Once married, women expected a greatervoice in household decision-making than their mothers had enjoyed.
New generation wanted more equality.
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openurl-ebsco-com.ezvwcc.vccs.edu openurl-ebsco-com.ezvwcc.vccs.edu
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Young men’s prolonged dependence coincided with young women’s increas-ing independence,
Gender roles were shifting
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Working for pay prior to marriage supportedOregon women’s fashionable lifestyle and earned them a greater voice in when and whomto marry.
Wage work gave women independence.
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s Willamette Valley communities grew, sodid demand for female school teachers and Oregon’s fledgling service industry. Inspiredby fashion magazines and mail order catalogs, many young women sought to join thedeveloping rural middle class
Social class goals shaped marriage choices.
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Decreased land availability reversed the downward pressure on marital age thatcharacterized the frontier era,
Scarce land pushed early marriage
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Shifts in marital relationshipsamong second-generation settlers reflect these profound societal changes.
Marriage patterns changed with society.
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regon became economically and culturally integrated into the United States inthe late-nineteeth century.
economic change reshaped gender roles and marriage.
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First-generation Oregonians married at relatively young ages, forming economicpartnerships that were crucial to survival on the frontier.
Marriage was tied to survival needs.
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In contrast, it wasnot acceptable for a woman to strike her husband,
Clear gender double standard.
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Compared to later decades, 1850s Oregon society andits courts were accepting of men who physically dominated their wives.
Society tolerated male violence more in this era.
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Both men and women could seek a divorce if their spousecrossed the boundaries of acceptable behavior in attempting to control them.
Divorce was an available response to abuse.
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Habitual physical control was ok formen, so long as they didn’t cause permanent physical damage.
Violence in marriage was sometimes normalized.
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Locey frequently expressed frustration with men who were overly controlling towardtheir wives
Community criticism of strict patriarchy.
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woman revealed the limits of first-generation wives’ authority within their households.
she supported stronger power for wives.
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As Maria grew more financially independent late inthe nineteenth century, she became more candid with her husband,
Economic independence increased her voice.
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. Nonetheless, once in Oregon she convinced Albertto provide her with the expensive refined white flour she craved while her neighborsmade do with home-ground wheat.
Maria used persuasion to gain comfort and status.
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Willamette Valley women resisted their husbands’ patriarchal authority in a vari-ety of ways
Some women pushed back against male control.
-
Oregon women gradually gained a degree of influence over their domestic products, butthey failed to significantly challenge their husbands’ role as household head.
Women had some control at home, but men still held main authority.
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their relative controlover the household’s finances came to reflect more accurately the labor provided byeach husband or wife.
economic power slowly became more balanced.
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As farms became better established and women were able to concentrate ondomestic production, women began to exert more influence over the sale of their goodsand the ways that the proceeds were spent,
Stability increased women’s financial authority.
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omen’s eggs, milk,and butter were sold as part of their family’s larger financial strategy.
Women contributed directly to household income.
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Changes in dairy and poultry production highlight shifts in frontier women’s workand their growing influence over household finances.
Economic roles evolved over time.
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women on thefar western frontier controlled a domestic economy that remained largely invisible totheir husbands
Women held hidden economic power.
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As women produced goods for this network, they increased theirfamilies’ dependence on their own work and their female neighbors’.
Women’s labor supported both family and community.
-
Furthermore, frontier women appear to have developed an informalrural exchange network, t
Women built community-based economic systems.
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Women controlled the schedule, pace, quantity and quality ofdomestic work.
Women had authority inside the home.
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Women gained the greatest influence over so-called “women’s” work. Settlers’ ac-count books indicate that men typically were responsible for maintaining their families’accounts at the local general store.
Control of household spending gave women some power.
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Frontier marriages were based on economic reciprocity, but pecuniary partnershipsdid not necessarily lead to equal power relations
Shared work did not mean equality.
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Such relationships enhanced men’s domestic authority at theexpense of their young brides
Marriage increased male power over wives.
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Anecdotal evidence also reveals that young women who migrated to Oregonwith their families during their teenage years were sometimes pressured to marry sig-nificantly older men,
Power imbalance in frontier marriages.
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young men began wondering why a girl wasn’t married if she was still single when shewas 16.
Social pressure forced early marriage.
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Memoirs suggest that fifteen was a typical age for women to marry during the earlyyears on the Willamette Valley frontier
Marriage happened very young.
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In fact, the terms of the DLCA, which permitted married couplesto claim twice as much land as could single men, appears to have encouraged teenagegirls to marry at even younger ages
Laws pushed girls toward early marriage.
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Willamette Valley settlers enjoyed particularly generous grants of rich farmland.Yet practical labor needs on their large farms prevented even these relatively fortunatesettlers from patterning their marriages after the romantic ideal
Work demands overruled romantic marriage ideals.
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Across rural America in the mid-nineteenth century, men and women marriedat relatively young ages to secure land and a partner in labor.
early marriage helped with survival and work.
-
In addition to domestic work, women bore and raised children whoalso contributed to the household economy by assisting with field- and housework.
Women had multiple economic and family responsibilities.
-
While men performed most of the fieldwork, they relied on their wivesto provide labor and domestic expertise on their farms.
Women’s work was essential even if less visible.
-
Rural families throughout the United States relied primarily on the labor of fam-ily members
Family survival depended on everyone working.
-
regon women gradually gained a degree of influence over their domestic products, butthey failed to significantly challenge their husbands’ role as household head.
Women had some control at home, but men still held main authority.
-
Changes in dairy and poultry production highlight shifts in frontier women’s workand their growing influence over household finances.
Economic roles evolved over time.
-
As women produced goods for this network, they increased theirfamilies’ dependence on their own work and their female neighbors’.
Women’s labor supported both family and community.
-
Furthermore, frontier women appear to have developed an informalrural exchange network,
Women built community-based economic systems.
-
Women controlled the schedule, pace, quantity and quality ofdomestic work
Women had authority inside the home.
-
Women gained the greatest influence over so-called “women’s” work.
Control of household spending gave women some power.
-
Frontier marriages were based on economic reciprocity, but pecuniary partnershipsdid not necessarily lead to equal power relations.
shared work did not mean equality.
-
Such relationships enhanced men’s domestic authority at theexpense of their young brides.
Marriage increased male power over wives.
-
heir teenage years were sometimes pressured to marry sig-nificantly older men, and at least a few young women married men
Power imbalance in frontier marriages
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young men began wondering why a girl wasn’t married if she was still single when shewas 16.
Social pressure forced early marriage
-
Memoirs suggest that fifteen was a typical age for women to marry during the earlyyears on the Willamette Valley frontier
Marriage happened very young
-
In fact, the terms of the DLCA, which permitted married couplesto claim twice as much land as could single men, appears to have encouraged teenagegirls to marry at even younger age
Laws pushed girls toward early marriage.
-
Willamette Valley settlers enjoyed particularly generous grants of rich farmland.Yet practical labor needs on their large farms prevented even these relatively fortunatesettlers from patterning their marriages after the romantic ideal
Work demands overruled romantic marriage ideals.
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Romantic love may have characterized eastern middle-class courtship in the nineteenthcentury, but it remained inaccessible for men and women on the frontier.
Love was not a goal for most
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men and women marriedat relatively young ages to secure land and a partner in labor.
Early marriage helped with survival and work.
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Forall of these reasons, marriage was a necessity, and frontier men and women lacked theluxury of searching for romantic love.
Marriage was practical not romantic
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In addition to domestic work, women bore and raised children whoalso contributed to the household economy by assisting with field- and housework.
Women had multiple economic and family responsibilities.
-
While men performed most of the fieldwork, they relied on their wivesto provide labor and domestic expertise on their farms.
Women’s work was essential even if less visible.
-
Rural families throughout the United States relied primarily on the labor of fam-ily members
Family survival depended on everyone working.
-
Oregon women gradually gained a degree of influence over their domestic products, butthey failed to significantly challenge their husbands’ role as household head.
Women had some control at home, but men still held main authority.
-
Immediate labor requirements forced men and women to marry at relatively youngages, and to remain flexible about their gender-based division of labor
This highlights how survival needs shaped both marriage timing and gender roles.
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Comparing these early Oregon settlers totheir children—who benefitted from generous grants of productive farmland and theWest’s economic incorporation into the American nation—reveals how fleeting thesefrontier conditions were in Oregon’s vast Willamette Valley.
The author shows generational change as key evidence for shifting marital expectations.
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For Oregon settlers, though, like farmingfamilies throughout rural America, the financial necessity of a partner in labor super-ceded their desire for a romantic companion.
This reinforces that economic survival initially outweighed romance in frontier marriages.
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AlthoughJohn Mack Faragher identified mid-nineteenth-century midwestern courtship ritualssimilar to those described by Lystra and Rothman, he argued that romance was notaccessible to men and women raised on the Ohio Valley frontier.
scholars disagree about when and where romantic marriage became dominant.
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Although they disagreed about when romance first becamea central element of American courtship, Lystra and Rothman concurred that by thelate-nineteenth century, “ideal love” was the only chance for a happy marriage
The author uses secondary sources to support the argument about the rise of romantic ideals.
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Economic prosperity shifted power relations between husbands and wives andhelped to transform the meaning of marriage in Oregon and throughout the nineteenth-century United States.
The author connects economic development directly to changes in gender power structures.
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Changing marital relationshipshighlight the expansion of middle-class culture in the nineteenth-centuryAmerican West
Marriage patterns reflect larger cultural transformations in the west.
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As it took root, this middle-class culture pruned patriarchal
Romantic marriage didnt eliminate gender inequality
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As these differing perspectives on marriage suggest,expectations for marriage in the Far West changed from the need for shared labor todemands for companionate relationships at the close of the frontier era.
Authors thesis starts, and expectation for marriage changed in the far west to demands for companionate relationships.
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“[I]f you do not love, then do not marry.
Establishes the tension between romantic love and practical necessity love.
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Frontier marriages were practical unions characterized by strong patriarchalauthority.
Middle-class cultural influence on marriage
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nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
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Revising requires a significant alteration in a piece of writing, such as enriching the content, or giving the piece clarity; editing, however, is not as involved and includes fixing typos and grammatical errors.
Revising is adding emotion to your writing while editing is just more grammar.
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When you look over the draft of your paper, the first part you should focus on is your introduction. Whether it is one paragraph or an entire chapter, the purpose of the introduction is to grab your reader’s attention while simultaneously giving a preview of the information that will be included in the following paragraphs. Make sure you draw your readers in from the beginning and follow with interesting and supportive information. If readers are not intrigued from the very beginning of the piece, they will quickly become distracted and avoid reading any further.
Make sure readers can follow from beginning to end.
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www.engagingcommunities.org www.engagingcommunities.org
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At the site, you should try to take notes that address all five senses:
I wonder, what happens if the observation site is online? Do we substitute things like vision, touch, smell for something else? and if so what do we exchange it for?
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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All types of exercise significantly improved HbA1c, with combined training producing the largest reduction.
Reading about the HbA1c outcomes all exercise types such as combined/concurrent, resistance. and aerobic helps reduced HbA1c.
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The primary outcome was change in HbA1c from baseline to the first follow-up after completion of the exercise intervention.
Primary outcomes measures methods, and units, secondary outcomes measures fasting conditions.
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Therefore, the primary objective of the current meta-analysis is to summarise and compare the effects of continuous aerobic, resistance, combined and high-intensity interval training on HbA1c in adults with type 2 diabetes, and to examine the effect of different exercise characteristics.
These characteristics involves duration, aerobic to resistance, and frequency.
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www.engagingcommunities.org www.engagingcommunities.org
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the end, fieldnotes are only for you. They are the primary data you will use to write your final piece, your larger representation of your research. But, though it seems this would be low-stakes writing (writing only for you, without an immediate purpose),
This is definitely something I should keep in mind for myself. By keeping in mind that the beginning of my note taking progress does not have to look perfect. I should write notes that make sense to me then revisit and expand on them so that I can remain observant.
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openstax.org openstax.org
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Many countries depend more on international commerce than the United States does. For example, France, Great Britain, and Germany all derive more than 55 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP) from world trade, compared to about 28 percent for the United States.
Indeed France Germany and Britain do have a huge trade importance, with Germany being a major automotive center and France in the Food/Beverage sector and the EU combined in the aviation sector too, are important as well not just the US alone.
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No longer just an option, having a global vision has become a business imperative. Having a global vision means recognizing and reacting to international business opportunities, being aware of threats from foreign competitors in all markets, and effectively using international distribution networks to obtain raw materials and move finished products to the customer.
It is good to know as the international market is very competetive indeed as well as the other companies competing are also to be taken into account.
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Why do people fear globalization?
There are many reason people fear globalization the main one being that millions of people have lost their jobs due to imports of production being shifted abord this cause the people to lose their job while company's profit of it because labor becomes less but at the cost of people's expense.
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link.springer.com link.springer.com
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The findings are expected to provide valuable evidence for healthcare providers, clinicians, and exercise professionals in designing effective exercise interventions.
With these findings it will help exercise professionals structure a 12 week training intervention to improve metabolic outcomes for individuals who have type 2 diabetes.
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Continuous short-rest resistance training combined with continuous aerobic exercise is a time-efficient
This makes me wonder what qualifies as a continuous aerobic?
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www.gutenberg.org www.gutenberg.org
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“never can true reconcilement grow where wounds of deadly hate have pierced so deep.”
yay paradise lost mention
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Milton
yay Milton mention
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would have joined Lucifer in his revolt.
yay Lucifer mention
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I challenge the warmest advocate for reconciliation, to shew, a single advantage that this continent can reap, by being connected with Great Britain. I repeat the challenge, not a single advantage is derived
I kinda love Paine's attitude
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But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her.
based thomas paine moment
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The most plausible plea, which hath ever been offered in favour of hereditary succession, is, that it preserves a nation from civil wars; and were this true, it would be weighty; whereas, it is the most barefaced falsity ever imposed upon mankind.
Paine argues that maybe the one defense that hereditary succession could theoretically have is it would bring about the absence of civil wars, but that's entirely untrue, and civil wars have happened regardless.
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Men who look upon themselves born to reign, and others to obey, soon grow insolent; selected from the rest of mankind their minds are early poisoned by importance; and the world they act in differs so materially from the world at large, that they have but little opportunity of knowing its true interests, and when they succeed to the government are frequently the most ignorant and unfit of any throughout the dominions.
exactly
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For all men being originally equals, no one by birth could have a right to set up his own family in perpetual preference to all others for ever, and though himself might deserve some decent degree of honors of his cotemporaries, yet his descendants might be far too unworthy to inherit them
for real
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As the exalting one man so greatly above the rest cannot be justified on the equal rights of nature, so neither can it be defended on the authority of scripture
Paine argues that monarchy goes directly against biblical scripture, but that often goes ignored.
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Oppression is often the consequence, but seldom or never the means of riches; and though avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy.
I disagree that oppression is seldom the means of riches. People very will did and still do get rich through oppressing others, in fact, I would argue it's the most effective way.
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There is something exceedingly ridiculous in the composition of monarchy; it first excludes a man from the means of information, yet empowers him to act in cases where the highest judgment is required. The state of a king shuts him from the world, yet the business of a king requires him to know it thoroughly; wherefore the different parts, by unnaturally opposing and destroying each other, prove the whole character to be absurd and useless.
This is a great argument against not only monarchy but also any form of government where it is ruled (either partially or entirely) by a really powerful person who is disconnected from society.
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s3.amazonaws.com s3.amazonaws.com
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Chorus. The poor in Thebes are going to be cold thiswinter, Creon. When the Queen was told of her son'sdeath, she waited carefully until she had finished her row,then put down her knitting calmly-as she did everything.She went up to her room, her lavender-scentedroom, withits embroidered doilies and its pictures framed in plush;and there, Creon, she cut her throat. She is laid out nowin one of those two old-fashionedtwin beds, exactly where •you went to her one night when she was still a maiden.Her smile is still the same, scarcelya shade more melan•choly. And if it were not for that great red blot on thebed linen by her neck, one might think she was asleep.Creon [in a dull voice]. She, too. They are all asleep.[Pause.] It must be good to sleep.Chorus.And now you are alone, Creon.Creon. Yes, all alone. (To PAGE.]My lad.Page.Sir?Creon.Listen to me. They don't know it, but the truthis the work is there to be done, and a man can't fold hisarms and refuse to do it. They say it's dirty work. But ifwe didn't do it, who would?Page.I don't know, sir.Creon.Of course you don't. You'll be lucky if you neverfind out. In a hurry to grow up, aren't you?Page.Oh, yes, sir.Creon. I shouldn't be if I were you. Never grow up ifyou can help it. [He is lost in thoughtas the hour chimes.)What time is it?Page.Five o'clock, sir.Creon.What have we on at five o'clock?Page.Cabinet meeting, sir.Creon. Cabinet meeting. Then we had better go alongit.ANTIGONE 53Exeunt CaEONand PAGEslowly through arch, left, andCaoaus moves downstage.Chorus.And there we are. It is quite true that if it hadnot been for Antigone they would all have been at peace.But that is over now. And th!?' are all at peace. All thosewho were meant to die have died: those who believed onething, those who believed the contrary thing, and eventhose who believed nothing at all, yet were caught up inthe web without knowing why. All dead: stiff, useless,rotting. And !hose who have survived will now beginquietly to forget the dead: they won't remember who waswho or which was which. It is all over. Antigone is calmtonight, and we shall never know the name of the feverthat consumed her. She has played her part.Three GUARDS enter, resume their places on steps as atthe rise of the curtain,and begin to play cards.A great melancholy wave of peace now settles downupon Thebes, upon the empty palace, upon Creon, whocan now begin to wait for his own death.Only the guards are left, and none of this matters to.: them. It's no skin off their noses. They go on playing' cards.•.Caoaus walks toward the arch, left, as the curtain fall,,
This passage is bleak and emotionally devastating, using calm, almost domestic imagery to heighten the horror of the Queen’s death. The Chorus’s detached, detailed narration contrasts sharply with the violence it describes, reinforcing the play’s theme of how tragedy becomes normalized by power and routine. Creon is portrayed not as a villain consumed by rage, but as a hollowed-out figure who justifies cruelty as “necessary work,” revealing the moral exhaustion of authority. His interaction with the Page exposes a grim ethical lesson: that adulthood in politics means accepting responsibility for actions one would rather not understand. Overall, the writing emphasizes the emptiness left after moral conflict, suggesting that peace achieved through death and forgetting is deeply unsettling rather than redemptive.
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Ismene. Aren't you well?Antigone. Of course I am. Just a little tired. I got uptoo early. [ANTIGONEsits on a chair, suddenly tired.]Ism~ne. I couldn't sleep, either.Antigone. Ismene, you ought not to go without yourbeauty sleep.Ismene. Don't make fun of me.Antigone. I'm not, Ismene, truly. This particular morn-ing, seeing how beautiful you are makes everything easierfor me. Wasn't I a miserable little beast when we were 'small? I used to fling mud at you, and put worms downyour ne?k. I remembe! tying_you to a tree and cutting offyour hair. Your beautiful hau! How easy it must be neverto be unreasonable with all that smooth silken hair sobeautifully set round your head.Ismene [abruptly]. Why do you insist upon talkingabout other things?Antigone [g~ntly]. I, am not talking about other things.Ismene. Antigone, I ve thought about it a lot.Antigone. Have you?Ismene. I thought about it all night long. Antigone,you're mad.Antigone. Am I?lsmene. We cannot do it.Antigone. Why not?lsmene. Creon will have us put to death.Antigone. Of course he will. That's what he's here for
This passage presents Antigone as calm, ironic, and emotionally complex, while Ismene appears anxious and grounded in practical fear. Antigone’s tone is almost gentle and nostalgic, especially when she recalls childhood memories, but this softness contrasts sharply with her acceptance of death. Her reflective and slightly teasing language shows that she understands the consequences of her actions yet refuses to be ruled by fear. Ismene, by contrast, represents caution and survival, emphasizing the real political power of Creon and the threat of execution. Overall, the writing highlights the emotional tension between idealism and practicality, making the characters feel deeply human rather than purely symbolic.
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Wie kann ich Nembutal kaufen? E-Mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Wir haben alle notwendigen Vorkehrungen getroffen, um Ihnen ein außergewöhnliches Medikament (Nembutal Pentobarbital) anzubieten. Es ist vielen bekannt, aber schwer erhältlich. Wir verfügen über einen transparenten und direkten Lieferweg. Die für jeden Patienten bestimmte Nembutal-Dosis ist letal. Wie bestimmen Sie Ihre letale Dosis? Die Nembutal Solution Supplier Group benötigt von allen Interessenten Alter und Gewicht. Anhand dieser Angaben können unsere Experten die für Sie letale Dosis ermitteln. E-Mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Wohin liefern wir? Wir liefern weltweit, egal wo Sie sich befinden. Wir verfügen über ein weltweit harmonisiertes System, das auf allen Kontinenten funktioniert und darauf ausgelegt ist, die Kundenerwartungen termingerecht, zuverlässig und zu durchschnittlichen Kosten zu erfüllen. In welche Länder ist eine Lieferung von Nembutal über Nacht nach Bestellung und Zahlungseingang möglich? Die folgenden Länder erhalten eine Lieferung über Nacht/am nächsten Tag, die maximal 36 Stunden dauert.
Nembutal, Nembutal-Tabletten, Nembutal kaufen, Was ist Nembutal?, Nembutal kaufen, Nembutal-Medikament, Was ist Nembutal?, Nembutal (Pentobarbital), Nebenwirkungen von Nembutal, USA, Kanada, Brasilien, Vereinigtes Königreich, Schweden, Schweiz, Frankreich, Deutschland, Norwegen, Belgien, Griechenland, Polen, Niederlande, Portugal, Italien, Dänemark, Finnland, Ungarn Schlüsselwort Volumen CPC (USD) SERP Fargo-Forum Forum drugs.com WoW-Forum Wechselwirkungen von Medikamenten Overwatch-Forum Apotheke in meiner Nähe Das Forum Kontakt-E-Mail: E-Mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920. Nembutal Pentobarbital (Trinklösung), mit Süßungsmitteln versetzt, um den bitteren Geschmack zu mildern. Nembutal Pentobarbital-Natrium (sterile Lösung) 6,5 g/100 ml Nembutal Pentobarbital-Natrium (Lösung zum Einnehmen) 10 g/100 ml Nembutal Pentobarbital-Natrium-Kapseln (50 mg & 100 mg) Nembutal Pentobarbital (Natriumsalz) Wie kann ich Nembutal bestellen?
Kontakt-E-Mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Suizidprävention mit Nembutal, Nembutal-Natrium Hochwertiges Nembutal-Pentobarbital zu verkaufen Hochwertiges Nembutal-Pentobarbital zu verkaufen Original Nembutal-Pentobarbital (flüssig, als Pulver oder in Tablettenform) kaufen 100 % reines Nembutal-Pentobarbital-Natrium kaufen Nembutal-Pentobarbital bestellen Hochwertiges Nembutal-Pentobarbital online kaufen, Nembutal-Pentobarbital-Natrium verfügbar. Hochwertiges Nembutal-Pentobarbital zu verkaufen.
Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in den USA, Großbritannien, der EU und Kanada. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in den USA. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Großbritannien. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in London. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Italien. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Australien. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Russland. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Spanien. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital online kaufen in Mailand. Original Nembutal Pentobarbital in den Vereinigten Arabischen Emiraten (VAE) und Dubai kaufen. Nembutal Pentobarbital in den USA kaufen. Nembutal Pentobarbital in Großbritannien kaufen. Nembutal Pentobarbital in Italien kaufen. Nembutal Pentobarbital Italien Nembutal Pentobarbital in Spanien kaufen Nembutal Pentobarbital in Mailand kaufen Nembutal Pentobarbital in Russland kaufen Nembutal Pentobarbital in Australien kaufen Kontakt-E-Mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Nembutal-Natrium-Pentobarbital kaufen Lieferung nur in andere Länder Asiens, Australiens und Afrikas. Innerhalb von 2 Tagen. Alle Sendungen erfolgen per Expressversand, und jeder Kunde ist verpflichtet, die Expressversandkosten zu bezahlen. Ist der Online-Kauf von Nembutal sicher? Vergleich mit anderen Methoden Tödliche Dosis Nembutal-Natrium-Lösung und -Pulver Verfügbarkeit Informationen zu Barbituraten Barbiturate allgemein Wirkmechanismus Toleranz und Entzugserscheinungen Einnahme des Nembutal-Cocktails Zeit bis zum Tod Auswirkungen einer Überdosierung Quellen Die Frage nach der Sicherheit des Online-Kaufs von Nembutal ist ein häufiges Anliegen unserer Kunden. Es ist wichtig zu wissen, dass der Wirkstoff in einigen Ländern kontrolliert wird, z. B. in den USA, Großbritannien und Kanada. In anderen Ländern ist er verboten. In Ländern, in denen der Konsum kontrolliert wird, versenden wir mit einem gültigen ärztlichen Rezept. In Ländern, in denen der Konsum verboten ist, verwenden wir eine besonders sichere Verpackung (Super Secured System Packaging, SSSP), die den Inhalt und die Identität des Empfängers nicht preisgibt. Dies trägt maßgeblich zu einer sicheren Lieferung in jedes Land bei und ist der Grund für unseren langjährigen Erfolg als Lieferant von Nembutal Pentobarbital. Gibt es eine Geld-zurück-Garantie?
Ja. Nach erfolgreicher Bestellung erhalten Sie eine Sendungsverfolgungsnummer, sobald Ihr Paket bei einem zuverlässigen Kurierdienst (UPS, FedEx, EMS, DHL) registriert wurde. Im Falle eines Paketverlusts erstatten wir Ihnen den Kaufpreis innerhalb von 42 Stunden (2 Werktagen) ohne Zögern. Falls Sie eine erneute Lieferung wünschen, übernehmen wir alle Kosten und versenden die Ware innerhalb von 24 Stunden erneut.
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HOE KAN IK CONTACT OPNEMEN OM NEMBUTAL TE KOPEN?
Contact e-mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
We hebben alle nodige maatregelen genomen om de wereld te voorzien van een UITZONDERLIJK medicijn (NEMBUTAL PENTOBARBITAL). Bekend bij velen, maar moeilijk verkrijgbaar. We hebben een duidelijke en transparante leveringsmethode en de Nembutal die elke persoon inneemt, moet de dodelijke dosis zijn.
Hoe bepaalt u uw dodelijke dosis? NEMBUTAL SOLUTION SUPPLIER GROUP vereist dat iedereen die Nembutal nodig heeft, zijn of haar LEEFTIJD en GEWICHT doorgeeft. Hiermee kunnen onze experts bepalen welke dosis voor u dodelijk is.
Contact e-mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Waar leveren we?
Wij verzenden naar alle landen ter wereld, ongeacht uw locatie. We hebben een wereldwijd geharmoniseerd systeem dat alle continenten omvat en is afgestemd op de verwachtingen van onze klanten: tijdig, te goeder trouw en tegen een gemiddelde prijs.
In welke landen is levering van Nembutal de volgende dag mogelijk na bestelling en betaling?
De volgende landen komen in aanmerking voor levering de volgende dag, met een maximale levertijd van 36 uur.
Nembutal, Nembutal pillen, Nembutal te koop, Wat is Nembutal, Nembutal kopen, Nembutal medicijn, Wat is Nembutal, Nembutal pentobarbital, Bijwerkingen van Nembutal, VERENIGDE STATEN, CANADA, BRAZILIË, VERENIGD KONINKRIJK, ZWEDEN, ZWITSERLAND, FRANKRIJK, DUITSLAND, NOORWEGEN, BELGIË, GRIEKENLAND, POLEN, NEDERLAND, PORTUGAL, ITALIË, DENEMARK, FINLAND HONGARIJE Trefwoord Volume CPC (USD) SERP Fargo forum forum drugs.com Wow forums geneesmiddelinteracties Overwatch forums apotheek bij mij in de buurt het forum Contact e-mail: E-mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Drinkbare Nembutal Pentobarbital gemengd met zoetstoffen om de bitterheid van de vloeistof te vermijden, Nembutal pentobarbitalnatrium (steriele oplossing) 6,5 gram/100 ml, Nembutal pentobarbitalnatrium (orale oplossing) 10 gram/100 ml, Nembutal Pentobarbitalnatriumcapsules (50 mg & 100 mg), Nembutal Pentobarbital (natriumzout) HOE KAN IK NEMBUTAL KOPEN?
E-mailadres: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920. Nembutal, nembutalnatrium Hoogwaardige nembutalpentobarbital te koop HOOGWAARDIGE NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITAL TE KOOP KOOP ORIGINELE NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITAL IN VLOEIBARE, POEDER- OF PILLENVORM KOOP 100% ZUIVERE NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITALNATRIUM BESTEL NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITAL KOOP TOPKWALITEIT NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITAL ONLINE, NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITALNATRIUM BESCHIKBAAR.
TOPKWALITEIT NEMBUTALPENTOBARBITAL TE KOOP.
Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in de VS, het VK, de EU, Canada Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in de Verenigde Staten (VS) Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in het Verenigd Koninkrijk (VK) Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Londen Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Italië Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Australië Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Rusland Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Spanje Originele Nembutal Pentobarbital online verkopen in Milaan Koop originele Nembutal Pentobarbital in de Verenigde Arabische Emiraten (VAE), Dubai Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in de Verenigde Staten (VS) Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in het Verenigd Koninkrijk Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in Italië Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital Italië Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in Spanje Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in Milaan Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in Rusland Koop Nembutal Pentobarbital in Australië Contact e-mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com WhatsApp: +447447025920
Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital, koop Nembutal Natrium Pentobarbital Levering naar andere landen in Azië, Australië en Afrika duurt slechts 2 dagen. Dagen. Alle zendingen zijn expres en elke klant is verplicht te betalen voor expreslevering.
Is het veilig om Nembutal online te kopen?
Vergelijking met andere methoden Lethale dosis Nembutal-natriumoplossing en -poeder Beschikbaarheid Informatie over barbituraten Barbituraten in het algemeen Werkingsmechanisme Tolerantie en ontwenningsverschijnselen Inname van de Nembutal-cocktail Tijd tot overlijden Effecten van een overdosis Bronnen De vraag of het veilig is om Nembutal online te kopen, is een veelgestelde vraag onder onze klanten. Het is belangrijk om te weten dat de stof in sommige landen gereguleerd is, zoals de VS, het VK, Canada, enz., terwijl het in andere landen verboden is. In landen waar het gereguleerd is, verzenden we met een geldig medisch recept. Voor landen waar het verboden is, gebruiken we een zogenaamd "super beveiligd systeem voor verpakking (SSSP)" zonder de inhoud te onthullen of de identiteit prijs te geven. Dit draagt in grote mate bij aan een veilige levering naar elk land en is de reden voor ons jarenlange succes als leverancier van NEMBUTAL PENTOBARBITAL.
Is er een geld-terug-garantie?
JA. Na een succesvolle bestelling ontvangt u een trackingcode zodra het pakket is geregistreerd bij een gerenommeerde koerier (UPS, FedEx, EMS, DHL). In geval van verlies van het pakket, betalen wij het aankoopbedrag binnen 42 uur (2 werkdagen) zonder aarzeling terug. Indien de klant een nieuwe verzending wenst, dekken wij alle kosten en verzenden wij het pakket binnen 24 uur opnieuw.
E-mail: diewithdignity17@gmail.com
WhatsApp: +447447025920
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Achetez du pentobarithme sodique au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis, en Australie, en Europe et aux Émirats arabes unis.
WhatsApp : +44 744 702 5920
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Kup pentobarbital sodu w Wielkiej Brytanii, USA, Australii, Europie i Zjednoczonych Emiratach Arabskich. Whatsapp: +447447025920
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bio.libretexts.org bio.libretexts.org
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Achetez du pentobarithme sodique au Royaume-Uni, aux États-Unis, en Australie, en Europe et aux Émirats arabes unis.
WhatsApp : +44 744 702 5920
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chat.deepseek.com chat.deepseek.comDeepSeek1
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Collocation
搭配 Dāpèi 名詞 搭配 collocation
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gemini.google.com gemini.google.com
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vital
必不可少的 ˈvīd(ə)l 形容詞 要 important, vital 有活力 energetic, energetical, vital
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conduct
執行 Zhíxíng 動詞 辦理 execute, handle, manage 操
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Collocations
搭配 Dāpèi 名詞 搭配 collocation
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drive.google.com drive.google.comview8
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Las referencias presentan las fuentes de la investigación con el formato requerido por lainstitución para la que se trabaja
El uso de las Normas APA garantiza formalidad en la presentación de las fuentes.
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las características que debe cumplir un objetivo forman el acrónimo SMART:• Específico• Medible• Alcanzable• Relevante• Temporal
SMART asegura que los objetivos sean claros y alcanzables. Lo que evita plantear metas ambiguas o dificiles de cumplir. La medición y temporalidad permiten evaluar si el estudio logró lo que se propuso.
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De la idea de investigación nace la pregunta central de investigación y las preguntasauxiliares de investigación que guiarán el proceso de investigación.
Las preguntas de investigación son demasiado útiles y sirven como una guia metodológica. Ya que estas orientan todo el proceso y evitan desviaciones.
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La descripción del problema:
El enunciado hace que se pueda contextualizar el problema de una manera profunda. No solo es mencionar el problema, sino que se deben analizar sus causas y efectos. Lo que ayuda a comprender su impacto real.
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Refleja el área temática a investigar• Responde los aspectos deo Especificidad: ¿Qué se investiga?o Espacialidad ¿Dónde se realiza?o Temporalidad ¿Cuándo se lleva a cabo?
El título es una síntesis estructurada del estudio. Debe indicar qué se investiga, dónde y cuándo. Lo que permite delimitar el estudio y evitar ambigüedades, esto al final garantiza precisión desde el inicio.
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es importante que se verifique la capacidad de realizar lainvestigación. Para ello se debe tomar en cuenta la disponibilidad de:• Recursos humanos• Recursos materiales• Recursos financieros• Recursos temporales
La viabilidad garantiza que la investigación pueda realizarse realmente. No solo es tener una buena idea, es necesario contar con los recursos adecuados.
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La justificación explica el porqué de la investigación: por qué elproyecto es importante y necesario.
No se investiga por curiosidad únicamente, sino que también para aportar soluciones, conocimiento o beneficios prácticos. Evaluar lo que es su conveniencia y relevancia fortalece el valor académico del proyecto.
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Un problema planteado de forma correcta está parcialmente resuelto, ya que, a mayorexactitud, hay más posibilidades de obtener una solución satisfactoria.
Esta idea es clave porque nos muestra que la claridad en la formulación del problema es muy importante y determina la calidad de toda la investigación. Si el problema no es exacto, el estudio perderá dirección. Por lo que hay que definirlo correctamente para aumentar las probabilidades de obtener resultados válidos y útiles.
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Local file Local file
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ThisURL returnsa “404 Notfound” errorfor us. Pleasedouble-check
Looking at the internet archives, this URL was moved elsewhere. Please use this new citation:
Shah Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of Impella RP support for acute right ventricular failure complicated by cardiogenic shock: post market approval sub-analysis of the CVAD registry. J Card Fail. 2024;30(1):269.
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Whatdoes whitearrow in Fig12D indicat
12D indicates the partially inflated balloon which was mentioned in 12A and 12B.
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Shouldred arrowin Fig 12Calso be blue?If not, whatdoes redarrow in Fig12C indicate
The red arrow indicates the catheter and is intended to remain consistent across Figures 12A, 12B, and 12C.
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deflate
This should be inflate
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Whatdoes whitearrow in Fig12B indicat
It points to the catheter balloon
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(red arrow)
Insert "along with the partially inflated balloon (white arrow)"
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Refer-ences 8 and 9are not citedin the maintext. Pleaseeither add in-text citationsfor them ordelete themfrom thereference listand renumberthe rest of thereferences inboth the maintext and thereference list
This should be cited in the last sentence of the 4th paragraph in the introduction.
"However, their utility in providing detailed anatomic information can be limited"
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limited
insert citations (8,9) here
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f appli-cable, pleasebe sure thatmembershipon RSNA ed-itorial boardsor traineeeditorialboards or theboards of oth-er journals orassociationshas beendisclosed
This is not applicable at this point.
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leasedefine “Bi-VAD”. Is thisa ventricularassist devicefor both ven-tricles at thesame time
“Bi-VAD” denotes a biventricular assist device providing support to both ventricles at the same time.
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Pleaseverify thatthis fundinginformationis accurateand pleaseclarify wherenecessar
yes that is accurate
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Maywe publishyour emailaddress
yes
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.
Insert "the catheter (orange) is also seen proximal to the balloon"
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Whatdoes orangearrow in Fig11C indicate
The orange arrow indicates the catheter.
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Would“substantial”be okay hereinstead?
Yes that is okay. Thank you
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Shouldthere be adepartmentor divisionlisted for thisaffiliation
For medical students, we listed their affiliation as the School of Medicine without specifying a department.
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Was“clinicallysignificant”meant her
Yes that is correct
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Sub-stantially”okay hereinstead
yes, thank you
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Bi-VAD
"or as a Bi-VAD to provide support to both ventricles concurrently"
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To aid ac-cessibility forreaders withred/green col-orblindness,green arrowsin somefigure imageswere changedto white, andcaptions werechanged tomatch.
Thank you
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RSNAstyle prefers“attenuation”to “density”when refer-ring to theappearance ofCT scans. OKas edited
Yes that is OK
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Correctthat “PA”stood for“pulmonaryartery
Correct
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Correctthat “IJ”stood for“intern
Correct
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Correctthat “ECG”here stood for“electrocardi-ography
Correct
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Pleaseverify theorder andspellingof authornames andthe accuracyof academicdegrees.
These are correct
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Correctthat “CTA”here stood for“CT angiog-raphy”
Correct
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RSNAstyle uses“significant”only in thestatistical orhemodynam-ic sense. Is“substantial-ly” okay hereinstead?
Yes, that is okay
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What ismissing herebetween “To”and “CT”?
Please remove "To". the sentence should start with CT.
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To avoidrepetition, wereplaced “in-dentifying”here with“confirming”.OK
ok
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5. RSNAstyle doesnot allowfor tradenames in theAbstract. OKas edited?
ok as edited.
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social-media-ethics-automation.github.io social-media-ethics-automation.github.io
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What experiences do you have of social media sites making particularly bad recommendations for you?
It definitely will be the random content they recommend on personal page. They often create "echo chambers" that reinforce my existing beliefs while burying diverse perspectives, or they exploit emotional triggers by pushing content designed to keep me scrolling.
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What experiences do you have of social media sites making particularly good recommendations for you?
When I browse on social media, I noticed that the longer I spend time on it, the recommendation will be more accurate. even sometime when I spoke about certain products/items, it will naturally recommend other related products, which I believe benefits me a lot because it save time for me to find relative sets of product.
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site.xavier.edu site.xavier.edu
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Known historical users of the Underwood SS:<br /> - A. R. Ammons<br /> - Stephen King<br /> - Farley Mowat<br /> - Charles Portis<br /> - Helen Thomas
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www.doe.mass.edu www.doe.mass.edu
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“What if I doall my reading on the Web not so much because the way I read has changed, i.e., I’mjust seeking convenience, but because the way I THINK has changed?
Confusing
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nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
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Take a look at the picture above. Notice anything? No two slices are the same. So it should be in your essay. Each paragraph should do its own job, have its own focus.
No two sentences should be the same, each paragraph has its own job.
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PIE What does PIE stand for? P = Point. This is the point of the paragraph, or the topic sentence. I = Illustration. This is where you illustrate your point with evidence E = Explanation. This is where you explain how that evidence supports your point. This is your analysis. Why give you two ways to think of this? Because you may find that to fully develop your paragraph, you’ll need to add a little more evidence and analysis. And it looks a little funny to write TEAEAR. So, you can think of PIE-IE-IE will always love you.
PIE point, illustration, explanation
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T = “What’s all this about?” E = “How do you know?” A = “Why should I care?” R = “What does this have to do with anything?”
easy questions to ask yourself using the TEAR method.
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Two Formulas for Paragraph Structure We have looked at the basic parts of your essay, and now we have a sample formula to help you expand your ideas about your evidence. Between the Introduction (and thesis) and the Conclusion (and reflection on the thesis) comes the body of the essay. For your essay’s body to be solid and focused, it needs to have clear, well-developed paragraphs. Even paragraphs need to have a beginning, middle, and end. To help you think about paragraph organization, think about TEAR: T = Topic Sentence This is like a little thesis for your paragraph. It tells the reader what that paragraph is all about. If your reader were only to read the topic sentences in your essay, he/or she should have a general idea of what you’re talking about. Of course, he/she can’t get a complete picture unless you provide… E = Evidence This is the “how do you know?” part of your paragraph. Evidence comes from the real world. You may present your evidence in the form of statistics, direct quotes, summaries, or paraphrases from a source, or your own observations. Evidence is available to us all. What your reader needs is for you to make sense of that evidence so that s/he understands what all this has to do with your thesis or claim. That is why you provide… A = Analysis This is the ‘so what?’ part of your paragraph. You say what is important and why. This isn’t just personal taste or opinion. You have to provide good reasons to support your conclusions. And just to make sure you’re still on track, you… R = Reflection This sentence concludes the paragraph and relates to the topic sentence and the thesis. Ideally, it should also prepare us for the next paragraph.
TEAR, formulas for paragraph structure. Topic sentence, evidence, analysis and reflection.
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Result Transitional Devices Sample Sentence To indicate addition and, again, and then, besides, equally important, finally, further, furthermore, nor, too, next, lastly, what’s more, moreover, in addition, still, first (second, etc.) “Strength of idea is indeed a factor in entrepreneurial success, but equally important is economic viability.” To indicate comparison whereas, but, yet, on the other hand, however, nevertheless, on the contrary, by comparison, where, compared to, up against, balanced against, although, conversely, in contrast, although this may be true, likewise, while, whilst, although, even though, on the one hand, on the other hand, in contrast, in comparison with, but, yet, alternatively, the former, the latter, respectively, all the same “In contrast to what we now consider his pedantic prose, his poetry seemed set free to express what lies in every human heart.” To indicate a logical connection because, for, since, for the same reason, obviously, evidently, furthermore, moreover, besides, indeed, in fact, in addition, in any case, that is “The Buddha sat under the bodhi tree for the same reason Jesus meditated in the desert: to vanquish temptation once and for all.” To show exception yet, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, of course, once in a while, sometimes “Advocates of corporate tax incentives cite increased jobs in rural areas as an offset; still, is that sufficient justification for removing their financial responsibilities?” To show time immediately, thereafter, soon, after a while, finally, then, later, previously, formerly, first (second, etc.), next, and then “First, the family suffered a devastating house fire that left them without any possessions, and soon thereafter learned that their passage to the New World had been revoked due to a clerical error.” To summarize or indicate repetition in brief, as I have said, as I have noted, as has been noted, as we have seen, to summarize “We have seen, then, that not only are rising temperatures and increased weather anomalies correlated with an increase in food and water shortages, but animal-migration patterns, too, appear to be affected.” To indicate emphasis definitely, extremely, obviously, in fact, indeed, in any case, absolutely, positively, naturally, surprisingly, notwithstanding, only, still, it cannot be denied “Obviously, such a highly skilled architect would not usually be inclined to give his services away, and yet this man volunteered his services over and again to projects that paid him only through appreciation.” To indicate sequence first, second, third, and so forth, next, then, following this, at this time, now, at this point, after, afterward, subsequently, finally, consequently, previously, before this, simultaneously, concurrently “So, finally, the author offers one last hint about the story’s true subject: the wistful description of the mountains in the distance.” To indicate an example for example, for instance, in this case, in another case, on this occasion, in this situation, take the case of, to demonstrate, to illustrate, consider. “Take, for example, the famous huckster P. T. Barnum, whose reputation as ‘The Prince of Humbugs’ belied his love and support of the finer things of life, like opera.” To qualify a statement under no circumstances, mainly, generally, predominantly, usually, the majority, most of, almost all, a number of, some, a few, a little, fairly, very, quite, rather, almost “Generally, we can assume that this statement has merit, but in this specific case, it behooves us to dig deeper.”
Transitional devices as well as examples.
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Signal-Phrase Verbs Signal-Phrase Verbs Signal-Phrase Verbs Signal-Phrase Verbs acknowledges confirms implies rejects adds contends insists reports admits declares notes responds argues denies observes suggests asserts disputes points out things believes emphasizes reasons writes claims grants refutes
words that can be used for transition sentences
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In the end, you want your body paragraphs to build (like blocks) to your conclusion. Transitions are the glue that hold these blocks together. You should work on building topic sentences that both develop and support the thesis in a logical manner. Avoid such easy, empty transitions as “firstly,” “secondly” and “finally.” Your reader should be able to understand they have been moved from one aspect of your argument to another without a tell-tale “secondly” informing them that the first point is over and the second point is about to begin. Again, this is where keeping a close eye to your thesis and your outline is so important. If you know where the essay is going, you can transfer your readers smoothly from the analysis of one aspect of the text to the next with meaningful connections and statements rather than empty transitional phrases. Witness the transition from the final sentence in Paragraph 2 into the first sentence and then the topic sentence of Paragraph 3.
use paragraphs as blocks to your conclusion.Avoiding easy transitions.
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You do not have to make announcements like, “This paragraph is about …” There is no need to remind your reader that he or she is reading a paper. The focus should be on the argument. This kind of announcement is unnecessary, and seeing it in a paper can be somewhat startling to the reader, who’s expecting a professional presentation.
What not to do while writing your topic sentence. "this paragraph is about"
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Topic sentence: summarizes the main idea of the paragraph; presents a claim that supports your thesis. Supporting sentences: examples, details, and explanations that support the topic sentence (and claim). Concluding sentence: gives the paragraph closure by relating the claim back to the topic sentence and thesis statement.
How to organize topic sentences, supporting sentences, concluding sentence. Used to develop one idea at a time.
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Facts. Facts are the best kind of evidence to use because they cannot be disputed and help build your credibility. They support your stance by providing background information or a solid foundation for your point of view. However, some facts may still need explanation. For example, the sentence “The most populated state in the United States is California” is a fact, but it may require some explanation to make it relevant to your specific argument. Judgments. Judgments are conclusions drawn from the given facts. Judgments are more credible than opinions because they are founded upon careful reasoning and examination of a topic. Testimony. Testimony consists of direct quotations from either an eyewitness or an expert witness. An eyewitness is someone who has direct experience with a subject; he adds authenticity to an argument based on facts. An expert witness is a person who has extensive experience with a topic. This person studies the facts and provides commentary based on either facts or judgments, or both. An expert witness adds authority and credibility to an argument. Personal observation. Personal observation is similar to testimony, but personal observation consists of your testimony. It reflects what you know to be true because you have experiences and have formed either opinions or judgments about those experiences. For instance, if you are one of five children and your thesis states that being part of a large family is beneficial to a child’s social development, you could use your own experience to support your thesis. Once you have your evidence organized, and the evidence relates to the points you have outlined for yourself, you have the scaffolding that you need to begin constructing strong body paragraphs. Now it’s time to begin constructing the building blocks that will help you create strong and developed body paragraphs. Keep in mind that your evidence should compliment your ideas rather than overshadow them. A chapter from Writing published by Boundless on the topic of writing effective paragraphs explains paragraph structure this way:
integrating evidence. Facts, judgments, testimony and personal observation.
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Be specific. The main points you make about your thesis and the examples you use to expand on those points need to be specific. Use specific examples to provide the evidence and to build upon your general ideas. These types of examples give your reader something narrow to focus on, and if used properly, they leave little doubt about your claim. General examples, while they convey the necessary information, are not nearly as compelling or useful in writing because they are too obvious and typical. Be relevant to the thesis. Primary support is considered strong when it relates directly to the thesis. Primary support should show, explain, or prove your main argument without delving into irrelevant details. When faced with lots of information that could be used to prove your thesis, you may think you need to include it all in your body paragraphs. But effective writers resist the temptation to lose focus. This idea is so important, here it is again: effective writers resist the temptation to lose focus. Choose your examples wisely by making sure they directly connect to your thesis. Be detailed. Remember that your thesis, while specific, should not be overly detailed. The body paragraphs are where you develop the discussion that a thorough essay requires. Using detailed support shows readers that you have considered all the facts and chosen only the most precise details to enhance your point of view.
How to create strong primary support. Be specific, be relevant to the thesis, and be detailed.
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Successful Writing explains how to support your thesis statement within your body paragraphs. Without primary support, your argument may not be convincing. Primary support can be described as the major points you choose to expand on as you prove your thesis. It is the most important information you select to argue for your point of view. Each point you choose will be incorporated into the topic sentence for each body paragraph you write. Your primary supporting points are further supported by supporting details within the paragraphs.
Explains how to support your thesis within your body paragraphs.
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When you are ready to write your introduction, there are multiple strategies available to help you craft a great first paragraph. Ideally the end of your first paragraph will clarify the thesis statement you will support in the rest of your paper. The video provides a quick overview of how to create an effective introduction.
When you write your introduction it is ideal to end the paragraph clarifying the thesis statement.
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nmoer.pressbooks.pub nmoer.pressbooks.pub
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There are two types of formal outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. Format both types of formal outlines similarly. Place your introduction and thesis statement at the beginning, under roman numeral I. Use roman numerals (II, III, IV, V, etc.) to identify main points that develop the thesis statement. Use capital letters (A, B, C, D, etc.) to divide your main points into parts. Use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) if you need to subdivide any As, Bs, or Cs into smaller parts. End with the final roman numeral expressing your idea for your conclusion. Here is what the skeleton of a traditional formal outline looks like. The indentation helps clarify how the ideas are related.
Two types of formal outlines and the sentence outline.
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Descriptive writing is most effective when it is organized well. Use the following information to decide what organization best fits your goals. Chronological order → best for describing events Spatial order → best for describing places Order of importance → best for describing objects and people
The best order for descriptive writing.
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Chronological To tell a story or relate an experience To explain the history of an event or a topic To introduce the steps in a process Spatial To help readers visualize something as you want them to see it To create a main impression using the senses (sight, touch, taste, smell, and sound) Order of Importance To persuade or convince To rank items by their importance, benefit, or significance Organizing Your Writing Descriptive writing is most effective when it is organized well. Use the following information to decide what organization best fits your goals. Chronological order → best for describing events Spatial order → best for describing places Order of importance → best for describing objects and people Types of Outlines A formal outline is a detailed guide that shows how all your supporting ideas relate to each other. This outline helps you distinguish between ideas that are equally important and ones that are less important. You can build your paper based on the framework you created in the outline. There are two types of formal outlines: the topic outline and the sentence outline. Format both types of formal outlines similarly. Place your introduction and thesis statement at the beginning, under roman numeral I. Use roman numerals (II, III, IV, V, etc.) to identify main points that develop the thesis statement. Use capital letters (A, B, C, D, etc.) to divide your main points into parts. Use arabic numerals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) if you need to subdivide any As, Bs, or Cs into smaller parts. End with the final roman numeral expressing your idea for your conclusion. Here is what the skeleton of a traditional formal outline looks like. The indentation helps clarify how the ideas are related. Outlining a Paper Outlining a Paper Quick Guide to Topic Outlines Adapted from “Chapter Seven” of English for Business Success, 2012, used according to Creative Commons CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 License
Three common ways to structure your writing with information for each step.
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When you write, your goal is not only to complete an assignment but also to write for a specific purpose—perhaps to inform, to explain, to persuade, or to achieve a combination of these purposes. Your purpose for writing should always be in the back of your mind, because it will help you decide which pieces of information belong together and how you will order them.
The purpose you are writing, to persuade, or to achieve a combination of these purposed. Use a skeleton that serves as outline, then you can create "flesh and muscle" developing ideas.
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In longer pieces of writing, you may organize parts in different ways so that your purpose stands out clearly and all parts of the paper work to consistently develop your main point.
Making sure to organize your writing in longer pieces so it can flow and develop to the main point.
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The textbook English for Business Success explains that your prewriting activities and readings can help you gather information for your assignment. The more you sort through the pieces of information you found, the more you will begin to see the connections between them. Patterns and gaps may begin to stand out.
Patterns and gaps may begin to stand out, translating your raw insights into a formation.
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ushift.tecnico.ulisboa.pt ushift.tecnico.ulisboa.ptgtfshift5
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GTFShift::rt_extend_prioritization
aqui valia a pena meter uma escala de cores diferente para a velocidade, para não se confundir com a frequÊncia
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tem aqui uma transição que só aparece a caixa com a estrela (afinal são duas) - considerar aparecer o texto todo ao mesmo tempo, por caixa, mas claro que depende do apresentador
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slide 6, dos "shapes don't match OSM", - acrescentar que o próprio standatr não define como devem ser desenhadas as rotas - o que gera um problema gigante de consistência, até dentro do mesmo operador e da mesma rota para serviços diferentes! (isso é algo que terá de ser ultrapassado no futuro pelo standart, mas que conseguimos ultrapassar aqui)
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ah já entendi. mas então suguro ou no primeiro mapa mudar a escala de cores, ou no segundo meter o lwd também relativo à frequência (mais largas e mais claras -> mais frequentes)
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slide 6, a imagem da frequencia parece estar estranha com as cores (não corresponde), ou então é uma hora atípica
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.comYouTube1
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https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJtHauPh529Uea0Led20Cyh5Xv4TffN5T<br /> Typewriter 202<br /> Just My Typewriter
Tags
Annotators
URL
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www.youtube.com www.youtube.com
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repairing a remington portable model 1<br /> by [[Just My Typewriter]] on YouTube <br /> accessed on 2026-02-11T14:47:34
Keep moving forward in your typewriter repair career
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Colleges and universities usually require students to select a major by the time they’ve completed 30 total credits.
Can someone help? i don't really get what is meant here selecting a major, how?
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If you intend to transfer upon graduation: Is your college regionally accredited? Does your college have any special transfer agreements for guaranteed transfer of credits or perhaps for discounted tuition? Does your state have special transfer agreements or requirements that make it easier to transfer to colleges or universities within the same state?
I think i have to consider this. this is related to me
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learn.adelaide.edu.au learn.adelaide.edu.au
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acknowledge the Kaurna, Boandik and Barngarla First Nations Peoples and their Elders past and present, who are the First Nations' Traditional Owners of the l
Testing only.
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Knowing what you value and making plans accordingly is an important effort to help you stay on track toward your goals.
this is the truth
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One uncle, his Uncle Nico, told him that his best bet was to find out what types of jobs would be hiring in a couple years at high enough salary for Mateo to afford to live however he desired. His other uncle, who rarely agreed with Uncle Nico, nodded and said, “Hey, that’s one way to look at it, but don’t you want to enjoy what you do every day regardless of how much money you make? You should do whatever interests you. After all, don’t they say that if you love what you do, you’ll never work a day in your life?”
that is what most parents fail to understand with their children, all they think of is money, money and forget about passion.
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www.biorxiv.org www.biorxiv.org
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eLife Assessment
This study presents valuable data suggesting that ATP-induced modulation of alveolar macrophage (AM) functions is associated with NLRP3 inflammasome activation and enhanced phagocytic capacity. While the in vivo and in vitro data reveal an interesting phenotype, the evidence provided is incomplete and does not fully support the paper's conclusions. Additional investigations would be of value in complementing the data and strengthening the interpretation of the results. This study should be of interest to immunologists and the mucosal immunity community.
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Reviewer #1 (Public review):
Summary:
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are key sentinel cells in the lungs, representing the first line of defense against infections. There is growing interest within the scientific community in the metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming of innate immune cells following an initial stress, which alters their response upon exposure to a heterologous challenge. In this study, the authors show that exposure to extracellular ATP can shape AM functions by activating the P2X7 receptor. This activation triggers the relocation of the potassium channel TWIK2 to the cell surface, placing macrophages in a heightened state of responsiveness. This leads to the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and, upon bacterial internalization, to the translocation of TWIK2 to the phagosomal membrane, enhancing bacterial killing through pH modulation. Through these findings, the authors propose a mechanism by which ATP acts as a danger signal to boost the antimicrobial capacity of AMs.
Strengths:
This is a fundamental study in a field of great interest to the scientific community. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the importance of metabolic and epigenetic reprogramming in innate immune cells, which can have long-term effects on their responses to various inflammatory contexts. Exploring the role of ATP in this process represents an important and timely question in basic research. The study combines both in vitro and in vivo investigations and proposes a mechanistic hypothesis to explain the observed phenotype.
Weaknesses:
The authors have revised the manuscript to address the comments raised during the first round of review. However, several figures, figure legends, and methodological sections still require additional adjustments and clarification.
The interpretation of CFU from lysates as 'killing' is unclear; lysate CFUs typically reflect intracellular surviving bacteria and are confounded by differences in uptake. Please include an uptake control (early time point) or time-course to distinguish phagocytosis from intracellular killing. Also, clarify how bacterial burden was calculated (supernatant vs cell-associated vs total). Supernatant alone may not capture adherent bacteria. The normalization as 'fold killing' (mean negative control / sample) is non-standard; please report absolute CFU (log scale) and specify the exact definition of killing/survival.
The Methods section is largely incomplete and requires substantial revision. For instance, the authors report quantification of cytokine concentrations, yet no information is provided regarding how these measurements were performed. It is unclear whether cytokines were measured in BALF by ELISA, or assessed at the mRNA level by qPCR from total lung lysates, or by another method. This information must be clearly specified. In addition, the rationale for selecting the measured cytokines should be justified. While the choice of IL-1β and IL-6 is relatively straightforward, the focus on IL-18 requires explicit justification.
Similarly, the methodology used to quantify immune cell populations presented in Figure 2 is not described. It is not stated how immune cells were isolated and identified (e.g. flow cytometry from lung tissue). No information is provided regarding tissue digestion, cell isolation procedures, or gating strategy (presumably by flow cytometry). These details are essential and should be included, together with the corresponding gating strategy and absolute cell numbers.
Moreover, immune cell quantification would be expected in the context of the challenge experiment as well. Reporting unchanged percentages of lung immune cells following ATP exposure does not support the conclusion of a training effect, particularly one that is specific to alveolar macrophages (AMs). In addition, AMs are not considered recruited immune cells; this should be corrected in the figure legend and throughout the manuscript where applicable.
There are inconsistencies throughout the manuscript. For example, the authors report n = 5 for the survival curves in the figure legend, whereas n = 7 is stated in the Methods section. This discrepancy is unclear and should be clarified.
Supplementary Fig. 1 contains major conceptual errors. The volcano plot represents ATAC-seq peaks (differentially accessible chromatin regions), yet the figure, legend, and color scale repeatedly refer to 'genes' and 'differentially expressed genes'. This conflates chromatin accessibility with gene expression and is misleading. Peaks are secondarily annotated to nearby genes, which should be clearly described as an annotation step rather than the unit of analysis. The figure should be revised to explicitly present peak-level statistics (DARs), with gene names shown only as optional annotations. Additionally, the use of simultaneous P < 0.05 and Q < 0.05 thresholds is non-standard, and the absence of down-regulated regions in the plot requires explanation.
In Figure 7, trained WT and Nlrp3⁻/⁻ mice display similar levels of bacterial clearance. How should this result be interpreted?
Overall, while the study addresses an interesting biological question, the manuscript would benefit from substantial revision prior to publication. In particular, clarifications and improvements regarding the methodology, data presentation, and interpretation are required to strengthen the rigor and reproducibility of the conclusions.
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Reviewer #2 (Public review):
Summary:
In this manuscript, Thompson et al. investigate the impact of prior ATP exposure on later macrophage functions as a mechanism of immune training. They describe that ATP training enhances bactericidal functions which they connect to the P2x7 ATP receptor, Nlrp3 inflammasome activation, and TWIK2 K+ movement at the cell surface and subsequently at phagosomes during bacterial engulfment. This is an incremental addition to existing literature, which has previously explored how ATP alters TWIK2 and K+, and linked it to Nlrp3 activation. The novelty here is in discovering the persistence of TWIK2 change and exploring the impact this biology may have on bacterial clearance. Additional experiments could strengthen their hypothesis that the in vivo protective effect of ATP-training on bacterial clearance is mediated by alveolar macrophages.
Strengths:
The authors demonstrate three novel findings: 1) prolonged persistence of TWIK2 at the macrophage plasma membrane following ATP that can translocate to the phagosome during particle engulfment, 2) a persistent impact of ATP exposure on remodeling chromatin around nlrp3, and 3) administering mice intra-nasal ATP to 'train' lungs protects mice from otherwise fatal bacterial infection.
Weaknesses:
(1) Some methods remain unclear including the timing and method by which lung cellularity was assessed in Figure 2. It is also difficult to understand how many mice were used in experiments 1, 2 and 6 and thus how rigorous the design was. A specific number is only provided for 1D and the number of mice stated in legend and methods do not match.
(2) The study design is not entirely ideal for the authors' in vivo question. Overall, the discussion would benefit from a clear summary of study caveats, which are primarily that that 1) in vitro studies attributing ATP training-mediated bacterial killing to persistent TWIK2 relocation, K+ influx, a glycolytic metabolic shift , and epigenetic nlrp3 reprogramming were performed in BMDM or RAW cells and not primary AMs, 2) data does not eliminate the possibility that non-AM immune or non-immune cells in the lung are "trained" and responsible for ATP-mediated protection in vivo; flow data examined total lung digest which may obscure important changes in alveolar recruitment, and 3) in vivo work shows data on acute bacterial clearance but does not explore potential risks that "training" for a more responsive inflammasome may have for the severity of lung injury during infection.
(3) The is some lack of transparency on data and rigor of methods. Clear data is not provided regarding the RNA-sequencing results. Specific identities of DEGs is not provided, only one high-level pathway enrichment figure. It would also be ideal if controls were included for subcellular fractionating to confirm pure fractions and for dye microscopy to show negative background.
(4) In results describing 5A, the text states that "ATP-induced macrophage training effects, as measured by augmented bactericidal activity, were diminished in macrophages treated with protease inhibitors". However, these data are not identified significant in the figure; protease dependence can be described as a trend that supports the authors' hypothesis but should not be stated as significant data in text.
In summary, this work contains some useful data showing how ATP can train macrophages via TWIK2/Nlrp3. Revisions have significantly improved methods reporting, added some data to strengthen the conclusions, and toned down on overstatements to bring conclusions more in line with data presented. The title still overstates what the authors have actually tested, since no macrophage-specific targeting in vivo (no conditional gene deletion, macrophage depletion etc) was performed in infection studies. However, in vitro data provide clear evidence that macrophages can be trained by ATP, and through caveats remain, it is plausible that macrophage training is a key mechanism for the protection observed here in the lung.
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Author response:
The following is the authors’ response to the original reviews.
Public Reviews:
Reviewer #1 (Public review):
(1) First, the concept of training or trained immunity refers to long-term epigenetic reprogramming in innate immune cells, resulting in a modified response upon exposure to a heterologous challenge. The investigations presented demonstrate phenotypic alterations in AMs seven days after ATP exposure; however, they do not assess whether persistent epigenetic remodeling occurs with lasting functional consequences. Therefore, a more cautious and semantically precise interpretation of the findings would be appropriate.
In response, we have performed epigenetic analysis (ATAC seq analysis) as requested (Supp Fig. 1).
(2) Furthermore, the in vivo data should be strengthened by additional analyses to support the authors' conclusions. The authors claim that susceptibility to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection differs depending on the ATP-induced training effect. Statistical analyses should be provided for the survival curves, as well as additional weight curves or clinical assessments. Moreover, it would be appropriate to complement this clinical characterization with additional measurements, such as immune cell infiltration analysis (by flow cytometry), and quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and/or lung homogenates.
We have added the statistical analyses provided for the survival curves (new Fig. 1D), immune cell infiltration analysis, and quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung (new Figs. 1, 2).
(3) Moreover, the authors attribute the differences in resistance to P. aeruginosa infection to the ATP-induced training effect on AMs, based on a correlation between in vivo survival curves and differences in bacterial killing capacity measured in vitro. These are correlative findings that do not establish a causal role for AMs in the in vivo phenotype. ATP-mediated effects on other (i.e., non-AM) cell populations are omitted, and the possibility that other cells could be affected should be, at least, discussed. Adoptive transfer experiments using AMs would be a suitable approach to directly address this question.
We have performed additional experiments and found that the numbers of lung macrophages were not significantly altered before and after ATP training (new Fig. 2), indicating the training effects are focused on lung resident macrophages.
Reviewer #2 (Public review):
(1) Missing details from methods/reported data: Substantial sections of key methods have not been disclosed (including anything about animal infection models, RNA-sequencing, and western blotting), and the statistical methods, as written, only address two-way comparisons, which would mean analysis was improperly performed. In addition, there is a general lack of transparency - the methods state that only representative data is included in the manuscript, and individual data points are not shown for assays.
We have revised the methods and statistical analysis.
(2) Poor experimental design including missing controls: Particularly problematic are the Seahorse assay data (requires normalization to cell numbers to interpret this bulk assay - differences in cell growth/loss between conditions would confound data interpretation) and bacterial killing assays (as written, this method would be heavily biased by bacterial initial binding/phagocytosis which would confound assessment of killing). Controls need to be included for subcellular fractionating to confirm pure fractions and for dye microscopy to show a negative background. Conclusions from these assays may be incorrect, and in some cases, the whole experiment may be uninterpretable.
Seahorse assay methodology was updated to confirm the order of cell counting, time at seeding and cell counts. Methods were also updated to address the distinction between bacterial killing (Fig. 1B) and overall decrease in bacterial load.
(3) The conclusions overstate what was tested in the experiments: Conceptually, there are multiple places where the authors draw conclusions or frame arguments in ways that do not match the experiments used. Particularly:
(a) The authors discuss their findings in the context of importance for AM biology during respiratory infection but in vitro work uses cells that are well-established to be poor mimics of resident AMs (BMDM, RAW), particularly in terms of glycolytic metabolism.
We have adjusted the text to reflect that the metabolic assay was performed on BMDMs. AMs are fragile for certain manipulations in vitro. We expect that the metabolic change is similar across several macrophage systems as well as the bacterial load reduction.
(b) In vivo work does not address whether immune cell recruitment is triggered during training.
We have performed immune cell infiltration analysis (new Fig. 2).
(c) Figure 3 is used to draw conclusions about K+ in response to bacterial engulfment, but actually assesses fungal zymosan particles.
We have corrected this in the manuscript.
(d) Figure 5 is framed in bacterial susceptibility post-viral infection, but the model used is bacterial post-bacterial.
We have corrected this in the manuscript.
(e) In their discussion, the authors propose to have shown TWIK2-mediated inflammasome activation. They link these separately to ATP, but their studies do not test if loss of TWIK2 prevents inflammasome activation in response to ATP (Figure 4E does not use TWIK2 KO).
We have now added the TWIK2 KO results (new Fig. 5E).
Recommendations for the authors:
Reviewer #1 (Recommendations for the authors):
As noted in the public review, it would be advisable to further characterize the in vivo phenotype in order to strengthen the conclusions. Specifically, it would be useful to quantify the bacterial load in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates, as well as to measure cytokine levels both in the respiratory compartment and systemically. Additionally, a broader characterization of the immune response in the presence or absence of ATP-induced training would be valuable. In the absence of direct evidence demonstrating that trained AMs mediate the observed phenotype, the authors should adopt a more cautious interpretation of their results. Moreover, careful attention to semantic accuracy is recommended. The concept of trained immunity refers specifically to long-term epigenetic reprogramming that leads to an altered response of target cells upon a secondary challenge, distant from the initial stress. The data presented do not fully demonstrate this phenomenon, and the interpretations should remain aligned with the evidence provided.
Bacterial load has been quantified (see more details in the Methods part). And we also measured immune cell infiltration, quantification of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the lung (new Figs. 1, 2), and epigenetic evaluation of vehicle- and ATP-treated cells (Supp. Fig. 1).
Reviewer #2 (Recommendations for the authors):
(1) It cannot be overstated how lacking the methods are. This includes no discussion of IACUC approval for animal procedures, which must be included as part of research ethics. It also needs to be made clear where raw data is being archived. This notably includes an accession for deposited RNA-sequencing data, although unmanipulated microscopy and western blot images should also be shown. Methods should discuss any pre-processing that occurred with images.
We have revised the methods in the manuscript.
(2) Per statistics, in addition to generally providing more detail and adjusting analyses if they have not been correctly performed, please disclose if SD or SEM is shown. Reporting aggregate data versus representative data would provide more rigor. Perhaps replicate experiments could be included in the supplemental if they cannot, for some reason, be aggregated. Detailed statistical methods for RNA-seq analysis also need to be included.
More details have been provided in the methods section.
(3) It is unclear whether bacterial killing assays were correctly designed and can be interpreted. What does cells collected mean? If the assay was focused on intracellular macrophage bacterial load, it is critical to assess and report phagocytosis since different input loads would confound the assessment of killing. A rigorous wash or an antibiotic to eliminate extracellular bacteria should also have been performed and be described in this case. If the total bacterial burden was assessed, that would use cells+media and also needs to be clear and described. With the information provided, it is unclear whether the assays performed are sufficiently rigorous to assess bacterial killing. In addition, Figure 1B reports using an MOI of 50-100, but all data is compiled in one graph - data from different levels of infection should be separated. Figure 5A shows a model with E.coli followed by PA, but that does not appear to be how the assay was structured in B or C. This also does not match how the experiment is written in the results section, which references S. aureus. It is unclear what tissue (or cells) were assessed in Figure 5. Whole lung? BAL? As written, no data provided regarding bacterial killing is of sufficient quality to be considered valid.
We have re-written the bacterial killing assay in the manuscript. The methodology was corrected to distinguish bacterial killing vs load decrease and generally accurate methodology.
(4) The in vitro data provide reasonable evidence that BMDM/RAW macrophage training can occur in response to ATP exposure. However, it is unclear whether training is an important mechanism for resident AM in vivo, or whether, in vivo, a broader inflammatory response is generated, recruiting additional immune cells that persist and change infection susceptibility. The authors argue for resident AM immune training, but do not provide sufficient evidence to counter the latter possibility (resident AM are never themselves directly assessed, and the presence of other immune cells in vivo is not excluded). See Iliakis et al 2023 (PMID 37640788) for discussion of how this issue continues to drive uncertainty in the field. For this study, at least providing flow cytometry data quantifying myeloid and lymphoid immune populations in BALF before and after various treatments would help address this caveat. Without knowing this, it also confounds the interpretation of Figure 1B; if BAL is not pure AM after training, perhaps 1B could be repeated with ex vivo training or resident AM could be purified?
We have performed immune cell infiltration analysis in the lung (both to BALF and in-tissue, new Fig. 2).
(5) Figure 3A appears to show that fewer than 50% of cells express GFP. Is it expected that only a fraction of RAW cells express TWIK2-GFP? How was this addressed in the analyses for Figure 3? Were cells not appearing to express any significant GFP, included in phagosomal-negative or excluded from analysis? Please include in the methods.
The RAW cells were transfected with TWIK2-GFP and variable GFP expression was expected. These cells were expressing a non-integrated transgene, which has been added to the methods as well as the consideration of cells for the analysis. Cells without visible GFP expression were excluded.
(6) Why are many data points in Figure 3D negative? This suggests that settings were not optimized for microscopy - perhaps there is a very high background signal and the ION stain is barely above it. This is concerning for the quality of data. Further, is it expected that only some cells are positive for ION K+? The images shown clearly differentiate phagosomal K with ATP versus the absence of K without, but it is surprising that some cells appear not to contain any ION K+ signal (not completely clear given lack of brightfield or other cell staining) - this may again point to issues with imaging settings that confound data interpretation. This analysis should be carefully assessed.
This has been updated in the methodology. In old Fig. 3D (new Fig. 4D), the presented data is the net intensity of the phagosome, subtracting the average cytoplasmic MFI from that of the area corresponding to an engulfed zymosan-af594 bead. Thus, a negative value has higher cytoplasmic IonK signal than that of the phagosome.
(7) The Discussion states that it will be interesting to test whether ATP-TWIK2 is a common mechanism of training and specifically references LPS as an ATP-generating signal. However, Figure 2D data show that LPS induces only transient TWIK2 translocation; the authors have data suggesting that, in the context of LPS, TWIK2 'training' will not be engaged. This line of discussion shows incomplete consideration of the data.
We have further limited this language in the text such that this may require differential sensitivity/damage sustained by macrophages as compared to that of epi/endothelial cells in response to bacterial endotoxin.
(8) For RNA-sequencing, plots of the actual genes changed for the mitochondrial pathways of interest would be helpful information for readers, as would a heat map showing sample purity between groups for macrophage markers versus possible contaminant cells, which can also be generated from precursors in BMDM cultures. In general, information in Methods regarding how the analyses in Figure 4B were run is necessary, per cutoffs used to determine DEGs, number of samples in each group, sex of samples used, etc. Greater transparency of data would be appreciated, so plots that show variation between replicates, such as heat maps, would be ideal. Supplemental tables would also be nice.
We have added to the methodology of the RNA sequencing analysis
(9) The use of alternate DAMPs is a positive addition to the experimental design, but no data is given regarding the concentrations used. Ideally, positive controls showing histones/NAD are used at acutely activating concentrations could be included but at least references supporting the doses chosen or information about how doses were selected should be given. It is easy to find substantial literature on histones as a DAMP, but it was unclear why/how NAD was selected.
We have added these concentrations and corresponding references.
(10) The E.coli CFU reported in Figure 5B are extraordinarily low. In addition, CFU are generally shown on a log scale, but this appears to be linear. Please confirm that these data are correct. Perhaps improved methods might explain why? Is the second hit a low dose?
These have been corrected in the new Fig. 6B.
(11) Given that loss of either TWIK2 or Nlrp3 ablates bacterial protection, a link should be tested - experiments should test whether loss of TWIK2 prevents inflammasome activation in response to ATP (TWIK2 KO in 4E) and if loss of Nlrp3 changes TWIK2 translocation (Nlrp3 KO in at least some experiments of Figures 2/3).
We have now added the TWIK KO results (new Fig. 5E).
(12) One of the most striking data pieces is Figure 1D. It would, therefore, strengthen the paper to repeat those experiments (even just with the high-dose ATP) using TEIK2/P2X7/NLRP3 KO mice and really show the importance of these pathways in vivo. This is conceptually Figure 5, but the survival data of Figure 1 is far more convincing than the relatively weak bacterial load data of Figure 5.
Unfortunately, our previous laboratory has been closed and we have trouble acquiring enough mice for additional survival data during the transition period. However, the bacterial load data has been adjusted to the same bacterial counts per 5 mg lung tissue instead of per individual sampling, giving a more contextual interpretation of the data.
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openstax.org openstax.org
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As a first-generation and low-income student navigating college pathways can be difficult. That is why it is so important to be open to change and set on learning what you want to learn how to get yourself to the next step!”
exactly. it is not easy at all, at first when i did not start, i use to see and hear people complain about university, and i was like it is a small thing, but it is definitely not.
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raw.githack.com raw.githack.com
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placements
Jag tror att detta är valid Python, men kanske lite förvirrande för ett IDE om en variabel har samma namn som en funktion i samma modul.
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from . import move, visit
Det ser ut som att det saknas något (jag tänker på
from .) eller? -
def shape(piece_grid): cells = [] for y, row in enumerate(piece_grid): for x, ch in enumerate(row): if ch == "x": cells.append([x, y]) return cells
Ett alternativ utan append, men inte helt glasklart om det är tydligare än for-loopen.
med comprehensions i två nivåer:
def shape(piece_grid): return [ [x, y] for y, row in enumerate(piece_grid) for x, ch in enumerate(row) if ch == "x" ] -
or piece_grids in pieces_grids
typo? ser ut som att denna rad borde tas bort?
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piece-grid
typo: piece-grid borde vara piece_grid (underscore)
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lucumr.pocoo.org lucumr.pocoo.org
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Pi: The Minimal Agent Within OpenClaw
Author: Armin Ronacher | Date: January 31, 2026
Core Concept
- Pi is a minimal coding agent that powers OpenClaw, which went viral as ClawdBot/MoltBot
- Written by Mario Zechner
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Philosophy: LLMs excel at writing and running code, so embrace this fully
"LLMs are really good at writing and running code, so embrace this"
Pi's Distinguishing Features
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Minimal core design with the shortest system prompt of any known agent
"it has the shortest system prompt of any agent that I'm aware of"
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Only four tools: Read, Write, Edit, Bash
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Extension system with persistent state across sessions
"it makes up for its tiny core by providing an extension system that also allows extensions to persist state into sessions, which is incredibly powerful"
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High software quality: no flickering, low memory, reliable
"Pi itself is written like excellent software. It doesn't flicker, it doesn't consume a lot of memory, it doesn't randomly break"
Architectural Philosophy: What's Intentionally Excluded
- No MCP support by design (can use mcporter as workaround)
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Self-extension over downloading
"You ask the agent to extend itself. It celebrates the idea of code writing and running code"
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Users can point agent to existing extensions and remix them rather than using pre-built packages
Session Architecture
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Sessions support multiple model providers without leaning into provider-specific features
"a session can really contain many different messages from many different model providers"
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Custom messages for extension state persistence
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Sessions are trees: branching, navigation, and side-quest workflows
"sessions in Pi are trees. You can branch and navigate within a session"
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Enables fixing broken tools in branch without wasting main session context
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Built-in hot reloading for iterative extension development
"it has built-in hot reloading so that the agent can write code, reload, test it and go in a loop"
Extension Capabilities
- Register tools for LLM to call
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Custom TUI components: spinners, progress bars, file pickers, data tables, preview panes
"Pi extensions can render custom TUI components directly in the terminal" - Demonstrated running Doom in TUI (proof of flexibility)
Notable Extensions (Armin's)
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/answer: Extracts questions from agent's prose into formatted input box; avoids structured question dialogs"I don't use plan mode. I encourage the agent to ask questions and there's a productive back and forth"
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/todos: Agent-accessible to-do list stored as markdown in.pi/todos -
/review: Agent reviews code before human review; modeled after Codex UI for commits/diffs/PRs"As more code is written by agents, it makes little sense to throw unfinished work at humans before an agent has reviewed it first"
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/control: Multi-agent communication; one Pi sends prompts to another /files: Lists session files with Finder reveal, VS Code diff, quick-look
Community Extensions
- Nico's subagent extension
- interactive-shell: autonomous interactive CLIs in TUI overlay
Skills vs Extensions Philosophy
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Skills are agent-generated, not downloaded
"they are hand-crafted by my clanker and not downloaded from anywhere" - Example: Replaced browser automation CLIs/MCPs with CDP skill - Skills are disposable - thrown away when not needed - Example skills: reading shared Pi sessions, commit message crafting, changelog updates,
uvpreference overpip- Full skills collection
Key References
- OpenClaw - viral agent project by Peter
- Pi repository
- mom - Mario's agent built on Pi
- mcporter - MCP via CLI/TypeScript bindings
- Beads - to-do list for agents (criticized implementation, useful concept)
- Armin's related post: Tools (just runs code)
- Armin's related post: What is Plan Mode
- AMP - positively reviewed coding agent
Key Personalities
- Mario Zechner - Pi author, "very grounded" approach
- Peter (steipete) - OpenClaw creator, "sci-fi with a touch of madness"
- Armin Ronacher - article author, Flask creator
Takeaway
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Software building software is the future
"Part of the fascination that working with a minimal agent like Pi gave me is that it makes you live that idea of using software that builds more software" - OpenClaw's growth validates removing UI and connecting agents to chat interfaces
"given its tremendous growth, I really feel more and more that this is going to become our future"
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hypothes.is hypothes.is
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any annotations yet.
golf was here
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bionicjulia.com bionicjulia.com
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s RLHF which is reinforced learning with human feedback.
Gemini said Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a subset of machine learning where an agent learns to make decisions by performing actions in an environment to maximize a reward.
Unlike Supervised Learning (where the model is given the "right answer"), RL is based on trial and error. It is very similar to training a dog: you don't tell the dog exactly which muscles to move; you just give it a treat when it does something good and no treat when it doesn't.
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www.currentaffairs.org www.currentaffairs.org
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ludicrous
foolish, unthinkable
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www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.orgThe Rain3
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What am I to myself that must be remembered,
Speaker cannot turn his brain off, steady constant sound of rain, why cannot i just chill out, persistent rain is the insistencies of self-consciousness
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come back again,
rain is constant
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Love, if you love me,
Tense changes, absent addressee, apostrophe (rhetorical tool)
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en.wikipedia.org en.wikipedia.org
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y released five EPs, two single
fsdfasdfasd
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open.lib.umn.edu open.lib.umn.edu
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Orality describes a mode of information transmission that primarily occurs through speech. It has the following characteristics:
Knowing what we know about rhetoric and now about the definition of orality, it makes me think, can one use rhetoric only orally? Or can rhetoric show up in other ways of life besides just speaking out to someone?
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Rhetoric, according to Plato, is dangerous because it is a way of producing a “fake” reality.
This is a different perspective that I have never looked into but yet completely understand. Rhetoric, what we know to be "the act of persuading someone," is the same thing as "producing a 'fake' reality." Thinking about how to persuade someone, you must be able to successfully convince them of something you believe.
For example, if Betty says a tomato is a vegetable and I am trying to convince her it is a fruit, I must make her see a reality that she does not see. Yet, someone if successful would be able to persuade me that fruit is a vegetable and not a fruit. And with enough persuasion, it is possible I can be persuaded that the other side is right. I would be moving to a reality that is ot my reality due to the act of persuasion. Thinking about that from an analytical standpoint is quite interesting.
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sebokwiki.org sebokwiki.org
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System principles differ from systems engineering principles differ in important ways (Watson 2018a). System principles address the behavior and properties of all kinds of systems, looking at the scientific basis for a system and characterizing this basis in a system context via specialized instances of a general set of system principles. SE principles are a specialized and contextualized instantiation of systems principles that address the approach to the realization, use, and retirement of systems. SE principles build on systems principles that are general for all kinds of systems (Rousseau, 2018a) and for all kinds of human activity systems (Senge 1990, Calvo-Amodio & Rousseau 2019). Hence, system principles guide the definition and application of SE processes – a strong systems engineer must be the master of both system principles and SE principles.
this is total BS
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www.poetryfoundation.org www.poetryfoundation.org
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and there was no sign of the occupant.
Occupant was there the first time, but the second time it wasn't
Missing beauty in the moment, not there anymore
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"Set with raindrops"
Time focused, not a moment of a present encounter, but going back to past twice, pre-past and past
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the light had changed,
Pluperfect past
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