Our innovative approach, i.e. massive genome analysis, appears to be a powerful tool and a new concept that opens a new field of big data analysis and research
Is this massive genome search a new concept? I feel that it is too simple to have not been done before. Also innovative does not sound like the right adjective for this work
pharmacological studies indicate that essential oil of garlic is an exceptional source of organosulfur compounds, possessing strong antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties
Citations?
As mentioned above, the high organosulfur compounds in garlic essential oil are expected to have strong interactions with the amino acids of the ACE2 protein
Why are organosulfur compounds expected to interact strongly with ACE2?
I did not find any previous reference to this as mentioned in here
The fact is that the study of HIV-1 resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors was reported by Tarasova et al
how does this fit into this paragraph? I did not understand the context
One option is to treat it as a nominal variable with five (or seven, or however many) items
Why is it not a ranked variable instead?
if you depend heavily on Google Doc for writing, or read primarily on a synced mobile device, then unfortunately it will be difficult to use.
Zotero has google docs support now and it works decently as far as I have seen. I haven't tested it in large documents with many citations but I have heard there might be difficulties
Would the ingestion of probiotic cultures, which may act as donors or recipients, therefore increase the antibiotic resistance gene pool in the enteric ecosystem?
How would the resistance gene pool increase if ingested cultures act as recipients?
(4, 11, 12, 20, 21)
exploratory culture from environments
Variability in the components of complex samples such as blood can affect the readouts
Especially difficult to account for, when the components of the matrix vary between tests. Does blood components vary from person to person enough to complicate measurements?
a parallelized calibration scheme that uses the patient sample to generate custom reference curves
This great idea for on site calibration is what is converting a qualitative colour output into a quantitative output!
DOC causes a significant decrease in the signal when evaluating flavonoids having three (naringenin) and four (luteolin) hydroxyl groups, but not with a flavonoid having five hydroxyl groups (quercetin)
Mechanism?
various flavonoids have distinct chemical properties and functional groups, these mechanisms have the potential to differentially affect flavonoid movement through the soil matrix
Why were flavinoids chosen? There are other below ground communication molecules as well that can be chosen like strigolactones
the interaction between plant roots and mycorrhizal fungi depends on diverse secondary metabolites, including strigolactones and terpene lactone carotenoid derivatives. source: Ref 6
few studies have considered the influence of abiotic environmental parameters on the efficiency of signal transmission through soils.
Maybe because they are likely to be non-specific?
signaling repression occurs between dissolved OC and flavonoids
What is the mechanism?
In the biosensor, the promoter regions of lasI, rhlI, pqsA, and ambB (QS genes) controlled the fluorescent reporter genes of Turbo YFP, mTag BFP2, mNEON Green, and E2-Orange
however, their presence in cosmopolitan thermophilic phototrophic mats remains largely unknown
That is not a satisfactory reason for studying them
intelligent
Claiming a certain thing as 'intelligent' is in itself not falsifiable.
All cities are designed, in that they are the product of human minds
This is a pedantic argument. The author means that there is no central top-down design in many cities. Those cities come up by actions of small agents, which is design by human agents but decentralized.
The falsification of intelligent design is Darwinism. The falsification of Darwinism is intelligent design.
This is a fallacy. Falsification of darwinism is by no means supporting intelligent design. This two are not mutually exclusive.
Soil moisture content, if determined by rainfall, will vary temporally at scales from minutes to months, and changes in community composition will only occur for those organisms that react at the same time scales.
Important idea of time-lag of cause and effect relationships
Most are descriptive, do not address scientific aims or questions and are not designed to increase understanding or test hypotheses.
Wow, that is a bold statement!
In this review, the most common traditional techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, chronopotentiometry, impedance spectroscopy, and various field-effect transistor based methods are presented along with selected promising novel approaches, such as nanowire or magnetic nanoparticle-based biosensing
Good comprehensive review
Promoter, terminator, and operator sites should be indicated as described by Bachmann and Low
For operon abcDEF, in which abcD is the first gene transcribed, the naming would be abcDo (operator), abcDp (promoter), abcDe(leader), abcDa (attenuator), andabcDi (initiator) Linkage map of E.coli K12 - Edition 6
a significant proportion of cases
Should mention the actual number and the proportion
Do the studies, make the vaccines, but allow doctors to have what they feel is working now.
Bad suggestion. Doctors gut feeling is no substitute for clinical trials
Better monitoring of coronaviruses in biofilms might be necessary to prevent outbreaks.
What do bacterial biofilms have to do with human coronaviruses? Is it expected to stick by hydrophobic interactions?
de Roda Husman’s group detected traces of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater at Schiphol Airport in Tilburg only four days after the Netherlands confirmed its first case of COVID-19 using clinical testing
Source: Lancet30087-X/fulltext) correspondence, April 1, 2020 - SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: potential health risk, but also data source
While, whathappened in Gujarat was vile and reprehensible, how does it make sense to help othercountries declare sanctions on India? Who does it hurt most?
If certain actions cause severe punishments, is that a valid argument to hide the truth? Who does it hurt is not the right question, but who benefits from this testimony?
Your claim is that international forces benefit, to Indian state's loss.
Maybe in an ideal world, this works as a deterrent in the future. But it is true that the personal standing or fame of the person might have been the motive. It is a debatable decision but certainly not objectively wrong
Then what do we say about those who might plot against the obscenity that blights theirland, as Stauffenberg did, who fight to free India of it? Are they patriots? If so, what ifthey welcomed a force from abroad that toppled this hypothetical regime, as many Iraqisdid? Are they still patriots?
ions. The stationary continuance of the functioning of certain social institutions is easily regarded as desirable when those institutions are "explained" in terms of the-possibly vital-functions they are performing in the existing s
parents are being asked to somehow work and entertain housebound children
How big of a problem is taking care of really young children vs entertaining children > 10 y age?
then it takes on any given value between f(a) and f(b) at some point within the interval
What is the definition of 'any' given value. Is it any value in the co-domain or the range?
I'm wondering in the context of a function that is defined on rational numbers -> real numbers. Where certain values of real numbers are not possible because the domain is restricted.
Specific example of \(x^2 - 2\), not taking 0 because domain is restricted to rational numbers discussed here
Using the median, the case fatality rate for India drops to 0.4 deaths per 100 patients, nearly ten times.
It is unclear what the median is for. Is it statewide data within india or data for different countries?
Cool ideas as extensions to this paper Can this be done in vivo - in the sand filter? - Zach Has anyone analysed cells with plasmid vs cell expressing the genes? - Zach Analyzing a mobilizable vs a conjugative plasmid simultaneously (or even independently) in the same community
- The two plasmids should be identical except for the removal of self mobilizing features (that will be present on a helper plasmid or integrated into the donor)
Does permissivity change if in a biofilm - assuming sand filters are housing biofilms?
What are the goals of spreading a catabolic gene inside a native community?
1. Long term residence in the community
2. Target to organisms capable of high expression or function
3. Residence in high abundance and highly active community members
To maximize all these goals, we can develop a blanket strategy that combines best aspects of all Create a combinatorial library of all plasmid origins, all host organisms, transposons with your payload in it This will enable the widest possible dissemination of the desired function in the community at the expense of understanding
Instead of letting the faucet run while you’re shaving so you can clean off the razor, fill up your sink with some water
It us better to have a small container filled with water than filling up a whole sink
watch out for those nonstandard Affinity SVGs. Their viewbox/scale is broken (and more)
we must abide by the voluntary quarantine rules verbatim
Why is this quarantine voluntary? What purpose does this achieve compared to a legally enforced quarantine?
Turkey’s government says it is not disclosing the location of cases to prevent the risk of increasing transmission rates by encouraging people to move from areas with high rates to places where there are no or few cases.
I'm amused as to how many possible reasons governments come up with to not disclose data.
I do not understand how likely people are to move between areas, do people have more than 1 housing options?
There is an obvious conflict of interest in a government hiding information that is bound to invite questions or make their performance look poor in contrast to other countries etc.
demonstrate that adapting a strain to the intended growth condition increases fitness and in turn improves the stability of the engineered function over hundreds of generations
Does this imply that an organism taken from a native environment, modified with a plasmid and re-introduced is likely to be stable?
selected after transformation and used to inoculate liquid cultures
Would the variability be the same if the colonies were picked from a streaked plate (from glycerol stock) instead of a transformation plate?
I would expect the glycerol stock method to have more variability, but it would be good to test
While encoding the function did not measurably affect host fitness
Could the fitness difference be finite but undetectable? In which case we can think of a multi-day competition experiment to enhance the fitness differences.
assay based on engineered selectable CRISPR-spacer integration reporter plasmids
CRISPR on a plasmid
There is no discussion about the presence or titres of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater and the sensitivity of detection of the assays.
Given the lack of this critical points, the article does very little to answer the question raised in the title except educate us about paper based diagnostics
Can a Paper-Based Device Trace COVID-19 Sources with Wastewater-Based Epidemiology?
but the nature of that relationship remains unstated)
This is where icons come in handy
Sentences can express many more relationships
The assumption is that the readers have enough time to read everything
the start-up (achieving 70% TN removal) was shortened from 21 days to 5 days when Anammox sludge concentration increased from 0.02 g VSS L−1 to 0.2 g VSS L−1 with 2 g VSS L−1 AS as inoculum
Hydrazine addition resulted in much higher anammox biomass enrichment observed as higher nitrogen removal rate [0.512 kgN (m3 d)−1 with hydrazine versus 0.256 kgN (m3 d)−1 without reagent]
less than the most commonly used
sentence is incomplete
matrix effect, assessed based on the use of an internal standard, was associated with an underestimation that ranged 0.1–0.9 log gene copy number mL−1 of sample
Who reports differences in terms of fold logs? It is very confusing what this means
neutral theory contends that high diversity is because all species within the same functional group are equivalent in their competitive ability
What is functional group?
Nannochloropsis started to decline
What is the explanation for this decline, cell death?
highly artificial environments
Should point out the exact differences between the artificial environment and the North sea
one multispecies competition experiment and two pairwise competition experiments
Do the multispecies experiments run parallel to the pairwise experiments?
Is it possible that presence of other species affect the growth rates and R* values of the two species in the pairwise study by unknown interactions (symbiosis?) with other species in the mixed community? .
Moreover, even though the P‐limited competition experiments started from very different initial species abundances, they ultimately led to the same equilibrium outcome
They don't seem the same. The nanochloropsis differs by ~10 fold it looks like from figure 4
neutral theory assumes that species abundances change by chance
Implies that species composition upon nutrient fluctuation is not predictable
Thanks to ggforce, you can enhance almost any ggplot by highlighting data groupings, and focusing attention on interesting features of the plot
has shown that the mean duration of viral shedding in patients suffering from COVID-19 in China was 20 days
should definitely include the sample size of this study here.
There were 191 patients in total
Vero E6 cells were infected with 2019-nCoV
Interesting to know that the virus has a tropism that extends beyond the lung epithelial cells into kidney epithelial cells
draconian manner
This report hints at this point multiple times without elaborating how the measures were draconian. This is unfair to the subject and takes away from neutrality of reporting
infected people rarely spread the virus to anyone but members of their own household
How did an infected household get groceries?
provided by a plasmid lacking a functional oriT
Does the mobilized plasmid need to have a Mob relaxase along with the OriT?
oriT mimic, minimally contains a 126-bp region encompassing three overlapping inverted-repeat sequences (IR1-3), at least one copy of an accessory repeat (AR) and a defined relaxase core region
recently documented “relaxase-in trans” mechanism of conjugative mobilization facilitated by conjugative plasmids
in Staphylococcus aureus
Mobilizable plasmids carry only the relaxosomal components oriT, a relaxase gene, and one or more nicking auxiliary proteins
Rental Cover
24$ per day (on 20 March 2020)
Although several studies have been made onthe isolation of bacteria with conjugative plasmids fromenvironmental samples, few have compared the distri-bution and characteristics of plasmid mobilizers in vari-ous environments
Is there any reason to assume all conjugative plasmids are not mobilizers?
IncP plasmids are considered mobilizing plasmids and may transfer other nonconjugative plasmids into new hosts
Aren't all conjugative plasmids capable of mobilizing? According to the paper -
IncP, IncN, and IncW are conjugative plasmids that transfer and can be maintained in a diverse array of bacterial hosts
IncP-1beta plasmids
Is a minimal origin for IncP-1beta plasmids known?
bacterium proved to be an efficient nitrogen-fixing biofertilizer in itself by increasing the root mass storage of radishes by up to 1440%
Why would anybody represent such a high number as a %? increases by 14 fold is a much better way to represent this
children often experience respiratory infections (e.g., respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)) in winter, and may have higher levels of antibody against virus than adults
Is it known that antibodies against a virus are able to protect against infection from a different family of virus?
therefore does not secrete glucose
Is the glucose secretion low or zero? Does it secrete galactose?
Establishment Democrats are desperately hoping to avoid a reprise of 2016, when Mr. Sanders battled to the bitter end against Hillary Clinton; his posture enraged some in the party who later blamed him for stoking division among Democrats that led to her loss to Mr. Trump.
Wow! It is the height of foolishness from the establishment democrats if they can still not understand that their moderate-centrist policies are unable to connect with the bulk of the populace, increasingly disillusioned with status quo.
Unfortunately Bernie wasn't able to do much to broaden the party base as he was tasked to do since 2016. But there was no doubt of his intentions to unite the party when he endorsed Hillary after losing the primary as he said he would this time too. It is just plain undemocratic for the establishment to continue this attitude and blaming any outsiders bringing in new ideas, trying to connect with people (think Ralph Nader) when it is increasingly clear that they are no longer representing priorities important to the electorate.
it is only after the other side has had a chance to put testimony to the test, through cross-examination, that it can be given the status of “evidence”
Similar to peer review process in science? (probably applicable more so to post-publication review)
The app, which was developed in partnership with a contractor, will run on iPhone 8 devices provided by the bureau
Why not invest in an android app as well? I would assume it would lead to more widespread use on personal devices
essential functions
Essentially might not be easily and universally agreed upon
basic infrastructure
Each and every word of this can be debated upon.
What comes under basic infrastructure?
I presume everyone thinks about high investment hard infrastructure like roads, rail networks, fibre optic and electric lines, airports etc.
Are public schools and colleges included?
Or do we expect all of these to be funded through charity?
4200 rpm in Beckman J-4.2
3635 x g (calculated with rotor radius of 184 mm)
physically present within the Schengen Area during the 14-day period preceding their entry or attempted entry into the United States.
Does this include transit through airports on the EU of aliens originating travel from nom-EU locations?
PAM-independent loci were targeted using degenerate codons, thereby making it possible to modify any site in the genome
From the paper -
we identified a PAM site in the closest proximity (within the 70 bp coverage of the MAGE oligo) and we introduced a secondary silent mutation that disrupts the nearby PAM sequence while coding for the same amino acid
due to resource constraints, community-level tradeoffs exist between growth yield and resource acquisition, and that nutrient limitation affects community metabolism and reduces growth yield.
Why should the community come into picture? Individual cell metabolism can also explain reduced growth yield right?
Subsurface drip irrigation provides the ultimate in water use efficiency for open-field agriculture, often resulting in water savings of 25-50% compared to flood irrigation
trace contaminants such as heavy metals in the upper horizons may be accumulated, which may eventually lead to deterioration of soil and groundwater quality and affect the sustainability of land-based disposal of effluent
Eggplant yield under treated effluent was twice the average eggplant production under fresh water irrigation using conventional fertiliser application in Jordan
included bacteria belonging to the Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria classes of proteobacteria
Does the proteobacterial specificity arise from the RP4 or from the donor being Psuedomonas?
zygotically inducible
Indicates that expression will occur after conjugation. This term comes from developmental biology field for genes expressed in the zygote - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternal_to_zygotic_transition
After purification, more than 30% of the bacterial cells in the primary soil were extracted
That is quite low
In situ probes using fluorescence and infrared spectroscopy are also available on the market and have been extensively studied
Good references for bio-monitoring in situ
Other points from the same paper
it is assumed that the decay modifies the growth multiplicatively as a function of the time
1st order decay
Typically, double terminators are used to stop transcription. Because these parts can be up to ∼168 bp of DNA, this use of double terminators can lead to homologous recombination when used at multiple locations in a design
double terminators
Did you test the double terminator strength against your library?
In E. coli, homologous recombination occurs most frequently when there is a contiguous stretch of sequence >25 bp
Exposure to short chain-length AHLs resulted in a decrease in the abundance of different taxa than exposure to higher molecular weight AHLs
Is there any discussion on how these AHLs are affecting gram positive vs gram negative bacteria?
cognizable offence
What is the definition of a 'cognizable' offense? Are the police allowed to interpret the definition of this term and refuse to file an FIR as we hear in the news on multiple occasions?
I found a definition and some useful information here - https://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/publications/police/fir.pdf
Don't see the graphic above? Click here.
What is the connection of these countries to China?
Or is it just a case of random chance?
the leakiness and inducibility of the ligand-inducible LacI repressor mutants have been quantified and classified
One return New York-to-London transatlantic flight delivers roughly the same exposure (0.16 mSv) as a nuclear power worker receives in a year (0.18 mSv)
This is a very interesting fact. Anyone know different sources for this fact?
only
Only is a strong word, we do not know alternate scenarios
hydro-electric dams are one of the cheapest ways that poor nations can gain access to reliable electricity
Cheapest way might not be the best or long lasting way
opponents of hydro-electric dams and flood control claim those technologies
There are lot of shortcomings of large dams - most importantly mass migration of people
not the first time those who are most alarmist about an environmental problem have been most opposed to solving it.
Maybe the specific olutions you are talking about are being opposed for a reason. This statement is wrong.
A problem does not have unique solution and opposing bad solutions is as important as finding good solutions or adapting the bad ones to be better
large dams,
These have a whole slew of problems - especially on overpopulated areas. Look at Narmada river in India
nuclear weapons have contributed to the Long Peace since World War II,
This is a contentious link between weapons of mass restrictions and peace. Is there wide agreement about this?
produced from abiotic photochemical reduction of Fe(III)-OM, thus closing a cryptic iron cycle under photic conditions
Is this a significant pathway in a possible cycle in the environment? The photochemical reduction seems quite slow compared to the oxidation, there may be a much faster biotic reduction in the actual envirnoment right. Comments?
Fe(II) concentrations and cell abundances in R. ferrooxidans SW2 growth experiments
Is this really a cycle? The timescales seem very different
Fe(2) -> Fe(3) complete in 8 days and growth almost stalls after 14 days. Maybe 8-14 days growth requires the Fe(3) -> Fe(2) step and that's why its a cycle?
Abiotic photochemical reduction of Fe(III).
Timescales of this reduction are very slow compared to bacterial oxidation
Fe(II) concentrations were determined anoxically using the ferrozine assay
Can Fe(3) also be determined easily? Would have been good supplementary information to prove that Fe(2) is being converted to Fe(3)
were placed horizontally under a 40-W incandescent light bulb
Why do you need light for the bacteria to oxidize Fe(2)?
2 mM FeCl2
Why is this higher than the previous experiment?
Oxidation of Fe(II) by R. ferrooxidans SW2
Does it make sense to fit enzyme kinetics curves to these reactions rather than join the data points?
Also dotted lines are distracting
guarantees that cells are actively metabolizing but no cell growth is possible, and that therefore, changing cell numbers does not influence the quantification of metabolic rates.
This will miss any Fe compound induced gene activation a which might give higher rates to the redox reactions.
there was no Fe(II) oxidation in the abiotic controls
This should have been reported for 54 h like the Fe(3) reduction experiment in Fig.2
right-wing paramilitaries
?
Commerce follows theland and sea routes of the earth, going to whatever country hasany thing to exchange, be it a monarchy or a republic. Let us bein union with the whole world and not with just a part of it, notwith one part against another.
After many generations in the lab, mice from the desert consumed significantly less water than mice from other localities, indicating that this difference has a genetic basis.
This could also be explained by epigenetic inheritance. Basically something hereditary - either genetic or epigenetic
all the polling evidence says that America is basically a center-left nation
But unfortunately Democratic party is dead centre, and does not represent the people as much as it could
is someone who plays right into that strategy, by declaring that he is indeed a socialist.
Bernie Sanders is championing the causes of the working class and had has always been consistent in his track record. It is justified to fear the ill effects of general perception of 'socialism' but it is high time the americans stop vilifying 'isms' and looking at policies for what they are, the details.
This column does a very bad job at recognizing working class issues, the same issues that got the republicans into power and Bernie Sanders had the exact mandate to really connect the democratic party with the masses, which I unfortunately think has not been successfully done
But were big banks really at the heart of the financial crisis, and would breaking them up protect us from future crises?
Yes, keeping investment banking and consumer banking separate is a good idea. Glass Stegall act is a good regulation to do so.
I heard economists argue on both sides of the spectrum but the main question is why is this article so motivated to paint the Sanders campaign as bad?
same workers in Spain are less equipped to compete for Manufacturing jobs
But a few highly skilled among them have the possibility of emigrating to Germany?
you might as well get the most productive workers for your “buck”, right?
I am curious as to why German workers are more productive? Can the other EU nations implement any policies to improve their human resources likewise?
Don’t hate corporations for playing to win — they don’t make the rules, you do.
Well articulated!
That reference to computer games is awesome but the problem comes down the the fact that winners of the corporate game are influencing the rules - the corporate tax law, regulations etc.
Now this is also another problem with how the rulemakers are chosen or how the rules are made. So maybe the solution is to rectify the few rules that influence many other rules being made!
you can’t ever stop because one correction will undo all your spending
"It is like riding a white tiger" - Byrraju Ramalingaraju. Former chairman of Satyam, convicted of corporate account fudging (a similar game of artificially upholding the value of an entity - except, in this case it was illegal) Source: outlook India
wouldn't you be a fool for not using that move?
Maybe the game is not exciting anymore if everyone always 'had' to play that move
The researchers from the earlier, statistically significant, study
Citation?
The host range for three of the plasmids (pBF1, pB7, and pB9) was further investigated by the GFP method described above
Does the host range of transfer go wider than the population where GFP is observed?
This is my idea of distinctive overlapping categories of host range as venn diagrams.
Consequently, the plasmid donor cells do not express gfp
Does the leaky expression not hinder the detecting and quantification of transconjugants in epifluorescence microscopy?
you can take a screen clipping to create an image that combines and keeps items together
This makes the objects no longer editable
VLPs were discriminated from bacteria or detritus based on pixel dimensions: the pixel area of the smallest known bacterium was established as a maximum cutoff; all objects smaller than this were counted as VLPs.
Viruses are in size range of 100-500 nm. This is very close to the diffraction limit of light. How is the assumption that anything smaller than bacteria is a virus like particle justified and quantitatively accurate in this regard?
is similar
What is the % similarity? How can an abstract be so vague?
Modeled trends of soil bacterial carrying capacity and diversity are compared to empirical observations
Isn't this circular logic? The testing empirical data is the same as the data used to build the model
soil becomes sufficiently dry, almost all aqueous habitats are physically isolated and might contain only a few species
Why is this?
David Robert Grimes, an Irish science writer who has published research showing homeopathy to be ineffective
In biology there’s rarely things that happen for no reason
That is a teleological statement.
teach science to a general audience
Aren't most comics based on cultural references like hollywood that are not universal across different cultures and languages. What is a good way to relate to wider general audience?
persist on inanimate surfaces like metal, glass or plastic for up to 9 days
For n < 5 we recommend showing the individual data points.
hypothesized that any single quorum-sensing signal should only induce prophages within a small subset of closely related host bacteria
This seems like the new thing here compared to Ref 22
scientific laboratories create an amazing amount of plastic waste, consume large amounts of water, create risks from hazardous chemicals and use significantly more energy
plated out on warm agar plates
It is unclear if the plates contain V2 salts or not
electroporation buffer (680 mM sucrose, 7 mM K2HPO4, pH 7)
Why not 10% glycerol?
idyllic conditions
:) funny!
in a pure socialist world everything would be needed to be controlled by the government
Is this true? I don't know if there is a precise and widely accepted definition of socialism but I would think that socialism is about community ownership of means of production. (I see a complex definition of socialism and capitalism here - https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/socialism/)
Community can mean the elected government, but in a local sense, it could also be adapted to mean the community that owns, operates, works-in and is frequently served by a given industry. I can think of a simple example of a coffee shop or restaurant in a small town.
Most socialists, however, tend to find the profit motive problematic.
Is it worthwhile to envision a society where people's motives are pre-anticipated or controllable?
I think social systems should be robust enough to account for stable functioning of society, independent of the motives and only depending on actions.
Only actions can be observed, and hence only actions can be regulated in any form of organized society and highly so in capitalism.
socialists do not support capitalism, meaning they want workers to control the means of production
Workers controlling the means of production sounds like co-operative industries. This paradigm is not antithetical to 'capitalism' in the sense that there is still private ownership of the means of production. I disagree with the statement that democratic socialists do not support capitalism.
A good debate on this topic here - https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/323/are-worker-cooperatives-socialist-capitalist-or-their-own-category
The main priorities of different ELN features
A ranked order in the plot would have been more insighful
whether shared systems of signalling synthesis and degradation
Do you mean the same organism able to simultaneously perform or switch between the two functions of synthesis and degradation? Or does this mean sharing within the community?
a single-tube, single-step PCR, performed in <2 hours from setup to transformation
How does the efficiency compare with Gibson assembly and other in vitro methods? Specifically
Rice alumni with accounts on the Alumni Portal are automatically allowed to access a few of the university's licensed electronic resources through the EZproxy server
Which resources?
Bloom filter
Good guide here - https://llimllib.github.io/bloomfilter-tutorial/
if applied to raw sequence data they would only find matches completely contained within a single read.
How does the BIGSI method address this concern?
our use case, where each new microbial dataset brings new variation
Unlike natural language where vocabulory does not change as new content is added
input data
The search database - would be a better term
Transmitting the same power using a higher voltage and lower current loses less of power over the length of the cable. This is more efficient and why the main power grid is hundreds of volts and not 5V.
A good clarification here on stackexchange - https://electronics.stackexchange.com/a/25571
obtained transcriptional measurements from mid-exponential-phase cultures
Could be repeated for stationary phase expression?
mobilizable plasmids, possess their own transfer origin and encode a relaxase but need the help of a conjugative plasmid for their transfer from a donor to a recipient
Why do mobilizable plasmids encode the mob gene? Can't it be provided in trans by the mobilizing helper strain?
Plasmid pBBR1 thus appears to be a new member of this group, even though it resides in gram-negative bacteria and does not replicate via a rolling-circle mechanism
bind the transposon DNA at the flanking inverted repeat sequences, excise the transposon, and paste it into a random TA dinucleotide on a target DNA
J23119 is the "consensus" promoter sequence and the strongest member of the family
2-25 ug/mL
100 ug/ml Carb worked for pUC19 transformants in BHI+V2 media
100x concentration of the initial culture.
200x works better (Silberg lab, Rice U)
J23100 2547
Strongest Anderson promoter
stationary-phase cultures grown in rich medium could be refrigerated for more than 1 month without substantial loss of viability
Barick lab discourages storage at 4C, instead recommending room temperature storage for 2-3 days due to concerns of ROS production. This recommendation was for both plates and liquid cultures
https://barricklab.org/twiki/bin/view/Lab/ProtocolsWorkingWithVibrioNatriegens
transformation efficiencies were sufficient for routine construction of plasmids from multiple fragments
How many fragments?
Plasmids with the RK2 replicon could also replicate but were successfully delivered only via conjugation
Interesting, I wonder why electroporation doesn't work. Does it have something to do with methylation state or other restriction based mechanisms that allow DNA coming in through legitimate means rather than forced means!?
A spacer could compensate for any steric hindrance effect on recruiting the transcriptional machinery at the promoter of the next module in the assembly line; such an effect could be induced by the supercoiling that results when the transcription of the previous module is taking place. However, there is no direct evidence that this may cause a problem, and therefore the argument in favor of using a spacer remains speculative.
As his ideas have permeated the rest of the field, Sanders’s own candidacy appears less radical—or at least less exceptional.
This is a significant achievement in itself.- Politics is an organized, institutionalized form of conversation and the Bernie 2016 campaign has started the most important conversations in the USA!
. If you are agreeable, you care about your family, your community, society, your country, more than you care about yourself. And if you are disagreeable, then you are a little bit more egotistical.
This is an interesting categorization. I would assume most people would have some fluidity where people oscillate between these modes according to their life experiences with triggers from the world around them.
do: deregulate, and fast
deregulation in what aspects? - not all of them are good, certain regulation is necessary and is better for the economy in the long term.This is easier said than done
Gujarat often produced growth faster than the national average, fewer regulations, better infrastructure and less corruption
We are taught that we should be defined by the things other people find impressive, not by the things that bring us joy
Good point
Get good at knowing what your friends and fans like to see and interact with
This is just stupid advice. I intend to have an audience in order to read what I write, not the other way around - like Ayn Rand's quote.
he rarely posts status updates and I post pretty frequently and often get good conversations going in the comments.
Shouldn't rare posts be given higher precedence like twitter does, because rare commodities are more valuable? People who take more time and effort to post valuable content for discussion are bound to post more rarely compared to daily personal updates of what I eat, do etc.
Twitter notifies me - look at this post, this person has posted something after a long time.
Calling out Uncle Bot’s past vote for Trump threatens his ego and encourages him to double down on his support for the president. Self-esteem is a fundamental human need. If you want people to change their opinion, bolster their ego and help them save face
Fully explore the other person’s perspective before sharing your own to ensure you understand where they are coming from. As with all questions, follow-up inquiries should be nonjudgmental, open-ended and curious.
The concentration of GFP in the sample had been measured using a nanodrop and was ~120μM
How was the protein quantified? I assume UV absorption or Bradford assay was used.
The fundamental issue surrounding bacterial culture growth measurements is that an absorbance spectrophotometer is being asked to determine light scattering caused by particulates in suspension. In this case, transmittance is not related to absorbance in the classical sense. Under normal true absorbance conditions, spectrophotometers can be comparable to one another because the sample actually absorbs electromagnetic energy. In the case of a reduction of transmittance caused by light scattering, readings are very dependent on the optics of a specific spectrophotometer as well as the cell type in suspension
generally accepted extinction coefficients for nucleic acids are: • Double-stranded DNA: 50 • Single-stranded DNA: 33 • RNA: 40
mCherry2 might have decreased cytotoxicity in E. coli.
compared to mCherry
After all, the rise in antibiotic resistance doesn’t mean that we shouldn’t have invented antibiotics at all.
It does mean though, that we should try to forsee unintended consequences and not dismiss skeptics without judging the merit of their skepticism with sound scientific discussions. It is famed that Alexander Fleming who discovered the first antibiotic - penicillin, mentioned the observation of resistant bacteria and advised caution in antibiotic usage. This caution went unheeded in the subsequent golden era of antibiotics where all alternatives like phage therapy were shelved from research and development. This is the real lesson we should learn
If a corporation wants to use a gene drive to “cancel out” the herbicide resistance that some weeds have now developed, would that really benefit the planet — or just the corporation that can now sell more of the herbicide that caused the problem in the first place?
If evolution has any lesson from the development of resistance to the herbicide, it is that some way or other, maybe slower than herbicide resistance, surely the weeds will find a way to subvert any gene drive
With its ability to create powerful changes invisibly, genetic engineering can feel eerie to even the most rational of us
When things as fundamental as genomes are being modified and amplified through generations, the unforseen consequences have likelihood of being essentially anything. The most rational might be skeptical because of this. Positive feedback system with added noise blows up to infinity or zero; it's an unstable system mathematically
Do we really want the process of scientific research and technology to become democratic — one in which fundamental decisions about public health, like vaccines and vector-control measures, are put up for a vote?
This is a great debate topic
the lay public’s view is, once you say the person is a scientist, they must know everything.”
hahaha! so true
and hand control to Big Ag
How the fuck did big agrobusinesses get so big? Don't these GMO skeptics want to talk about that? About monopolies and anti-trust laws in general? and regulatory capture in other fields as well? Aren't these related issues whereby preventing either of these would have averted the big ag crisis we see today?
We need discussions around these connected points and not in isolation
s a general idea that these groups aren’t scientific, so their arguments are less valid
Then the public including the activists and regulatory agents should urgently be 'educated' properly about the technology before moving on to influence their lives irreversibly.
I believe they are also invited at some of the conferences for such high watch technologies too.
activist groups are more likely to tap into unconscious values and emotions — like using the term “Frankenfoods” to describe G.M.O.s
a misleading focus on “high-profile savior applications” like anti-malarial and conservation efforts
How is this misleading? Are there any applications that need to be talked about?
compared gene drives to the atomic bomb and accused researchers of using malaria as a Trojan horse to cover up the development of agricultural gene drives for corporate profit
Local and national governments would work with regulatory organizations like the United Nations and the World Health Organization,
I wish the local and national governments were trustworthy and not corrupted so easily like Monsanto can get them to be
Their financial interest in the intellectual property and their regulatory interest in making sure these products were able to come to market got conflated with the science, so nobody was willing to trust the kind of research they were doing. The end result was that all G.M.O. research got tainted.”
This speaks volumes of keeping regulatory bodies highly circumspect of lobbyists from the regulated organizations especially when they are near monopolistic.
the technology was controlled primarily by the global agricultural giant Monsanto
struck most people as vaguely creepy
a weapon — say by sabotaging the pollinators that support agriculture, or by altering the genes of innocuous wild insects so they could transmit disease
Could a gene drive stop one virus only to open the way for another, more virulent one? Could it jump from one species to a related one? What would be the environmental effects, if any, of altering the genes of entire species? How about eliminating a species entirely?
Besides combating malaria, gene drives could be used to alter, or even eliminate, other disease-causing insects, from the sand flies that transmit leishmaniasis to ticks that carry Lyme disease in the United States.
power of the people is not only limited to the right of vote, but it extends further and provides us the right to participate in a democratic system by observing, suggesting and discussing, contemplating, questioning, negotiating and dissenting its system or function in various circumstances
CES (combinatorial enhancer solution). 5X CES = 2.7 M betaine, 6.7 mM DTT, 6.7% DMSO, and 55 ug/ml BSA
capable of checking multiple annealing temperatures at a time
How does this compare with touch up or touch down? Aren't those protocols covering a larger range of temperatures? What are the use cases that differentiate between these two methods
increasing the magnesium concentration, which improves amplification
Also reduces fidelity?
but the 5’ end is more important
Do you mean 3'? This is where the extension happens and the GC clamp is recommended
relative granulocity/internal complexity (Side Scatter - SSC)
relative size (Forward Scatter - FSC)