Techniques for developing commonality among individuals can include running primers for people new to ed tech, explicitly bringing multidisciplinary perspectives to bear on tech issues, having common problems to address, crowd-sourcing principles, and so on. This is akin to making the suitcase items individual while also making their combined contents mutually useful. The approach is to reach some form of consensus, but that consensus itself is fluid and changeable, varying over time and location, just as the contents of the suitcase will vary depending on specific trips.

Clay Shirky’s influential book on collective action in the digital age, Here Comes Everybody, had an important subtitle: The Power of Organizing without Organizations.

As sociologist Doug McAdam and others have explored, tactical innovation is crucial for movements over the long term.

These others may challenge the de facto spokespersons, but the movements have few means to resolve their issues or make deci-sions. In some ways, digital technologies deepen the ever-existing tension between collective will and individual expression within movements, and between expressive moments of rebellion and the longer-term strategies requiring instrumental and tactical shifts.

Similar-looking moments and activities—large marches, big protests, occu-pations—do not represent the same points in the trajectories of the net-worked movements as they did in movements organized along traditional models and without digital tools.

Some large tech behemoths could hypothetically shoulder the enormous financial burden of handling hundreds of new lawsuits if they suddenly became responsible for the random things their users say, but it would not be possible for a small nonprofit like Signal to continue to operate within the United States. Tech companies and organizations may be forced to relocate, and new startups may choose to begin in other countries instead.

In a strong school culture, leaders communicate directly with teachers, administrators, counselors, and families, who also all communicate directly with each other.

The Committee on Coherence at Scale, sponsored by CLIR, analyzes emerging national-scale digital projects and their potential to help transform higher education in terms of scholarly productivity, teaching, cost-efficiency, and sustainability.

“Tribes of affection matter,” Kaptur says. “Whether it’s work-related, or a vets’ organization, or church, neighborhood, neighborhood businesses—they’re all evaporating. It’s the disappearance of everything they’ve worked for. Their identity, really.”

10 Questions to Ask Yourself Before Moving into Management