The chief methodological contribution is using themodel priors to analytically derive a closed-form expression that directly explains (1.1);

we propose a probabilistic modelof text generation that augments the log-linear topic model of Mnih and Hinton (2007) with dynamics, inthe form of a random walk over a latent discourse space

ns. The decisions and actions of human beings can prevthis kind of suffering. Unfortunately, human beings have not mthe necessary dec

e main note has a title that tells you about the idea found in the note

Your application code should not be dealing with PID files, log redirection or other low-level concerns.

Let your operating system handle daemons, respawning and logging while you focus on your application features and users.

This makes developing a modern daemon much easier. The init config file is what you use to configure logging, run as a user, and many other things you previous did in code. You tweak a few init config settings; your code focuses less on housekeeping and more on functionality.

There are many pleasures in knowing another language — the warmth of a stranger’s face when you answer in her mother tongue, books as their authors wrote them, songs and films without liner notes and subtitles. But there’s also the joy of thinking and being in another language.

With an African woman called Rachel and her wedding to William Henry, half-English, half-Cherokee

what caused the mitochondrial dysfunction the answer to that is multiple things but the one that is you know sort of front and center the 00:07:57 one that is sort of everywhere the one that you can't seem to escape dietary sugar the fructose molecule the sweet molecule in Sugar

60% of Africa’s food is based on wheat, rice and maize

Master (master/main) branch. The default production branch in a Git repository that needs to be permanently stable. Developers can merge changes into the master branch only after code review and testing. All collaborators on a project must keep the master branch stable and updated.

Every commit which is merged into main is considered a stable release. Every open PR is considered a beta release that I test locally.

Emigration meant the dispersion of the archive of Jewishlife in Germany, scattering the traces of ancestors and the signs ofcollective history. While German “Aryans” were driving their an-cestries deep into Germany’s past, German Jews were cutting loosefrom their heritage.Racial Grooming • 141

It was along this circuitry,in which Germans imagined themselves as the victims of Jews andother “back-stabbers,” that “self-love” could turn into lethal “other-hate.”

The idea of normality had become racialized, so that entitlement tolife and prosperity was limited to healthy Aryans, while newly iden-tified ethnic aliens such as Jews and Gypsies, who before 1933had been ordinary German citizens, and newly identified biologicalaliens such as genetically unfit individuals and so-called “asocials”were pushed outside the people’s community and threatened withisolation, incarceration, and death.

one of the key purposes of popu-lar entertainment in the Third Reich: the creation of a commonlyshared culture to define Germans to one another and mark themoff from others.

Millions of people acquired new vocabularies, joined Nazi organi-zations, and struggled to become better National Socialists. Whatthe diaries and letters report on is not simply the large numberof conversions among friends and relatives but the individual en-deavor to become a Nazi.

heNazis responded to an intense desire for order in Germany in 1933.Fears of Communist revolutionaries mingled with more generalanxieties about crime and delinquency.

In other words, biology appeared to provideGermany with highly useful technologies of renovation. The Na-zis regarded racism as a scientifically grounded, self-consciouslymodern form of political organization.

Family archives, racial categories, and individual identitiesbecame closely calibrated with one another over the course of theThird Reich

Radio helped to create the collective voice of thenation.

However, Germans did not want the war Hitler was determinedto wage in order to gain living space and empire.

Interweaving economic opportunity with the dangers thatmight prevent it, whether it was the threat of air attack, the pres-ence of “asocials,” or the power of Jews, Winter Relief and air-de-fense campaigns made the premises of the people’s community tan-gible and persuasive

citizens found the constant donations of time andmoney onerous, but they gradually accepted the new practices, andthe slew of regulations, advisories, and prohibitions associated withthem, as the best way to manage collective life. And they expectedneighbors to comply.

National Socialists assaulted the “alternative culture” of work-ing-class socialists in order to coordinate it, but they also attemptedto overcome the very idea of “alternative,” which structured the so-cial divisions typical of Germany’s neighborhoods.

Coordination, or Gleichschaltung, hit working-class as-sociational life especially hard.

The state of permanent emer-gency declared by the National Socialists helps explain the tremen-dous efforts that they and their followers made to reconstruct thecollective body and the satisfaction they took in images of unityand solidarity. It also helps explain the violent exclusions they ac-cepted as part of the rebuilding process.

National Socialism offered acomprehensive vision of renewal, which many Germans found ap-pealing, but they combined it with the alarming specter of nationaldisintegration.

the desire to be part ofnational unity was so strong that it pulled even an anti-Nazi such asErich into the new political community

COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of care and calls for a change in how it is valued and prioritized

s-subsidization from more productive parts of the economy and public investment in the care sector

"asset-based approaches," which view communities and individuals as having valuable skills and abilities that can contribute to the community.

"co-production" in social care, which involves involving different stakeholders in the production of care outcomes

Advice given to healthcare workers focused on self-care,

Social care workers had higher mortality rates than healthcare workers.

Black and minority ethnic groups had higher infection and mortality rates due to underlying health conditions, lack of healthcare access, living conditions, and being essential workers.

Care workers received little support during the pandemic and are dealing with increased stress and exhaustion.

exploitation of domestic workers and the need for fair pay and working conditions.Many nannies lost their jobs and housing

structural changes to address the housing crisis, such as banning real estate speculation and building more affordable housing.

The social structures and inequalities in society determine who is most vulnerable to the virus.

concept of interdependence

hlighting issues such as underfunding, lack of protective equipment, and the increase in unpaid carers. It also mentions the impact on refuge vacancies, food distribution, and the lack of occupational sick pay.

It mentions the disproportionate impact on disabled individuals and minority ethnic groups.

neoliberal regime that values productivity and growth.

complex needs behind

the pursuit of a "reliable body" in an uncertain world.

arguing that care is often subordinated to the demands of capitalism.

t financialisation, the process of allocating resources through financial instruments, can worsen inequality and social issues.

cerns that easy targets are prioritized over more challenging cases, and the costs of implementing and scaling these projects may outweigh any potential savings

Critics argue that this system allows private investors to profit from cost savings that should benefit society.

social impact investing, where investors provide funding for projects that have a social impact.

o reduce staff costs by 30 per cent through wage reductions, changes to bank holiday pay or reductions in staffing level

Personal budgets create extra work and potential exploitation for care recipients who become employers when hiring personal assistants.

improve communication and support for those in need of care, but it has economic implications, such as charging fees or relying on volunteers.

Decisions about technology in care are influenced by politics, economics, and cultural contexts.

more severe in social care due to its lower status compared to healthcare.

The adult social care system is facing a perfect storm of increased demand, workforce shortages, and funding gaps.

assroots social movements and self-help groups can often provide better care than professional services, while creating alternative structures that promote mutual aid and reduce reliance on expensive commodities.

"landscapes of care" in everyday places where people gather, such as homes, cafes, community centers, and parks.

quality and safety of services provided by untrained volunteers.

Household work is often invisible and paid domestic work is characterized by informality and lack of social protection.

The text discusses various aspects of care work, including the impact of contracts on unpaid care, the gendered effects of these contracts, the increase in unpaid care work, the rise of informal carers, the financial struggles of carers, the rise of young carers, the reliance on volunteers in the care sector, the dilution of the nuclear family, and the need for collective care that challenges structural inequalities.

The Institute for Fiscal Studies has reported that a 30 per cent reduction to social care spending for people over the age of sixty-five, between 2009 and 2016, led to a significant rise in visits to A&E by the same cohort, signalling increased costs for hospital emergency departments.

The United Nations has criticized the British government's austerity measures, calling them punitive and mean-spirited.

cuts in social services and benefits, affecting the most vulnerable populations.

care

Global Financial Crisis and its aftermath, with austerity measures disproportionately affecting certain groups

certain groups of people were excluded from the welfare state, such as women, people of color, migrants, LGBTQIA communities, and those with mental health or disability issues.

The lens of social reproduction helps to identify the unpaid work that is necessary for the production of economic value in a capitalist economy.

Care can be provided for free or bought and sold as a commodity, but it is best understood as a configuration of social relationships that are politically and economically conditioned

consumer culture

interdependence of our lives

he welfare state has played a role in the provision of care, but certain groups have been excluded. Care work is deeply intertwined with power dynamics, and feminist movements have challenged traditional gender roles.

non-academic audience and aims to contribute to the political debate on the topic.

criticizes the neoliberal ideology that promotes individual responsibility and privatization of care, arguing that caring for others should be a collective and public responsibility.

crisis of care is influenced by material conditions, ideological assumptions, and inequality

lobal crisis of care, where a growing number of people are unable to access the care and support they need.

Privatization of health and social care services has led to financial difficulties and debts for care home providers.

Access to care is becoming more dependent on financial ability,

f elderly people not receiving necessary care is increasing, and there has been a significant rise in children with mental health disorders accessing social services.

issues such as the lack of care facilities for an aging population, reduced mental health services, cuts to disability care budgets, and overworked doctors and nurses

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However, neuroimaging experiments can sample brain activ-ity systematically and noninvasively in healthy volunteers (Pol-drack and Farah, 2015) and, with appropriate methodologies,they can also provide valuable information about the functionalspecificity of brain regions (Moran and Zaki, 2013; Poldrack andFarah, 2015).

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Together, stimulation studies support the idea that some pos-terior cortical regions may contribute directly to specific contentsof experience, but the evidence for prefrontal regions is scarceand indirect.

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Electrical stimulation during neurosurgery is an important source ofevidence for a direct contribution of different brain areas to con-sciousness (Penfield, 1959; Desmurget et al., 2013), as indicatedby its superior value in predicting postoperative deficits com-pared with fMRI or diffusion tensor imaging (Borchers et al.,2011).

Although frontal injuries can slightlyincrease the threshold for perceiving some brief (16 ms) andmasked visual stimuli, patients still experience them (Del Cul etal., 2009), suggesting that these frontal regions may modulate theNCC (i.e., act as background conditions) rather than contribut-ing directly to consciousness (Kozuch, 2014).

By contrast, there is little evidence for loss of specific con-scious contents after frontal damage (Penfield and Jasper, 1954).

With regards to content-specific NCC, there is abundant neu-rological evidence that lesions in the posterior cortex can cause aloss of specific contents of experience (Farah, 2004).

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For content-specific NCC, experimentscan be carefully designed to systematically investigate possibledissociations between the experience of particular conscious con-tents and the engagement of various cognitive processes, such asattention, decision-making, and reporting (Aru et al., 2012; Kochand Tsuchiya, 2012; Tsuchiya et al., 2015; Tsuchiya and Koch,2016).

Several complementary methods can be used to distill the trueNCC. For the full NCC, within-state paradigms can be used toavoid confounds due to changes in behavioral state and taskperformance as well as to dissociate unconsciousness from unre-sponsiveness

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The full NCC can be definedas the union of all content-specific NCC (Koch et al., 2016a).

scious percept (Crick and Koch, 1990). Content-specific NCCare the neural mechanisms specifying particular phenomenalcontents within consciousness, such as colors, faces, places, orthoughts.

The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) are defined as theminimal neural mechanisms jointly sufficient for any one con-

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The role of the frontal cortex in consciousness remains a matter of debate. In this Perspective, we will critically review the clinical andneuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the front versus the back of the cortex in specifying conscious contents and discusspromising research avenues.

Consistent with these reports,we found no differences in the frequency of these percepts between the first and second half of the experiment (Z = 0.085, p = .932,r = 0.013).

We additionally examined whether the frequency of these experiences varied throughout the experiment to clarify additionalelements of this phenomenon.

Participants demonstrated a significantly higher frequency of visual percepts onbeep trials (Z = 1.992, p = .046, r = 0.307; Fig. 1A), consistent with our suggestion that startling tones presented in the context ofmild visual deprivation can lead to auditory-visual percepts.

We first examined whether it is possible to evoke auditory-visual synesthesia in non-synesthetes undergoing short-term sensorydeprivation and parameterized the features that maximize the strength of these experiences (Klüver, 1966).

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Conversely, the disinhibited-feedback model proposes that everyone possesses the potential to experience synesthesia, mani-festing only when the balance of activity across the senses has been altered (Grossenbacher & Lovelace, 2001). According to this view,the anatomical structure of the brains of synesthetes and non-synesthetes is generally similar, but there are differences in howeffectively one sense can evoke activity in a second modality, potentially due to weaker inhibition of feedback projections thatconnect the sensory systems (Grossenbacher & Lovelace, 2001). For example, instead of abnormal connections enabling sounds toevoke conscious visual experiences in synesthetes (as in the cross-activation model), this model argues that these connections arepresent in all individuals and that synesthetes have less inhibition restricting how strongly sounds modulate visual activity.

If all individuals possess the ability for one sensory system to modulate activity in another, why do only a minority of individualsexperience synesthesia? The cross-activation model reconciles this discrepancy by arguing that synesthesia arises from anatomicalpathways that are either weak or absent in non-synesthetes, providing a direct link through which one sensory modality can stimulateanother modality (Hubbard, Arman, Ramachandran, & Boynton, 2005; Hubbard, Brang, & Ramachandran, 2011; Ramachandran andHubbard, 2001a, 2001b, 2003).

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Competing models differ in the time required for synesthetic experiences to emerge. Thecross-activation model suggests synesthesia arises over months or years from the development ofabnormal neural connections. Here we demonstrate that after ∼5 min of visual deprivation,sounds can evoke synesthesia-like percepts (vivid colors and Klüver form-constants) in ∼50% ofnon-synesthetes. These results challenge aspects of the cross-activation model and suggest thatsynesthesia exists as a latent feature in all individuals, manifesting when the balance of activityacross the senses has been altered.

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Using this approach,a recent study found that spectral power in the delta band in posterior cortex was higher during reported uncon-sciousness than during reported consciousness 23 . Furthermore, using a within-state design in NREM sleep, ithas been found that TMS triggers a larger negative EEG peak amplitude during reported unconsciousness thanduring reported consciousness, indicating that differences in consciousness within the same physiological stateare related to local alterations in the cortical bistability of posterior brain regions 21.

Previous studies have mostly compared wakefulness with sleep or anesthesia to evaluate features associatedwith the level of consciousness in healthy individuals 14,18,19 . However, such studies are confounded by otherchanges that occur across global state shifts, such as changes in the cardiovascular, respiratory, and neuromus-cular systems 20 . To address this issue, recent studies have measured the presence or absence of consciousnesswithin the same physiologically categorized state using a within-state paradigm21–23.

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Together these resultssuggest that alterations in spectral and spatial characteristics of network properties in posterior brainareas, in particular decreased local (segregated) connectivity at low frequencies, is a potential indicatorof consciousness during sleep.

The neuronal connectivity patterns that differentiate consciousness from unconsciousness remainunclear. Previous studies have demonstrated that effective connectivity, as assessed by transcranialmagnetic stimulation combined with electroencephalography (TMS–EEG), breaks down duringthe loss of consciousness.

how Minds can exist in the universe how they interact with their 00:04:08 bodies how Minds scale from the Primitive kinds of um metabolic and other competencies of single cells to the emergent mind of the of the body and then of the of the whole 00:04:21 organism in a behavioral sense and uh this the scaling embodiment and uh communication is is at the root of everything

these are the seven main thrusts of the series

maximise mutual information betweenthe class assignments of each pair

his study employed a two-part questionnaire. The first section askedrespondents to report demographic information to include age, gender,workplace position level, industry sector and years of full-time equivalent(FTE) work experience. The second section consisted of an off-the-shelf instrument entitled the Managing by Motivation (MbM) Question-naire (Sashkin, 1991).

The specific objectives of this study were to:1. Investigate motivational factors that were perceived to provide pri-oritized influence for current foodservice workers who were alsostudents at three universities located in various regions of theUnited States.2. Identify relationships of self-reported motivational priorities amongmembers of diverse groups (gender, age, graduate standing, workexperience, workplace positional status) over a five-year time-frame.

Onemajor contribution of the emotional labor perspective is the acknowledg-ment that workers are emotive beings who are expected to display posi-tive emotional states as part of performing work related functions.

Thestruggleforsubsistencehadbecometheparamountfact oflifeformanypeople—andintheprocess,leisuretimebecameanunaffordable luxury.”

orkersbecamevictimsinalarger-than-life struggleforfinancialdominance.

capitalism createdstrongincentivesforemployerstokeep hourslong.

he sh iort workyear reveals an important feature of precapitalistsociety: theabsenceofacultureofconsumptionandaccumulation

De-spitetheseshortcomings,theavailableevidenceindicatesthatworkinghours undercapitalism,attheirpeak, increasedbymorethan50percentoverwhattheyhad beeninmedievaltimes(seefigure3.1).

The idea that we shoulsl take the first four years of young adulthoodand devote them to career preparation alone, neglecting every otherpart ·of life, is nothing short of an obscenity

College helps to furnishthe tools with which to undertake that work of self-discovery. It'svery hard, again, to do it on your own. The job of college is to assistyou, or force you, to start on your way through the vale of soul-making.

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How do I store when coming across an actual FACT? .t3_12bvcmn._2FCtq-QzlfuN-SwVMUZMM3 { --postTitle-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postTitleLink-VisitedLinkColor: #9b9b9b; --postBodyLink-VisitedLinkColor: #989898; } questionLet's say I am trying to absorb a 30min documentary about the importance of sleep and the term human body cells is being mentioned, I want to remember what a "Cell" is so I make a note "What is a Cell in a Human Body?", search the google, find the definition and paste it into this note, my concern is, what is this note considered, a fleeting, literature, or permanent? how do I tag it...

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We aimed to investigate the risk of substance use-relatedproblems in ASD. We also tested if any association betweenASD and substance use-related problems could be related tocomorbidity with ADHD or intellectual disability (ID). Toelucidate if shared familial factors underlie both ASD andsubstance use-related problems, we examined the pattern ofsubstance use-related problems also among unaffected rela-tives of individuals with ASD.

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In other words, register-based stud-ies are likely to underestimate the absolute prevalence ofsubstance use disorder since users not in contact with thetreatment system are not taken into account (EMCDDA2004).

Second, we could stratify our analysis on comorbidADHD and ID only when those disorders were diagnosed,but it impossible to rule out that patients with seemingly“pure” ASD have undiagnosed ID, ADHD, or subthresh-old ADHD-symptoms involving substance use-relatedproblems

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Strengths include the large scale population-based design,prospectively collected data from nationwide registries,stratification by comorbid disorders, statistical control forsocio-demographic confounders, and analysis of familialaggregation data from relatives. Nevertheless, some limita-tions deserve comments.

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We can only speculate that the same familial factors maybe causal in substance use-related problems among ASDprobands may lead also to higher risks of substance-relateddeath among their non-ASD relatives.

As a result, it turned out that patients with ASD only andASD with ADHD are actually on comparable risks of sub-stance use-related problems (OR 1.6 vs. 1.9) and previouslydescribed extremely high risk in patents with ASD andADHD seems to be due diagnostic biases.

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1. to examine stated reasons for initiation of andrelapse to substance use,2. to examine reasons and strategies used for quit-ting, and3. to explore the perceived association betweensubstance use and mental illness among a largesample of persons with co-occurring SMI andSUD.

The aims of this articleare

Fishbein’s(1980) theory of reasoned action postulates that be-havior is based on attitudes that, in turn, are based onpersonal beliefs. Beliefs rest in large part on what islearnt and experienced; in particular, beliefs that arebased on personal experience have been found tohave a stronger influence in the formation of attitudesthan information gained in other ways and to betterpredict later behavior (Fazio & Zanna, 1981).

The supersensitivity model, wherebybiological vulnerability due to psychiatric disorderresults in sensitivity to small amounts of alcoholand drugs, leading to substance misuse, has alsoreceived some support (e.g., Lieberman, Kane, &Alvir, 1987).

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The etiology of substance use among persons with severe mental illness remains unclear. Thisstudy investigates stated reasons for substance use among persons in recovery from co-occurringdisorders of serious mental illness and substance abuse and dependence. The desire to fit in withpeers played a key role in the initiation of substance use; boredom, loneliness, temptations to use,and stress were cited most as relapse triggers.

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Increased risk of substance use-related problems seemsto contradict global negative attitudes towards psychoac-tive substances observed among ASD patients (Ramos etal. 2013). Individuals with ASD may find them helpful toreduce tension and enhance social skills more often thannon-ASD controls do (Cludius et al. 2013).

Despite limited and ambiguous empirical data,substance use-related problems have been assumed to berare among patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD).

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We found that ASD was associated with increased risk fora range of substance use-related problems, and the familydata suggested that this was due to shared liability betweenASD and substance use-related problems between relatives.

We conclude that ASD is arisk factor for substance use-related problems. The elevatedrisks among relatives of probands with ASD suggest sharedfamilial (genetic and/or shared environmental) liability.

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a permanent note (according to Ahrens) is actually the name for both "zettels" (what Ahrens calls "the main notes in the slip box," or what many are now calling "zettels") and literature notes.

个人学习可能取决于他人行为的主张突出了将学习环境视为一个涉及多个互动参与者的系统的重要性

n the works of Peele, Riley, and Glover, as in the plantation fables of thenineteenth century, animals exceed the racist and anthropocentric logics ofmere substitution. They work in other registers: as revolutionary symbols, asallies in resistance, and as agents who exceed their own use as symbols. Likethe Tar Baby, these animals may seem silent, inert. But if you listen closely,you can hear them speak

We see this in the derogation of populations such as people of color, refu-gees, or immigrants as vermin to be contained

As Chris brains Jeremy with abocce ball, the deer’s head is prominent in the background of the shot. Wewould hypothesize that the deer is a reminder not only of his mother (viahis earlier experience with the dying doe), but also of his ancestors moregenerally. African rhythms begin to pulse as Chris takes down Jeremy, andas Chris’s eyes flick to the buck’s head, lyrics are whispered in Swahili, thesame as the opening credits, translating to “Something bad is coming, listento your ancestors, run.” Through this non-diegetic song, with its whisperedmessage from the ancestors, the deer effectively speaks. It then aids Chris inhis escape when the buck’s horns serve as a weapon to kill Dean Armitage

pests as animportant theme in African American nature poetry, where connectionsare drawn “between African Americans and birds, insects, and other mar-ginalized creatures

persistent metaphoric or meto-nymic link between despised animals and marginalized human populations

In thetexts we investigate here, animals are sometimes surrogates for devaluedBlack life, as we read them in the context of antebellum animal folktales. Inseeking out the ways that speaking animals covertly share strategies of resis-tance, however, we will argue that they may equally point to the reality ofanimal life beyond its symbolic uses. In the best cases, they might remindus of our own existence alongside animals and of a need to practice care forall living things

Like the trickster tales discussed above, the films we are lookingat here do not make animals the focal point, but use them as a means of“thinking with” humans.

it in conversation with historical and theo-retical work on vermin, which offers three corresponding insights

the tacit communicationthat Black lives don’t matter to the powers that be, as seen in the poisoneddrinking water of Flint, Michigan, and the exoneration of cops for the murderof unarmed Black civilians—to our nation’s history, in particular the slaveplantation’s complete mastery of the enslaved person’s life

Following themovements of this myth allows us to read the expansion of empire but alsothe persistence, through story-telling, of a resistive history, one that maycontinue in different forms

Wagner emphasizes thatsuch animal tales often provided coded ways of imparting strategies forresistance and that this story has historical connections not only to the tropeof the speaking animal from African trickster mythologies like the spiderAnansi, but also perhaps, to Aesop’s animal fable

educe animals to mere metaphors, similes, or symbolsdo not seem promising for theorizing ethical recognition of actual animals.Donna Haraway, for example, criticizes philosophical texts that show a “pro-found absence of curiosity about or respect for and with actual animals,even as innumerable references to diverse animals are invoked.” 15 SusanMcHugh, meanwhile, suggests that “the aesthetic structures of metaphor,though precariously supporting the human subject, seem unable to bearanimal agency.”16 An

She maybelieve the comparison reveals the moral horror of industrial animal agri-culture, but, as Bénédicte Boisseron argues, such comparisons “instrumen-talize” Blackness in a “self-serving” way, ignoring the complex and ongoingBlack struggle against dehumanizing discourses and institutions in order toframe “the animal” as “the new black.

remind us of the historical reduction of the human to the status of ananimal under transatlantic slavery, but also were used as a mode of resistancefor enslaved peoples

recall the plantation fables that spoke backto power, cloaking human issues under the guise of entertaining tales aboutcrafty creatures. These creatures may also operate as revolutionary symbols,whereby one thing is made to stand in for another so as to seem innoc-uous to outsiders.

As metaphoric operations, plantation animal tales andthe films under discussion here work by pointing out a false equivalency:whereas, under slavery, Black life was set on a par with the animal, whichcould be bought and sold, traded away from family members like chattel, thisequation is rerouted in Black storytellers’ uses of the symbolic animal. Theequivalence of the slave with the animal is reanimated, but now the harm-less animal tale becomes the mechanism for delivering resistive strategies.

It’s well known that throughout modern history (and especiallyafter the rise of social Darwinism and race science in the nineteenth century),racist regimes have used animal metaphors and similes to dehumanize theirtargets—for example, anti-Semites comparing Jews to rats, white suprem-acists comparing Black people to apes or monkeys, or imperialist propa-ganda comparing colonized peoples to animals incapable of self-government.

Rather than viewing fables as operating with a purely substitutivelogic, where the animal stands in for the human, recent criticism explores thepossibility that the fable can imagine relationality and even allyship amongspecies

lens of alliance, not solely analogy

moves beyond the frameworkof Eurocentric humanism altogether; he asks, “What do black authors createwhen they are willing to engage in a critical embrace of what has been usedagainst them as a tool of derision and denigration, to leap into a vision ofhuman personhood rooted not in the logics of private property or dominionbut in wildness, flight, brotherhood and sisterhood beyond blood?

In particular, we will look at animal lives deemed not worthliving, represented in Jordan Peele’s Get Out, where the figure of the deer isdepicted as vermin to analogize the white characters’ devaluation of Blacklife, but which nonetheless incarnates the resistive potential of turning thisdevaluation upon the oppressor

Rather, the appearance of animals in some recentfilms highlights the unequal treatment of Black lives in America in a mannerthat continues the fable tradition, and simultaneously emphasizes the human

Theseworks encode various strategies of survival in an era in which Black livescontinue to be devalued

Any resistance must be sanitized soas to be tolerable” for the general audience. 5 But resistance also works not bybeing sanitized, but by being hidden in plain sight, coded as symbols legibleto some but not to all. The use of animal fables has a long-standing historydating back to slavery as providing such a coded language of resistance