1. Jan 2026
    1. p.s. Want the visual map? You'll find a full FieldNote Sketch Summary of this inside the 'hidden' layer. Click this highlight to see the synthesis, share it with someone you know needs it and save a copy for yourself.

      You made it to the end. Here is the map of the territory we just covered. FieldNote Sketch Summary - Welcome to the Resistance Save it, share it, or keep it as a reminder that the Resistance is just proof that you’re onto something big.

    2. The Override Protocol You cannot out-argue the loop; you must overwrite it with Source Code.

      This is the pivot. Everything changes when we spot the lie. If you're stuck here, use the counter-measure - it seems to easy to fix it, but it works!

    1. 7. ORDER BY If an order is specified by the ORDER BY clause, the rows are then sorted by the specified data in either ascending or descending order. Since all the expressions in the SELECT part of the query have been computed, you can reference aliases in this clause. 8. LIMIT / OFFSET Finally, the rows that fall outside the range specified by the LIMIT and OFFSET are discarded, leaving the final set of rows to be returned from the query.

      最后先 order by 再 limit / offset

    2. 5. SELECT Any expressions in the SELECT part of the query are finally computed. 6. DISTINCT Of the remaining rows, rows with duplicate values in the column marked as DISTINCT will be discarded.

      接下来先 select 再 distinct

    3. If the query has a GROUP BY clause, then the constraints in the HAVING clause are then applied to the grouped rows, discard the grouped rows that don't satisfy the constraint. Like the WHERE clause, aliases are also not accessible from this step in most databases.

      接下来是 having,进一步过滤 group by 之后的结果。

      having 可以拿到聚合函数的值,但是不能使用 select 之后的别名。

    4. As a result of the grouping, there will only be as many rows as there are unique values in that column. Implicitly, this means that you should only need to use this when you have aggregate functions in your query.

      接下来是 group by,只有用聚合函数的时候才需要使用 group by

    5. Each of the constraints can only access columns directly from the tables requested in the FROM clause. Aliases in the SELECT part of the query are not accessible in most databases since they may include expressions dependent on parts of the query that have not yet executed.

      第一道执行的是 where 语句,只能获取到 from 语句里得到的列,select 里的别名获取不到

    6. 1. FROM and JOINs The FROM clause, and subsequent JOINs are first executed to determine the total working set of data that is being queried. This includes subqueries in this clause, and can cause temporary tables to be created under the hood containing all the columns and rows of the tables being joined.

      from 和 join 第一个被执行,用来确定 working data set

      如果有子查询的话会执行

    1. Luckily, SQL allows us to do this by adding an additional HAVING clause which is used specifically with the GROUP BY clause to allow us to filter grouped rows from the result set.

      HAVING 语句是用来 filter group by 之后的结果

    1. COUNT(*), COUNT(column) A common function used to counts the number of rows in the group if no column name is specified. Otherwise, count the number of rows in the group with non-NULL values in the specified column.

      count 组内的数量,* 是所有,指定了列就是 non-NULL 的行

    2. Without a specified grouping, each aggregate function is going to run on the whole set of result rows and return a single value.

      如果不带 grouping 的话,就是在整个表上计算,返回一个结果

    3. In addition to the simple expressions that we introduced last lesson, SQL also supports the use of aggregate expressions (or functions) that allow you to summarize information about a group of rows of data.

      aggregation 是聚合一系列的行

    1. Sometimes, it's also not possible to avoid NULL values, as we saw in the last lesson when outer-joining two tables with asymmetric data.

      有时候 null 是不可避免的,比如 join 的时候两张表的 asymmetric

    1. In such cases, SQL provides a convenient way to discard rows that have a duplicate column value by using the DISTINCT keyword.

      distinct the combination or the first following column?

      answer: the combination

    2. Another clause which is commonly used with the ORDER BY clause are the LIMIT and OFFSET clauses, which are a useful optimization to indicate to the database the subset of the results you care about. The LIMIT will reduce the number of rows to return, and the optional OFFSET will specify where to begin counting the number rows from.

      limit 限制 return 的行数 offset 制定从哪开始 count row

      offset 从 1 开始:limit 1 offset 1 返回第二个

    3. When an ORDER BY clause is specified, each row is sorted alpha-numerically based on the specified column's value. In some databases, you can also specify a collation to better sort data containing international text.

      by default it's sorted alpha-numerically

      some db provide collation for better sorting for i18n text, but what?

    1. Some of the buildings are new, so they don't have any employees in them yet, but we need to find some information about them regardless.

      this is an example of growing independently:

      new building can be without employees

    2. You might see queries with these joins written as LEFT OUTER JOIN, RIGHT OUTER JOIN, or FULL OUTER JOIN, but the OUTER keyword is really kept for SQL-92 compatibility and these queries are simply equivalent to LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN respectively.

      outer 关键字是和 SQL-92 兼容,等同于不写

    3. When joining table A to table B, a LEFT JOIN simply includes rows from A regardless of whether a matching row is found in B. The RIGHT JOIN is the same, but reversed, keeping rows in B regardless of whether a match is found in A. Finally, a FULL JOIN simply means that rows from both tables are kept, regardless of whether a matching row exists in the other table.

      left join right join full join

    1. For example, the arts can connect to school concerns such as character education/bullying, collaboration, habits of mind, or multiple intelligences.

      I love that the arts can be used to describe various topics!!

    2. By their nature, the arts engage students in learning through observing, listening, and moving and offer learners various ways to acquire information and act on it to build understanding

      This is an amazing idea that arts can provide to us in the classroom. It is so awesome that these skills are all used to help students gain a better understanding.

    1. You might see queries where the INNER JOIN is written simply as a JOIN. These two are equivalent, but we will continue to refer to these joins as inner-joins because they make the query easier to read once you start using other types of joins,

      inner join is join

    2. and allows for data in the database to grow independently of each other (ie. Types of car engines can grow independent of each type of car). As a trade-off, queries get slightly more complex since they have to be able to find data from different parts of the database, and performance issues can arise when working with many large tables.

      normalization pros and cons

    1. June 13, 2019
      1. This article was written in 2019 in June. The context of this is important because it was written during pride month when maybe the trans community was getting more attention (positive and negative) than usual and the author wrote this article to speak up.
    2. and reflects the views of the author
      1. The author is Simone D Sun. This line shows that they are very passionate about what they are writing about and all of the writing is based around their research and written in their perspective
    3. After the primordium forms, SRY—a gene on the Y chromosome discovered in 1990, thanks to the participation of intersex XX males and XY females—might be activated.*
      1. this line speaks to the genre because the genre is scientific. The author uses a lot of research, quotes experts, and uses scientific rhetoric to defend their claims
    4. The popular belief that your sex arises only from your chromosomal makeup is wrong.The truth is, your biological sex isn’t carved in stone, but a living system with the potential for change.
      1. The purpose of this speech is to help people understand that biology and chromosomes are a lot more complicated than they appear on the surface. This links science to the transgender experience
    5. Nearly everyone in middle school biology learned that if you’ve got XX chromosomes, you’re a female; if you’ve got XY, you’re a male. T
      1. This line directly reflects who the intended audience is. The author assumes that the audience will be people who have a very basic understanding of how biology and chromosomes work. She references a simple fact that "Nearly everyone.. learned" and then goes on to base her arguments around this fact.
    6. Contrary to popular belief, scientific research helps us better understand the unique and real transgender experience. Specifically, through three subjects: (1) genetics, (2) neurobiology and (3) endocrinology. So, hold onto your parts, whatever they may be. It’s time for “the talk.”
      1. This line states the subject of the article, previewing what the main points will be. It summarizes that the text will cover how scientific research relates to the transgender experience. By doing this, it will effectively rebut the misinformation that the author claims is being spread.
    7. Antiscientific sentiment bombards our politics, or so says the Intellectual Dark Web (IDW)

      3.This first line shows the exigence of the article, or what motivated the author to write this article. It essentially stemmed from groups on the internet spreading hateful, false rhetoric in order to influence the opinions of their readers. The author of this article, however, recognized the potential dangers of this, and therefore, wrote this article.

    8. The real world consequences are stacking up: the trans military ban, bathroom bills, and removal of workplace and medical discrimination protections, a 41-51 percent suicide attempt rate and targeted fatal violence .
      1. It is important to know about the time, place, and culture of which the text was written because these are real world problems that are happening right now. Its important that these hate acts stop and the suicide attempt rate goes down.
    1. We should note that while most database implementations are quite efficient when using these operators, full-text search is best left to dedicated libraries like Apache Lucene or Sphinx.

      数据库避免全文搜索对吗?

      Apache Lucene 和 Sphinx 是啥?

    2. IN (…) String exists in a list col_name IN ("A", "B", "C") NOT IN (…) String does not exist in a list col_name NOT IN ("D", "E", "F")

      in and not in also for text data

    3. _ Used anywhere in a string to match a single character (only with LIKE or NOT LIKE) col_name LIKE "AN_" (matches "AND", but not "AN")

      _ is for one character used with like, not like

    4. % Used anywhere in a string to match a sequence of zero or more characters (only with LIKE or NOT LIKE) col_name LIKE "%AT%" (matches "AT", "ATTIC", "CAT" or even "BATS")

      used with like, not like 0 or more characters

    1. In addition to making the results more manageable to understand, writing clauses to constrain the set of rows returned also allows the query to run faster due to the reduction in unnecessary data being returned.

      返回的行数少了,SQL 就快了是吗?

    2. BETWEEN … AND … Number is within range of two values (inclusive) col_name BETWEEN 1.5 AND 10.5 NOT BETWEEN … AND … Number is not within range of two values (inclusive) col_name NOT BETWEEN 1 AND 10

      between ... and ... and not between ... and ...

      used for numerical data inclusive

    1. My colleagues and I at Sourcegraph are firmly in the camp that believes that you are the agent who will wrangle the task graph, above the level of the leaf nodes. We believe the wrangler will be human, not a model. We are not sitting around to wait for the research on autonomous agent

      He seems to have shifted that position over the last year (Gas Town and other efforts)

    1. And due to its simplicity, SQL databases provide safe and scalable storage for millions of websites and mobile applications.

      不太理解为什么 SQL 数据库是 safe 和 scale 的

      和存文件来比?

    1. bát cháo hành của thị Nở làm hắn suy nghĩ nhiều

      Bát cháo hành là biểu hiện của sự quan tâm giản dị nhưng có sức đánh thức phần người còn sót lại trong Chí Phèo

    2. Tức mình hắn chửi ngay tất cả làng Vũ Ðại. Nhưng cả làng Vũ Ðại ai cũng nhủ, "Chắc nó trừ mình ra!" Không ai lên tiếng cả.

      Tiếng chửi của Chí Phèo thể hiện sự cô độc của một con người bị xã hội ruồng bỏ

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