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Change a document’s page setup: pages or pageless

When you implement asynchronous programming in your C# code, the compiler transforms your program into a state machine.

In the early years of SEO, webmasters would often stuff their webpages with keywords to get them to rank higher, regardless of actual relevance

They’d take your topic and help you narrow it down even further, applying their own nuanced knowledge and specialized training to help you search better and find exactly what you’re looking for.

Although these findings demonstrate the need to use caution when targeting CAFs, they also highlight the need to systematically determine the composition and function of the PDA stroma to improve the development of effective stroma-targeting drugs.

Genetic disruption or prolonged pharmacological inhibition of sonic hedgehog, a ligand that stimulates CAFs (Tian et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2014; Rhim et al., 2014), or depletion of αSMA-expressing cells (Özdemir et al., 2014), resulted in undifferentiated PDA tumors and decreased survival in mice

The bitmap proofs involve ~4 million Brainfuck program executions, each running 22,000 fuel steps, all verified at the kernel level via native_decide.

two weeks off.

here Animal welfare & food systems High Priority Mar 24, 2026 |EAFORUM gpt-5.4-mini ▾ Details This looks l

A latent factor (0=nascent, 1=mature) that affects all technology adoption, reactor costs, and financing. High maturity = correlated improvements.

Cell Density Range Code viewof density_lo = Inputs.range([10, 100], { value: 30, step: 10, label: "Cell Density Low (g/L)" }) viewof density_hi = Inputs.range([50, 300], { value: 200, step: 10, label: "Cell Density High (g/L)" })

Model Parameters Code viewof simpleMode = Inputs.toggle({label: "Simplified view (recommended)", value: true})

Two controls for growth factors:

How far along the price reduction curve we are within each regime:

Component Distributions

Cost Breakdown by Component (Total: $122.59/kg):where(.plot-d6a7b5) { --plot-background: white; display: block; height: auto; height: intrinsic; max-width: 100%; } :where(.plot-d6a7b5 text), :where(.plot-d6a7b5 tspan) { white-space: pre; }

Variable Operating Costs (VOC):

Technology Adoption by 2036

Total: $122.59

Unit Production Cost ($/kg) →

Basic Parameters

$$

Model Structure Code viewof include_capex = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include capital costs (CAPEX)", value: true}) viewof include_fixed_opex = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include fixed operating costs", value: true}) viewof include_downstream = Inputs.toggle({label: "Include downstream processing", value: false})

Pure cells vs. consumer products: Most cultivated meat products on the market or in development are hybrid products — blending a fraction of cultured cells with plant-based or mycoprotein ingredients. A product with (say) 20% cultured cells and 80% plant-based filler at $3/kg would have a blended ingredient cost far below the pure-cell cost shown here. The "price parity with conventional meat" threshold may therefore be achievable at higher per-kg cell costs than these numbers suggest.

GitHub issues: Open an issue Email: contact@unjournal.org

Limitations

Results update automatically as you change parameters - no need to click a button.

0 = nascent, 1 = mature

Cultured Chicken Production Cost Model CodeShow All CodeHide All CodeView Source

These are like Squiggle/Guesstimate visualizations - they show the full range of possible values, not just a point estimate.

Basic Parameters Code viewof plant_capacity = Inputs.range([5, 100], { value: 20, step: 5, label: "Plant Capacity (kTA/yr)" })

Individual distributions for each cost driver: Code function formatCost(val) { if (val >= 30) return Math.round(val).toString(); if (val >= 1) return val.toFixed(1); if (val >= 0.1) return val.toFixed(2); return val.toFixed(3); } { const allComponents = [ {name: "Media", data: results.cost_media, color: "#27ae60"}, {name: "Micronutrients", data: results.cost_comm_micros, color: "#3498db"}, {name: "Growth Factors", data: results.cost_recf, color: "#9b59b6"}, {name: "Other VOC", data: results.cost_other_var, color: "#7f8c8d"}, {name: "CAPEX (annualized)", data: results.cost_capex, color: "#e74c3c"}, {name: "Fixed OPEX", data: results.cost_fixed, color: "#f39c12"}, {name: "Downstream", data: results.cost_downstream, color: "#1abc9c"} ]; // Filter out components with all zeros (e.g., downstream when not included) const components = allComponents.filter(c => mean(c.data) > 0.001); const plotData = components.map(comp => { const p5 = quantile(comp.data, 0.05); const p50 = quantile(comp.data, 0.50); const p95 = quantile(comp.data, 0.95); const clipVal = Math.max(quantile(comp.data, 0.98), 0.1); const clipped = comp.data.filter(x => x <= clipVal && x >= 0); const plot = Plot.plot({ width: 420, height: 180, marginLeft: 45, marginBottom: 35, marginTop: 10, x: { label: "$/kg", domain: [0, clipVal * 1.1] }, y: { label: null, ticks: [] }, marks: [ Plot.rectY(clipped, Plot.binX({y: "count"}, {x: d => d, fill: comp.color, fillOpacity: 0.7})), Plot.ruleX([p5], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 1.5, strokeDasharray: "3,3"}), Plot.ruleX([p50], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 2}), Plot.ruleX([p95], {stroke: "black", strokeWidth: 1.5, strokeDasharray: "3,3"}) ] }); const label = `${comp.name}: $${formatCost(p50)} (90% CI: ${formatCost(p5)} – ${formatCost(p95)})`; return {plot, label}; }); return html`<div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); gap: 1rem; margin: 1rem 0;"> ${plotData.map(d => html`<div style="font-size: 0.9em;"> <div style="font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0.3rem; color: #333;">${d.label}</div> ${d.plot} </div>`)} </div>`; } formatCost = ƒ(val)

Sources

The model reveals several important patterns:

WACC Low (%)

Cost Breakdown by Component (Total: $122.51/kg):where(.plot-d6a7b5) { --plot-background: white; display: block; height: auto; height: intrinsic; max-width: 100%; } :where(.plot-d6a7b5 text), :where(.plot-d6a7b5 tspan) { white-space: pre; }

Price-competitive with conventional chicken

Plant Capacity (kTA/yr)

edian Cost (p50)

Why it matters: If production costs reach ~$10/kg (comparable to conventional chicken), cultured meat could compete at scale. If costs remain >$50/kg, the technology may remain niche

What these numbers represent: Simulated production cost per kilogram of cultured chicken (wet weight, unprocessed) in 2036, based on 30,000 Monte Carlo simulations. This is the cost to produce meat in a bioreactor — not retail price, which would include processing, distribution, and margins.

Include capital costs (CAPEX)

A key feature is the latent maturity factor that links:

Lognormal

Bounded ranges

Probabilities, fractions

🔬 Upcoming Workshop: Cultivated Meat Cost Trajectories

While being color-blind in relation to your teaching may seem like an effective way to treat all students fairly and equally, ignoring cultural, racial, and linguistic differences actually undermines the potential of being able to connect with each student based on her or his unique background. Being color-blind inherently denies students an opportunity to share facets of their identity. When individuals profess to be color-blind, they may also overlook the role that implicit bias can play in their interactions with students and families who come from cultures other than their own. Implicit bias is a result of our brain’s work of categorizing and stereotyping as a way to process large amounts of information (Hammond, 2015; Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, 2013). Bias can lead you to make assumptions about others and ignore the inherent inequities that exist in education, such as inequitable access to college preparation and honors courses, greater numbers of disciplinary referrals, lower scores on state achievement tests, and lower graduation rates, among many others.

Ter. Scaur. GL 7.28K

Quick Reference: All Equations at a Glance

1. Total Unit Cost

New to this topic? How Cultured Chicken is Made | 🎧 Audio Review (22 min MP3)

💬 We Want Your Feedback! Comment directly on this page using Hypothesis — click the < tab on the right edge. Highlight any equation, parameter, or explanation to annotate it. We actively monitor comments and will respond to questions, incorporate suggestions, and improve the documentation based on your feedback.

🔬 Workshop: Cultured Meat Cost Trajectories (Late April / Early May 2026) This model feeds into The Unjournal’s upcoming expert workshop on CM production costs. Workshop details & signup →

la justicia como un concepto complejo que comprende tres dimensiones: la distribución de recursos, el reconocimiento y la representación.

A shared latent space autoencoder framework was used, adapted from the cross-modal architecture introduced by Yang et al.13. The model consists of modality-specific encoders and decoders for gene expression and morphology, which project inputs into a shared latent representation.

Even for the 17 morphology features that were consistently well predicted across four perturbation datasets and 100 genetically diverse donors, individual gene–morphology correlations were uniformly weak. Instead, predictive signal was distributed across large gene sets. This pattern directly parallels the omnigenic model of complex organismal traits,

In plain language, structure as symbol; design ascommunication.

lmost single-handedly, he re-established “High VictorianDecorative Art’ as a category worthy of scholarly stud

Dit zijn:

For the record, my posts aren’t written or conceived with an LLM, although I know an increasing number of people who use one to write a first draft and then edit. I’m not a fan. The whole point of the web — its beauty — is that it’s unrelentingly human and diverse.

2024: PMC meta-analysis (Garrison et al.),

Source

all

Research Price Production Target Source

medical research

Cell densities have improved dramatically:

The diagram compares these two operating modes side-by-side. Batch mode (left) harvests everything at once; perfusion (right) continuously adds fresh media and removes spent media while retaining cells.

Batch vs. Perfusion: Two Operating Modes

underscores why most cultured meat companies currently use pharma-grade equipment despite the cost premium.

The opportunity: If cultured meat can use simplified food-grade designs (similar to beer brewing at $5-15/L), costs could drop by 10×.

Relative cost

2021

$10-15/kg, with some leading-edge companies achieving costs below $10/kg”

grade

of cells matters enormously for cost:

Step 1: Cell Banking

: <1% of total production cost at scale

Seed Train

Today, optimistic projections suggest ~$63/kg (Garrison et al. 2022), with leading companies achieving <$10/kg cell mass.

Product

🔬 Workshop: Cultured Meat Cost Trajectories (Late April / Early May 2026)

teach a lesson” to “inferior” conquered peoples.

State-Controlled Media OrganizationsIran’s state-controlled media has played a key role in the regime’s suppression of protests, including those following the death of Mahsa Amini. Many of these organizations work in tandem with Iranian security and intelligence services, blurring the lines between government and media and extending the regime’s oppressive reach. Press TV is the English language channel for the state broadcaster of the Iranian government, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB), which was designated by the United States in 2013 for participating in censorship. Press TV has broadcasted scores of forced confessions and derogatory programs about Iranian activists, in many cases broadcasting forced confessions before detainee trials. Press TV has also been used by Iranian intelligence services to recruit sensitive assets, including U.S. persons. Press TV is being designed pursuant to E.O. 13846 for being owned or controlled by, directly or indirectly, the IRIB. Tasnim News Agency (Tasnim) is a news outlet founded by two IRGC commanders, Majid Gholizadeh and Hamidreza Moghadam Far, who continue to serve as Tasnim executives and exert control over Tasnim on behalf of the IRGC. Tasnim has supported the IRGC and other instruments of the regime in various ways, including suppressing dissent by helping the IRGC, Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security, and LEF to crowdsource the identities of protestors. Majid Gholizadeh, a former IRGC Commander, is Tasnim’s CEO, an important spokesperson for the news agency, and IRGC propagandist. Hamidreza Moghadam Far is the head of the Tasnim board of directors and an IRGC Commander. Hamidreza Moghadam Far has held multiple prominent roles in the IRGC, including as an advisor to IRGC Commander-in-Chief Hossein Salami and the Cultural Deputy of the IRGC.  Tasnim is being designated pursuant to E.O 13553 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, the IRGC. Hamidreza Moghadam Far is being designated pursuant to E.O. 13553 for acting or purporting to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, the IRGC. Majid Gholizadeh is being designated for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Tasnim News Agency.Fars News Agency is closely affiliated with the IRGC and has provided special intelligence reports to Hossein Salami. Fars News Agency closely coordinated with the Basij Resistance Force (Basij) deputy commander on ongoing Iranian domestic concerns. The Basij, a paramilitary force subordinate to the IRGC, was designated pursuant to E.O. 13553 on June 9, 2011 for its involvement in the violent crackdowns and serious human rights abuses occurring in Iran following the disputed June 2009 presidential election. Fars News Agency was also founded by Hamidreza Moghadam Far, and its board of directors is chaired by Mohammad Mehdi Sayyari Zahan, the U.S.-designated deputy head of the IRGC Intelligence Organization. Payam Tirandaz is the CEO of Fars News Agency, a former member of the Basij, and a former employee of IRIB. Payam Tirandaz plays a pivotal role in Fars News Agency’s support to the IRGC’s malign activities. Fars News Agency is being designated pursuant to E.O 13553, for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of the IRGC. Payam Tirandaz is being designated for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Fars News Agency.

September 15, 2023 WASHINGTON — Today, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) is designating 29 individuals and entities in connection with the Iranian regime’s violent suppression of nationwide protests following the death of Mahsa “Zhina” Amini in custody of its ‘Morality Police,’ and the regime’s continued efforts to detain dissenting voices and restrict access to a free and open internet. OFAC’s action targets: 18 key members of the regime’s security forces, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and the Law Enforcement Forces (LEF); the head of Iran’s Prisons Organization; three individuals and one company in connection with the regime’s systematic censorship and blocking of access to the internet; and three IRGC and regime-controlled media outlets––Fars News, Tasnim News and Press TV––and three senior officials. Today’s action is taken in coordination with partners from the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and other partners who are also imposing sanctions on those involved in the Iranian regime’s repression.“As we approach one year since Mahsa Amini’s tragic and senseless death in the custody of Iran’s so-called ‘Morality Police,’ we recall that the movement of men and women across Iran, inclusive of different faiths and ethnic groups, was met with horrific violence, mass incarceration, and systemic internet disruption by the Iranian regime,” said Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, Brian Nelson. “The United States, alongside the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, and our other international allies and partners, will continue to take collective action against those who suppress Iranians’ exercise of their human rights.”Today’s sanctions are OFAC’s 13th round of designations in connection with the protests that began in September 2022 and are taken pursuant to Executive Order (E.O.) 13553, which imposes sanctions on certain persons with respect to serious human rights abuses by the Government of Iran; E.O. 13846, which authorizes sanctions on persons who engage in censorship or other activities with respect to Iran; and the counterterrorism authority E.O. 13224, as amended.  Concurrently, the Department of State is imposing visa restrictions on 13 Iranian officials and other individuals for their involvement in the detention or killing of peaceful protestors or inhibiting their rights to freedom of expression or assembly, including through censorship via a country-wide internet shutdown in Iran. Since Mahsa Amini’s death and the protests that followed, the Department of State has imposed visa restrictions on 40 Iranian officials and other individuals for their involvement in acts targeting peaceful protestors.

India lost a great art and the artisans lost their employment.

China produced about 33 percent of all the manufactured goods in the world, with India and Europe each contributing about 23 percent

Where India and China accounted for a little over half of the wealth in the world in the eighteenth century,

For an article with no known author, use the source title in place of the author’s name, formatted as it would be (i.e., italicized or enclosed in quotation marks) in your Works Cited section.You may abbreviate the title, using only the first few words:

If you are using a website or other electronic source that does not have page numbers, use only the author’s name or title of the source in the in-text citation.   Here are examples:   If the source has page numbers: (Pauling 113).  If the source does not have page numbers: (Pauling).  If the source has page numbers: (“Bilingual Minds” 113).  If the source does not have page numbers: (“Bilingual Minds”).

Usually, the Works Cited source entry will begin with an author’s last name. If there is no author, then the name of the article is the first information listed.

The purpose of the in-text citation is to show the reader the source of the information the writer is citing. So, the information in the in-text citation needs to lead directly to the source listed in the Works Cited page

Place the in-text citation at the end of the sentence containing the information cited. Do not simply put the in-text citation at the end of a paragraph. Show the reader which sentences include source material. If all the sentences in your paragraph comes from one source, that’s your cue to start analyzing and interpreting your sources more. You can learn more about analyzing and interpreting sources in

You must cite your sources as you use them. In the same way that a table or figure should be located right next to the sentence that discusses i

In the professional world, plagiarism results in loss of credibility and often compensation, including future opportunities. In a classroom setting, plagiarism results in a range of sanctions, from loss of a grade to expulsion from a school or university. CNM outlines the consequences for academic dishonesty in its Code of Conduct. In both professional and academic settings, the penalties are severe.

If you do not credit the work of other writers –taking credit for their work as if you wrote it—you are committing plagiarism. If you do not enclose direct quotes in quotation marks or cite the source, you are committing plagiarism.

n your paper, when you quote directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas.

In your paper, when you quote directly from a source in their words, or when you paraphrase someone else’s idea, you need to tell the reader what that source is so the author gets credit for their words and ideas.

For example, the fact that mollusks live in both saltwater and freshwater is common knowledge.

This material must always be cited:  A direct quote  A statistic  An idea that is not your own  Someone else’s opinion  Concrete facts, not considered “common knowledge”  Knowledge not considered “common”

Your paper should include no more than 25% direct quotes (and many instructors will think this is too high a percentage). If you have too many direct quotes, paraphrase information from your source instead of using direct quotes. Remember: you are writing this paper. Your words should be the most prominent aspect of your paper.

When writing, make sure you inform the reader when you are using information from a source, whether that be direct quotations or paraphrasing information. And, it should be equally clear when you are expressing your own ideas.    If someone else wrote it, said it, drew it, demonstrated it, or otherwise expressed it, you need to cite it.

MLA Style: In-Text Citations by Scribbr on Youtube

The ninth edition of the MLA Style Guide states that your in-text, or parenthetical, citations should do the following: Clearly indicate the specific sources also referenced in the works cited Specifically identify the location of the information that you used Carefully create a clear and concise citation, always confirming its accuracy Check out the video below for more discussion of your in-text citations.

If you follow MLA style and indicate your source both in your essay and in the Works Cited section, you will prevent the possibility of plagiarism. If you follow MLA guidelines, pay attention to detail, and clearly indicate your sources, then this approach to formatting and citation offers a proven way to demonstrate your respect for other authors and artists.

The in-text citation is offset with parentheses, clearly calling attention to itself for the reader. The reference to the author or title is like a signal to the reader that information was incorporated from a separate source. It also provides the reader with information to then turn to the Works Cited section of the essay (at the end) where they can find the complete reference.

In-text citations are used throughout your paper to credit your sources of information. In MLA style, the in-text citation in the body of the essay links to the Works Cited page at the end. This way, the reader will know which item in the Works Cited is the source of the information.

Exploring through colors: Each photo page has a list of the top eight colors in the photo. When you click on a color, you can explore all the other photos in which that color is one of the the main ones. In this way, all my photos are connected aesthetically. The navigation on a photo page is within the event.

This model helps evaluators and forecasters:

For Christmas Eve that year, she had chosen all my favorite foods.

Related Workshops

Dullaghan & Zhang (2022)

Forecasting & prior Unjournal work

Found

⭐ GFI amino acid report (Dec 2025) — GFI. Based on real quotes from amino acid suppliers and CM manufacturers. Found Humbird's amino acid prices overestimated by 2–10x. GFI cell growth modeling (Nov 2025) — GFI. How to model cell growth more realistically than current TEAs. GFI growth factor costs (2023) — PDF. Anticipated growth factor and recombinant protein costs and volumes for cost-competitive CM. GFI medium cost analysis (2020) — GFI. Foundational analysis of media as the dominant variable cost; identifies recombinant proteins and growth factors as key cost drivers. Some companies report 60% media cost reductions using plant-derived protein homologs. GFI scale-up & bioprocessing trends (2024) — GFI. Industry trends in bioreactor scale, continuous perfusion, and food-grade equipment — relevant to CM_16 (cell density) and CM_20

Media costs & supply chain

GFI amino acid report (Dec 2025)

Note: Believer Meats (the authors' company) shut down Dec 2025.

Lynch & Pierrehumbert (2019) — "Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle." Early TEA with environmental dimension.

(we monitor and respond to all comments)

The Black Shoals desperately honorsand protects. As a metaphor, the shoal cannot be reduced to the ocean, theshore, or an island. It always has the potential to be something else thatcannot be known in advance.

I offer thespace of the shoal as simultaneously land and sea to fracture this notionthat Black diaspora studies is overdetermined by rootlessness and onlymetaphorized by water and to disrupt the idea that Indigenous studiesis solely rooted and fixed in imaginaries of land as territory.

When the ocean is at low tide, one might be able to wade from theshore beyond a break in the waves and into deeper water or a trough tothen come upon very shallow water (or a place where the ocean floor sur-faces), where one can finally stand on sand again. Many who fish find theshoal to be an ideal spot. A school, or gathering of fish, also sometimesdescribed as a shoal, often gathers at the sandbar’s edges to feed on vege-tation. Thus, a shoal is a good spot for catching fish. While also used todescribe nongeological matter such as a school of fish, the term is rarelyused in humanistic terms, however. Declining in use after the eighteenth

Throughout The Black Shoals, Black thought,movement, aesthetics, resistance, and lived experience will be interpretedas a form of chafing and rubbing up against the normative flows of Westernthought. Specifically, The Black Shoals will interrupt and slow the momen-tum of long-standing and contemporary modes and itineraries for theoriz-ing New World violence, social relations, Indigeneity, and Blackness in theWestern Hemisphere.4

corporate campaigns

per dollar of THL campaigns.

in 2036

▸ Context & reference points Optimistic TEAs: Pasitka et al. (2024) claims ~$6.2/lb ($13.7/kg) is achievable with continuous production and animal-free medium. Pessimistic TEAs: Humbird (2020) concluded cost parity is "highly unlikely" given biological and engineering constraints. Current conventional chicken: ~$2-4/kg wholesale in the US. Rethink Priorities (2022): Forecasted limited production through 2050 under most scenarios.

we monitor and respond to all comments)

To learn more about Quarto books visit https://quarto.org/docs/books. window.document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function (event) { const icon = ""; const anchorJS = new window.AnchorJS(); anchorJS.options = { placement: 'right', icon: icon }; anchorJS.add('.anchored'); const isCodeAnnotation = (el) => { for (const clz of el.classList) { if (clz.startsWith('code-annotation-')) { return true; } } return false; } const onCopySuccess = function(e) { // button target const button = e.trigger; // don't keep focus button.blur(); // flash "checked" button.classList.add('code-copy-button-checked'); var currentTitle = button.getAttribute("title"); button.setAttribute("title", "Copié"); let tooltip; if (window.bootstrap) { button.setAttribute("data-bs-toggle", "tooltip"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-placement", "left"); button.setAttribute("data-bs-title", "Copié"); tooltip = new bootstrap.Tooltip(button, { trigger: "manual", customClass: "code-copy-button-tooltip", offset: [0, -8]}); 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We need toobserve the intervening political processes—and toaccount for a wide range of alternative mechanisms

nce local demographicsstabilize, and with them residents’ expectations,diverse localities face no special barriers to raisingtaxes.

ethnically charged battles in Massachu-setts communities in this period.

Above all, the centrality ofelites in the decision to hold a tax vote emerges fromthe newspaper articles.

can transform political agendas, with aspecial impact on easily ignored, long-term issues

But the evidence shows the opposite:that increases in diversity shape the holding of votesmore than their eventual success

Preference divergenceis one such mechanism

have markedeffects on those towns’ willingness to make long-termpublic investments

But whatmany researchers have missed is the role of changes indiversity.

The results are also robust to the inclusion ofseveral economic and fiscal variables (e.g., unemploy-ment rate) and several measures of community stabil-ity (e.g., the percent of people in the same home in1985 and 1990). The results are not driven by housingprices or the change in housing prices, an alternativepathway through which diversity might shape prop-erty tax rates.

2.950

many of the most predictive variablesare economic measures such as the tax rate and themedian household income.

and included 15indicator variables denoting how long since the lastoccurrence of the dependent variable.15 Year indicatorvariables capture unobserved time effects.

This analysis shows that changing diversity—but notthe baseline level of diversity—matters in predictingdebt exclusion vote

Evidence: Diversity’s Impact

Avg. CommuteTime 90

it compares towns that pass increases to allothers, limiting the selection bias induced by thetown officials’ decision to hold the vote.

so wecannot use the election results as a straightforwardestimate of public preferences

leaders in diversecommunities will propose spending initiatives notsupported by their constituents—and so will seethem fail at the ballot box.

the most pivotal and tractable question for animal welfare funding decisions.

Other Pivotal Questions Workshops 🧠 Wellbeing Measurement (held Mar 16)

Plant-Based Alternatives (May 2026)

Risner et al. (2024)"Environmental impacts of cultured meat," ACS Food Science & Technology. Life cycle assessment finding CM's global warming potential could be 4–25x greater than retail beef if pharmaceutical-grade purification is required. GFI published a formal critique. — ACS Food Sci & Tech. LCA raising environmental cost concerns.

our

more

showing Humbird's AA costs were 2–10x too high.

. The 10x gap

The answers also inform animal welfare funding decisions, but the workshop focus is on getting the cost evidence right.

cruxes

4. From TEA to reality: Why did Believer Meats fail?

I tell you: suns exist.”

Do not go in the direction of darkness –

Do not stray into the neighborhood of despair.

love of those who are clear joy,

Do not give your heart to anything else

kingdom of joy.

“If you are seeking, seek us with joy

which scheme to use; tokenization is learned from text data based on an algorithm that I will describe later in this post. In OpenAI’s GPT models, most English words are represented using one or a small number of tokens.

Tokenization is the process of converting written language into integers (an integer is a whole number). You might think that tokenization is as simple as a=1, b=2, c=3, etc. That is one way to tokenize text, but it turns out that it’s not the only way — and certainly not the most optimal way. For example, the figure below shows three ways to represent the word “Hello” using integers.

Language models like ChatGPT and Claude don’t work with text. That’s because LLMs are based on mathematics, and math works on numbers, not on words. Therefore, LLMs need to work on numbers.

Educational material on large language models (LLMs) comes in one of two categories: (1) high-level overviews that avoid details; or (2) highly technical tutorials written for computer scientists.

Working with a remote server

Choices are to be derivatively assessed, in terms of the states of affairs they bring about. Consequentialists thus must specify the states of affairs that are intrinsically valuable—often called, collectively, “the Good.”