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A region is typically considered overpopulated when it exceeds its carrying capacity, which is the number of people that that region’s resources (typically food) can support. But that estimate will depend on what those people are eating, and what they are willing to eat. It’s well known, for instance, that a vegetarian diet is easier to sustain than a carnivorous one. Sufficiency will also vary with our ever-changing ability to produce food.

About half the world’s population lives on less than $3/day; they cause very little climate pollution (only 15% of the global total). Those of us in the top 10% of global income (living on more than $23/day, or about $8400/year) are responsible for 36% of global carbon emissions.

Currently, higher income tends to be correlated with higher climate pollution.

I believe that overpopulation discourse undermines the kind of safe, voluntary family planning and reproductive health care that respects women’s autonomy. Too often it encourages coercive methods like involuntary sterilization.

We need to understand that population is likely to stabilize or even go down in the future as the younger generation ages and that momentum peters out. In the meantime the real challenge facing us is how to plan for a growing population in environmentally sustainable and socially equitable ways.

But what people don’t understand is that the demographic momentum built into these numbers has a lot to do with age distribution: there are presently a large proportion of people of reproductive age in the population, especially in the global south, and even if they have only two or fewer children, it means an absolute increase in population numbers.

the average family size now is about 2.5 children. Birth rates remain relatively high in some countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, but this is mainly due to lack of investment in public health services, poverty eradication, education, women’s rights, etc. Elsewhere in the world many countries are facing population decline, with birth rates falling below replacement level fertility. In the U.S. right now women are having on average less than two children.

who is producing most of these CO2 emissions? And Oxfam came out with a study about four years ago that estimated the world’s richest 1% probably emit 30 times more than the poorest 50% of the planet.

Since the time of Thomas Malthus, people concerned about overpopulation have been worried about whether there’s enough food to go around.

The resources around us are elastic.

I hope this letter finds you strong in the faith. I also hope that circumstances will soon make it possible for me to meet each of you, not as an integrationist or a civil-rights leader but as a fellow clergyman and a Christian brother. Let us all hope that the dark clouds of racial prejudice will soon pass away and the deep fog of misunderstanding will be lifted from our fear drenched communities, and in some not too distant tomorrow the radiant stars of love and brotherhood will shine over our great nation with all their scintillating beauty. Yours for the cause of Peace and Brotherhood, Martin Luther King, Jr.Published in:King, Martin Luther Jr.

I hope you are able to see the distinction I am trying to point out. In no sense do I advocate evading or defying the law, as would the rabid segregationist. That would lead to anarchy. One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law.

For instance, I have been arrested on a charge of parading without a permit.

Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. All segregation statutes are unjust because segregation distorts the soul and damages the personality. It gives the segregator a false sense of superiority and the segregated a false sense of inferiority.

Nonviolent direct action seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue. It seeks so to dramatize the issue that it can no longer be ignored

Then, last September, came the opportunity to talk with leaders of Birmingham's economic community. In the course of the negotiations, certain promises were made by the merchants--for example, to remove the stores' humiliating racial signs. On the basis of these promises, the Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth and the leaders of the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights agreed to a moratorium on all demonstrations. As the weeks and months went by, we realized that we were the victims of a broken promise. A few signs, briefly removed, returned; the others remained. As in so many past experiences, our hopes had been blasted, and the shadow of deep disappointment settled upon us. We had no alternative except to prepare for direct action, whereby we would present our very bodies as a means of laying our case before the conscience of the local and the national community. Mindful of the difficulties involved, we decided to undertake a process of self purification. We began a series of workshops on nonviolence, and we repeatedly asked ourselves: "Are you able to accept blows without retaliating?" "Are you able to endure the ordeal of jail?" We decided to schedule our direct action program for the Easter season, realizing that except for Christmas, this is the main shopping period of the year. Knowing that a strong economic-withdrawal program would be the by product of direct action, we felt that this would be the best time to bring pressure to bear on the merchants for the needed change. Then it occurred to us that Birmingham's mayoral election was coming up in March, and we speedily decided to postpone action until after election day. When we discovered that the Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor, had piled up enough votes to be in the run off, we decided again to postpone action until the day after the run off so that the demonstrations could not be used to cloud the issues. Like many others, we waited to see Mr. Connor defeated, and to this end we endured postponement after postponement. Having aided in this community need, we felt that our direct action program could be delayed no longer.

One may well ask: "How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others?" The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the first to advocate obeying just laws. One has not only a legal but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws. I would agree with St. Augustine that "an unjust law is no law at all."

In any nonviolent campaign there are four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct action. We have gone through all these steps in Birmingham. There can be no gainsaying the fact that racial injustice engulfs this community. Birmingham is probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States. Its ugly record of brutality is widely known. Negroes have experienced grossly unjust treatment in the courts. There have been more unsolved bombings of Negro homes and churches in Birmingham than in any other city in the nation. These are the hard, brutal facts of the case. On the basis of these conditions, Negro leaders sought to negotiate with the city fathers. But the latter consistently refused to engage in good faith negotiation.

These notes will help trigger your memory about each article’s key ideas and your initial response to the information when you return to your sources during the writing process. As you read each source, take a minute to evaluate the reliability of each source you find. Table 31.1 Library Print Resources

Your topic and purpose determine whether you must cite both primary and secondary sources in your paper. Ask yourself which sources are most likely to provide answers your research questions.

The following are examples of secondary sources: Magazine articles Biographical books Literary and scientific reviews Television documentaries

For example, if you were writing a paper about the First Amendment right to freedom of speech, the text of the First Amendment in the Bill of Rights would be a primary source. Other primary sources include the following: Research Articles Literary Texts Historical documents such as diaries or letters Autobiographies or other personal accounts Podcasts

the content will still be presented in an objective style and formal tone. Entertaining readers with breezy comments and splashy graphics is not a priority.

When you search for periodicals, be sure to distinguish among different types. Mass-market publications, such as newspapers and popular magazines, differ from scholarly publications in their accessibility, audience, and purpose. Consult your instructor because they will often specify what resources you are required to use.

Resources Format Contents eLibrary Academic (ProQuest) Online Database that archives content from newspapers, magazines, and dissertations Psychology Collection (Gale) Online Database that archives content from journals in psychology and psychiatry Business and Company ASAP (Gale) and Business Insights Essentials Online Database that archives business-related content from magazines and journals CINAHL Complete, Health Reference Center Academic Online Databases that archive articles in medicine and health EBSCOhost Online A general database that provides access to articles on a wide variety of topics

Library catalogs can help you locate book-length sources, as well as some types of non-print holdings, such as CDs, DVDs, and audio books. To locate shorter sources, such as magazine and journal articles, you will need to use an online database. CNM’s library website holds a large online database you can use to begin your research.

Your sources will include both primary sources and secondary sources. As you conduct research, you will want to take detailed, careful notes about your discoveries. These notes will help trigger your memory about each article’s key ideas and your initial response to the information when you return to your sources during the writing process. As you read each source, take a minute to evaluate the reliability of each source you find.

The challenge here is to conduct your search efficiently, so writers use strategies to help them find the sources that are most relevant and reliable while steering clear of sources that will not be useful.

Your topic and purpose determine whether you must cite both primary and secondary sources in your paper. Ask yourself which sources are most likely to provide answers your research questions. If you are writing a research paper about reality television shows, you will need to use some reality shows as a primary source, but secondary sources, such as a reviewer’s critique, are also important. If you are writing about the health effects of nicotine, you will probably want to read the published results of scientific studies, but secondary sources, such as magazine or journal articles discussing the outcome of a recent study, may also be helpful.

Secondary sources discuss, interpret, analyze, consolidate, or otherwise rework information from primary sources. In researching a paper about the First Amendment, you might read articles about legal cases that involved First Amendment rights or editorials expressing commentary on the First Amendment. These sources would be considered secondary sources because they are one step removed from the primary source of information. The following are examples of secondary sources: Magazine articles Biographical books Literary and scientific reviews Television documentaries

Other primary sources include the following: Research Articles Literary Texts Historical documents such as diaries or letters Autobiographies or other personal accounts Podcasts

. To examine the author’s credibility or ethos—that is, how much you can believe of what the author has to say

these sites have no control system for researching, writing, and reviewing articles. Instead, they rely on a community of users to police themselves. At best, these sites can be a starting point for finding other, more trustworthy sources. Never use them as final sources.

The different types of sources you will consult are written for distinct purposes and with different audiences in mind. This accounts for other differences, such as the following: How thoroughly the writers cover a given topic. How carefully the writers’ research and document facts. How editors review the work. What biases or agendas affect the content.

Smart researchers continually ask themselves two questions: “Is this source relevant to my purpose?” and “Is this source reliable?”

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worthwhile assertions

but as answers to questions or solutions to problems

Backfires

Gerald S. Bemstein received his Doctorate atthe University of Pennsylvania. He has been afaculty member of Brandeis University since1968 and won the Outstanding Teacher Awardin 1970. He serves as a consultant to both theNewton and Brookline Public School Systemsand on the Visitor's Committee of the BostonMuseum of Fine Arts.In this year of Orwellian hype and futurist fan-tasy, much has been written concerning BigBrother and the Anti-Utopian State. The pessi-mistic image of an omnipotent governmentoppressing the individual and creating a societyof mass conformity pervades every chapter ofOrwell's classic novel.For many the re-reading of 1984 a generationafter it had been an assigned text in some Eng-lish or Political Science course has been anunsettling experience. The obvious drift towardsa dehumanizing expansion of bureaucracies andthe seemingly unquestioning commitment to thecomputer has reinforced some of our worstfears of a totalitarian society. The disillusioningrealization is that 1984 was not a science fictionprophecy but a powerful warning of the dangerto human freedom inherent in the use of tech-nology to achieve and maintain political power.The despair and fear which surround WinstonSmith, the protagonist of Orwell's novel, ismade evident in his loss of individuality. Thissubjugation of the human spirit is manifested byOrwell in his depiction of the frightening tech-niques of mind control: from the ubiquitousposters of Big Brother with eyes that follow you,to the electronic eye of the telescreen whichinvades even the privacy of the bedroom.The negative Utopia described in 1984 is one ofthe repression supported by a complex technol-ogy in the service of the State. But in Orwell'sdehumanized world it is not only the psychicenvironment that oppresses the individual butthe physical environment as well. For the archi-tecture of Orwell's "future" function as a meta-phor of totalitarian repression.But how does Orwell conceive of the architec-ture of the built environment of Fictional Lon-don, chief city of Airstrip One? Interestingly,Orwell is quite specific in his description of thephysical environment through which his charac-ters move.Winter 1985, JAE 38/2The Architecture of Repression:The Built Environment ofGeorge Orwell's 1984mOrwell's description of this blighted area, withits cobbled streets of little two story houseswas just as depressing as Victory Mansions.Yet the experience awakened in Winston "asort of ancestral memory." Seated in an arm-chair beside an open fire, a vague feeling ofnostalgia gripped Winston. In both its humanscale and its assortment of Victorian furniture,Winston felt that this was a ". . . room meantto be lived in."15Another feature of Winston's secret room was apicture in rosewood frame which hung abovethe fireplace. It was a 19th century steel engrav-ing of an oval building with rectangular windowsand a small tower: St. Clement's Dane was thename of the building originally built as one ofWren's parish churches after the Great Fire of1666. Although Winston recognized it as a stillextant ruin not far from the Law Courts he hadno way of knowing the history of the building inthe Orwellian year of 1984.16 For since the Rev-olution, the State had systematically altered any-thing that might throw light upon the past. InOrwell's future "one could not learn historyfrom architecture any more than one could learnfrom books . . . Anything large and impressive... was automatically claimed to have beenbuilt since the Revolution, while anything thatwas obviously of an earlier date was ascribed tosome dim period called the Middle Ages. Thecenturies of capitalism were held to have pro-duced nothing of value."17Winston's discovery that the old engravingdepicted a church led to an even more startlingrevelation that there existed in London many for-mer churches, which had ". . . been put toother uses."18 Among the most dramatic exam-ples was the great St. Martin's in-the-Fieldswhich had been converted by the party into". .. a museum ... of propaganda," displayingsuch objects as "scale models of rocket bombs... and waxwork tableaux illustrating theenemy atrocities . . .".19 Again, Orwell's depic-tion of the recycling of churches into Museumsof the State is not a futuristic fantasy, but aclear reference to a contemporary campaign ofthe late 1940's being carried out by the govern-ment of the Soviet Union for the conversion ofEastern orthodox churches into Statemuseums.20The world of London in 1984 was one in which"the past had ... been abolished. Every recordhas been destroyed or falsified, every book hasbeen rewritten, every picture has beenrepainted, every statue and street and buildingrenamed, every date has been altered. Anythingthat might throw light on the past has beenrepressed. History has stopped. Nothing existsexcept the endless present."21 Atop the enor-mous fluted column in what was once Trafalgarand had become Victory Square, Big Brotherreplaced Lord Nelson and a telescreen filled thepediment of the converted St. Martin's in-the-Field.Late in the novel Winston's visit to the dwellingplace of O'Brien offers a jarring contrastbetween the delapidated condition of VictoryMansion and the smoothly functioning struc-tures of the Inner Party. Located in their ownquarter of the city, the elite of the Party lived inhuge blocks of spacious flats. The softly car-peted passageways with their cream paperedwalls and white wainscoating were exquisitelyclean. The symbolic contrast between the faultyelevators of Winston's building and the". . . silent and incredibly rapid lifts sliding upand down,"22 in the towers of the Inner Partysuggest that it was more than the color of one'soveralls that distinguished one's position in thehierarchical society of 1984.In Winston Smith's desperate grasp for free-dom, he was betrayed by the very man hethought shared his hatred for Big Brother. For itwas the Inner Party member O'Brien who hadgiven him Goldstein's subversive book. Orwell'sdevice of a book within a book allowed theauthor to create an historical context for 1984. Itis Goldstein's words that describe the chaoticpre-Revolutionary period before the establish-ment of the State. It is also through Goldsteinthat we learn "that the imaginary future to whichpeople . . . (of) the early 20th century aspir dwas a vision of a society unbelievably rich, lei-sured, orderly and efficient. Set in an architec-tural ambience of ... glittering antiseptic(structures) ... of glass and steel and snowwhite concrete and predicated on the continuingdevelopment of science and technology."23 The". .. dwarf, the surrounding architecture" justas Big Brother towers above the Party and thepeople.9Victory Mansion, the apartment house complexwhere Winston lived, seems remarkably similarto the worker housing projects built between thetwo World Wars. From the elevator which". .. even in the best of times was seldomworking," to the "heating system which wasusually running at half steam,"10 the utopiandream associated with Bauhaus designedWorker Housing has been transformed into anightmare. Winston's lament of flaking plasterand burst pipes and the need to have even thesimplest of repairs sanctioned by committee is arecurring echo of the failures associated withpublic housing projects.1If there is one constant in the life of WinstonSmith it is that of surveillance. From morninguntil night the "eyes" of Big Brother watchedhim. The instrument for this procedure was thetelescreen, which Orwell described as "anoblong metal plaque like a dull mirror whichformed part of the surface of the ... wall.""2The telescreen received and transmitted simulta-neously, giving out Party information as well asobserving every move of the individual. Thisfearsome invasion of personal privacy was not ascience fiction fantasy that Orwell invented, forby the late 1940's the technology for such aninstrument was already more than a decade old.One of the most startling exhibits at the NewYork World's Fair of 1939, "World of Tomor-row," was a video telephone which allowed fortwo-way visual communication.13 The Orwelliantwist was that technology in the service of theState created an instrument that could not beturned off.Winston's desire to escape the spying eyes ofBig Brother led him to take a dangerous risk.And once again Orwell uses an architectural set-ting to symbolize an aspect of the oppressiveState. When Winston enters the London districtinhabited by the Prols, a subculture of Oceaniansociety, we find ourselves catapulted into thesqualid condition of Victorian London tene-ments. It is here that Winston finds some relieffrom the constant surveillance of Big Brother. Ina rented room ". . . in the vague, brown col-ored slum to the north and east of what hadonce been St. Pancras Station . . ."14 Winstonfound a refuge from the automaton existence ofthe Party.Winter 1985, JAE 38/2ElNotes1 Orwell, George 1984 New American Library (New York) 1981.2 Ibid, p. 21 Orwell's description of Victory Mansions as amulti-level housing complex built in the thirties strongly sug-gests "the 'water-down' version of modern architecture"which was constructed in England before the outbreak ofWorld War II. Lubetkin and Tecton's High Point I flats, High-gate (1933-35), an eight story concrete apartment buildingderived "from both LeCorbusier and Soviet collective housingof the twenties," may have been Orwell's model. See Curtis,William J. R. Modem Architecture Since 1980 Prentice-HallInc. (Englewood Cliffs) 1983, p. 225.3 Orwell, op.cit., p. 7. The pyramid-like buildings that housedthe Ministries are reminiscent of the projects of the so-calledVisionary Architects of the late 18th century. Drr: Vogt. A,M"Orweil's Nineteen Eighty-Four and Etienne Louis Boullee'sDafts of 1784" Journal of the Society of Architectural Histori-ans, Vol. XLIII, No. 1, (March) 1984, pp. 60-64.4 Ibid, p. 26.5 Orwell, op.cit. p. 7.6 Ibid, p. 38.7 Orwell, op.cit., p. 7.8 Ibid, p. 7. The shanty town squatter settlements of Brazil arecalled favelas. Rapid growth of the favelas occurred in thethirties with a sudden influx of low income people into urbancenters. The dwellings of the favelas are often primitive one-room hovels and are often shared by pigs, goats and chick-ens. See Evenson, Norma Two Brazilian Capitols Yale Univer-sity (New Haven and London) 1973, p. 20-23.9 Ibid, p. 8. The massive fortress-like appearance of the Minis-tries seem associated with the monumental architectureemployed by totalitarian regimes between the two WorldWars. In Italy, Germany and Russia the architecture of theState was meant to be a reinforcement of nationalist senti-ment. Both in its overwhelming scale and disciplined repeti-tion of motifs government architecture became a symbol ofthe power of the State. See Curtis op.cit., p. 211.10 Ibid, p. 21.11 Blake, Peter Form Follows Fiasco Little Brown and Company(Boston/Toronto) 1977, p. 121-132. In Blake's polemicalchapter entitled "The Fantasy of Housing" he links the con-cept of worker housing to the company towns of the Indus-trial Revolution which he contends were designed to keep theresidents under company control. He goes on to suggest thatthe mass worker housing settlements (Siedlungen) designedin the twenties and thirties had a similar controlling effect andbecame most popular in the Soviet Union, Germany and Italy.12 Orwell, op.cit., p. 6.13 The communication section of the 1939 New York World'sFair "dealt with effects of modern communication ... as asocializing force." One of the exhibits was an experimental"television-telephone" which had been developed in the1930's. The perfection of the cathod ray tube which madepossible electronic visual transmission was first utilized by theBritish Broadcasting Corporation in November of 1936. Thepicture was viewed by reflection in a mirror placed above themechanical console. See Harrison, Helen Dawn of a New DayThe New York World's Fair, 1939-1940 New York UniversityPress (New York, London) 1980, p. 82-83.failure of this Utopian dream and the substitu-tion of the nightmare of the repressive State wassaid to be partly due to the impoverishmentcaused by wars and revolutions. But an evenmore significant factor was the inability of. . . scientific and technological progress,(which) depended on the empirical habit ofthought . .. (to) survive in a strictly regimentedsociety."24The control of the State depended on the falsifi-cation of the past and the subjugation of thehuman spirit. In a world in which "nothing wasyour own except the few centimeters inside yourskull "... individuality had to be abolished.25The architecture of such a world, whether thesurviving relics of the 1930's or the pristinetowers of the Inner Party, shared the commoncharacteristics of sterile banality. They rejected adistinctive expression of style in favor of a rigidright angle conformity. It would seem thatOrwell's model for the built environment of 1984was not a flight of science-fiction, but a percep-tive recognition of the anti-historical characteris-tics of the contemporary International Style. Foras Philip Johnson has said "a glass box may beof our time but it has no history."26At the end of the novel, Winston, and his loverJulia are arrested in their secret hiding place bythe Thought Police who have been observingthem from a hidden telescreen, ironically placedbehind the rosewood framed engraving of theWrenian church. Brought to the ominous for-tress of the Ministry of Love, Winston begins along period of personal humiliation. Imprisonedwithin the windowless labyrinth Winston isunable to tell if he was high up near the roof ormany meters underground.27 It is within thishermetically sealed interior, as repressive anddegrading as any of the techniques of brain-washing, that Winston finally breaks down.However, even at the moment of the Party'striumph over the individual we are aware of afatal flaw in the State's attempt to destroy thepast. For Winston had already realized that onlyin "a solid object with no words attached"28could history survive. For there exists in archi-tecture a linkage to the past. To Winston the. . . "pale-colored pleasure of identifying St.Martin's church"29. . . meant that history wasnot stopped and although the church had beenrecycled for the use of the repressive State thecontinuity of architectural style as a document ofhistory continued to exist. -14 Orwell, op.cit., p. 70.15 Ibid, p. 82.16 Ibid, p. 83.17 Ibid, p. 83.18 Ibid, p. 84.19 Ibid, p. 84.20 The campaign against religion had been resumed in Russia asearly as 1944. The propoganda attacked religious superstitionand focused on the achievements of science and technology.Not only were many churches closed and sometimes demol-ished but converted to other uses. See Conquest, RobertReligion in the U.S.S.R. Frederick A. Praeger (New York andWashington) 1968, p. 21.21 Orwell, op.cit, p. 128.The calculated rejection of the past and of all historical asso-ciation in architecture is strongly reminiscent of the writing ofthe Italian Futurist Antonio Sant'Elia. In his Messaggio of1914 Sant'Elia asserted that the architecture of the futuremust abolish ". .. the discipline of historical styles" andsubstitute designs created for a ". . . scientific and techno-logical culture. See Curtis, op.cit., p. 73.22 Ibid, p. 138.23 Ibid, pp. 155-156.24 Ibid, p. 156.25 Orwell, op.cit., p. 2626 Eisenman, Peter Philip Johnson Writings Oxford UniversityPress (New York) 1979, p. 23. Statement concerning the1962 project for the Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial.27 Orwell, op.cit., p. 188.28 Orwell, op.cit., p. 128.29 Orwell, op.cit., p. 95.

allegory is "a representation of an abstract or spiritual meaning through concrete or material forms; figurative treatment of one subject under the guise of another."

Symbolism is a practice of using symbols, or anything that represents something larger than itself.

repeated words and phrases

metaphor compares two things by saying they are the same, while a simile uses the words “like” or “as.”

convey a meaning to the reader.

In the richer industrial countries women and their partners had long made choices about family size.These personal choices had serendipitous national effects, not least on economic development and the environment. In developing countries, millions of poor women are still waiting

In this era of climate change, the real challenge is to fundamentally transform inefficient, inequitable, and environmentally harmful systems of resource production, consumption, and distribution in order to sustainably accommodate a population of over 9 billion in 2050.

Today, the biggest barrier to an effective international climate policy is the failure of the Global North, in particular the U.S., to agree to a significant reduction in carbon emissions. Pinning the blame on overpopulation in the Global South plays into the politics of climate denial.

Focusing on women's fertility diverts our attention from the role of industrial agriculture, extractive industries, luxury consumption, and militarism in causing environmental degradation

Population alarmism threatens to erode the progress made since the 1994 Cairo conference in moving the family planning field away from top-down and coercive population control programs toward a focus on reproductive health and rights. In many countries, programs are still biased against poor women, who often receive disrespectful, bad quality services and are denied real contraceptive choice. When the message that controlling fertility is not only a demographic but an environmental mandate filters down to already prejudiced providers, it will only make services worse. A troubling sign is that the U.S. Agency for International Development is considering re-introducing incentives, including compensation payments for sterilization, into family planning programs

The main reason why global population is projected to increase to 9 billion by 2050, and possibly 10 billion by 2100 (a high projection that is disputed by demographers), is that currently there exists a large cohort of young people of reproductive age.

Women's rights are key. Fertility rates remain high where women's status is low. Less than one fifth of the world's countries will account for nearly all of the world's population growth this century. Not coincidentally, those countries—the least developed nations in sub-Saharan Africa, south Asia, and elsewhere—are also where girls are less likely to attend school, where child marriage is common, and where women lack basic rights.

Over the last half century, we've learned that the best way to slow growth is not through coercive "population control," but by ensuring that all people are able to make real choices about childbearing.

In the world's most "water poor" countries, population is expected to double by 2050.Slower growth is not a panacea for the world's water problems, but it could ease pressure on scarce resources and buy time to craft solutions.

In the UN's low projection, our numbers peak at 8 billion by mid-century, then decline to 6 billion by 2100. By contrast, the medium and high projections envision continued growth for the foreseeable future. According to the medium projection, the world's population would reach 10 billion by 2100; according to the high projection, nearly 16 billion.

As human numbers approach 7 billion, the question is, "where do where we go from here?"

Unintended pregnancies occur when women don't want to get pregnant but are not using contraception. Among the reasons for this unmet need for contraception are a lack of knowledge about contraception, difficult access to supplies and services, the cost of contraception, fear of side effects, and opposition from spouses and other family members. Family planning programs reduce these obstacles, thus reducing unintended pregnancies and birth rates.

This approach permitted women and men to control their reproductive lives and avoid unwanted childbearing.

If we ever succeed in eliminating the gross disparities that today characterize per-capita consumption levels, our success will make even more obvious the eventual necessity of a non-growing population for true sustainability.

There are roughly a thousand times more people on the planet today than at the dawn of agriculture.

Two main human forces have multiplied the scale of our interactions so that they are now beginning to overwhelm natural systems

Since the essence of sustainability is assuring that the activities of current generations do not threaten the well-being of future ones

Scale and change are fundamental determinants of environmental sustainability, and demographic trends are fundamental to human scale and change. If we ignore these trends or insist that there is no ethical way to affect their speed and direction, true sustainability will be as hard to reach as the end of a rainbow.

Tone is the attitude writing can take towards its subject or audience.

If a piece of software I am working with creates a core dump, my first approach to finding the bug is usually to use gdb.

Se necesita entrenamiento para pensar en las cosas en múltiples niveles de abstracción simultáneamente, y ese tipo de pensamiento es justo lo que se necesita para diseñar una excelente arquitectura de software.

Todos los chicos que se destacaron en el instituto escribiendo partidas de pong en BASIC para su Apple II llegaban a la universidad, cursaban Ciencias de la Computación 101, un curso de estructuras de datos, y cuando se les ocurría el tema de los punteros, su cerebro explotaba por completo, y de repente, se especializaban en Ciencias Políticas porque la facultad de Derecho les parecía una mejor idea. He visto todo tipo de cifras sobre las tasas de abandono en Ciencias de la Computación, y suelen estar entre el 40% y el 70%

Solías empezar la universidad con un curso de estructuras de datos, con listas enlazadas, tablas hash y demás, con un uso extensivo de punteros. Esos cursos solían usarse como descarte: eran tan difíciles que cualquiera que no pudiera afrontar el reto mental de una licenciatura en Ciencias de la Computación lo abandonaba, lo cual era bueno, porque si pensabas que los punteros son difíciles, espera a intentar demostrar algo sobre la teoría del punto fijo.

Java no es, en general, un lenguaje de programación lo suficientemente complejo como para distinguir entre buenos y malos programadores.

specialize in rice and could easily export it on boats

worked by African slaves

working families spent 60 to 80 percent of their earnings on food

The use of coal-fired steam to power machines was a major breakthrough, launching human society out of the biological old regime and into a new one no longer limited by annual solar energy flows

that a single shelf of a good European library was worth the whole native literature of India and Arabia.

It would be, on the most selfish view of the case, far better for us that the people of India were well governed and independent of us, than ill governed and subject to us

OK: I went to the University of Washington and [then] I got hired by this company called Geoworks, doing assembly-language programming, and I did it for five years. To us, the Geoworkers, we wrote a whole operating system, the libraries, drivers, apps, you know: a desktop operating system in assembly. 8086 assembly! It wasn't even good assembly! We had four registers! [Plus the] si [register] if you counted, you know, if you counted 386, right? It was horrible.I mean, actually we kind of liked it. It was Object-Oriented Assembly. It's amazing what you can talk yourself into liking, which is the real irony of all this. And to us, C++ was the ultimate in Roman decadence. I mean, it was equivalent to going and vomiting so you could eat more. They had IF! We had jump CX zero! Right? They had "Objects". Well we did too, but I mean they had syntax for it, right? I mean it was all just such weeniness. And we knew that we could outperform any compiler out there because at the time, we could!So what happened? Well, they went bankrupt. Why? Now I'm probably disagreeing – I know for a fact that I'm disagreeing with every Geoworker out there. I'm the only one that holds this belief. But it's because we wrote fifteen million lines of 8086 assembly language. We had really good tools, world class tools: trust me, you need 'em. But at some point, man...The problem is, picture an ant walking across your garage floor, trying to make a straight line of it. It ain't gonna make a straight line. And you know this because you have perspective. You can see the ant walking around, going hee hee hee, look at him locally optimize for that rock, and now he's going off this way, right?This is what we were, when we were writing this giant assembly-language system. Because what happened was, Microsoft eventually released a platform for mobile devices that was much faster than ours. OK? And I started going in with my debugger, going, what? What is up with this? This rendering is just really slow, it's like sluggish, you know. And I went in and found out that some title bar was getting rendered 140 times every time you refreshed the screen. It wasn't just the title bar. Everything was getting called multiple times.Because we couldn't see how the system worked anymore!

Consider correlated scenarios via the maturity slider

Use for relative comparisons rather than absolute predictions

Equipment depreciation period

Weighted average cost of capital

Breakthrough technologies that could trigger the “cheap” scenario: - Autocrine cell lines (cells produce own FGF2) - Plant molecular farming ($1-10/g target) - Precision fermentation at scale - Polyphenol substitution (reduces GF requirements by 80%)

30-200 g/L Final biomass at harvest Cycle time 0.5-5 days Time per production batch Media turnover 1-10 ratio 1=batch, >1=perfusion

Food-grade micros

Distribution

Why correlate? In “good worlds” for cultured chicken: - Technologies are more likely adopted (higher P) - Custom reactors are more common (lower CAPEX) - Financing is cheaper (lower WACC) This prevents unrealistic scenarios where technology succeeds but financing remains prohibitively expensive.

The model uses a latent maturity factor (0–1) to correlate technology adoption, reactor costs, and financing: Padopted=bound(Pbase+k⋅(m−0.5),0,1) What does “bound” mean? bound(x, 0, 1) ensures the result stays between 0 and 1. Also c

The GF progress slider interpolates between current and target prices: PGF=Pcurrent×(0.01)progress At 0% progress: current prices ($5,000–500,000/g) At 100% progress: target prices ($1–100/g for cheap scenario)

Example calculation: - Cell density: 50 g/L → need 1000/50 = 20 L per kg - Media turnover: 3× (perfusion system) → 20 × 3 = 60 L/kg - Media price: $0.50/L (hydrolysates) → 60 × 0.50 = $30/kg

Media turnover

In what ways do you think you’ve participated in any crowdsourcing online?

Emergent and self-sustaining: Communities creating and spreading their own rumors or own conspiracy narratives.

connected with their coworkers via social media platforms

Student Insights: Stereotypes of the perfect man

first-person narration, third-person limited narration, and third-person omniscient narration.

The argument is narrated in direct speech, suggesting an authentic recreation of the actual incident, but is followed by a piece of narration by Stevens that immediately undermines our trust in his version of events:

can be a character in the story, or he or she might not appear in the story at all.

Some online platforms are specifically created for crowdsourcing. For example: Wikipedia: Is an online encyclopedia whose content is crowdsourced. Anyone can contribute, just go to an unlocked Wikipedia page and press the edit button. Institutions don’t get special permissions (e.g., it was a scandal when US congressional staff edited Wikipedia pages), and the expectation that editors do not have outside institutional support is intended to encourage more people to contribute. Quora: An crowdsourced question and answer site. Stack Overflow: A crowdsourced question-and-answer site specifically for programming questions. Amazon Mechanical Turk: A site where you can pay for crowdsourcing small tasks (e.g., pay a small amount for each task, and then let a crowd of people choose to do the tasks and get paid). Upwork: A site that lets people find and contract work with freelancers (generally larger and more specialized tasks than Amazon Mechanical Turk. Project Sidewalk: Crowdsourcing sidewalk information for mobility needs (e.g., wheelchair users). 16.2.2. Example Crowdsourcing Tasks# You probably already have some ideas of how crowds can work together on things like editing articles on a site like Wikipedia or answer questions on a site like Quora, but let’s look at some other examples of how crowds can work together. Fold-It is a game that lets players attempt to fold proteins. At the time, researchers were having trouble getting computers to do this task for complex proteins, so they made a game for humans to try it. Researchers analyzed the best players’ results for their research and were able to publish scientific discoveries based on the contributions of players.

When looking at who contributes in crowdsourcing systems, or with social media in generally, we almost always find that we can split the users into a small group of power users who do the majority of the contributions, and a very large group of lurkers who contribute little to nothing. For example, Nearly All of Wikipedia Is Written By Just 1 Percent of Its Editors, and on StackOverflow “A 2013 study has found that 75% of users only ask one question, 65% only answer one question, and only 8% of users answer more than 5 questions..” We see the same phenomenon on Twitter: Fig. 16.3 Summary of Twitter use by Pew Research Center# This small percentage of people doing most of the work in some areas is not a new phenomenon. In many aspects of our lives, some tasks have been done by a small group of people with specialization or resources. Their work is then shared with others. This goes back many thousands of years with activities such as collecting obsidian and making jewelry, to more modern activities like writing books, building cars, reporting on news, and making movies.

he Sun pulls Earth

n accord with Newton’s third law,identify the reaction force.4. Ignoring air drag, iden

OED itself states that non-inclusion in their unparalleled work must not be taken as proof of non-wordness

The habit is very general among rich men and officials in China, but not so much among poor men. I don’t think it does as much harm as the liquor that the Americans drink. There’s nothing so bad as a drunken man. Opium doesn’t make people crazy.

You have expended a lot of the Public money foolishly, all because of a one poor little Child.

What right have you to bar my children out of the school because she is a chinese Decend. They is no other worldly reason that you could keep her out, except that

(Note: Be careful not to mix up mood and tone, as they are not the same thing. Mood is the feeling we get from a story; tone is a way of getting that feeling across.)

Primary care is the first contact that a patient has with the health system when they have a health problem.

Since numerous tumors have been shown to originate from tissue stem cells (Visvader, 2011), it has been proposed that CACs are the cell of origin for PanINs and PDA (Miyamoto et al., 2003; Stanger et al., 2005). However, this contention has not been directly tested, largely because genetic tools to target ductal and CACs have only recently been generated (Kopp et al., 2011; Solar et al., 2009).

However, it is still unclear whether ADM and PanINs primarily arise by expansion of ductal cells and secondary replacement of acinar cells or by direct reprogramming of acinar cells into cells with ductal morphology.

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Interestingly, these tumors did not manifest mutations in any of the other TSG pathways noted above. This raises the question of whether other TSG mutations alter the biology of the disease. For example, additional mutations may be required to develop a significant metastatic burden.

However, such molecular compendia are necessarily speculative and cannot distinguish causal from coincident events, nor which combinations of events might be required to establish disease.

But if this is so, the contractees will certainly not decide upon a strategysuch as "no advantage to me is acceptable unless it is to the advantage of thoseworse off." For, while this may be reasonable in a situation of uncertainty, itis not reasonable in a situation with information. In the latter case, a rationalegoist will adopt a new strategy that will maximize his interests alo

lity. An egoist will not bind himself toa policy which does not promise to maximize his future expectations; so it isodd for Rawls to suggest that "they understand further that the principles pro-posed and acknowledged on this occasion are to be binding on future occasions.... They will be bound by it in future cases the circumstances of which areunknown.

The 'difference' principle is not sufficient either, since it gives no specifi-cation of the size of the inequality allowed in comparison with the amount ofthe advantage provided. Any inequality, no matter how great, would be justi-fied by any advantage, no matter how slight, to the badly off. Rawls does notcall this perfectly just, but he considers it 'just' all the sam

"Given the circumstances of the original position, it isrational for a man to choose as if he were designing a society in which hisenemy is to assign him his place. Thus, in particular, given the complete lackof knowledge . . . it is rational to be conservative and so to choose in accor-dance with an analogue of the maximin principle.... Moreover, it seems clearhow the principle of utility can be interpreted: it is the analogue of the La-placean principle for choice uncert

The second, or 'difference' principle is much too strong. It specifies thatinequalities are arbitrary unless they will work out to the advantage of therepresentative man. But this Pareto-inclusive rule prevents any redistributionwhich lowers the wealth of the rich from being considered just.

Static websites are simple to generate

If you are a developer WordPress isn't a huge barrier.

why content management systems were adopted on the Web. What you need is a way of getting to the HTML typing something easier to read and type. You need a simple way to manage the website structure for what you have written. Again there are programs that do this today. Unfortunately many are complex and come with their own steep learning curve.

storyline. We can define plot as the main events

On the other hand, while Kant accepts killing animals—perhaps thinking of our food, although he doesn't explicitly say so—he imposes two very "human" restrictions: their death must be quick and painless (90). In this sense, our author would condemn the deplorable conditions in which animals are kept today on factory farms and the way they die to satisfy the market demand for meat. Kant would even oppose the slaughter of animals to please carnivorous humans, since, as we have already seen, no human desire justifies animal suffering. For this reason, we agree with Matthew Altman when he states that the ultimate consequence of Kant's stance against the cruel death of animals would be to adopt a vegetarian diet (91).

As Federica Basaglia explains, "nothing changes the binding nature of duty: if an action is commanded—directly or indirectly—it must be carried out

violent and cruel treatment of animals is much more intimately opposed to man's duty to himself, because it dulls man's compassion for their suffering, thus weakening and gradually destroying a natural predisposition very useful to morality in relation to other men" (53)

Social information processing (SIP) theory’s chief claim is this: People can build interpersonal relationships despite the limitations imposed by mediated channels. SIP’s close cousin, the hyperpersonal model, goes a step further: Sometimes, mediated communication is even more satisfying than face-to-face communication. As I (Andrew) write this in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, these assertions feel very relevant and, honestly, a bit comforting. After all, the virus forced so many face-to-face interactions into technological means of communication. SIP helps us understand why that often works out just fine.

From controversy to opportunity: experts weigh in on myeloid states as determinants in cancer immunotherapy

Those who deal with death,” writes Lesy,“work at an intersection of opposites, tainted by the suffering and decay of the body,transfigured by the plight of the self and the destiny of the soul.”1

Berners-Lee is building tools that aim to resist the Big Tech platforms, give users control over their own data, andprevent A.I. from hollowing out the open web. Illustration by Tim Bouckley

Hypertext datedto the nineteen-forties, when the science administrator Vannevar Bush wrote anarticle about a device that could represent knowledge “As Freely as We MayThink.”

They bought out rivalsand turned into monopolies: between 2007 and 2018, Wu notes, Facebook,Microsoft, Google, and Amazon collectively acquired more than a thousand firms.

Another competitor was Gopher, developed at theUniversity of Minnesota.

began laying the web’s foundations: HTML, the language of web pages; HTTP,the protocol that governed their transmission; and URLs, the addresses thatlinked them together.

gone viral as part of posts supporting far-right and anti-immigrant groups.

They have to get through many posts during their time, and given the nature of the content (e.g., hateful content, CSAM, videos of murder, etc.), this can be traumatizing for the moderators:

main function in the story is to represent a particular attitude of the period in which the novel is set, that the best, or only chance for women's social advancement and financial security was through marriage.

"flat" suggests a one-dimensional figure

Keep in mind that archetype simply means original pattern and does not always apply to characters. It can come in the form of an object, a narrative, etc.

sometimes never come into contact with the main characters.

The antagonist is the character who stands in opposition of the protagonist.

protagonist is the focal point of the conflict, meaning that he or she is the main character of the story.

How AI Is Changing The Role Of Teachers In Education

How AI Is Changing The Role Of Teachers In Education

How AI Is Changing The Role Of Teachers In Education

useful angles expressed in both degrees and radians is

What content is considered “quality” content will vary by site, with 4chan considering a lot of offensive and trolling content to be “quality” but still banning spam (because it would make the site repetitive in a boring way), while most sites would ban some offensive content.

Individual users are often given a set of moderation tools they can use themselves, such as: Block an account: a user can block an account from interacting with them or seeing their content Mute an account: a user can allow an account to try interacting with them, but the user will never see what that account did. Mute a phrase or topic: some platforms let users block content by phrases or topics (e.g., they are tired of hearing about cryptocurrencies, or they don’t want spoilers for the latest TV show). Delete: Some social media platforms let users delete content that was directed at them (e.g., replies to their post, posts on their wall, etc.) Report: Most social media sites allow users to report or flag content as needing moderation. And there are other options and nuances as w

The trap looks beautiful. It’s well-lit. It welcomes you in.

Women are genuinely trapped at the intersection of capitalism and patriarchy

pop culture has started to reflect the fractures in selfhood that social media creates.

They encourage you to produce yourself as the body that they ide- ally display.”

feedback loop,”

life has become frictionless.”

ut the idea, and the vast majority of the category, belongs to women.

In 1844, “optimize” was used as a verb for the first time, mean- ing “to act like an optimist.”

The beauty ideal asks you to understand your physical body as a source of potential and control.

ven in situations like this, in which women’s choices are constrained and dictated both by social expectations and by the arbitrary dividends of beauty _work, which is more rewarding if one is young and rich and con- ventionally attractive to begin with.

he default assumption tends to be that it is politically important to designate everyone as beautiful, that it is a meaningful project to make sure that everyone can become, and feel, increasingly beau- tiful. We have hardly tried to imagine what it might look like if our culture could. do the opposite—de-escalate the situation, make beauty matter less.

Photoshop use in ads and on magazine covers, which on the one - hand instantly exposed the artificiality and dishonesty of the con- temporary beauty standard, and on the other showed enough of a. ' powerful, lingering desire for “real” beauty that it cleared space for ever-heightened expectations.

Under this ethical ideal, women attribute implicit moral value to the day-to-day efforts of improving their looks, and failing to ‘\meet the beauty standard is framed as “not a local or partial fail- ure, but a failure of the self.”

I like trying to look good, but it’s hard to say how much you can genuinely, independently like what amounts to a mandate. In 1991, Naomi Wolf wrote, in The Beauty Myth, about the peculiar fact that beauty requirements have escalated as women’s subju- gation has decreased.

fatalism

enclothed cognition,

permutations

incentive

paradigm

here beauty has historically functioned as a symbol for female worth and morality

# Another concern is for the safety of the users on the social media platform (or at least the users that the platform cares about). Users who don’t feel safe will leave the platform, so social media companies are incentivized to help their users feel safe. So this often means moderation to stop trolling and harassment.

So this often means moderation to stop trolling and harassment.

When social media companies like Facebook hire moderators, they often hire teams in countries where they can pay workers less