1. Last 7 days
    1. 612–613delGC Fs Exon 3 204 GAG E No stop

      A study of 103 patients with VHL retinal manifestations and 108 patients without VHL retinal manifestations extracted from the French VHL database revealed that the number of hemangioblastomas appeared higher in patients who had a substitution when compared with patients with a truncated protein. Detected by PCR and SSCP, this frameshift mutation p.R205Hfs*50 (c.612_613delGC) was found in a VHL patient without retinal hemangioblastomas. Other manifestations are not clearly stated. No family information was provided.

    1. PatientID: 231

      KindredID: 86

      Case: M, 54Y0M, Chinese

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: The proband (patient 229) had a sister (patient 230) who was genetically confirmed with the mutation, and presented with a CNS hemangioblastoma at age 40. The proband's brother 1 (patient 231) was also confirmed with the mutation and had a retinal angioma at 25, and renal cell carcinoma at 54. The proband's brother 2 passed away before they could be diagnosed/ confirmed with the mutation, but they had a CNS hemangioblastoma at 35. Finally, the proband's nephew (son of brother 2) was genetically confirmed with the mutation and presented with renal cell carcinoma at age 30.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0009711; HP:0005584 (Retinal capillary hemangioma, Renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: The proband's brother (patient 231) had a retinal angioma at 25 and renal cell carcinoma at 54.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0010797; HP:0002666; HP:0001737; HP:0001732 (Hemangioblastoma, Pheochromocytoma, Pancreatic cysts, Abnormality of the pancreas)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: This patient was also published in a later paper by Wang et al., 2018 (PMID: 29330336).

      SupplementalData: Patient and family genotype-phenotype information is listed in Supplementary Table 1.

      Variant: p.L178R (c.533T>G)

      LegacyVariant: N/A

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: N/A

      ClinVarID: 625261, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/625261/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: N/A

      VariantEvidence: N/A

      MutationType: missense_variant;transversion

      CivicName: L178R (c.533T>G)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

    1. PatientID: 10

      KindredID: Unknown

      Case: M, 40Y0M, Dutch

      DiseaseAssertion: VHL

      FamilyInfo: Unknown - study sampled 15 patients from 5 families

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001737; HP:0000107; HP:0010797; HP:0006880; HP:0005584 (pancreatic cysts, renal cyst, cerebellar hemangioblastoma, spinal hemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma)

      CaseHPOFreeText: N/A

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0009711 (retinal capillary hemangioma)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No evidence of left or right eye angiomas

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

      Variant: p.R167Q (c.500G>A)

      LegacyVariant: p.R238Q

      CaseProblemVariantFreeText: Variant determined through the assumption of the authors using Latif et al 1993 (AF010238.1) transcript and adding 71bp to the protein sequence.

      ClinVarID: 2216 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/2216/

      CAID: N/A

      gnomAD: 0.000003977 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/3-10191507-G-A

      VariantEvidence:N/A

      MutationType: missense_variant;transition

      CivicName: R167Q (c.500G>A)

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

  2. www.researchsquare.com www.researchsquare.com
    1. The victimisation, I saw, was universal. It didn’t depend on poverty, on lack of education or on tradition. It didn’t depend on any of the

      Women in society face many challenges simply because of their gender. Regardless of their education, wealth or social status, they can still experience unfair treatment from men. Some women are forced to sacrifice their personal ambitions to satisfy family and cultural expectations. However, women deserve equal opportunities, respect and the freedom to make their own decisions.

    2. hido went into Standard Six in the year that Babamukuru returned from England. This meant that he was going to secondary school the following year. Babamukuru had intended him to stay on at the mission to counteract the unAfrican exposure he had been subjected to in England, but Mr Baker, as Nyaradzo’s father is called, arranged for Chido to take the entrance examination to his son’s school. So determined was this good missionary that Chido should have the best in life that he personally drove my cousin to Salisbury, where the examination was taking place. Not surprisingly, since Whites were indulgent towards promising young black boys in those days, provided that the promise was a peaceful promise, a grateful promise to accept whatever was handed out to them and not to expect more, Chido was offered a place at the school and a scholarship to go with it. Nyasha was sure that Mr Baker had had a hand in that scholarship. To ease his conscience, she said. ‘A word with the headmasters’ she told me when Nyaradzo was not present. ‘You know how it is, bwana to bwana: “The boy needs the cash, old man!”; “He’s a good boy, what. Pity to waste him. We'll see what we can do.” So Chido gets his scholarship and Mr Baker feels better about sending his sons there in the first place. Really! The things they get up to to pull the wool over our eyes. Really!’ Nyasha’s analysis made sense because Babamukuru did not approve of European habits, easy options or unnecessary expenditure. Without the scholarship Chido certainly would not have gone to that school and Mr Baker would have had his sons’ superior education nibbling away at his conscience. The upshot of all this was that Chido did go to this boarding school and by the time I went to the mission he had adapted remarkably well to private-school life. He had acquired the usual courteous, self- indulgent, private —- school habits and was firm friends with the Baker boys. As a result I did not see much of him or of the Bakerboys, except for a day or two at the beginning or the end of the holidays, because their school ran according toa calendar that was different from the one we used at the mission. Since Nyasha was in Form Two in that year, my first year at the mission, she was writing her first set of public examinations. Actually, they were her second set, because she had sat her Standard Six examinations, but Nyasha, who had benefited froma head-start programme for gifted children in England, pooh- poohed those Standard Six examinations. Characteristicall

      In this passage, the characters experience different forms of struggle. Nyasha struggles with educational pressure and psychological exhaustion as she faces demanding examinations and high expectations. Babamukuru struggles with cultural identity as he tries to balance African traditions with Western education. Tambu also experiences social and educational inequality by observing the advantages enjoyed by Chido through his father's connections. These struggles reveal the effects of education, cultural differences and social inequality on the characters' lives.

    3. the way she had begun to call me ‘Sisi’, because she was older than I and so did not need to cali me that; nor had she done so when she came home for Nhamo’s funeral or when I arrived, a matter of a few hours ago. Not that it was important in i

      Anna struggles with the changes in social relationships and hierarchy .After Tambu arrives at Babamukuru's home ,Anna begins to treat her differently by "sisi" and kneeling while speaking to her .This shows how social status influences the way people interact with one another .Anna also struggle with communication because she becomes quiet and reverved toward Tambu .Her behaviour reveals how change in social position can create distance and discomfort between people

    4. urther than I had even thought of reaching, was beginning to indicate that there were other directions to be taken, other struggles to engage in besides the consuming desire to emancipate myself and my family. Nyasha gave me the impression of moving, always moving and striving towards some state that she had seen and accepted a long time ago. Apprehensive as I was, vague as I was about the nature of her destination, I wanted to go with her. I did not want to be left behind. And being so young, time measured in hours and half hours, was important, so I did not want to spend three whole weeks away from my cousin. Knowing I would be at a loss without her, I was tempted to ask Babamukuru whether I could go with them to the mission, but in the end I decided not to because I knew he would refuse and be justified in doing so. There was much work to be done in the fields, in the garden, in the home. And, of course, I could not leave my mother, who was not well. We all gathered in the yard, my father, my mother, Takesure, Lucia, my little sisters and myself, to wave them off, with everybody laughing and talking, saying my uncle must be sure to come back soon, bringing Maiguru, Nyasha and Chido as well with him. And then my relatives were in the car, rolling out of the yard and out of sight. A sigh escaped from us and we all felt oddly relieved. “Whew! It was good to have Mukoma here, it was good,’ observed my father, ‘but it puts a weight on your shoulders, a great weight on your shoulders!’ ‘It’s true,” nodded Takesure, leering lasciviously at Lucia. ‘Dhiya! There’s nothing to be afraid of any more. Won’t youcome back to the Aozi tonight?’ ‘Maybe if you cut my hands off,’ retorted Lucia. ‘Then you might be useful.’ “But you have the hands and you are still here. So you are waiting, aren’t you? Just waiting to come back into the hozi.’ Lucia was careful not to be provoked. ‘You know why I’m waiting? For my sister, isn’t it? As soon as my sister makes up her mind what she wants, you won’t see me here any more.’ My father and Takesure found this amusing. They had a good laugh at Lucia’s expense. ‘Now what is this lam hearing!’ gurgled Takesure. ‘The woman

      In this passage, the characters experience different forms of struggle. Nyasha struggles with educational pressure and psychological exhaustion as she faces demanding examinations and high expectations. Babamukuru struggles with cultural identity as he tries to balance African traditions with Western education. Tambu also experiences social and educational inequality by observing the advantages enjoyed by Chido through his father's connections. These struggles reveal the effects of education, cultural differences and social inequality on the characters' lives.

    5. blessing but one that

      In this passage, the characters experience different struggles. Tambu struggles with family expectations and maintaining her identity while trying to succeed in education. Babamukuru struggles with his responsibilities as a guardian and his desire to guide Tambu towards a successful future. Nyasha struggles with personal discomfort and adapting to life with others. These struggles reveal the challenges of family relationships, social expectations and personal differences in the novel.

    6. ‘Even if you do ignore me,” Lucia continued, ‘it doesn’t mean I’m not here. And anyway, Mwaramu, maybe you can tell me plainly: where do you want me to go? We both know I can’t go home. Their sending me here in the first place, it was because there was no food, and no work either at that place, isn’t it? It’s true, you know it. So where do you want me to go? As for going with Takesure, ha-a-a! I know it’s the way you joke, Babamukuru. What would I go to do at Takesure’s home?’ I wished Lucia would be quiet. Her case was a serious one and it did not help to be rude to Babamukuru. Lucia was my mother’s sister, several years younger than my mother and a wild woman in spite of - or maybe because of — her beauty. She was dark like my mother, but unlike my mother her complexion always had a light shining from underneath the skin, so she could afford to scoff at the skin-lightening creams tha@other girls used. ‘Fanta and Coca- Cola!’ she laughed. ‘Aiwa! Not me. I prefer to be the same colour all over.’ Asa result, her skin was not deteriorating and breaking; it remained glowing and healthy. My mother’s family was very poor, poorer even than my own. At the time that my father took my mother, there were no cattle at all in my grandfather’s kraal. Because of this, some people had believed it was a blessing that the first two of my maternal grandparents’ children were girls. ‘Otherwise,’ they reasoned optimistically, ‘if he had had sons, how would those sons have taken wives? See now, the daughters will bring cattle, the cattle will enable the old man to work his fields, the family will prosper, and when the sons are of an age to marry, by then they will have acculuated their roora.’ The wise and the cynical disagreed. ‘Who knows?’ they dissented. ‘If there had been sons earlier, they would have helped the old man on the land. The family would have been better off than they are now. Besides,” they added significantly, ‘a man can’t be sure about daughters!” Thus the debate continued in my mother’s village, way up in the north-west of the country, until my father, visiting a distant relative, saw my mother, impregnated her and was obliged to take her home with him. It was unfortunate that it happened this way because, under these circumstances, my grandfather could not

      In this passage, the characters experience different forms of struggle. Nyasha struggles with educational pressure and psychological exhaustion as she faces demanding examinations and high expectations. Babamukuru struggles with cultural identity as he tries to balance African traditions with Western education. Tambu also experiences social and educational inequality by observing the advantages enjoyed by Chido through his father's connections. These struggles reveal the effects of education, cultural differences and social inequality on the characters' lives.

    7. I’m glad,’ said Nyasha when we began to talk seriously, ‘that we have to share this room. It means we’ll be friends. But you curled your lip at us when we came back from England, so I didn’t know what was going to happen when you came. I just said to myself, P'll try to be nice, I'll try to be friendly and we'll see what happens.’ ‘But I did not sneer at you,’ I protested, speaking in Shona. Our conversation was laboured and clumsy because when Nyasha spoke seriously her thoughts came in English, whereas with me, the little English I had disappeared wh

      This passage shows the challenges Nyasha faces in building relationships and expressing herself .its highlight how societal and cultural expectations can affect girl's experience and their ability to feel understood .This suggests that girls may face emotional struggles while trying to find their place in society

    8. onally, I thought it was a great shame that Maiguru had been deprived of the opportunity to make the most of herself, even if she had accepted that deprivation. I was all for people being given opportunities.

      I’d cut the sentence ‘I was all for people being given opportunities’ and replace the explanation with a short exchange between Tambu and Maiguru so we see Tambu’s reaction instead of being told it.

    9. What was needed in that kitchen was a combination of Maiguru’s detachment and Lucia’s direction. Everybody needed to broaden out a little, to stop and consider the alternatives, but the matter was too intimate. It stung too saltily, too sharply and agonisingly the sensitive images that the women had of themselves,images that were really no more than reflections. But the women had been taught to recognise these reflections as self and it was frightening now to even begin to think that, the very facts which set them apart as a group, as women, as a certain kind of person, were only myths; frightening to acknowledge that generations of threat and assault and neglect had battered these myths into the extreme, dividing reality they faced, of the Maigurus or the Lucias.So instead of a broadening from both positions, instead of an encompassing expansion and a growth, the fear made it necessary to tighten up. Each retreated more resolutely into their roles, pretending while they did that actually they were advancing, had in fact initiated an offensive, when really, for each one of them, it was a last solitary, hopeless defence of the security of their illusions.

      COMMENT: This paragraph emphasizes how women in this society are confined to inflexible, defensive roles. Rather than coming together or breaking away, the pressure and long-standing neglect compel them to protect their own illusions of security, revealing the profound psychological cost of the burdens society places on them.

      REWRITE: Within the kitchen, the thick atmosphere was filled with a quiet, desperate strain. Instead of uniting or breaking down the systemic barriers erected around them, each woman withdrew further into her own familiar defenses. They carried out their designated roles with bleak exactness acting as though survival required obedience transforming every ordinary chore into a silent, isolated guard against a world that gave them no way out.

    10. Nhamo laughed when I related my story. ‘So what! I don’t care what he says,’ he shrugged, shocking me with this disrespectful language that I had not heard before. ‘I’m at school, aren’t I? It doesn’t worry me what he says about me. So what’s your problem? It doesn’t even affect you.” ‘But you can’t study.” ‘Who says? I should know. I go to schooi. You go nowhere.’ *But I want to go to school.’ ‘Wanting won’t help.” ‘Why not?’ He hesitated, then shrugged. ‘It’s the same everywhere. Because you are a girl.’ It was out. ‘That’s what Baba said, remember?’ I was no longer listening. My concern for my brother died an unobtrusive death.

      This passage highlights one of the novel's central tensions: the struggle between traditional expectations and individual freedom. Through the characters, Dangarembga questions a society that gives men greater authority while limiting women's opportunities.

    11. Today there are fewer white people on the mission. They are called expatriates, not missionaries, and can be seen living in unpainted brick houses. But they are deified in the same way as the missionaries were because they are white so that their coming is still an honour. J am told that whether you are called an expatriate ora missionary depends on how and by whom you were recruited. Although the distinction was told to me by a reliable source, it does not stick in my mind since I have not observed it myself in my dealings with these people. I often ask myself why they come, giving up the comforts and security of their more advanced homes. Which brings us back to matters of brotherly love, contribution and lightening of diverse darknesses.

      The ongoing "deification" of white figures on the mission reinforces an implicit social lesson that authority, wisdom, and value remain rooted in Western, colonial systems rather than local traditions. For girls like Tambu and Nyasha, growing up in this environment means their personal development and education are bound to a system that demands cultural self-effacement to gain approval. Ultimately, this racial dynamic adds an inescapable layer of displacement to their struggle as young women, forcing them to negotiate their identity under both colonial condescension and patriarchal rule.

    12. nversation I had with my mother about the toilet happened four or five days after we arrived. On the day we arrived, when the car rolled to a stop under the shade of the mango trees, we were greeted by depressing silence. When people did come to welcome us it was only Netsai and Rambanai, more naked than dressed in their tattered frocks, their legs and their arms and even their hair and faces grey with shena. Dirty and dusty, they embraced us, wrapping their arms around Babamukuru first and then Maiguru, Nyasha, myself and lastly Anna: ‘You have come, Babamukuru. You have come, Maiguru. You have come, Sisi Nyasha,’ and so on until we had all been ritually embraced.

      Netsai and Rambanai's primary role during the arrival is immediately framed through subservience and ritualistic duty as they dutifully welcome and embrace the higher-status family members. Ultimately, their neglected physical state stands in stark contrast to the privileged, educated life Tambu and Nyasha experience at the mission, exposing how poverty severely limits a girl's dignity and development within the homestead.

    13. Anna came and knelt down in the doorway to tell us that supper was nearly ready. ‘For heaven’s sake, Anna, stand up!’ commanded Nyasha irritably. ‘Every time you come in here I tell you not to kneel down, but you keep on doing it. What’s the matter with you?’ And then she was ashamed of herself. ‘Now, honestly, just listen to me. Getting all cross and crotchety!

      Class and gender: Anna is a poor woman serving the household, and her kneeling shows the hierarchy.

    14. t was embarrassing the way Lucia wouldn't give up on Maiguru. Maiguru, who thought that Lucia ought to suffer the consequences of her fecund appetites, perhaps felt sorry for her too, but preferred all the same not to become involved in matters of the flesh or the earth, although she did not like this preference to be too obvious since it meant she was setting herself above the rest of us. Now, with Lucia insisting that Maiguru take sides, come out in the open, we were in a very delicate situation.

      Lucia’s relentless pressure on Maiguru was painful to watch. Maiguru believed Lucia should lie in the bed her runaway passions had made, yet a sliver of sympathy lingered beneath her cool exterior. Still, she preferred to keep her hands clean of dirty, earthbound affairs—though she hid that superiority carefully to avoid looking like she was too good for the rest of us. But now, with Lucia forcing her into a corner and demanding she take a stand, we were all walking on razor-thin ice.

    15. I felt sorry for Maiguru because she could not use the money she earned for her own purposes and had been prevented by marriage from doing the things she wanted to do. But it was not so simple, because she had been married by my Babamukuru, which defined her situation as good. I

      It’s wild that Maiguru has a Master’s degree and works full-time, but still has to ask her husband for basic spending money. Even with her own education and paycheck, the family dynamics still treat her like she has no say

    16. Personally, I thought it was a great shame that Maiguru had been deprived of the opportunity to make the most of herself, even if she had accepted that deprivation.

      It shows that even an educated woman like Maiguru can experience gender inequality within marriage. Despite having her own qualifications and earning money, she has sacrificed some of her personal ambitions and freedom for her husband and family. It suggests that education alone does not guarantee women independence in a patriarchal society. I find this important because Maiguru's situation challenges the assumption that a successful marriage automatically means a woman is fulfilled.

    17. Coming to the mission, continuing my education and doing well at it, these had been the things that mattered. And since these things had been progressing according to plan for nearly two years, I had thought that ambiguities no longer existed. I had thought that issues would continue to be clearly delimited, with Babamu- kuru, who was as nearly divine as any human being could hope to be, imposing the limits. Through him, because of him, black would remain definitely sombre and white permanently clear, even in , Spite of Nyasha, whose strange disposition hinted at shades and * textures within the same colour. My vagueness and my reverence for my uncle, what he was, what he had achieved, what he represented and therefore what he wanted, had stunted the growth of my faculty of criticism, sapped the energy that in childhood I had used to define my own position. It had happened insidiously,

      I would rewrite this paragraph by giving Tambu more opportunity to express her personal feelings and thoughts. I would add more detail about her internal conflict between following society's expectations and pursuing her educational ambitions. I would keep the original message but make her determination and emotional struggle more visible.

    18. Maiguru grew very distant. “This matter is not my concern,’ she shrugged, carelessly turning down the corners of her mouth. ‘Am I of their totem? I am not. I was taken. Let them sort out their own problems, and as for those who want to get involved, well, that’s up to them. I don’t want to intrude into the affairs of my husband’s family. I shall just keep quiet and go to bed.’

      Although Maiguru is an educated, highly accomplished woman holding a Master's degree, her societal role is reduced to a passive dependent within Babamukuru's patriarchal family structure. Her cynical detachment ("I was taken") and refusal to get involved reflect her coping mechanism for surviving an environment where her intellect and voice carry no institutional weight. Ultimately, her deliberate retreat into silence ("I shall just keep quiet and go to bed") underscores the tragic purpose of the novel: illustrating how patriarchal dominance and colonial structures force even the most educated women into self-suppression and emotional disengagement.

    19. hen Nyasha came back with the gravy, Anna following with the rest of the meal. Maiguru said that Babamukuru’s old meal was no longer fresh. She said she would eat it herself, that Babamukuru should serve himself another portion of food. Babamukuru thought his wife was making a fuss about nothing, but she insisted, so the ritual dishing out of my uncle’s food was performed again. This time Nyasha did not wait for her father to finish. By the time he was on to the third dish, she was helping herself to rice.

      This passage demonstrates how women are expected to follow traditional gender roles rather than pursue their own ambitions. The author shows that being a woman in this society means facing restrictions on education, independence and personal freedom.

    20. did understand why I could not go back to school, but I loved going to school and I was good at it. Therefore, my circumstances affected me badly. My father thought I should not mind. ‘Is that anything to worry about? Ha-a-a, it’s nothing,’ he reassured me,

      for the second question Tambu is denied education even though she is a girl

    21. As far as I was concerned, people only made clay pots when they were very young and playing at being grown up, or when they were grown up because they had to have pots for storing water and mahewu and the like. But we used two- and five-gallon drums for water these days and I had never seen anybody make a proper dari although we had several in the house. So those pots were definitely Nyasha’s craze, not mine, and while she was very concerned about making sure that they did not crack, while she was meticulous in scratching her designs, they did not matter much one way or the other to me, serving only to pass the tim

      Tambu’s dismissal of the activity as "Nyasha’s craze" underscores how Nyasha's Westernized desire for creative autonomy alienates her from other girls who view womanhood strictly through the lens of utilitarian labor. Ultimately, obsessing over the clay pots provides Nyasha a rare, private space where she can exert agency and control in a world where her thoughts, behavior, and body are otherwise heavily policed.

    22. Although she had been brought up in abject poverty, she had not, like my mother, been married to it at fifteen. Her spirit, unfettered in this respect, had experimented with living and drawn its own conclusions. Consequently, she was a much bolder woman than my mother; and my father, who no longer felt threatened by a woman’s boldness since he had proved his mettle by dispiriting my mother, was excited by the thought of possessing a woman like Lucia, like possessing a thunderstorm to make it crackle and thunder and lightning at your command.

      What I took away: I streamlined the wordy phrasing around her "unfettered" spirit and "proving his mettle" to make the text flow more naturally.

      What I added/emphasized: I made it clearer that Jeremiah’s attraction to Lucia’s independence wasn't real respect—it was just a desire to control a strong woman the same way he had already broken Tambu’s mother. "Because Lucia was not forced into marriage at fifteen like my mother, her spirit remained free to test life and form her own opinions. This made her far bolder than my mother. My father was actually drawn to that boldness—not because he respected her, but because he had already broken my mother's spirit and now wanted the thrill of controlling a woman as wild and powerful as a thunderstorm"

    23. Babamukuru thought his wife was making a fuss about nothing, but she insisted, so the ritual dishing out of my uncle’s food was performed again.

      Maiguru's actions show that women in the family are expected to take responsibility for serving men. Although she is Babamukuru's wife, her work in the kitchen is treated as normal. Nyasha's decision not to wait for her father to finish eating suggests that she does not fully accept these traditional expectations.

    24. ‘This business of :-womanhood is a heavy burden,” she said. ‘How could it not be? ‘Aren’t we the ones who bear children? When itis like that you can’t just decided today I want to do this, tomorrow I want to do that, ‘ the next day I want to be educated! When there are sacrifices to be ‘ made, you are the one who has to make them.

      one of the answers of the first questions

    25. It happens,’ she assured me. ‘You get so comfortable and used to the way things are. Look at me now. I was comfortable in England but now I’m a whore with dirty habits.’ ‘But, Nyasha,’ I began. ‘I know,’ she interrupted. ‘It’s not England any more and I ought to adjust. But when you’ve seen different things you want to be sure you’re adjusting to the right thing. You can’t go on all the time being whatever’s necessary. You’ve got to have some conviction, and I’m convinced I don’t want to be anyone’s underdog. It’s not right for anyone to be that. But once you get used to it, well, it just seems natural and you just carry on. And that’s the end of you.

      This is literally the main point of the whole book. Nyasha points out how dangerous it is to just "adjust" to unfair expectations because eventually it starts feeling normal and you completely lose your identity. She’d rather fight back than silently accept being treated like an underdog.

    26. the decision at least was mine.

      Tambu’s first act of resistance against Babamukuru. It shows the tension between obedience and self-determination. Even after she sees the photos and regrets it, she values that the choice was hers.

    27. But I did not sneer at you,’ I protested, speaking in Shona. Our conversation was laboured and clumsy because when Nyasha spoke seriously her thoughts came in English, whereas with me, the little English I had disappeared when I dropped my vigilance to speak of things that mattered.

      This slightly highlights the main idea of the book, telling us in a way that girls were less educated in the society than men were.

    28. Babamukuru insisted he would kill Nyasha and then hang himself. ‘She has dared,’ he said, sweat pouring off him, his chest heaving with the grossness of the thought, ‘to raise her fist against me. She has dared to challenge me. Me! Her father. I am tellingyou,’ and he began to struggle again, ‘today she will not live. We cannot have two men in this house. Not even Chido, you hear that Nyasha? Not even your brother there dares to challenge my authority. Do you hear what I am saying, do you hear? Your salvation lies in going away from my house. Forever. Otherwise,’ he spat in her face because, still securely held, he could not strike her, ‘otherwise I-will-kill-you.’ He spat again. Nyasha rose from the floor, walked out of the room. ‘She walks! She just walks away. She is proud. That is her problem. She is proud. Pthu! Sis! She is not my daughter.’

      What i added :Enhanced sensory details and physical pacing (e.g., "sweat plastering his shirt," "veins bulging") to heighten the visceral tension and claustrophobia of the domestic explosion.

      Intensified the emotional weight of Babamukuru's dialogue, underscoring how deeply his patriarchal ego and sense of god-like authority have been shattered by a fourteen-year-old girl.

      What was taken away:

      Cleaned up minor transcription artifacts and repetitive interruptions from the raw text (such as raw bullet-like punctuation fragments or awkward line breaks).

      Tightened the prose to make the sequence of physical restraint, the final act of degradation (spitting), and Nyasha’s silent, chilling exit flow with cinematic continuity

      Rewritten Version of the Paragraph Babamukuru shook with rage, sweat plastering his shirt as he hissed that he would end her life and his own. "She has dared," he choked, his chest heaving with the blasphemy of it, "to raise her fist against me. To challenge me! Me, her father!" He lunged forward again, held back only by force, screaming that she would not see another day. "There cannot be two men in this house—not even Chido dares to question my authority! Do you hear me? Your only salvation is to leave this house forever. Otherwise..." Unable to swing his arms, he spat directly into her face. "Otherwise..." He spat a second time. Slowly, Nyasha stood up from the floor and walked past him into the dark hallway. "She walks away! She just walks away!" Babamukuru roared, veins bulging as he condemned her pride. "That is her sickness, she is proud! Pthu! Get out! She is no longer my daughter.!!

    29. Maiguru represents the struggles of educated women in a patriarchal society. Despite having a Master's degree, she cannot fully enjoy her independence because her responsibilities as a wife and mother take priority. This shows that education alone does not guarantee freedom or equality for women.

    30. Maiguru snorted. ‘And what do you expect? Why should a woman go all that way and put up with all those problems if not to look after her husband?’

      This passage highlights the struggle between personal ambitions and family responsibilities. Maiguru is educated and has her own dreams, but she has sacrificed many of them because of her marriage. The author shows that women can lose their independence even when they are educated and financially productive.

    31. Then Nyasha came back with the gravy, Anna following with the rest of the meal. Maiguru said that Babamukuru’s old meal was no longer fresh. She said she would eat it herself, that Babamukuru should serve himself another portion of food. Babamukuru thought his wife was making a fuss about nothing, but she insisted, so the ritual dishing out of my uncle’s food was performed again. This time Nyasha did not wait for her father to finish.

      this passage reveals the gender roles and unequal expectations within Babamukuru's family. Maiguru takes responsibility for ensuring that her husband receives special treatment, while the women are expected to serve him. The repeated ritual of serving his food shows how male authority is deeply rooted in their family traditions. However, Nyasha's decision not to wait for her father to finish eating may suggest her resistance to these traditional expectations. It makes me question why men are given special privileges while women are expected to remain obedient and serve them

    32. What are you doing, Nyasha?’ Babamukuru asked, withoutlooking at her, so that one wondered how he had noticed. ‘I thought you had finished with the rice,’ Nyasha replied, ladling meat and gravy on to her rice. ‘What about your mother, here?’ Babamukuru asked conver- sationally. ‘Do you think she doesn’t know what she’s doing, waiting on me like this?’ ‘I don’t like cold food,’ Nyasha pointed out, as willing as her father to engage in dialogue.

      This shows us that the women in their household didn't have the freedom to even eat food whenever they wanted to.

    33. as more concerned with how early it was, much too early to be eating the last meal of the day. At that rate I would be hungry by the time I went to bed, and I had nightmares when I slept without a comforting mound of sadza warming my stomach.

      Represents struggle of food and sleep.

    34. at I noticed, very early on, was that some of the missionaries were definitely strange, strange in the way that Nyasha and Chido were Strange when they came back from England. These missionaries, the strange ones, liked to speak Shona much more than they liked to speak English. And when you, wanting to practise your English, spoke to them in English, they always answered in Shona. It was disappointing, and confusing too for people like me who were bilingual, since we had developed a kind of reflex which made us speak English when we spoke to whiteskins and reserved our own language for talking to each other.

      Struggle and confusion in communication with bilingual people.

    35. It made me reckless in the way that draining the dregs in my father’s gourd had done when I was little. It made me tell Nyasha frankly what I thought. ‘Even if you have been to England, you should respect your mother,’ I told her. ‘I would not speak to my mother in the way I have heard you speak to Maiguru.

      Shows Tambu's struugle in thegourd field as compared to Nyasha's living in England

    36. But I did not sneer at you,’ I protested, speaking in Shona. Our conversation was laboured and clumsy because when Nyasha spoke seriously her thoughts came in English, whereas with me, the little English I had disappeared when I dropped my vigilance to speak of things that mattered.

      This conversation shows us the gap in expertise of language between the two characters showing us the struggle of learning english language.

    37. Having sat down in that chair I began to wonder whether it would have been more appropriate in this English place to sit closer to my uncle and aunt. I debated seriously, agonisingly, for at least two minutes, whether to change my seat to the sofa or not.

      The Westernized setting instills a sense of insecurity within Tambu. It reveals her psychological burden of upholding unspoken social decorum.

    38. onse- . quently, I was relieved when Anna came and knelt down in the doorway to tell us that supper was nearly ready. ‘For heaven’s sake, Anna, stand up!’ commanded Nyasha irritably. ‘Every time you come in here I tell you not to kneel down, but you keep on doing it. What’s the matter with you?’ And then she was ashamed of herself. ‘Now, honestly, just listen to me. Getting all cross and crotchety! But really, Anna, there’s no need to kneel when you speak to me.

      This paragraph shows Anna on struggling

    39. To our surprise, Maiguru did leave, by bus, early the next morning. She did not slink away in the dark, but quite openly packed a suitcase, put on her travelling clothes, had her breakfast and left. Babamukuru was still feeling injured, which was why, I thought, he let her go, but Nyasha had a different theory. She thought Babamukuru simply did not believe that Maiguru would doit. Would do it, could do it. It made no difference, she said. The point was that he did not believe. Babamukuru, she said, expected his wife to get cold feet before she got to the bus-stop or, at the latest, before the bus pulled away. It would have been useful, Nyasha said, if things had turned out that way, because then Babamukuru would always have been able to remind his wife that she had tried to leave and had failed. Unfortunately, she told me, Babamukuru had to wait until Maiguru had boarded that bus and had gone to discover whether he was right or not, and by that time it was too late to do anything about it.

      This passage shows that Maiguru is not completely powerless. Despite the challenges in her marriage, she finally takes action to express her dissatisfaction. I think this demonstrates the importance of women having the courage to stand up for their rights.

    40. She did tell us, didn’t she, what she thinks, and did anyone say anything? No. Why not? Because Maiguru is educated. That’s why you all kept quiet. Because she’s rich and comes here and flashes her money around, so you listen to her as though you want to eat the words that come out of her mouth. But me, I’m not educated, am I? I’m just poor and ignorant, so you want me to keep quiet, you say I mustn’t talk.

      This shows how economic differences can affect relationships between women. Mainini feels that her opinions are ignored because she is poor. It reminds me that every woman deserves to be heard regardless of her financial position.

  3. drive.google.com drive.google.com
    1. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.

      This statement by him is one of the many that fill me with empathy. His desire to create fairness and equality all over is relatable.

    1. __________________________________________________________________

      Not always there is some risk of HIV transmission through certain sexual activities. Using condoms, taking PrEP when appropriate, and getting tested can greatly reduce the risk. Consistent use of effective HIV prevention methods can prevent sexual transmission.

    2. __________________________________________________________________

      Look for signs such as withdrawing from friends and family, talking about hopelessness or wanting to die, giving away possessions, sudden mood changes, or saying goodbye to loved ones

    3. __________________________________________________________________

      too much stress can cause mental and physical health, it can affect sleep, work and school output

    1. TANF’s embedded racism and unfettered state control have led to a deteriorating cash assistance program for all families, with Black families facing a disproportionate impact.

      Welfare has already been shaped by racial discrimination laws and TANFS appear to have allowed those inequalities to continue. Sates who had a higher er concentration of Black people often adopted the most restrictive and punitive TANF implementation rules. This reduced the safety net that Black families could d rely on.

    2. such as that Black women are unfit mothers — and paternalistic policies that sought to control Black women’s behavior and compel their labor. It then shows how these ideas and policies still influence TANF today. (It does not cover the full scope of TANF policies that are racist and should be changed, including child support enforcement

      States also gained enough flexibility that a lot of the money that people assume is welfare doesn’t actually go out as cash assistance to poor families anymore. Some states use substantial portions of their TANF money for other programs that technically satisfy the law. So we wound up with a system that is very good at reducing the number of people receiving welfare but that isn’t necessarily the same thing as reducing the number of people who need the help.

    3. hroughout the history of cash assistance, many policymakers and public figures have used these same racist justifications and stereotypes to question Black women’s reproductive choices, coerce Black women

      In a misguided effort to support widows the US government provided support to otherwise able people. These policies were put into place so that only families without an able body man in the household would receive full payments. This only resulted in the upheaval of family dynamics and a huge increase in the number of unmarried parents. It also led to the welfare trap of reduced benefits once someone was working.

    4. The idea that only families meeting specific criteria deserve government support dates back to the beginnings of cash assistance

      The prevailing view seems to be that mothers in these circumstances were better off staying home to care for their children rather than working. Eligibility rules were more flexible for white people but became more stricter for non-whites. Clinton seems to have been under pressure to compromise sides with both parties at the time so the end result some what resembled the old Reagan era.

    1. Scientists and conservationists will continue to debate whether such a scenario could—or should—come to pass.

      So far, the author appears to remain mostly neutral while having some predilection for cloning extinct species.

    2. De-extinction, opponents assert, is a shiny and superficial distraction from the hard, painstaking work of habitat protection, genetic rescue, and other proven ecological methods that the scientific world should focus on.

      For the majority of the opponents claims, its just been misallocated concerns wrapped in paranoia of a biological nightmare that a cloned extinct animal could bring.

    3. The introduction of revived species into existing ecosystems, critics contend, might post new—and deadly—risks to extant plants and animals.

      It is a possibility, but without any data to back the claim, it will remain uncertain. This, to me, is just a theory.

    4. Resurrecting species and creating the conditions in which they can thrive, critics warn, is a more complicated undertaking than proponents let on.

      That's putting it mildly.

    5. It is a mistake to think that "designing and releasing facsimile species somehow makes up for, maybe even reverses, the ecological mistakes of the past," Ben Minteer, a professor of zoology at Arizona State University, wrote for the Center for Humans and Nature, a nonprofit think tank, in 2015.

      Opponents argue that doing this doesn't undo the damage humanity wrought upon the species.

    6. Ensuring that resurrected species have the sufficient numbers and habitat to thrive will be a complicated and time-consuming project, proponents concede, but that only makes it more worthwhile and inspiring. "To me, one of the greatest attractions of bringing back extinct species is how long it will take," Brand wrote. "For a baby female woolly mammoth to grow up and have a daughter takes twenty years. Getting herds back to the subarctic, grazing the mammoth steppe back into existence, will be a century-scale project. Children growing up in such a century might have a view of the relation of humans with nature that is not tragic, for a change."

      I am unsure if this is a valid or a weak arguement in support of cloning, I fail to see what other reason other than interpreting this as, "We did it because it's cool and because we can".

    7. Humans have a moral obligation, proponents of de-extinction contend, to bring back species that they played a part in wiping out.

      I personally don't believe we anything other than maintaining the balance of preserving and improving the overall livelyhood of most creatures who existed past the 1800's.

    8. De-extinction efforts would be a landmark scientific achievement, advocates assert, that would reinvigorate conservationism by awesomely demonstrating how humans can contribute to, rather than take from and destroy, the natural world.

      Not everything worthwhile has ever been entirely holistic or pure as preventing extinctions. Some other parties will warp this to turn a profit by any means legal or not.

    9. Critics also point out that an animal's role in an ecosystem is often largely a result of learned behaviors.

      Passage in favor of Opposing De-Extinction - Learned Behaviors

    10. Another pressing question surrounding de-extinction is how scientists should select which creatures to resurrect.

      Opinion - Maybe start with the ones with the most impact on the environment that is failing without their input.

    11. habitat is a particularly pressing concern for any de-extinction effort. The Yangtze River Dolphin, which went extinct in 2006, for example, could not feasibly be brought back until the river is cleared of the pollution that contributed to the species' demise.

      Third Reason - Habitat Loss - followed by example of Yangtze River Dolphin Extinction

    12. Other potential challenges include whether a resurrected animal would be able to adapt to changes in the environment that have occurred since its extinction, including alterations in climate and available food sources.

      Passage in favor of the opposition- Faliure to adapt to current climate and food resources

    13. Wray explained in Rise of the Necrofauna, "the role it once played in its ecosystem—as a fertilizer, forest disturber, predator, and so on—vanishes along with it. This absence leaves a niche unfilled, which in turn affects a cascade of other life forms that a species is always connected to, from the tiniest of mites to the tallest of trees."

      Who is this "Wray" individual and what are their credentials?

    14. These achievements, while notable, proved expensive and time-consuming. Recent advances in genetic editing technology, however, have made such efforts easier. Specifically, CRISPR—an acronym for clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats—are bacterial DNA sequences that scientists have been able to harness as a kind of molecular scissors that makes genetic editing much less cumbersome.

      Passage in favor of De-Extinction - Costs for sample extraction made easier with CRISPR.

    15. Another drawback of captive breeding is that it produces the same lack of genetic diversity that tends to proliferate among isolated populations like the Florida panther.

      Second Drawback for Captive Breeding - Lack of Genetic Diversity

    16. Conservationists have also attempted to help endangered species through captive breeding programs that allow threatened species to mate and grow in protected surroundings before they are released into the wild.

      Third Supporting Reason - Breeding Program

    17. Computer simulations run by paleobiologist John Alroy have found that sporadic hunting by a relatively small group of humans could, over a few centuries, drive large slow-reproducing animals like mammoths and giant ground sloths into extinction.

      The passage make it feel as if over-hunting was the on;y contributing factor?

    18. Captive breeding has significant drawbacks, however, including the absence of natural social instruction.

      Drawback for Captive Breeding - Lacking Natural Social Interaction

    19. A focal point of these efforts has been one of the most powerful drivers of extinction—habitat loss. "As humans and their activities have spread across the globe to extract resources, plant crops, and build cities and roads," O'Connor wrote, "thousands of species inhabit slivers of their previous ranges, surviving in isolated populations with few places to expand and faced with a loss of genetic fitness and an increased vulnerability to climatic shifts, disease, and natural disasters."

      The author says the main driver is habitat loss, but doesn't provide a source to back the claim. Doesn't elaborate or delve deeper into the subject

    20. Another tactic by which conservationists have attempted to help endangered species and imbalanced ecosystems is relocation—introducing endangered species into new habitats.

      Second Supporting Evidence- Relocation

    21. These questions have become more pressing as advances in genetic editing technology have made resurrection science increasingly feasible.

      The untold consequences for tampering with nature will come back to bite us if we aren't considerate and meticulous.

    22. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere is higher than it has been any other time in the last 800,000 years, climate scientists estimate, and, as a result of the accumulation of these greenhouse gases, scientists predict the global temperature will gradually rise by 5.4 to 9 degrees Fahrenheit by 2100, with potentially catastrophic consequences for life on Earth.

      Author might have a possible bias for greenhouse effect.

    23. This view, however, did not account for sudden cataclysmic environmental events or humanity's impact on the environment, as was evident during Darwin's own lifetime with the disappearance of the great auk, a large flightless bird prevalent on rocky islands along the coastlines of Canada and northern Europe.

      Weak or irrelevant srguement when suddenly bringing up humanity's involvement when talking about Darwin's theory.

    24. More broadly, some conservationists warn that de-extinction will divert resources and attention from efforts to protect living animals while potentially making the threat to endangered species seem less vital.

      If we have the power to resurrect a species, does the practice of conservation become irrelavent?

    25. the thylacine, a carnivorous marsupial last seen on the island of Tasmania in the 1930s; and the heath hen, a wild chicken once prevalent in New England that went extinct in the 1930s.

      Suggestion: What about the Dodo?

    26. warn that, though the rapidity of environmental decline seems dire, resurrecting animals would mark a dangerous intensification of human intrusion in the natural

      "-world, one that could have unforeseen, long-lasting effects." - Oppossitions reason

    27. journalist Elizabeth Kolbert wrote in her book The Sixth Extinction in 2014. "But extinction rates among many other groups are approaching amphibian levels. It is estimated that one-third of all reef-building corals, a third of all freshwater mollusks, a third of sharks and rays, a quarter of all mammals, a fifth of all reptiles, and a sixth of all birds are headed toward oblivion."

      Emotionally driven Quote/evidence meant to spur upset the audience.

    28. "Faced with these emergencies, the urgency to do something to save these species seems like a good ethical argument for action," journalist M. R. O'Connor wrote in her book Resurrection Science in 2015.

      Biased Source

    29. Supporters argue that humans, who for most of their history have failed to serve as mindful custodians of the natural world, have a moral responsibility to right some of their wrongs through de-extinction.

      Supporters reason

    30. If humans cannot coexist with living species, they ask, how will they provide sufficient habitat and protection for resurrected animals?

      My Opinion- Does humanity not owe these creatures to continue existing after the careless destruction of its population due to our intervention.

    31. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which works to protect wild habitats and endangered animals around the world, about 900 species have gone extinct in just the past 500 years.

      Supporting Evidence for first reason.

    32. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which works to protect wild habitats and endangered animals around the world, about 900 species have gone extinct in just the past 500 years.

      Supporting Evidence for first reason. Rapid deforestation and Climate Change

    Annotators

    1. This preprint has been published on Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition with a slightly changed Title (Mediating role of depression and anxiety for the association between food insecurity and delayed TB diagnosis in Botswana; A cross-sectional Study) . Please update this. Thank you

    1. Top 5 pods por savings pendientes: 1. Merchants — 89 HC, USD 312K pendiente 2. Fulfillment — 62 HC, USD 198K pendiente 3. Finance — 48 HC, USD 156K pendiente 4. Turbo — 41 HC, USD 134K pendiente 5. CPGs — 38 HC, USD 118K pendiente

      saca esto

    1. Briefing Doc : La Dématérialisation des Services Publics et la Fabrique de l'Exclusion Sociale

      Résumé Exécutif

      Une enquête documentaire approfondie ("CAF, IMPÔTS, PRÉFECTURES : pourquoi l'État ne vous répond PLUS", produite par Off Investigation) met en lumière les conséquences critiques de la dématérialisation à marche forcée des services publics en France. Présentée depuis une quinzaine d'années par les gouvernements successifs — du « choc de simplification » de François Hollande au plan « Action Publique 2022 » d'Emmanuel Macron — comme une modernisation garante d'efficacité et d'inclusion, la numérisation systématique de l'État s'est en réalité transformée en un mécanisme d'exclusion sociale et administrative.

      Les constats majeurs de l'enquête sont les suivants :

      • Destruction des guichets physiques et désertification administrative : La fermeture massive des structures de proximité (trésoreries, bureaux de poste, maternités, lits d'hôpitaux, guichets de préfecture) répond prioritairement à une logique de réductions budgétaires. Un citoyen sur deux se déclare aujourd'hui en souffrance face aux démarches administratives.- Fracture numérique transversale : L'illectronisme ne touche pas uniquement les seniors. Si 34 % de la population globale manque de compétences numériques (INSEE), 69 % des jeunes de 18 à 24 ans éprouvent des difficultés majeures à réaliser leurs démarches en ligne.- Insuffisance structurelle du réseau « France Services » : Annoncées par Emmanuel Macron après la crise des Gilets Jaunes, les plus de 2 800 Maisons France Services fonctionnent comme des « écrans de fumée ». Leurs agents, démunis d'accès direct aux dossiers et de la capacité de « produire du droit », ne peuvent pallier la disparition des administrations d'origine.- Stratégie institutionnelle d'évitement et de non-recours : Les grands organismes sociaux (notamment la CAF) organisent délibérément la mise à distance des usagers (effacement des numéros de téléphone sur les sites Web avec le concours de cabinets de conseil comme Capgemini, robots téléphoniques infructueux, bugs en chaîne). Cette complexification alimente un taux massif de non-recours aux droits fondamentaux (ex. 37 % pour le RSA, 50 % pour le minimum vieillesse).- Fabrique institutionnelle de l'illégalité (Plateforme ANEF) : Dans le domaine du droit des étrangers, les bugs systémiques de la plateforme ANEF et la fermeture des guichets préfectoraux privent des milliers d'usagers réguliers de leurs droits, provoquant des pertes d'emploi, de logement et le basculement forcé dans l'irrégularité. Les réclamations liées aux titres de séjour représentent 37 % des saisines de la Défenseure des Droits en 2025.- Privatisation marchande du service public : La défaillance des services de l'État a généré un marché privé lucratif et opaque. Des officines commerciales telles que Démarche Française exploitent la détresse et la précarité des usagers en facturant à des tarifs prohibitifs (jusqu'à plus de 1 500 €) des prestations sans garantie, sur fond de pratiques commerciales suspectées d'illégalité et d'escroquerie.

      1. Origines et Trajectoire Politiques de la Dématérialisation

      De la mise en garde historique au « Choc de Simplification »

      La méfiance face aux systèmes automatisés complexes n'est pas nouvelle en France. Dès 1994, Gérard Théry, considéré comme le père du Minitel, avertissait que l'avènement des autoroutes de l'information devait éviter le risque de « devenir une affaire de spécialiste » et de « générer une société à deux vitesses ».

      Malgré ces mises en garde, les gouvernements des années 2000 ont initié la fermeture continue des points d'accueil physiques. Sous la présidence de François Hollande, le concept de « dématérialisation » s'impose au nom d'un « choc de simplification » (portant sur plus de 450 mesures). La numérisation de l'impôt sur le revenu sert alors de rampe de lancement à la suppression des formulaires papier et à la réduction des agents publics au guichet.

      Le Plan « Action Publique 2022 » et l'État-Plateforme

      À son arrivée au pouvoir en 2017, le président Emmanuel Macron accélère le processus lors d'événements tournés vers la « Startup Nation » (en présence de figures de la Tech telles que Marc Zuckerberg ou Elon Musk). Il officialise le plan Action Publique 2022, dont l'objectif central est de dématérialiser les 250 démarches administratives les plus utilisées par les Français (déclarations de revenus, demandes de cartes grises, inscriptions sur les listes électorales).

      Le président formalise le concept d'« État-plateforme » :

      « L'État doit devenir digital [...] ce que nous allons promouvoir, c'est un État qui innove, un État qui gagne en productivité en efficacité en épousant le numérique, un État qui ne multiplie pas partout la présence physique. » — Emmanuel Macron (2017)

      Pourtant, un rapport commandé par l'exécutif lui-même et publié en mai 2018 révélait un constat alarmant : 13 millions de citoyens étaient en difficulté avec le numérique, et 40 % redoutaient l'exécution de leurs démarches administratives en ligne.

      Les Chiffres du Démantèlement des Services Publics de Proximité

      La numérisation à marche forcée a servi de paravent à des coupes budgétaires massives au détriment de l'accès physique aux services fondamentaux :

      • Santé : Passage de plus de 1 300 maternités dans les années 1970 à 457 aujourd'hui (-65 %). Suppression de près de 100 000 lits d'hôpitaux en 20 ans (-20 %).- Finances Publiques (Impôts) : Entre 2015 et 2019, fermeture de plus de la moitié des trésoreries locales. Dans certaines zones ruraux comme la Nièvre, l'accès à un guichet a été déplacé à des dizaines de kilomètres (de Lormes vers Corbigny, Clamecy, puis Cosne-sur-Loire, soit 1h30 de trajet).- Préfectures : En 2017, fermeture intégrale des guichets physiques consacrés aux cartes grises et aux permis de conduire, avec renvoi obligatoire vers les plateformes dématérialisées.- La Poste : Suppression de 10 000 bureaux de poste dans les campagnes en 20 ans (-60 %).

      2. La Fracture Numérique et la Création des « Invisibles »

      L'Illectronisme : Une réalité de masse

      Selon les données de l'INSEE, 34 % de la population française manque de compétences numériques, ce qui représente plus d'une personne sur trois. En outre, la moitié des citoyens déclare éprouver une souffrance directe face aux procédures administratives en ligne.

      Pour tenter de pallier ce déficit, plus de 1 300 lieux proposent des ateliers numériques à travers la France. Les conseillers numériques y enseignent les bases (allumer un appareil, faire une recherche, gérer une pièce jointe PDF), mais constatent l'écart croissant entre des interfaces administratives de plus en plus sophistiquées (basées sur des algorithmes) et les capacités d'usagers non formés.

      Rupture Générationnelle et Angoisse Administrative

      Pour les personnes âgées, la perte des services de proximité locaux engendre un sentiment d'abandon et une anxiété profonde.

      • Témoignage de Jean-Claude (88 ans, ancien ingénieur SNCF) : Il qualifie le numérique d'outil de « manipulation et de séparation », créant une « herse » entre ceux qui savent utiliser les claviers et les autres. Des démarches qui prenaient auparavant 5 minutes par téléphone nécessitent désormais la moitié d'une après-midi, contraignant les aînés à dépendre d'une entraide informelle et précaire.

      L'Impact Méconnu sur la Jeunesse

      L'idée reçue selon laquelle les jeunes maîtriserait nativement l'administration dématérialisée est contredite par les faits. En 2025, un rapport de chercheurs sur les usages numériques révèle que 69 % des 18-24 ans (soit plus de 2 jeunes sur 3) éprouvent d'importantes difficultés à effectuer leurs démarches en ligne.

      • Témoignage de Claire (25 ans, en réinsertion dans la Nièvre) : Ne disposant pas d'ordinateur ni de connexion réseau adéquate à son domicile, elle s'expose à la radiation des services de France Travail à la moindre actualisation manquée. Claire souligne n'avoir jamais appris la gestion administrative dématérialisée, ayant appris à tenir ses comptes sur papier. L'obstacle numérique l'a contrainte à abandonner sa formation à distance de toiletteuse pour animaux.

      Cette déconnexion forcée produit ce que les intervenants sociaux qualifient d'« invisibles » : des personnes précaires, sans matériel informatique ni compétences avancées, qui renoncent à leurs déclarations (CAF, Impôts) et s'effacent complètement des radars de l'administration.


      3. Le Dispositif « Maisons France Services » : Un Écran de Fumée

      Origine et Promesse Politique

      Consécutivement au mouvement des Gilets Jaunes (dont l'une des revendications centrales ciblait l'abandon des services publics en milieu rural), Emmanuel Macron annonce au terme du « Grand Débat » la mise en place d'un réseau de proximité : Les Maisons France Services. L'objectif affiché par le gouvernement (relayé par Gabriel Attal alors Premier ministre) était de garantir un conseiller à moins de 20 minutes de chaque citoyen. En 5 ans, plus de 2 800 structures ont été labellisées.

      [Guichets Spécifiques Historiques] (CAF, CPAM, Impôts, Préfecture, Pôle Emploi) │ ▼ (Fermetures et Dématérialisation) [Réseau "France Services"] (Guichet unique / Accueil numérique) │ ▼ (Bloqué : Absence de pouvoir de décision) [Usager bloqué / Dépendance aux plateformes Web et robots]

      Limites Structurelles et Réalité de Terrain

      Sur le terrain (comme illustré à la Maison France Services de Vermenton dans l'Yonne), le dispositif montre des faiblesses structurelles majeures :

      • Impossibilité de « Produire du Droit » : Comme le soulignent des chercheurs et des sociologues (notamment à Dijon et Sciences Po Strasbourg), la Maison France Services n'est pas un lieu où s'instruisent les dossiers. Les agents ne disposent d'aucun accès direct aux bases de données et dossiers de la CAF, des Impôts ou de la CPAM. Ils agissent comme de simples facilitateurs de connexion Internet.- Obstacles Techniques Contradictoires : La connexion aux espaces personnels exige des systèmes de validation complexes (FranceConnect, double authentification par SMS/mail). Dans les zones rurales mal couvertes par le réseau mobile, valider une démarche relève de la performance logistique (recherche de signal WiFi, obligation de se déplacer près des fenêtres ou sur les parkings).- Charge sur les Agents de Terrain : Les conseillers France Services sont contraints d'outrepasser quotidiennement leurs attributions (création d'adresses e-mail pour des tiers, gestion informelle des messographies), tout en subissant l'autodérision du réseau qualifié parfois en interne de « France Tout » ou « France Poubelle ».

      Le Projet d'IA « Albert »

      En 2024, le gouvernement annonce l'expérimentation d'« Albert », une intelligence artificielle souveraine censée assister les conseillers France Services. Cette initiative suscite le rejet des professionnels du secteur, qui dénoncent la tentative d'interposer un robot supplémentaire là où le besoin fondamental est un accompagnement humain direct.


      4. Stratégie Institutionnelle d'Évitement et Fabrique du Non-Recours

      La Mise à Distance Délibérée des Allocataires (Cas de la CAF)

      L'enquête révèle une politique institutionnelle visant à filtrer et décourager la venue ou le contact direct des usagers, justifiée en interne par des impératifs de « progrès gestionnaires » et la lutte contre la « surfréquentation ».

      • Révélations sur le Site de la CAF : Une ancienne prestataire ayant travaillé en 2020 pour la refonte du site caf.fr au sein du cabinet de conseil Capgemini (géant du conseil autrefois dirigé par le macroniste Philippe Granjon) témoigne anonymement. Elle confirme que les orientations stratégiques dictées par la direction de la CAF visaient délibérément à masquer le numéro de téléphone national (3230) et à supprimer le lien physique direct, incitant l'usager à chercher seul ou à utiliser l'e-mail.- Dysfonctionnements Ergonomiques : Le bouton « Contacter votre CAF » du site web s'avère dans certains cas inactif (bouton mort en JavaScript), empêchant d'accéder aux contacts.- Parcours du Combattant Téléphonique : Le passage par le standard automatisé exige la saisie rapide de numéros complexes (numéro de sécurité sociale à 13 chiffres). Les erreurs ou retards de saisie entraînent un raccrochage automatique du robot. Lorsqu'un conseiller est enfin joint, l'absence de transfert d'appel interne contraint l'usager à rappeler d'autres services informatiques ou à réexpédier des formulaires papier numérisés.

      La Chasse aux Pauvres et la Suppression des Revenus Vitaux

      Les bugs informatiques et la rigidité des procédures automatiques provoquent des ruptures irréparables de droits pour les populations vulnérables.

      [Incident / Absence à un rdv] ──> [Radiation automatique par l'algorithme/CAF] │ ▼ [Perte subite des ressources (RSA)] ◄── [Absence d'interlocuteur / Courriers perdus] │ ▼ [Precarisation extrême / Expulsion / Dépendance]

      • Le cas d'Alfred (Vaucluse) : Cet écrivain et traducteur de 57 ans a vu son RSA (650 €/mois) coupé sans préavis par la CAF du Vaucluse suite à l'absence à un premier rendez-vous d'insertion. Malgré l'envoi d'un courrier recommandé de contestation (avec accusé de réception), son dossier s'est « volatilisé » du système informatique. Il a découvert sa radiation définitive 9 mois plus tard par courrier, le contraignant à abandonner son logement pour réinstaller ses affaires dans le garage de ses parents.- Statistique Territoriale : Selon les données de la CAF (2024), le Conseil départemental du Vaucluse s'est illustré par un taux de radiation de 14 % des foyers bénéficiaires du RSA, figurant parmi les plus élevés de France.

      Les Chiffres Alarmants du Non-Recours aux Droits

      Plutôt que d'endiguer l'assistanat, la dématérialisation complexe génère un non-recours massif aux aides légales en France (données officielles 2026) :

      | Prestation / Aide Sociale | Taux de Non-Recours des Éligibles | | --- | --- | | RSA (Revenu de Solidarité Active) | 37 % | | Minimum Vieillesse | 50 % | | Assurance Chômage | 30 % | | Complémentaire Santé Solidaire (CSS avec participation) | 72 % |

      Injustice Fiscale Comparative : Alors que l'État prive d'usagers de 650 € de RSA pour des motifs administratifs mineurs, le Ministère des Finances a épongé, en juin 2025, une dette de 320 millions d'euros de pénalités fiscales au profit du groupe Vivendi (Vincent Bolloré), ce qui équivaut à 40 900 années de RSA.


      5. L'Enfer Administratif de la Plateforme ANEF et le Droit des Étrangers

      La Plateforme ANEF : Un Défaillance Systématique

      Lancée en 2014 et rendue obligatoire par décret en 2021, l'ANEF (Administration Numérique pour les Étrangers en France) centralise 100 % des démarches de titre de séjour, d'asile et de naturalisation. Les chercheurs et bénévoles associatifs (Secours Catholique) décrivent la plateforme comme une « machine infernale à fabriquer du non-droit » marquée par des bugs structurels répétés :

      • Limitation arbitraire du poids des pièces jointes empêchant le dépôt de dossiers complets ;- Impossibilité de consulter l'historique des échanges ou des démarches ;- Motifs de séjour verrouillés par le logiciel ne correspondant pas à la situation réelle de l'usager et bloquant toute validation.

      Conséquences Humaines et Juridiques

      La fermeture parallèle des guichets de préfecture (notamment dans les Hauts-de-Seine) empêche tout recours humain. Les préfectures ne délivrant plus les attestations de prolongation dans les délais, des usagers installés légalement en France depuis des décennies basculent du jour au lendemain dans l'illégalité.

      • Témoignage de Mme Davega (Cap-Vert) : Résidant et travaillant en France depuis 22 ans, mère de trois enfants, elle a perdu son emploi en CDI à la suite de l'absence de réponse de la préfecture de Nanterre 8 mois après le dépôt en ligne du renouvellement de son titre de séjour.

      [Bugs ANEF / Retards Préfecture] ──> [Absence de récépissé de renouvellement] │ ▼ [Rupture automatique des droits] ──> [Perte du travail (CDI), du logement, du RSA] │ ▼ [Basculement forcé dans l'irrégularité] ("Fabrique de Sans-Papiers")

      Explosion des Saisines et Action en Justice

      Devant l'Assemblée nationale, Claire Hédon, Défenseure des Droits, confirme l'ampleur du sinistre :

      • En 2019, le droit des étrangers représentait 10 % des réclamations globales adressées à la Défenseure des Droits.- En 2023, ce chiffre est monté à 25 %.- En 2024-2025, la proportion atteint 37 % (plus d'un tiers de l'ensemble des réclamations de l'institution).

      En mars 2025, face au refus du ministère de corriger la plateforme, un collectif de 10 associations a déposé un recours devant le Conseil d'État pour carence fautive de l'État.

      Instrumentations Politiques

      Plusieurs observateurs et juristes font le lien entre les dysfonctionnements techniques des plateformes confiées à des cabinets privés (Wavestone, Accenture, Capgemini) et la ligne politique affichée par le ministre de l'Intérieur, Bruno Retailleau. En avril 2025, ce dernier mettait publiquement en avant le bilan de sa politique d'éloignement et de durcissement (baisse de 40 % des régularisations, de 15 % des naturalisations, hausse de 20 % des éloignements et de 30 % des interpellations), la défaillance technique agissant de facto comme un régulateur migratoire restrictif.


      6. La Privatisation de la Misère Administrative : L'Affaire « Démarche Française »

      L'Émergence des Intermédiaires Privés Lucratifs

      L'inaccessibilité des préfectures et de la plateforme ANEF a favorisé le développement d'entreprises privées opportunistes. Celles-ci vendent à des usagers désespérés un accompagnement administratif banal en se parant d'atours institutionnels.

      L'exemple le plus saillant est la société Démarche Française, créée en 2023. Elle déploie une campagne de communication massive (publicités dans le métro parisien, spots en prime time sur M6, partenariats avec des influenceurs aux 19 millions d'abonnés comme Mohamed Henni) et s'appuie sur quatre agences physiques.

      [Fermeture Préfectures / Bugs ANEF] │ ▼ [Désarroi et Urgence des Migrants] │ ▼ [Officines Privées ("Démarche Française")] ──> Tarifs (1500€ à 1850€) / Promesses Fallacieuses │ ▼ [Absence de résultat / Absence d'accès préférentiel / Escroquerie]

      Méthodes Commerciales et Pratiques Trompeuses

      Une enquête en caméra cachée réalisée au sein d'une agence de Démarche Française révèle un modèle d'affaires basé sur la désinformation :

      • Usurpation de l'Apparence Républicaine : Utilisation d'une charte graphique bleu-blanc-rouge et d'une balance de la justice pour créer une confusion avec un service officiel de l'État.- Commercialisation Agressive : Les conseillers commerciaux perçoivent une commission de 9 % sur le chiffre d'affaires généré. Ils mettent en avant de faux arguments d'autorité : prétention d'être « le seul organisme reconnu », affirmation mensongère de traiter « 1 000 dossiers par mois » et de garantir « 95 % de réussite » en allant « plus vite que la préfecture ».- Tarification Prohibitive : Prestation facturée entre 1 560 € et 1 850 € (payable en 4 fois), assortie d'une option payante « assurance OQTF » à 250 €.- Absence de Service Effectif : De nombreux avis de clients floués dénoncent des promesses non tenues. Une fois le paiement perçu, la société se contente de remplir le dossier de base sur l'ANEF sans aucun traitement prioritaire.

      Montage Juridique Douteux et Connivence d'Officine

      • Fondateurs : La société est dirigée par Julien Perez et Georges Jane, deux entrepreneurs issus du secteur des jeux d'argent et du poker en ligne (anciens dirigeants de Bravo Loto, société liquidée après une condamnation judiciaire pour concurrence déloyale et tromperie au détriment de la Française des Jeux). Dans une déclaration à L'Express en 2025, ils admettront d'ailleurs que leurs conseillers « ne sont pas compétents dans le domaine juridique ».- Cabinet Alibi : Pour contourner l'interdiction de l'exercice illégal du droit, Démarche Française prétend s'appuyer sur un cabinet partenaire : ACDN Avocats (fondé par Me Gabrielle Nataf à Neuilly-sur-Seine). Or, une vérification téléphonique démontre que le numéro de téléphone officiel du cabinet d'avocats renvoie directement vers le standard commercial de Démarche Française. À la suite de la prise de contact des journalistes, le numéro de téléphone et les photos des avocates ont promptement disparu du site internet.

      Analyse Légale des Pratiques

      Interrogé sur ces méthodes, Me Régis Vaquet (ancien avocat au Secours Catholique) et la DGCCRF relèvent de graves infractions potentielles :

      • Exercice illégal du droit et déontologie : L'imposition d'un avocat lié par un intermédiaire opaque enfreint le principe fondamental du libre choix de son conseil par l'usager.- Pratiques commerciales trompeuses (Art. L121-4 du Code de la consommation) : Le fait d'affirmer faussement être agréé ou reconnu par des organismes publics est passible de 5 ans d'emprisonnement et 750 000 € d'amende.- Abus de faiblesse et escroquerie : Exploitation méthodique du désarroi d'étrangers vulnérables risquant l'expulsion.- Responsabilité de l'État : Selon les analystes et anciens employés préfectoraux, la léthargie des pouvoirs publics face à ces officines (bien qu'identifiées par le ministère de l'Intérieur) s'explique par le fait qu'elles absorbent le flux d'usagers et réduisent artificiellement la pression sur les guichets de l'État.

      7. Synthèse des Données et Statistiques Clés

      Le tableau suivant récapitule les indicateurs majeurs documentés au cours de l'enquête concernant l'impact de la dématérialisation sur les services publics français :

      | Domaine | Indicateur / Statistique | Source / Période | | --- | --- | --- | | Compétences Numériques | 34 % de la population manque de compétences numériques (1/3 des Français) | INSEE (2025) | | Souffrance Administrative | 50 % des citoyens (1 sur 2) se disent en souffrance face aux démarches | Enquête / Étude publique | | Difficultés chez les Jeunes | 69 % des 18-24 ans rencontrent des difficultés avec les démarches en ligne | Étude Chercheurs (2025) | | Fermetures Maternités | Suppression de 65 % des structures (de >1 300 à 457) | Données Santé (1970-2025) | | Lits d'Hôpitaux | Suppression de 100 000 lits (-20 %) en 20 ans | Données Santé | | Trésoreries Impôts | Fermeture de +50 % des trésoreries locales | Ministère des Finances (2015-2019) | | Bureaux de Poste | Suppression de 10 000 bureaux en milieu rural (-60 %) | La Poste (2005-2025) | | Accueil CAF | Suppression de 60 % des points d'accès physiques de la CAF | Cour des Comptes (2016-2022) | | Non-recours RSA | 37 % d'usagers éligibles privés de leurs droits au RSA | Données Officielles (2026) | | Non-recours Minimum Vieillesse | 50 % de non-recours chez les seniors éligibles | Données Officielles (2026) | | Non-recours Santé Solidaire | 72 % de non-recours à la Complémentaire Santé Solidaire (CSS) | Données Officielles (2026) | | Saisines Défenseur des Droits | 37 % des réclamations concernent les titres de séjour étrangers | Défenseure des Droits (2025) | | Coût "Démarche Française" | 1 560 € à 1 850 € (+ 250 € assurance OQTF) la prestation administrative | Tarifs Officine Privée (2026) | | Cadeau Fiscal Vivendi | 320 millions € de pénalités effacées (= 40 900 ans de RSA) | Ministère des Finances (2025) |

    1. main argument: American English has developed through cultural influences, regional differences, and changes in society. There isn't just one way to speak english, and different dialects have helped shape the language we use today.

    2. American English is not a singular dialect but a family of different regional dialects

      There isn't just one correct way to speak American English. Different regions have their own ways of speaking.

    3. Accent differences, as well as vocabulary, word stress, and grammar differences, were noticed

      There is more than one way to speak English. Differences in accents, words, and grammar are what make up dialects.

    4. The dialects of American English developed from colonists’ geographical isolation, their exposure to other immigrant and Indigenous languages,

      American English developed because people from different backgrounds, and cultures influenced the way people spoke.

    5. Cultural exchanges among the United States, Great Britain, and the world have continued American English’s evolution and change

      Language is constantly changing because people, and cultures influence each other.

    6. These experts and organizations, in turn, study speakers’ changing uses of American English when making their decisions.

      Dictionaries dont just make up language rules. They also pay attetntion to how people actually speak.

    7. uestions over the use and inclusion of new words in American English often falls to professional organizations such as the Literary Language Association,

      Language experts and organizations help decide which new words and language changes should be recognized un dictionaries.

    8. ll arrived with relatively the same British accent. However, an analysis of their speech upon their return confirmed that their accents had changed slightly.

      Even when poeple are isolated, their language and accent can change.

    9. expressions such as right on, rip-off, chill out, and dis have been incorporated into American English

      Words and phrases that started in particular communities can eventually become commonly used by everyone.

    10. Non-standard dialects do lack the language prestige of the standard language, but do also continually contribute to the evolution and updating of the standard language.

      Society may give Standard English more respect, but other dialects still help create new words and change the language.

    11. Linguists assert that such dialects, though considered non-standard, are legitimate rule-based varietals of American English with features (for example, use conventions, exceptions, etc.) much like Standard American English.

      Just because a dialect isn't considered standard doesn't mean it is wrong. Different dialects have their own grammar rules and structure.

    12. Many US schools have treated African American English as a substandard form of language, requiring remediation.

      Schools have sometimes treated certain dialects as incorrect instead of recognizing them as different forms of English.

    13. teaching lessons this way is a form of systemic racism that further marginalizes minority students and limits their future potential in a society in which Standard American English is the preferred norm.

      There are disagreements about whether teaching different dialects helps students or causes further discrimination.

    14. teaching students non-standard English encourages cultural pride and teaches students how to successfully translate among and understand the dialects they will encounter in life

      Leearning about your own dialect can help students feel proud of their backgrounds and identities.

    15. some American educators have advocated teaching African American students in dialects of African American English, also called Ebonics or African American Vernacular English (AAVE), alongside Standard American English.

      Some educators believe students should be taught both their cultural dialect and Standard English instead of having to choose one.

    16. Critics argued that the English-only approach to education resulted from ill-informed fears that the growing prominence of Spanish-language speakers in US culture would eventually displace American English as the national language. Many of these policies were rescinded in the mid-to-late 2010s, but some remained in effect.

      Some people believed English-only education was based on fear of other languages, and cultures rather than actual educational needs.

    17. American English is the language of the United States, though it has not been given official federal status

      English is the main language spoken, but is not officially established as the federal language.

    18. Webster chose s over c (as in defense), er over re (as in center and theater), and dropped the u in words like colour and favour.

      American spelling became different from British spelling, we still see those differences today.

    19. Midwestern American English was the mainstream or Standard American English, and many Americans still perceive the dialect that way.

      Society has developed the idea that regional accents sound more educated or proper than others.

    20. Enslaved Africans and regional British settlers mutually influenced each other's speech while shaping contemporary Southern American and African American dialects, although these dialects of spoken American English have been criticized as non-standard dialects.

      Different cultures and groups influenced each other's language and helped create new dialects.

    21. New York and Boston had more contact with England, they adopted the r-less (non-rhotic) pronunciation of upper-class Londoners.

      Different areas developed different accents based on their exposure to other cultures.

    22. American English retained British English pronunciations that Britain abandoned.

      Some words kept their original pronunciation in America, even when people in Britain changes how they pronounced them.

    1. First, determine what action you are trying to accomplish. Are you trying to receive an A on a paper?

      In this class, I am trying to find a balance between creating work I am proud of and receiving an A. Overall, my main goal in doing anything for this class is to end with an A.

    2. What features, I asked myself, should go into this essay? How personal could I get? What rhetorical moves might I use, effectively or inef-fectively? I hoped that a similar type of essay already existed so that I would have something to guide my own writing.

      I actually really like how he began this essay with an example that is commonly known. I think this drove home his point about how we feel constricted in whatever genre we are supposed to be doing. After reading the example about country music, I can understand his internal dilemma about writing this piece.

    3. how would I figure out what lyrics are acceptable in terms of country songs?

      If I were to write a country song, this would not be a question I would ask myself. This is mainly because music genres are based on sound, not lyrics, in my opinion. You could write lyrics about love, family, religion, or drinking, and the genre would only depend on the voice and the music in the background.

    1. Humans have a moral obligation, proponents of de-extinction contend, to bring back species that they played a part in wiping out.

      I personally don't believe we anything other than maintaining the balance of preserving and improving the overall livelyhood of most creatures who existed past the 1800's.

    2. De-extinction efforts would be a landmark scientific achievement, advocates assert, that would reinvigorate conservationism by awesomely demonstrating how humans can contribute to, rather than take from and destroy, the natural world.

      Not everything worthwhile has ever been entirely holistic or pure as preventing extinctions. Some other parties will warp this to turn a profit by any means legal or not.

    3. Another pressing question surrounding de-extinction is how scientists should select which creatures to resurrect.

      Opinion - Maybe start with the ones with the most impact on the environment that is failing without their input.

    Annotators

    1. Our study has some limitations. First, ED visit data might be underestimating the true incidence of non-fatal opioid overdose events as not everyone who experiences an overdose event presents at an ED.

      ED data might leave gaps in true incidence level of overdose events, might underestimate responses, important to consider when looking at success in avoiding overdose etc.

    2. Table 3 presents unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios from the cause-specioc model. After accounting for potential confounding, competing risks, and individual-level random effects, we observed that in-jail MOUD was associated with reduced risk of non-fatal opioid

      Important to note that this doesn't indicate that half of people avoided overdose completely, simply the reduced risk was around this figure for this certain group.

    3. The null association between in-jail MOUD and non-fatal overdose after the orst two weeks post-jail release in our study may renect chal- lenges in accessing and continuing care at OTPs

      Note for my potential policy idea/reform: importance of continued care and access, expanding resources for victims and OTPs.

    4. Based on the observed SMD, we concluded there were important imbalances between the out-of-treatment and MOUD groups with respect to a number of characteristics.

      Groups differed on several characteristics, potentially influencing results. Important to adjust for these differences, otherwise we might want to take results with a grain of salt.

    5. Unlike the orst 2 weeks, we found no associations within 15–28, 29–56, or 57–365 days after release

      No significant associations found in later periods, potential need for better continued help etc?

    6. 2.7. Covariates

      It appears they accounted for a lot of factors that might've influence their data/overdose risk. Adjusting for these would strengthen results, but important to note that all confounding variables cannot be accounted for.

    7. p.

      Couldn't annotate on p2, felt it was important to note the authors mentioning of the lack of studies on this kind of subject, particularly the part about overdoses after jail release, which I took to mean that this study could be important for shaping policy.

    Annotators

    1. Document de Briefing : Violences Sexuelles, Prévention et Éducation à la Sexualité en Milieu Scolaire


      Synthèse Exécutive

      Le présent document offre une analyse approfondie des données récentes, des dispositifs ministériels et des enjeux structurels liés à la prévention des violences sexistes et sexuelles (VSS) au sein du système éducatif français.

      Cette synthèse repose sur les interventions de Maëlle Le Corps (journaliste et autrice de l'ouvrage Qui a peur de l'éducation à la sexualité) et Alexis Guiton (secrétaire national FEP-CFDT), diffusées lors d'un entretien sur Radio France.

      Enseignements et Constats Clés :

      • Un constat statistique alarmant : Un tiers (33 %) des élèves déclarent avoir subi au moins une forme de violence sexuelle à l'école (étude DEP).

      Chez les 18-21 ans, 63 % rapportent au moins un acte de violence sexuelle au cours de leur vie (77 % des filles, 50 % des garçons), et près de 22 % ont été victimes d'actes sexuels subis (viols).

      • Prise de conscience et débanalisation : Des comportements historiquement banalisés (soulever les jupes, tirer sur les élastiques de soutien-gorge, forcer la porte des toilettes) sont désormais formellement identifiés par la jeunesse comme du harcèlement et des violences sexuelles.

      • Le déploiement des questionnaires nationaux : Intégré aux campagnes anti-harcèlement à partir de début novembre, un questionnaire décliné en 5 niveaux (de la Grande Section à la Terminale) vise à repérer les VSS.

      Son déploiement suscite toutefois de vives inquiétudes quant à la précipitation de sa mise en œuvre, la possibilité de veto parental ("sauf intérêt supérieur de l'enfant") et l'impréparation des équipes.

      • Une pénurie de moyens et de formation : La passation des questionnaires nécessite un binôme enseignant-personnel de santé.

      Or, le système souffre d'un sous-effectif critique (1 infirmière pour 1 200 élèves en moyenne, quasi-absence dans le privé sous contrat qui scolarise 20 % des élèves) et d'un manque de formation des enseignants (réduite à un module en ligne de 3 heures).

      • L'application défaillante de l'EVAR / EVARS : Bien que les trois séances annuelles d'Éducation à la Vie Affective, Relationnelle et à la Sexualité soient obligatoires depuis la loi de 2001, moins de 20 % des lycéens bénéficient réellement de ces temps de prévention.

      • Résistances idéologiques et dérives associatives : Les pressions réactionnaires ont retardé l'abord des questions d'orientation sexuelle et d'identité de genre (repoussées à la classe de 4ᵉ).

      Dans l'enseignement privé sous contrat, l'intervention d'associations réactionnaires propage une vision stéréotypée et homophobe, contournant le cadre de l'Éducation nationale.

      • Faille institutionnelle dans la protection des victimes et des personnels : L'Éducation nationale peine encore à protéger les élèves et ses propres agents ciblés par la violences ou la LGBTI-phobie, comme l'illustrent les tragiques suicides du jeune Lucas (13 ans) et de la directrice d'école Caroline Grandjean-Pacou.

      1. État des Lieux Statistique et Évolution des Perceptions

      1.1 Chiffres Clés des Enquêtes Récentes

      Les données publiées par le service statistique de l'Éducation nationale (DEP) et l'enquête VA (Visa pour vie affective et violence sexuelle à l'adolescence, menée par l'IPSOS pour l'Association contre les violences sur mineur, la DGCS et les Hôpitaux de Paris) révèlent la gravité de la situation :

      | Enquête / Source | Population Ciblée | Indicateur / Statistique Clé | Nature des Faits Rapportés | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Enquête DEP | Élèves en milieu scolaire | 1/3 (33 %) des élèves | Victimes d'au moins une forme de violence sexuelle à l'école. | | Enquête Victimation (2024-2025) | Élèves en milieu scolaire | 40 % des élèves | Violences globales en milieu scolaire (non ciblées explicitement comme VSS dans les anciennes versions). | | Enquête VA (IPSOS / DGCS) | Jeunes âgés de 18 à 21 ans | 63 % des interrogés | Victimes d'au moins un acte de violence sexuelle au cours de leur vie (77 % des filles, 50 % des garçons). | | Enquête VA (Focus Viols) | Jeunes âgés de 18 à 21 ans | Quasiment 22 % | Actes sexuels subis (qualifiés juridiquement de viol). | | Cible Ministérielle (Édouard Gefray) | Population scolaire globale | 10 % des élèves | Élèves victimes de violences nécessitant un repérage et un orientement (essentiellement dans le cercle familial). |

      1.2 La Redéfinition des Comportements et la Débanalisation

      Maëlle Le Corps et Alexis Guiton soulignent un changement sociétal majeur : des actes autrefois considérés comme des "jeux d'enfants" ou l'expression banalisée d'une prétendue nature masculine ("les garçons embêtent les filles") sont désormais qualifiés pour ce qu'ils sont :

      • Soulever les jupes en école maternelle.

      • Tirer sur les élastiques de soutien-gorge au collège.

      • Forcer l'ouverture de la porte des toilettes.

      • Menaces de diffusion de photos intimes sur Internet.

      Cette requalification permet aux enfants et adolescents de poser des mots précis sur leurs traumatismes, mais met en lumière l'incidence directe de ces agissements sur la scolarité, en particulier celle des filles.


      2. Le Questionnaire National sur les Violences Sexuelles : Défis et Limites

      Annoncé dans le cadre de la Journée nationale de lutte contre le harcèlement à l'école (fixée au jeudi 5 novembre), un questionnaire spécifique sur les violences sexistes et sexuelles est intégré au dispositif d'évaluation annuel.

         ```
         [Conception durant l'été / Précipitation]
                             │
                             ▼
       [Déclinaison en 5 questionnaires distincts]
             (De la Grande Section à la Terminale)
                             │
                             ▼
           [Passation en binôme dans la classe]
          (Enseignant + Personnel de santé / 30 élèves)
                             │
               ┌─────────────┴─────────────┐
               ▼                           ▼
      

      [Obstacle : Droit de veto] [Obstacle : Pénurie RH] (Opposition parentale) (1 infirmière / 1 200 élèves) │ │ └─────────────┬─────────────┘ ▼ [Absence de chaîne de prise en charge] ```

      2.1 Évolution de la Structure des Questionnaires

      Initialement conçu avec 3 questionnaires seulement (un par degré scolaire), le dispositif a été réajusté sous la pression des organisations syndicales pour compter 5 questionnaires échelonnés de la Grande Section à la Terminale.

      Cette segmentation permet d'adapter le vocabulaire aux capacités de compréhension des enfants :

      • Avant 6 ans / Premier degré : Formulation simplifiée, découpage des phrases complexes et utilisation du lexique de la littérature enfantine sur le sentiment de sécurité et de confort ("Est-ce que tu te sens à l'aise à l'école / à la maison ?").

      • Second degré (Collège / Lycée) : Utilisation de questions ciblant les harcèlements numériques, les sollicitations non consenties et les agressions.

      La formulation directe de la notion d'agression sexuelle pour les classes de 6ᵉ reste délicate à poser sans risquer d'orienter excessivement les réponses.

      2.2 Faiblesses Structurelles et Logistiques

      Le syndicaliste Alexis Guiton dénonce une mise en œuvre caractérisée par la "précipitation" et l'impréparation du ministère de l'Éducation nationale :

      • Déficit de Formation : Les enseignants ne disposent que d'un module de formation en ligne de 3 heures, jugé largement insuffisant pour accueillir la parole des enfants victimes de traumatismes.

      • Pénurie de Personnels de Santé : Le protocole exige que la passation soit faite par un binôme enseignant-personnel de santé.

      Or, la moyenne nationale est d'une infirmière scolaire pour 1 200 élèves, avec une quasi-absence de personnels médicaux dans l'enseignement privé sous contrat (qui représente 20 % des élèves français).

      • Pression du Cadre de Classe : Faire passer un tel questionnaire au sein d'un groupe-classe de 30 élèves, en fin de cours, limite la liberté de parole des élèves, intimidés par la dynamique collective et la présence des pairs.

      • Le Veto Parental et l'Intérêt Supérieur de l'Enfant : Les parents sont informés et conservent la possibilité de s'opposer à la passation du questionnaire par leur enfant.

      Bien qu'une clause "sauf intérêt supérieur de l'enfant" ait été inscrite dans les récents décrets encadrant le texte, cette latitude laisse un flou juridique lourd pour les équipes éducatives, alors même que la majorité des violences ont lieu au sein du cercle familial (données CIVISE).

      • Absence d'Aval et d'Orientation : Une fois les faits révélés par le questionnaire, les ressources d'écoute, de suivi psychologique, de police et de justice font défaut pour assurer la prise en charge des élèves identifiés.

      3. L'Éducation à la Vie Affective, Relationnelle et à la Sexualité (EVAR / EVARS)

      L'éducation à la sexualité est encadrée par la loi de 2001, qui stipule l'obligation de dispensations de 3 séances annuelles pour chaque élève, de la maternelle à la terminale.

      3.1 Différenciation des Programmes

      • EVAR (Premier degré) : Éducation à la Vie Affective et Relationnelle (le terme "Sexualité" est volontairement omis dans l'intitulé du primaire).

      • EVARS (Second degré) : Éducation à la Vie Affective, Relationnelle et à la Sexualité.

      3.2 Le Rupture d'Application entre le Primaire et le Secondaire

      Il existe une grande disparité dans le respect des obligations légales :

      • Dans le Premier Degré : Les séances sont généralement bien intégrées et dispensées par les professeurs des écoles, car les thématiques abordées (respect de soi, stéréotypes de genre, sentiment de sécurité) s'inscrivent naturellement dans le quotidien de la classe.

      • Dans le Second Degré (Lycées) : Moins de 20 % des élèves de lycée ont effectivement suivi une séance d'EVARS (données confirmées par l'ancien ministre Pap Ndiaye et les enquêtes syndicales).

      Ce blocage s'explique par le manque de formation des professeurs du secondaire, leur sentiment d'illégitimité sur ces sujets et la crainte d'éveiller des controverses morales.

         ```
         APPLICATION DES SÉANCES OBLIGATOIRES D'EVAR / EVARS
      

      100 % ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── │ │ ┌──────────────┐ 50 % │ │ │ │ │ Primaire │ ┌──────────────┐ │ │ (Plutôt bien │ │ Secondaire │ │ │ appliqué) │ │ (Moins de 20%)│ 0 % └──┴──────────────┴──────────────┴──────────────┴───────── ```

      3.3 Instrumentalisation Associative et Enseignement Privé

      Bien que la réglementation dispose que les intervenants extérieurs ne doivent intervenir qu'en complément et sous la responsabilité des enseignants, des dérives majeures sont documentées :

      • Entrisme d'associations réactionnaires : Dans certains établissements privés sous contrat (par exemple l'établissement Stanislas à Paris), des associations prosélytes (telles que Teen STAR, XYZ, Comme Je T'aime) se substituent à l'enseignement officiel.

      • Contenus véhiculés : Ces structures occultent délibérément les questions relatives à la contraception et à l'Interruption Volontaire de Grossesse (IVG).

      Elles promeuvent un discours basé sur la stricte binarité des sexes, la "complémentarité homme-femme", la valorisation exclusive de la famille nucléaire hétérosexuelle et véhiculent des postulats homophobes.

      • Censure des sujets LGBTQA+ : Sous la pression des mouvements conservateurs, la mention des orientations sexuelles et des identités de genre a été retirée du début du collège pour être repoussée à partir de la classe de 4ᵉ.

      4. Enjeux Institutionnels : Harcèlement LGBT-phobe et Défaut de Protection

      4.1 La Culture de la Domination et l'Adultisme

      Alexis Guiton met en exergue l'existence d'une culture institutionnelle imprégnée d'« adultisme », au sein de laquelle la parole de l'enfant et de l'adolescent est dévaluée ou considérée avec suspicion.

      L'absence d'une véritable écoute empêche une protection efficace des victimes.

      4.2 L'Impact des Stéréotypes de Genre

      Le harcèlement scolaire cible massivement la non-conformité aux normes de genre (filles jugées "trop" ou "pas assez" féminines, garçons perçus comme "pas assez virils" ou stigmatisés comme homosexuels).

      Faute de formation sur ces thématiques, le corps enseignant manque d'outils pour déconstruire ces violences à la racine.

      4.3 Les Drames Humains et le Manque de Protection de l'Institution

      Maëlle Le Corps rappelle que son ouvrage est dédié à deux figures victimes du harcèlement et de la défaillance des mécanismes de protection de l'Éducation nationale :

      • Lucas (13 ans) : Élève de collège s'étant suicidé au début de l'année 2023 à la suite d'un harcèlement homophobe continu.

      Ce drame a contraint l'ancien ministre Pap Ndiaye à lancer la refonte du programme scolaire des VARS.

      • Caroline Grandjean-Pacou : Directrice d'école primaire lesbienne, harcelée et menacée de mort dans son village.

      L'institution a réagi en tentant d'abord de la muter au lieu de la protéger.

      Laissée sans soutien institutionnel, elle a mis fin à ses jours le 1ᵉʳ septembre (jour de la rentrée scolaire).

      Alexis Guiton confirme l'absence de plan d'action effectif du ministère pour protéger ses propres agents LGBTQA+.

      L'invisibilisation des personnels et le sentiment d'insécurité qui en découle empêchent ces derniers d'aborder sereinement les questions de diversité et de tolérance avec leurs élèves.


      Citations Majeures

      Maëlle Le Corps : « Il y a une banalisation de certains comportements [...] des choses qui n'étaient pas forcément considérées comme des violences sexistes et sexuelles à l'époque où l'on était scolarisé sont aujourd'hui lues à travers ce regard-là [...] finallement non, en fait, ça s'appelle du harcèlement. »

      Alexis Guiton : « Ces questionnaires [...] ont été annoncés, rédigés et vont être mis en place dans une précipitation qui montre une incompréhension de ce qui se passe dans les établissements et dans les familles par le ministère depuis toujours. »

      Édouard Gefray (cité dans la retranscription) : « Le questionnaire harcèlement que nos élèves remplissent chaque année sera cette année complété par un volet dédié aux violences sexuelles subies par les mineurs pour nous permettre de mieux repérer et d'ailleurs de mieux orienter les 10 % d'élèves [...] victimes de violence notamment et même essentiellement dans le cercle familial. »

      Alexis Guiton : « Comment voulez-vous en tant que personnel parler des sujets LGBTQA+ si vous-même, en tant que personne LGBT, vous n'êtes pas protégé ? On a un ministère qui n'a à l'heure actuelle aucun plan d'action pour protéger. »