great Covid statistical musical video from Italy! https://youtube.com/watch?v=glueeURebDU… (A limited genre, to be true, but surely one that can only grow)

great Covid statistical musical video from Italy! https://youtube.com/watch?v=glueeURebDU… (A limited genre, to be true, but surely one that can only grow)

The Covid vaccine manufactured by Pfizer and BioNTech appears to be 100 per cent effective in protecting against the South African variant, according to new research. Two studies carried out on the Pfizer vaccine found it offers complete protection against the South African variant, and likely offer protection against the Brazilian variant.

Pfizer vaccine offers ‘100% protection’ against South African variant, new study suggests

One way to cut this graph is to observe that among states where over 40% of residents have a shot, all but one (SD) is blue; and among states where under ~30% of residents have a shot, all but one is (GA) is red.

My guess was that crystal-clear evidence of the partisan vaccine-hesitancy gap wouldn’t show up in the real world data until May. I was wrong. The red-state vaccine gap is already here.

And regarding cost of care as a deterrent, see

WRT the indirect costs of health insurance, see

Subtext: In the US, people who are uninsured or underinsured effectively have less access to healthcare (cost is a barrier) & are less likely to have a trusting relationship with healthcare institutions.

So, no, saying that people hesitated to get the vaccine b/c they couldn’t believe that it was truly *free* (at point of receipt; *technically* not free if you are insured & pay a premium or are a taxpayer, but we are most sensitive to direct costs) isn’t misinformation. It’s fact

I received my vaccine pretty early (in March 2021) & received a bill for the administration fees from my insurer. It was waived when I clarified that the vaccine should be free. Mind you, even the threat of a bill is a deterrent from use of routine care for many in the US.

FYI, there is a fee: “Participating pharmacies will bill private & public insurance for the vaccine administration fee. For uninsured PTs, this fee will be reimbursed thru the HRSA Provider Relief Fund. No one will receive a bill for a COVID-19 vaccine.” https://cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/retail-pharmacy-program/faqs.html#:~:text=COVID%2D19%20vaccine%20is,COVID%2D19%20vaccine….

Here's a story from May

Before anyone replies "the vaccine is free, duh", remember that healthcare in the U.S. is heavily rationed by ability to pay. And 1) ads stating that the vaccines are free also reminded people to bring their insurance cards, 2) people still received bills for 'admin' costs

This is what the "pandemic of the unvaccinated" rhetoric ignores. The most susceptible have been un(der)insured, impoverished, & unprotected at work.

As more data come out, we should account for these different variables in interpretation. As shown in @celinegounder tweet 64, some measures can go up with time (affinity maturation); tweet 43 shows others go down with time

To be more precise, we would say "so far in the general population, up to about 6 months after vaccination, the vaccines have held up against severe outcomes even from Delta, though there is some evidence from Israel, UK, and Canada of declines in effectiveness vs infection."

We've been using the simple view that the major vaccines in use in the US/Europe are possibly less effective against infection/symptoms when a variant is involved, but remain highly effective against severe outcomes. Published data so far support this view.

At the risk of boiling down too much and certainly losing some detail, one way to summarize this wonderful thread is that when we think about vaccine effectiveness, we should think of 4 key variables: 1 which vaccine, 2 age of the person, 3 how long after vax, 4 vs what outcome.

There are few more compelling graphics to demonstrate how effective vaccines are: 80+% reduction in hospital admissions for the group most vaccinated. <40% reduction in admissions for the group least likely to be vaccinated.

Concerning thread. But this point... 2.14% of asymptomatic people in SF may be infected (vs. 0.1% earlier) is key. WAY too many unknowing potential spreaders out there. Need to reconsider masks: at the very least when you are talking to someone or in crowded setting.

Almost nine in 10 parents in England say they favour giving their children a Covid vaccine if they are offered it, according to a national survey released by the Office for National Statistics.The survey of more than 4,400 parents with children under 16 and attending school found 88% said they would definitely or probably agree to vaccinate their child, with just 12% saying they would not favour vaccination.The survey was conducted in April and May, before the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine was given approval by the UK medicines regulator for children aged 12 to 15 at the start of June. The Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) is expected to advise the government later this summer on whether to allow children over 12 to be vaccinated.

Nine in 10 parents in England approve of Covid jabs for children, survey finds

Great comments that not everyone has a doctor - in this case trusted local doctors or community leaders doing personal outreach may still help. Also love this thread about the block party approach of bringing together doctors, community orgs, & community

In the most recent Household Pulse Survey from the US Census, half of all people & 2/3 of low income people who were not vaccinated want the vaccine or were unsure about it (meaning a call from their doctor could make a big difference)

Policymakers are pointing fingers at “the unvaccinated” What if they gave them a hand instead? - Bring vax & food to workplaces, schools, homes -Fund local doctors, including pediatricians, to call patients & deliver vax - Learn from success of Indian Health Service approach

there’s nothing “natural” about wearing pants and broadcasting monstrous ideas across the globe you ghoul

In the phrase that begins, “It’s one rule for them …”, these are the them.

#Vaccination-#campaign #GER vs. FRA // Let me put it this way: We can learn A LOT from France…

Introducing http://cov2tree.org: a new tool that lets you dive into a tree of more than a million public SARS-CoV-2 sequences from around the world. Quick below or just give it a try.

I'll just leave this here too.

10.31234/osf.io/kun3j

Behavioural sciences has complemented medical and epidemiological sciences in the response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. As vaccination uptake increases across the EU/EEA, and we move from the pandemic to an endemic phase, behavioural science research will remain important for both pandemic policy and communication. From a behavioural science perspective, the following four areas are key in the next stage of the pandemic response: 1) Attaining and maintaining high levels of vaccination in all groups in society, including in socially vulnerable populations, 2) Ensuring continued adherence to basic prevention measures, at least until sufficient people in all groups in society have been well-informed and vaccinated, 3) Promoting and supporting safe travelling and holidays, and 4) Facilitating population preparedness and willingness to support and adhere to the reimposition of restrictions locally or regionally whenever outbreaks may occur. Based on mixed-methods research, expert consultations and engagement with communities, behavioural scientists advising on pandemic policies and communication thus have important contributions to make to prevent and effectively respond to local or regional outbreaks, and to minimize socio-economic and health disparities. In this Perspective we briefly outline these topics from a European perspective, while recognizing the importance of considering the specific context in individual countries.

Behavioural Insights and the COVID-19 pandemic

Not reassuring, indeed. But NOT surprising. Public health has become a political litmus test for too many. Compassionate communications are critical now. We must educate those who are hesitant without condescending to them.

LONG THREAD on B.1.617.2 & latest PHE data covering: 1) latest tech report on B.1.617.2 (aka "India" variant) 2) vaccine efficacy against B.1.617.2 3) consequences for roadmap 4) avoidability... or not.

The bigger picture is sadly that we're seeing rapid spread of B.1.617.2 among school age children in many parts of England & Scotland- rates being much higher than other gps. @PHE_uk haven't released key data on variant outbreaks in schools - many have been reported publicly.

@AineToole and @viralverity built this incredible tool to visualise, integrate and track VOCs https://wellcomeopenresearch.org/articles/6-121/v1… more updated data here: https://cov-lineages.org/global_report.html

Also, see

And you might also like to read this paper about using difference-in-difference methods (a type of time trend). This paper is mine & I’m sorry its not open access but I don’t have enough funding for that. Plenty of good similar papers on econtwitter tho

While we’re waiting for more information, you might enjoy reading this (open access) paper about all the things that make estimating vaccine efficacy in observational data difficult

Anyway….. back to COVID. Does anyone have a link to any actual data and/or analysis released by Israel today? Because observational data analysis is not easy & observational data analysis of infectious diseases is even harder.

As in another study, https://twitter.com/SciComGuy/status/1374007134669709315…, some messages feeling informed, but weirdly, these were the *least informative*, raising some Qs about how best to measure and change people's awareness of the risks & benefits ethically. 7/n

Ultimately, it looks like people already plan to follow guidance after vaccination and the messages didn’t change that. Fortunately, we also find that being transparent about uncertainty doesn’t undermine intentions for vaccination. For more on that: https://nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03189-1… 6/n

We created 6 messages to test in an online experiment (N = 2,271), including basic pro-vaccine messages, and some with uncertainty (e.g. vaccines are not , and we don’t know the impact on transmission yet) and behavioural reminders. E.g.: 4/n

But such messages might also decrease belief that the vaccines work or remove an incentive to get vaccinated, ultimately undermining vaccine intentions - as articulated by this random sample of twitter folk: 3/n

We were interested in messages like these -- do they increase people’s intentions to follow guidance once vaccinated? (This is something the UK govt. was specifically interested in: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/950723/s0978-spi-b-possible-impact-covid-19-vaccination-programme-adherence-to-rules-guidance.pdf…) 2/n

Another study from our new pre-print: Do reminders to continue protective behaviours (masks , distancing etc.) after vaccination increase intention to do so? & might they have perverse effects on vaccination intentions? Neither it seems!

At least 6 weeks between Pfizer vaccine doses = higher neutralising antibody levels (than a 3-4 wk interval) For those with the delta variant, antibody levels were 2.3-fold higher with the longer interval Preprint from @pitchstudy @bmj_latest

As President Biden’s administration settles in, many feel an enormous sense of relief, an awareness that the United States dodged a proverbial bullet. But how do we ensure that Justice Ginsberg’s prediction becomes reality? This is not an academic question; Trump’s recent speech at CPAC all but announced his desire to return in 2024. Only by recognizing the underlying reason he succeeded in the first place and by making the structural changes necessary to prevent someone like him from succeeding again can we head off this eventuality.

Disinformation Is Among the Greatest Threats to Our Democracy. Here Are Three Key Ways to Fight It

Anti-vaccination websites employ vast configurations of ad, social media and analytics trackers to drive traffic, build audiences and monetize misinformation.

How anti-vaccination websites build audiences and monetize misinformation

— COVID-19 disinformation is still rampant and getting more political. — A year into the pandemic, the digital divide between rich and poor is widening. — U.S. Senator Mark Warner on the need for a Western alliance against Chinese tech.

POLITICO Digital Bridge: COVID-19 disinformation — Digital divide — Mark Warne

Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine appears to be gaining acceptance in the European Union, as the head of Germany’s regulatory authority publicly praised the Covid-19 jab and Italy could become the first European country to produce the vaccine from the summer.

Russia's Sputnik V Covid vaccine gaining acceptance in Europe

WASHINGTON (Reuters) - White House spokeswoman Jen Psaki said on Monday that President Joe Biden’s administration was monitoring efforts tied to Russia’s intelligence services aimed at undermining the Moderna Inc and Pfizer Inc coronavirus vaccines.

White House says it's aware of Russia disinformation related to COVID-19 vaccines

You may not use Twitter’s services to share false or misleading information about COVID-19 which may lead to harm.  Even as scientific understanding of the COVID-19 pandemic continues to develop, we’ve observed the emergence of persistent conspiracy theories, alarmist rhetoric unfounded in research or credible reporting, and a wide range of unsubstantiated rumors, which left uncontextualized can prevent the public from making informed decisions regarding their health, and puts individuals, families and communities at risk. Content that is demonstrably false or misleading and may lead to significant risk of harm (such as increased exposure to the virus, or adverse effects on public health systems) may not be shared on Twitter. This includes sharing content that may mislead people about the nature of the COVID-19 virus; the efficacy and/or safety of preventative measures, treatments, or other precautions to mitigate or treat the disease; official regulations, restrictions, or exemptions pertaining to health advisories; or the prevalence of the virus or risk of infection or death associated with COVID-19. In addition, we may label Tweets which share misleading information about COVID-19 to reduce their spread and provide additional context.

COVID-19 misleading information policy

Dear disinformation fighters, we decided to create a step-to-step guide on how members and partners of the SOMA network conduct a collaborative investigation.

SOMA Infographic: How to Conduct a Collaborative Investigation

In this week's #IWD2021 update: we highlight initiatives promoting gender equality and women safeguarding our digital information ecosystem. We also acknowledging the rise in online GBV and the threat of gendered disinformation.

Just before the start of the global pandemic, the pro-Kremlin media was gearing up for celebrating the 75th anniversary of the victory over Nazi Germany, by demanding from the world the unequivocal recognition of its achievement, and then pouting and sulking should anyone doubt its role as the sole force of resistance against fascism – both now and throughout history. One year and two waves of the global pandemic later, the pro-Kremlin media is demanding recognition of yet another achievement – the Sputnik V vaccine, by attacking the institution whose recognition it seeks.

The Culture of Resentment Revisited

The survey was addressed at fact-checking organisations and players and enquired about a number of aspects, including their work and strategies to fight disinformation about COVID-19 vaccines and the disinformation narratives about the COVID-19 vaccine and the vaccination campaign they were witnessing in their respective countries.

Report on a Survey for Fact-Checkers on COVID-19 Vaccines and Disinformation

EMA’s human medicines committee (CHMP) has started a ‘rolling review’ of data on the antibodies bamlanivimab and etesevimab which are being developed by Eli Lilly to be used in combination for the treatment of COVID-19. The review will also look at bamlanivimab used alone.

EMA starts rolling review of Eli Lilly antibodies bamlanivimab and etesevimab for COVID-19

The European Commission has reached an agreement with BioNTech-Pfizer for the supply of four million more doses of COVID-19 vaccines for Member States in the next two weeks in order to tackle coronavirus hotspots and to facilitate free border movement.

Commission supports Member States in tackling coronavirus hotspots with offer of four million additional doses of BioNTech-Pfizer vaccine to be delivered this month

Vaccines are first studied in the laboratory. Developers determine their quality, safety and efficacy. Then, clinical trials are undertaken with human volunteers. These help confirm how vaccines work and how many doses are needed. Next, the vaccine developer submits the testing results to the medicines regulatory authorities. The vaccine is approved after it is verified that its benefits outweigh any side effect or potential risks. Due to the public health emergency, COVID-19 vaccines are being developed and approved much faster, while following the same standards as all other medicines in the EU. This is possible because of early scientific advice, pooling of experts, massive investments and using existing facilities and methods as for other vaccines. 

How are vaccines developed, tested and authorised?

We have cross-checked all the latest research on #FaceMasks use during the pandemic. Our position has not changed. Wear it to help slow down the spread of #COVID19! Combine it with #HandHygiene, #CoughEtiquette & #PhysicalDistancing. Be smart. Stay safe. Care about others.

EMA has recommended granting a conditional marketing authorisation for COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen to prevent COVID-19 in people from 18 years of age.

EMA recommends COVID-19 Vaccine Janssen for authorisation in the EU

Visualizing the relationship between COVID-19 vaccine adoption and online (mis)information

CoVaxxy

10.31234/osf.io/mxfz7

To mitigate the burden of COVID-19 on healthcare systems and to reduce infections and associated deaths, public health measures including physical distancing and mask-wearing have been recommended. We know little regarding important predictors of adherence and motivation to engage in public guidelines among at-risk populations, such as adolescents. Objectives. The purpose of the present study was to examine differences in adherence to public health measures across provinces, and to examine developmental differences in both adherence and motivations to engage in public health among adolescents and adults across Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. Participants from two samples, including adolescents (N=788, 56.7% female, M=15.68, SD=1.36) and adults (N=578, 94.6% female; M=45.12, SD=5.83) completed online quesionnaires during the summer 2020. Results. Both adolescents and adults in provinces mandating masks were more likely to wear a mask. There were no provincial differences in adherence to social distancing. Adolescents were more likely to be motivated by social reasons, while adults were motivated by social responsibility. For both adults and adoeslcents, social responsibility was associated with more adherence to public health measures, while social concerns(e.g., maintaining social ties, social judgment) was associated with less adherence. Conclusion. Adherence to public health measures was mixed, with most participants reporting socializing in-person with people outside of their home. At the time of the survey, provincial mask mandates were associated with more mask-wearing. Results also suggest social responsibility was the main predictor of increased adherence to public health measures.

Adherance to Public Health Measures in Adolescents versus Adults duing the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada

B.1.617 is, of course, worrisome and may gain ground quickly on other lineages, although its lack of significant immune escape makes me less worried about large-scale spread in the US. However, there is still a large unvaccinated population in which B.1.617 may drive cases. 10/10

Because the genomic data is necessarily lagged, this is looking back to the beginning of May and the last 3 weeks of declines in cases are not included. However, even here, there are some encouraging trends of absolute growth of P.1 starting to level off. 9/10

Doing so with this latest data gives the following picture where it's clear that non-variant viruses have been declining throughout the spring, while variant viruses have been responsible for multiple state-level epidemics (B.1.526 in NY, B.1.1.7 in MI, MD and MN). 8/10

Although frequencies are useful to assess competitiveness of different variants, we're interested in case counts to assess whether a variant may be driving an epidemic. Here, I'm using genomic data to partition case counts as described previously. 7/10

Looking across these nine states, the current ranking of logistic growth rate seems to be B.1.617 > P.1 > B.1.1.7 > B.1.526 > B.1.351. 6/10

I'm now watching Illinois in particular where P.1 is at ~30% frequency and B.1.1.7 is at ~60% frequency to see if P.1 starts to displace B.1.1.7 there. 5/10

Relative fitness becomes more clear as variants are placed in direct competition. B.1.1.7 and B.1.526 had been increasing rapidly in frequency in New York. However, since they reached high frequency they've been in more direct competition and B.1.1.7 has edged out B.1.526. 4/10

Using genomic data shared to @GISAID, we can plot frequency of different variant lineages through time and across states to get a sense of competitive dynamics. Here, I'm plotting lineage frequency on a logit axis, so that logistic growth is visible as a straight-line fit. 3/10

If we look at state-level cases with a log-axis we can see exponential growth and then exponential decline visible as straight lines on the log plot. Some states have had recent precipitous declines (NY, MA, MI), while others have been more stable (WA, CO, OR). 2/10

#COVID19 cases in the US reported by @CDCGov have continued their week-after-week exponential decline that began in mid-April. This is exceptionally welcome news, although I'm now watching closely for variants driving sub-epidemics despite overall cases falling. 1/10

I see countries are introducing reactive bilateral travel bans again...

Is containing COVID-19 a requirement for preserving the economy? My analysis suggests: probably not. In the US, there is no correlation between Covid deaths & changes in unemployment rates. However, blue states are much more likely to have higher increases in unemployment.

10.31234/osf.io/f7wzd

In response to the spread of the coronavirus in the world, both adults and children were restricted from social interactions, had to stop physical and fitness activities due to being locked in their homes, radically changed their lifestyle and physical activity patterns. Restriction of physical activity, among other factors, has had a significant impact on the emergence of mental health problems in humans. Offering physical activity strategies to the population in different countries by specialists will have a significant positive impact on improving their mental and physical health and their quality of life.

Psychological health and physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic

The bottom line: The widespread negative public messaging about the vaccines is fundamentally misleading, and it's damaging to public health. (fin)

What would be a more accurate message about vaccines? “They’re safe. They’re highly effective against serious disease. And the emerging evidence about infectiousness looks really good. If you have access to a vaccine and you’re eligible, you should get it.” - @KateGrabowski

This table from @ashishkjha tells the story:

The evidence so far suggests that a full vaccine dose: 1. effectively eliminates the risk of Covid death 2. nearly eliminates the risk of hospitalization 3. drastically reduces the ability to infect somebody else. All of that is also true about the virus variants.

I get that the negative messages often have a basis in truth. There are still uncertainties about the vaccines. And they won’t wipe this coronavirus off the face of the earth anytime soon. But the negativity is fundamentally misleading – and causing real damage.

The public messaging from many experts – and, yes, from us in the media – often makes the vaccines sound mediocre if not ineffectual. “Our messaging is bad, really bad,” says epidemiologist @KateGrabowski “Our discussion about vaccines has been poor, really poor,” @mugecevik

Why so much skepticism? Think about all of the negative things you’ve heard about the vaccines: - They aren’t 100% effective. - Vaccinated people may be contagious. - The virus variants may make everything worse. - Don’t change your behavior even if you get a shot.

Nationwide, nearly half of Americans would refuse a shot if offered one immediately, polls suggest. Vaccination skepticism is even higher among Black and Hispanic people, white people without a college degree, registered Republicans and lower-income households.

- About 1/3 of military troops who’ve been offered vaccine shots have declined. - When shots became available to Ohio nursing-home workers, 60% said no. - Among frontline workers in SoCal, the share was 40-50%. - N.B.A. stars are wary of doing public-services ads.

For weeks, the public messages about vaccines have been more negative than the facts warrant. Now we are seeing the cost: A large percentage of Americans wouldn't take a vaccine if offered one.

https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9020160

Utility of vaccine campaigns to control coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) is not merely dependent on vaccine efficacy and safety. Vaccine acceptance among the general public and healthcare workers appears to have a decisive role in the successful control of the pandemic. The aim of this review was to provide an up-to-date assessment of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance rates worldwide. A systematic search of the peer-reviewed English survey literature indexed in PubMed was done on 25 December 2020. Results from 31 peer-reviewed published studies met the inclusion criteria and formed the basis for the final COVID-19 vaccine acceptance estimates. Survey studies on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found from 33 different countries. Among adults representing the general public, the highest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Ecuador (97.0%), Malaysia (94.3%), Indonesia (93.3%) and China (91.3%). However, the lowest COVID-19 vaccine acceptance rates were found in Kuwait (23.6%), Jordan (28.4%), Italy (53.7), Russia (54.9%), Poland (56.3%), US (56.9%), and France (58.9%). Only eight surveys among healthcare workers (doctors and nurses) were found, with vaccine acceptance rates ranging from 27.7% in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to 78.1% in Israel. In the majority of survey studies among the general public stratified per country (29/47, 62%), the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination showed a level of ≥70%. Low rates of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance were reported in the Middle East, Russia, Africa and several European countries. This could represent a major problem in the global efforts to control the current COVID-19 pandemic. More studies are recommended to address the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. Such studies are particularly needed in the Middle East and North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Middle and South America. Addressing the scope of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in various countries is recommended as an initial step for building trust in COVID-19 vaccination efforts

COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Worldwide: A Concise Systematic Review of Vaccine Acceptance Rates

Since the vaccine programme began the NHS has been battling a tsunami of misinformation which risks discouraging some of the communities most at risk from catching coronavirus.Overcoming vaccine hesitancy among – and offering reassurance to – people from ethnic minority backgrounds, has been one of the biggest challenges we have faced in the battle against Covid.

Covid vaccine uptake has soared among minorities, but we can’t be complacent about hesitancy

New research published in Nature, from a team led by Gordon Pennycook, offers a partial explanation: when we’re online, we sometimes become distracted and simply forget to think about whether information is true. Inspired by these findings, Jigsaw teamed up with academics behind the study to explore translations of their laboratory findings into technological features that might help fight online misinformation. Our work in this space is still early, but we wanted to share what we’ve learned so far, in the hope of helping (or connecting with) others studying similar issues.

Distraction Helps Misinformation Spread. Thinking About Accuracy Can Reduce it.

A star-filled video urging people from ethnic minority communities to get the Covid vaccine will be shown across the UK's main commercial TV channels later.

Commercial TV channels unite to screen Covid vaccine myth-busting video

The COVID-19 Fact Checkers Dataset is a comprehensive international repository of over 200 active fact-checking groups and organizations that verify COVID-19 misinformation. The dataset is maintained by Ryerson University’s Social Media Lab as part of an international initiative to study the proliferation of COVID-19 misinformation and to map fact-checking activities around the world in partnership with the World Health Organization (WHO). It was created to provide the public with a better understanding of the COVID-19 fact-checking ecosystem and is intended for use by policy makers and others to make data-informed decisions in the fight against COVID-19 misinformation.

The U.K. is experiencing a growing surge of COVID infections with a new variant that appears more pathogenic, and that first became prevalent in India. The current outbreak in the U.K. appears to be clustered most heavily among unvaccinated individuals.

but 3 people had URI symptoms in november

Q: I’ve heard that humidity can reduce spread, but also that the virus dries out in dry air. ??? A: It seems like 40-60% humidity is ideal. Our bodies are more effective at expelling irritants when it’s a bit humid, and in dry air dropletsaerosols. More:

10.1136/bmj.n272

The spread of false health information casts a shadow over required vaccine coverage. Melinda Mills says that we must, reluctantly, consider criminalising people who deliberately spread false information—but Jonas Sivelä argues that the definitions are too murky and that criminalisation may do more harm than good

Should spreading anti-vaccine misinformation be criminalised?