA), enhancing efficiency for large data transfers. Rather than having the CPU manage each byte (causing numerous interrupts), the device controller moves whole blocks of data straight between the device and memory. This minimizes CPU load and enables it to handle additional tasks during the transfer.

This passage highlights that a significant part of an operating system focuses on I/O management. The diversity of devices and the critical role of I/O in system performance and reliability make it a major responsibility of the OS.

Accordingly, noninvasive respiratory support should be considered for clinical goals other than the reduction of BPD.

This article highlights the importance of viewing the whole patient picture when making clinical decisions. Though prevention of BPD is of utmost importance, we as practitioners have to be prepared to support our patient appropriately. Whether that means providing them with increased respiratory support, modifying ventilation due to abdominal distension, or providing ventilatory support to decrease the amount of intubations. Many of the studies used in this article yielded different results. No patient case is exactly the same. These concepts are ones I will carry with me moving forward in my career as a practitioner.

Because the distending pressure is not monitored, care should be taken to avoid pulmonary overinflation.

Though invasive ventilation has been shown to increase incidences of BPD in some literature, could invasive ventilation be more appropriate when accounting for lung compliance? SIMV-PC delivers set pressures and a variable tidal volume dependent upon lung compliance. Volume guarantee will provide a set tidal volume and variable pressures dependent upon lung compliance. Could accounting for patient lung compliance decrease incidence of BPD?

Thus, the goal of NAVA is to transduce, on a breath-by- breath basis, the timing and intensity of the patient’s own inspiratory effort into synchronous support provided by the ventilator.

NAVA has a set apnea time. I have observed in practice that the delay in initiation of support by the NAVA circuit can lead to a patient event. Where I have not experienced this issue as often when utilizing invasive ventilation like SIMV-PC. I have noticed especially with neonates, NAVA seems to fail to deliver a breath when the patient is initiating shallow breaths. NAVA recognizes shallow breaths as initiation of breathing even if the volume is not sufficient.

NAVA uses the infant’s integrated diaphragmatic activity to determine the onset of the assisted breath, the pressure employed during the breath, and the duration of assist.

A limitation to NAVA is it can only be utilized when in possession of a Servo ventilator. Due to this many centers may not have access to providing NAVA. Many health care professionals may not be trained on managing a NAVA circuit due to inexperience with Servo ventilators.

Notably, infants were similarly allowed to receive surfactant using the INSURE method, and a similar proportion of infants in each group (w70%) were given surfactant.

Did this study account for airway damage when intubating to provide surfactant? Would the patient have better outcomes if left intubated after administering surfactant versus multiple intubation attempts? Including less invasive surfactant administration would yield more accurate results on incidence of BPD with non-invasive ventilation.

NIV has shown similar success in newborns, preventing intubation in some neonates who would otherwise fail NCPAP.(32) In addition, NIV has been shown to reduce the magnitude and severity of apnea. (33) Commonly used approaches to NIV.

Is traditional NIV a better alternative to an invasive setting like SIMV-PC? Traditional NIV does not take the patients spontaneous breaths into account when delivering a rate. This means we are continuously causing breath stacking. Where as SIMV-PC works with the infant and pressure supports their spontaneous breaths.

In fact, an argument could be made for never using HFNC as an alternative to NCPAP, because the delivered pressure is unmonitored. However, infants in whom prolonged NCPAP has led to nasal trauma may be candidates for the brief use of HFNC at low flow rates

Though HFNC seems to be an inferior choice to CPAP when discussing extremely premature infants. Could it be beneficial to transition infants with large amounts of abdominal distension from CPAP to HFNC? This could allow for the stomach to shrink, which would then allow appropriate inflation of the lungs.

Notably, however, 4 large randomized, controlled trials evaluating routine CPAP versus routine intubation together found that 33% to 51% of high-risk infants initially treated with CPAP ultimately required intubation in the first week of postnatal age (Table 1). (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) Furthermore, approximately 25% of neonates required reintubation following surfactant plus a trial of NCPAP.

Was the risk of BPD after reintubation evaluated? What damage are we doing to the neonates airway by repeatedly intubating to attempt non-invasive ventilation or administer surfactant?

Increased leakage of NCPAP prongs at the nose results in decreased transmission of desired distending pressure to the upper airway. (14)Because measurement of intrathoracic pressures developed by application of NCPAP is not clinically available, it is critical for practitioners and respiratory therapists to ensure that prongs are appropriately sized for the patient.

Though the use of CPAP and RAM cannulas reduce the rate of BPD. Would this system be appropriately suited for recruiting the alveoli of an extremely premature infant? Due to the leak describe above a more occlusive system could be a better choice for extremely premature neonates.

These nasal CPAP (NCPAP) devices deliver airflow that is continuously regulated to produce a set pressure, usually 4 to 7 cm H 2 O. NCPAP provides distending pressure to the airways and alveoli throughout the respiratory cycle.

When researching the impact of CPAP on incidence of BPD did this study include CPAP on higher pressures? Will infants on a CPAP of 8 to 9cm experience BPD at similar rates of infants on invasive ventilation?

Because invasive ventilation has been associated with adverse effects on lung development, noninvasive approaches have been increasingly used.

Does the invasive ventilation included in this text also reference HFJV and HFOV? Are non-invasive forms of ventilation truly better at preventing BPD than high frequency ventilation, which offers smaller tidal volumes and continual inflation of the lungs?

To my understanding employers might see having highschool on your resume as a red flag because it shows that you view the bare minimum as an accomplishment.

resumes should highlight the things youve done in the past to give employers a clear view of of your accomplishments and help them understand where youd be a good fit.

Your resume is how you stand out from other applicants and having a clear and efficient resume is critical.

Being aware of what you can improve will help you improve.

In other world, operational reduction semantic in wikipedia<br /> It seems the presented contextual dynamic present no way for us to reasoning about it: <br /> even the simplest plus(hole, 2){1} = plus(1, hole){2} can't be proven.

Very interesting, regarding the transformation of country to city

Again, hard to hear about the horrible and disgusting conditions that people used to call work.

This part of the text is sad and sort of surprising. It was obvious that life wasn't the best at this time, and conditions weren't the best for most, but to hear more about what conditions were like, especially for such a big operation, it's sad to hear about.

I found this interesting because of how far and how quickly they would go to restore the railroad services. It's interesting to me how important it was at the time.

ecosystem is the real moat

Putting hands on a student is the ultimate last resort, absolutely. However, if/when a situation arises that requires restraint for the safety of other students/faculty, what are we supposed to do?

It’s convenient that the authors chose to make this textbook accessible to both online and in-person students!

This article shows many different ways that AI is helpful and useful. I normally only see the negative sides of AI so it is interesting to see all the good it can do.

Copyright is one of the biggest issues with AI right now. It is unfortune that artists have to defend their hard work against AI.

This is very disappointing. Though quite common practice. Many of these surveys rely on test scores for their data. There are many things to factor in when testing children. How was the test performed? How well did the child relate to the testing procedure? Was the child well, when the testing took place? How do learning disabilities factor into the results?

It is important to know if putting kindergarteners onto lap tops will prove to create children who can read in 1st grade. The greatest advantage I can see is with a computer? Children can advance their reading skills at a quicker pace. Than again, seeing some of the vocabulary I found on one child's computer? Some of those words had not relevance to a young child. To most middle school children as well.

What I did see though that a child who did have a short attention span, because he was barely three years old, he did respond well to an alphabet program online.

I am concerned because though it seemed kindergarteners were adapting to this change not all of them are doing this well.

We are gutting our program. Some of it seems reasonable. Children at this age do not need to perform so much artsy, crafty projects. However, I noticed at least a few students who could not focus on computer assignments. Teachers will have to have assistants. This however I fear will not help children who learn best from performing physical tasks to learn.

I haven't attended graduate school and have no plans at my age to complete a master's degree. What I have learned from my years of teaching is student respond best to learning that is child centered. When I find out what their interests are? I find they are better motivated to learning when I use these topics. Especially when it comes to reading skills. Though this logic can be applied to all areas of learning.

Helping children make a meaningful connection between the different areas of study for me has been the fastest way to lead a child to advancement.

Can we achieve this with computer laptops? Yes, but there has to be time to tutor those children who I could see were not as experienced with computers at home. I am not sure if the material they were offering was reaching most of the students.

I could see how some kindergarteners needed access to a computer lab with hands-on instruction that were not receiving this assistance. I have little doubt these same students will be falling behind. Unless they get the help that they need? Sitting them down at a desk will just become a source of torture they are struggling to endure.

I just realize for this program to succeed? It will require careful planning. I was able to read in Kindergarten. I can accredit this to having access to many interesting books and being ignored most of the time by our mother. I believe I also benefitted some from television programming that was classroom based.

This reassures me that yes, many children can learn to read by age five. However, this will be because they have easy access to the many electronic games, programs and hopefully some attention from their parents. I also know though that some children will not develop the memory capacity until well into six years old.

What wasn't mentioned here and some schools are implementing this is 3/4,4/5 and 5/6 year old classrooms. I feel this is the best answer for young children.

She is calling it, "play-based" while I would say interest based education hits closer to the mark.

This sentence makes me wonder how GPT will function in the future. Will GPT grow like a small child and improve?

This makes me think of when I am texting and different word suggestions will pop up based on what I normally say. I have never put much thought into that until now.

I don't think this is true. I believe there have been studies done that say that many mammals have the ability to laugh and do so often.

It seems at this time there was quite a bit of differentiation between "boys' games" and "girls' games." It feels contradictory that on the top of this page he used the example of "a little girl playing ball." Wouldn't spoil-sports be present in girls' ball games?

lmfao you forgot the 90s don't ya

The most difficult part I feel would be is time management’s and getting all my work in on time. And having everything organized

All of the above

all the above

Worse in overfictionalized areas: crime

duh she's a woman

i never knew how awkward this could be because the audience is not apart of this but the actors are.

Room tones can have gap in the scenes if the actor chooses their own lines they want to record over.

This tells me that background noises and nature sounds are all made on purpose.

i always thought the action shot was the moan part of the scene before it was films they would say take 2 and slap the slate shot.

this tells me that most directors use dual systematic recordings rather than the original sound.

i never knew that there was this much editing just involved in sound. I always figures it was just a camera and overhead microphone

humans are always surrounded by background noises and sounds they we may not even notice until we fully pay attention to our surroundings.

the collider W?

I believe that this is a great opportunity to learn from your mistakes and improve. As a student, I always want to improve and believe that this course gives us the opportunity to without focusing on what grade we get. We are able to make mistakes that won't affect our grade. This is important because if we don't take risks and make mistakes, we won't be able to learn from them!

Find new take aways from readings and articles, that not only will help you remember key details but will allow you to grow in the course material!

Its important to derive from what others say in their responses and go deeper into the topic of discussion, while also learning new things and seeing what other's opinions on things are!

I completely agree with this, as one of the most important things we learn about through out our college careers is the use of engaging in what we have previous knowledge in and using that in what we respond in rather than how long a post is.

this allows the audience to view the film in the memory of the actor or actors point of views what he remembers and sees.

this allows the audience to understand the man is trying on different pants. This gives the comedity effects. This can also be used on chaotic scene.

this si such a good horror movie but i agree they cut the scene to see what was happening on the outside of the house this is what the audience predicts is going on.

cross cutting is used for intense scenes to express anxiety or fear.

this makes sense into why the camera man can break this rule it can also be broken to keep the narrative going.

this is new information ot me i never knew that the cameras could not cross against the axis of the actors or actions they are shooting this is called 180 degree rule.

this scene allow the audience to understand whos talking at that time with camera will switch between the two people this is called a master shot.

this also creates intensity for the scene and allow the audience and the camera to move along with the actors.

this tells me that the camera will move along with the actors in scene this creates more flow and clarity in the shot.

i've seen match cutting on lots of films where a actor can be pulling the sheets over their body and then it cuts to them putting on a short or clothing this type of cut is creative.

i never knew that invisible editing involved this much work i am just now learning about the 180 degree rule.

this process is called invisible editing. this allows the audience to connect with the film without realising they are watching a movie.

this tells me that the rhythm in films can be slowed down or sped up depending on the scene .

continuing the thread of love as an aesthetic experience -- does this apply to love?

come again

I think it is very cool how they rebuild the crumbling walls and made them almost 2000 miles long and now the Great Wall is an amazing landmark that is still worshiped to this day.

Yongle betrayed his family out of anger and greed because he was not given the crown by his father. I think that this is very interesting and that this happened a lot back then due to peoples need for wealth and power.

Even though families were not as fortunate as others everyone was given a fair chance to learn and take these exams and give their families a chance to become more fortunate in society.

I think it is interesting that China was the only country producing silk for a thousand years when it is such a valuable resource explains why China grew in wealth so rapidly.

remunerated

In this excerpt, "remunerated" refers to being compensated or paid for work or services. The context suggests a conversation concerning hidden secrets and possibly unethical actions within a team or organization, contrasted with "unremunerated," indicating a lack of payment. The speaker seems frustrated, possibly about someone not acknowledging their contributions or the implications of unpaid work.

在这段摘录中，“remunerated”指的是为工作或服务付费或获得报酬。上下文表明这是一个关于团队或组织内隐秘行为和可能不道德行动的对话，和“unremunerated”（未获得报酬）形成对比，暗示没有支付。说话者似乎感到沮丧，可能是因为某人未能承认他们的贡献或未支付工作的影响。

You are thrilled

In the excerpt "You are thrilled," the speaker is addressing someone who appears to be involved in a situation that has led to excitement or joy, possibly in contrast to the disappointment expressed earlier in the conversation. This brevity indicates a strong emotional response, suggesting that despite previous frustrations, the current moment brings elation.

在摘录“你感到兴奋”中，讲话者正在对某人表达，似乎这个人参与的情况引起了兴奋或快乐，可能与之前谈话中表达的失望形成对比。这种简洁性表明一种强烈的情感反应，暗示尽管之前有挫折，但此刻的体验带来了极大的快乐。

How big was the shift, and how notable was it?

This is very true nowadays, as you go to a basketball game and it's a blowout, but the next time you attend a game, it could end with a buzzer beater. You don't know what could happen.

Nowadays, everything is online, so if you. missed the play while it was in the theater, you go on YouTube or some streaming website and find it for free or pay a small fee to do so.

using AI systems like ChatGPT require an understanding about the ideal prompts to input in order to receive one's ideal response

using AI technology requires effort and prior knowledge of the subject in order to get a more thoughtful response. however, many use these technologies in order to avoid critical and analytical thinking

is this just art available online? like where do the 12m images come from

What does showing, not telling look like?

Does this mean how I feel about my own writing?