E2B LoRA：8-10GB 显存即可训练

Models get punished for bad advice but face zero penalty for staying silent. So refusing becomes the safest strategy, even when silence is deadly.

Meta says its rebuilt pretraining stack can reach equivalent capability with >10× less compute than Llama 4 Maverick

On a single H200 GPU with 1.5TB host memory, MegaTrain reliably trains models up to 120B parameters.

Support teams are high volume and high turnover, and thus need to train new reps in a fast and standardized way. To do so, they have clearly articulated standard operating procedures (SOPs) that guide the work of each rep. These SOPs create clear rules and guidelines that AI agents can model themselves off of.

Emotion vector activations across post-training

Emotion vector activations across post-training

Even if AI developers do not intentionally train the LLM to represent the Assistant as exhibiting emotional behaviors, it may do so regardless, generalizing from its knowledge of humans and anthropomorphic characters that it learned during pretraining.

A three-stage progressive training strategy -- large-scale pre-training, hard sample fine-tuning, and GRPO alignment -- sequentially exploits these data at different quality tiers.

SOTA models of different architectures and parameter scales exhibit highly consistent failure patterns on the same set of hard samples, suggesting that the performance bottleneck stems from shared deficiencies in training data rather than architecture itself.

If we knew that every image uploaded was a beautiful model shot, segmentation would be far easier, but because of the nature of user-uploaded content, we need the best possible segmentation.

The researchers noted that the barriers that stood between integration and teaching of religion and spirituality within training programs rested on various dynamics, such as lack of faculty knowledge, faculty disinterest, seeing religion/spirituality as simply cultural identity, and faculty bias and resistance.

AI models are grown rather than built

science of interpretability

For example, AI models are trained on vast amounts of literature that include many science-fiction stories involving AIs rebelling against humanity.

a civilization’s worth of texts

▶ 糖尿病の運動のはなし

those whose senses have been trained to distinguish between good and evil.

reading and writing naturally come after speaking only because speaking follows closely on the heels of understanding yeah so what do you focus on build your understanding

you're just doing listening and we're later gonna do speaking when are we gonna do reading and writing how

you've been doing it online have you found any difficulties translating on translating it to an online system

how did that translate into a classroom situation

Develop your group working skills

And this is one of the big problems right now— [pointing at the slide] tukdam regularly occurs in non-experts, right? You find, you know, people who are not great trained tantric practitioners who know all the commentaries and, you know, who aren't even monks or nuns— who are just ordinary lay people—and they go into "tukdam."

what we have found quite remarkably is that when a person trains their mind their well-being improves and their brain changes uh and not just the brain but many other things in their mind and body also change

In the first volume of his autobiography, Philosopher atLarge, Adler reminisced:During the late forties and early fifties, I was frequently asked by oneinstitution or another to meet with a curriculum committee whichhad been set up to reform the collegiate course of study. On suchoccasions, I laid out a set of negative conditions which I regarded asprerequisite to any reform aimed in the right direction ... The condi-tions were as follows: (1) there should be no vocational training ofany sort; (2) there should be no electives, no majors or minors, nospecialization in subject matter; (3) there should be no division ofthe faculty into professors competent in one department of learn-ing rather than another; (4) no member of the faculty should beunprepared to teach the course of study as a whole; (5) no textbooksor manuals should be assigned as reading material for the students;(6) not more than one lecture a week should be given to the studentbody; (7) there should be no written examination.33

essentially what we're doing is you know is taking the best technology of the East and the west and bringing them together

the bodh SATA path is what is the structure and practice that allows the soul to become embodied

when this technology meets it that we're not that our Interiors are not completely taken over because this technology is so potent when it you know it be very easy to lose our souls right to to to to decondition to be so conditioned so quickly by the dopamine whatever these you know whatever is going to happen when we kind of when this stuff rolls

what is our offering to this fourth turning because this is the you know the fourth training is a planetary process so it's not you know it's not us but what is our offering so essentially um you know it is a an education in in the the where psychology and spirituality meet

just going back to the AI to the extent that the that the fourth turning meets the people who are actually doing the AI and informs the AI that actually the wheel goes this way don't listen to those guys it goes this way

the model collapse paper now suggests that the training data created by well-managed communities could be the new currency of collective intelligence.

for example our standard english language model is trained with something like maybe 100 gigabytes or so of text um that gives it a strength as if you would throw bird at it with the google corpus so the other thing is of course uh a small corpus like that is computed in two hours or three hours on a on a laptop yeah so that's the other thing uh by the way i didn't mention our fingerprints are actually a boolean so when we when we train as i said we are not using floating points

we basically grow models of let's say same quality like all the others by using thousand time or ten thousand times less training data

in that bitmap representation at the end i can look at every position in my bitmap and i can refer it back explicitly to the bits of reference information that i trained it with

Tlaxcala, an indigenous city-state in Central America, was a democracy with a strongly egalitarian ethos. People appointed to their city council had to go through a gruelling initiation process aimed at instilling an attitude of self-deprecation and subordination to the will of the citizens they served.

suppose that GPT 4 training took 3 months in 2027 a leading AI lab will be able to train a GPT 4 00:18:19 level model in a minute

A major implication of the lack of effective training is thatstudents are often left to struggle through disjointed, flawedlearning experiences while using LMSs during a class.

I feel violated, cheated upon, betrayed, and exploited.

What could possibly go wrong? Dear Stack Overflow denizens, thanks for helping train OpenAI's billion-dollar LLMs. Seems that many have been drinking the AI koolaid or mixing psychedelics into their happy tea. So much for being part of a "community", seems that was just happy talk for "being exploited to generate LLM training data..." The corrupting influence of the profit-motive is never far away.

If you ask ChatGPT to cite it will provide random citations. That's different from actually training a model to cite (e.g. use supervised finetuning on citations with human raters checking whether sources match, which would also allow you to verify how accurately a model cites). This is something OpenAI could do, it just doesn't.

We train our models using:

Each operator, though initially hired asa temp, and, in some cases, no more than high-school-educated, isthe survivor of a rigorous two-week training program. (Most hiresdo not make it through training.)

How I Broke a Vicious Cycle To Get Into The BEST Shape Of My Life

Family First Prevention Services Act: Judicial and Legal Practice ConsiderationsAfter a Petition is Filed: Child in Foster CareSeptember 15, 2021

Family First Prevention Services Act: Judicial and Legal Practice ConsiderationsBefore a Petition is Filed: Prevention ServicesSeptember 1, 2021

@jarrodcarter1466 1 year ago I agree with everything you said Chris: Additionally, the recipe to build baritone range for me has been: 1) stretch and strengthen your falsetto as high as you can every day 2) stretch your falsetto down to well under the passagio with descending scales over your chest voice to help your transition to mixed voice become smooth and eliminate ascending blockages 3) do the Messa di Voce exercise as often as you can. It teaches you placement and to thread the power of your chest voice through your falsetto 4) understand that your voice should get weaker over the course of a session as the muscles fatigue. It should never get sore 5) sing lots of high songs exclusively in falsetto to strengthen the often neglected head voice muscles 6) avoid singing songs that reinforce bad technique. You should never reach a high note that you can't strain up from. Your voice should get thinner and weaker as it ascends and not hit blockages. Songs that give you a strained high-note ceiling should be avoided.

this other sort of development also happened in the last couple years just clip models um and this enables us to do predictive 00:09:47 modeling across domains um what do I mean by that it means that you can understand and provide the model information in one modality and it can essentially translate it into another

For a socially and economically sustainable growth path, the labor displacement in the sectors ofapplication must be counterbalanced by job creation within the same and other sector

according to Husserl, the epoche is dramatic. It's something that changes suddenly your state of consciousness. It's not something cheap. He says, phenomenology implies a complete 00:17:02 self-transformation which can be compared to a religious conversion. You see things completely differently when you have performed an epoche. This epoche is radical. It's immediate and so on.

Megan KearsleyFamily UnitCourt Improvement Program CoordinatorState Court Administrator’s Officemegan.kearsley@judicial.state.co.usCristina Ritchie Cooper, Esq.Senior AttorneyABA Center on Children and the Lawcristina.cooper@americanbar.orgJennifer Mullenbach, Esq.Deputy County AttorneyCounty Attorney's Officejmullenb@co.jefferson.co.usAshley Chase, Esq.Staff Attorney & Legislative LiaisonOffice of the Child’s Representativeashleychase@coloradochildrep.orgAlison Butler, Esq.Carrie Ann Lucas Disability Advocacy DirectorOffice of Respondent Parents Counselabutler@coloradoorpc.org

The information in this section was developed by the Colorado Department of Human Services and the Colorado Human Services Directors Association for Colorado's Family First Implementation Guide for County Directors.

using the best availablescience, to maximize physical and psychological safety, facilitate the recovery of thechild and family, and support their ability to thrive.”

Caseworkers must be familiar with evidence-based programs and services available to children, youth,and families that reside in your community. Caseworkers not only need to know what services areavailable, but also the target population and desired outcomes of these services so they can makeappropriate referrals. Family First eligibility should not be a driver of these decisions, but rather theneeds and goals of the child, youth and family

Remember ChatGPT? It is going to do to the white collar world what robotics and offshoring did to blue collar America. So maybe this isn't the best time to be abandoning the Humanities to focus on vocational training?

I doubtthat, if it were possible to arouse real interest in cowmanshipand its various contexts "and to train up a generation of ac-complished cowboys through the educational system, itwould be in the public interest to dedicate the educationalsystem to this purpose.

So if you have a president 01:19:36 or a prime minister who's won an election, there's no training, there's no oversight, there's no scrutiny other than journalists from the outside. There's often not a criminal background check for politicians before an election. And yet when you end up as a tour guide, you have all sorts of safeguarding, you have training.

Policymakers should perhaps learn more from the Finns, who avoid imposing‘teacher-proof’ approaches on their schools. Instead, they cleave to their respectfor the teacher’s knowledge, skill, and professionalism. In Finland, teaching is ahighly sought-after career; teachers are universally respected, paid well, and areall educated to Master’s degree level. They are trusted to do a good job...and thetrust pays off: even using the most formal measures of success, the Finns’ resultsare among the best in the world.

Unlike many developed countries, the United States lacks a national curriculum or teacher-training standards. Local policies change constantly, as governors, school boards, mayors and superintendents flow in and out of jobs.

A book is defined as a published title with more than 49 pages.

raining series for judges and attorneys on specific content relevant to each phase of a case (Before a Petition is Filed, After a Petition is Filed and a Child or Youth Enters Foster Care, and During a Child or Youth’s Transition f rom Foster Care)

he entire assessment process fromthe time of referral to the completed assessment summary is completed within 14 days. Ideallythe process should be completed before placement, but it must be completed within 10 businessdays of placement if that’s not possible.

The Family FirstPrevention Services Actin ColoradoAN IMPLEMENTATION GUIDEFOR COUNTY DIRECTORS

caseworkers in Trails will be promptedto complete an individualized prevention plan for each child or youth identified. That plan is currentlytitled the Treatment/Prevention Plan a

In Trails, caseworkers must fill out the IV-E CandidacyDetermination Form (Job Aide) to determine whether a child or youth is a “candidate for preventionservices.

He was 96.

When considering a request for removal, ask if the agency madereasonable efforts to prevent removal, which may include providingfederally supported prevention services.• If reasonable efforts have not been made, consider court orders forprevention services that may allow the child to remain safely at home.• Consider relevance of prevention services outside dependency &neglect context. Who else could benefit from prevention upstream?

If reasonable efforts were not made, request a “no reasonable efforts”finding and an order returning the child to the family with appropriateservices.

If the child is removed, request a copy of the family’s prevention plan (orother reflection of prevention services) to review what the agency offeredand whether reasonable efforts have been made to prevent removal

Reasonable efforts to prevent removal: If a petition must be filed afterservices provided, prepare evidence of the prevention services offeredand used as an element of the agency’s reasonable efforts.

Family First Prevention Services ActQualified Residential Treatment Program Bench Card

The American Professional Society on theAbuse of Children (APSAC) suggests thatthese children and families deserve anapproach that is collaborative, respectful,and includes interventions that are most likelyto lead to outcomes on family-identifiedand programmatic goals. This individualizedapproach is a focused, assessment-driven, andscience-informed approach that both favorsplans

Principles for Matching Change Strategies and/or Interventions to Key Desired Outcome

emphasized throughout this manual, it is crucial that agencies support families to receive tailored interventions or change strategies based on the families’ unique strengths and needs, best available research, practice exper-tise, and available resources

rendered by a “qualified clinician.”

The Family First Prevention Services Act of 2018A Guide for the Legal Community

assessment process, the caseworker must arrange a "Family and Permanency Team meeting”

placement provides the most effective level of care

Counties will continue to use Child Welfare Block, Core and County-onlyfunding to provide services that best meet the needs of theircommunities

FEDERAL REQUIREMENTS FORPREVENTION SERVICES

COLORADO IMPLEMENTATIONCORE VALUES

FEDERAL PREVENTION SERVICESTO KEEP FAMILIES TOGETHER

preventionservices that are evidence-based

FAMILY FIRST 101

A full psychosocial assessment:•Face to Face with child•Meets with family•Connects with collateral informants: schools, GALs, religious leaders, case workers, current/previous providers, DYS•Reviews documentation: hospital discharges, DYS assessments, school assessments, etc.•Attends Family and Permanency Meeting•Uses the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strengths (CANS) tool to help identify goals, guide decisions making•The Assessor must specify why the needs of the child cannot be met by the family of the child or in a foster family home or any other level of care•The lack of availability of a lower level of care is not a justification for QRTP services

FAMILY FIRST IMPLEMENTATION

The court must then “determine and approve” the QRTP placement within 60 days and find that the placement provides the most effective, least restrictive level of care, and is consistent with the permanency plan. If any party objects to QRTP placement or the independent assessment does not recommend QRTP level of care, the court hearing must be within 30 days of placement instead of 60. Judges, magistrates and other judicial system partners (Dependency and Neglect and Delinquency) have access to training on Colorado’s QRTP Benchcard and the independent assessment process. County directors also have access to QRTP Benchcard training specific to child welfare practice.

In addition to prevention services supportedthrough Family First, what other services does theagency have to offer the family to prevent the needfor removal (e.g., housing assistance, child careassistance, food security, legal services to addressunmet legal needs)?

While older youth, like younger children, usually come into care for multiple reasons, the most common reasons for older youth are the Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System (AFCARS) categories of neglect, child behavior problem, and caretaker inability to cope. Effective prevention services for older youth will need to respond to these removal reasons and likely need to enlist the behavioral health system to formulate effective interventions.

Below are a few examples for attorneys who represent children and parents to consider in their trial court and appellate advocacy. Enforce the reasonable efforts provisions. Federal law requires the child welfare agency make reasonable efforts to prevent placement of children in foster care and to finalize the permanency plan if the child is placed. A recent article by Jerry Milner and David Kelly of the Children’s Bureau reinforced the experience of many: The reasonable efforts provisions are not often invoked to leverage service delivery at the trial court or fair hearing level or at the appellate level, so that obligation can be clarified and enforced. Enforce the requirements for fair hearings. Attorneys should advocate zealously for reasonable efforts to prevent removal or, if the facts warrant, for a finding that reasonable efforts have not been made. Federal law and regulation require that states provide a mechanism for fair hearings for denials of service and benefits under Title IV-E. Failure to provide appropriate pre-placement prevention services are among the issues that can be challenged in a fair hearing. Fair hearings provide an additional forum to consider challenges that could result in the improvement of prevention and reunification services for families with older youth who are not being served in a manner that responds to their needs. Because the FFPSA funds only two categories of prevention services and requires that they be evidence-based, the reasonable efforts requirement continues to be a vital legal requirement that can help ensure specific prevention services to families. When lawyers bring challenges in a coordinated way (such as organized efforts to identify cases for appeals and fair hearings), they can move jurisdictions to prioritize investments in prevention.

Below are a few examples for attorneys who represent children and parents to consider in their trial court and appellate advocacy. Enforce the reasonable efforts provisions. Federal law requires the child welfare agency make reasonable efforts to prevent placement of children in foster care and to finalize the permanency plan if the child is placed. A recent article by Jerry Milner and David Kelly of the Children’s Bureau reinforced the experience of many: The reasonable efforts provisions are not often invoked to leverage service delivery at the trial court or fair hearing level or at the appellate level, so that obligation can be clarified and enforced. Enforce the requirements for fair hearings. Attorneys should advocate zealously for reasonable efforts to prevent removal or, if the facts warrant, for a finding that reasonable efforts have not been made. Federal law and regulation require that states provide a mechanism for fair hearings for denials of service and benefits under Title IV-E. Failure to provide appropriate pre-placement prevention services are among the issues that can be challenged in a fair hearing. Fair hearings provide an additional forum to consider challenges that could result in the improvement of prevention and reunification services for families with older youth who are not being served in a manner that responds to their needs. Because the FFPSA funds only two categories of prevention services and requires that they be evidence-based, the reasonable efforts requirement continues to be a vital legal requirement that can help ensure specific prevention services to families. When lawyers bring challenges in a coordinated way (such as organized efforts to identify cases for appeals and fair hearings), they can move jurisdictions to prioritize investments in prevention.

Family First requires that states ensure that, “consistent with the agency’s five-year title IV-E prevention plan, section 471(e)(4)(B) of the Social Security Act requires the title IV-E agency [CDHS] to provide services or programs to or on behalf of a child under an organizational structure and treatment framework that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma and in accordance with recognized principles of a trauma-informed approach and trauma-specific interventions to address trauma’s consequences and facilitate healing.”

Family First requires that states ensure that, “consistent with the agency’s five-year title IV-E prevention plan, section 471(e)(4)(B) of the Social Security Act requires the title IV-E agency [CDHS] to provide services or programs to or on behalf of a child under an organizational structure and treatment framework that involves understanding, recognizing, and responding to the effects of all types of trauma and in accordance with recognized principles of a trauma-informed approach and trauma-specific interventions to address trauma’s consequences and facilitate healing.”

months and a youth 13 or older is in care for 12 consecutive or 18 non-consecutive months.These ongoing oversight requirements exist to ensure that children are in a QRTP only as long asis necessary to meet their treatment needs. The level of acuity of care that a QRTP offers isdesigned to serve as an intensive and time-limited intervention, not a long-term placement.Evidence demonstrates that children fare best in families,

Is there no limit on QRTP placement length if the placement is continuallyassessed and confirmed by the court and approved by HHS at the appropriateintervals?While Family First does not create a hard deadline for moving children out of a QRTP

Title IV-E eligible children must receive an assessment within 30 days of placement in a QRTP.The Children’s Bureau has indicated that the 30-day timeline begins when a child enters aQRTP

Family First requires a QRTP to provide discharge planning and family-based aftercare supportfor at least six months post-discharge.

How is the child’s family involved in assessment process?Family First requires that, as part of the assessment to determine whether a QRTP is anappropriate setting for a child, the Title IV-E agency work to convene a family and permanencyteam to provide input on the process of determining the most appropriate and least restrictiveenvironment for the child. The purpose of this team is to ensure that those adults closest to achild and who best know the child’s needs can share their perspectives as part of the process ofdetermining the most appropriate setting for the child. A family and permanency team mustconsist of all of a child’s appropriate birth family members, relatives, and other individuals whohave an emotionally significant relationship with the child but are unrelated by birth or marriage,known as fictive kin. The team must also include, as appropriate, professionals who are aresource to the child’s family, including teachers, medical or mental health providers who havetreated the child, or clergy. The team’s role is to provide input during the assessment process,particularly during the determination of whether a child’s needs can be met with family membersor in a foster family home, or if not, what type of non-family setting is appropriate to meet theirneeds. The team also helps to develop a list of child-specific short- and long-term mental andbehavioral health goals. To ensure the voice and perspective of youth is a part of this process, forchildren 14 and older, the team must include individuals that the young person selects from theirpermanency planning team as required by Sec. 475(5)(C)(iv). This youth engagement practicebuilds upon pre-existing policies in federal law that promote youth engagement (See Youthengagement in case plans - what Federal Law Requires). The qualified individual conducting theassessment will work with the family and permanency team when making the assessment.[§475A(c)(1)(B)(i); P.L. 115-123 §50742

What happens if a jurisdiction places a child in a QRTP, but the assessmentdetermines that is not an appropriate setting for them?Title IV-E FCMPs may continue for no longer than 30 days following a determination that theplacement is no longer recommended or approved for that child.

Are there requirements that the Title IV-E agency document how it engaged thefamily in the assessment process?Family First requires that a child’s case plan include documentation on how to contact the familyand permanency team members, as well as evidence that the meetings are held at times andplaces convenient to the family. If a child’s assessment outcome is different than the wishes of

the family and permanency team, the case plan must also outline why the assessment does notrecommend those preferences. [§475A(c)(1)(B)(iii)(VII); P.L. 115-123 §50742]

What new support does Family First provide to help reunify children with theirfamilies?Family First eliminates, as of October 1, 2018, the current 15-month time limit on the use ofTitle IV-B funds for family reunification services for children in foster care. However, it alsoclarifies that a child returning home also will now have access to 15 months of familyreunification. Accordingly, the law also changes the name of the program from “Time-LimitedFamily Reunification Services” to “Family Reunification Services.” [

As part of the QRTP model, Family First creates a new process for ensuring that a Title IV-Eeligible child needs the level of treatment intervention that a QRTP offers. Within 30 days ofentering a QRTP, a child must receive an assessment from a qualified individual using anappropriate functional assessment tool to determine whether they need care in a QRTP andwhether that particular QRTP can meet their specific treatment needs. The purpose of thisprocess is to acknowledge that QRTPs are a treatment intervention, and that through the processof specialization, not every QRTP will be appropriate for each child’s specific needs

Effective training of assessment professionals in child development, childtrauma, and the types of particular QRTPs and how they meet the needs of individual childrenwill be essential to the effective implementation of this aspect of Family First.

What if our jurisdiction does not have anyone available who meets the qualifiedindividual criteria?There is a process for Title IV-E agencies to obtain from the HHS Secretary a waiver from therequirement that a qualified individual conduct the assessment. Title IV-E agencies must submitdocumentation to the HHS Secretary certifying that trained professionals or licensed cliniciansconducting these assessments shall maintain objectivity in determining the most effective andappropriate placement for a child. This certification process is required to prevent conflicts ofinterest in placing children in QRTPs

What organizations can accredit a QRTP?A QRTP can receive accreditation from the Joint Commission on Accreditation of HealthcareOrganizations, the Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation Facilities, or the Council onAccreditation. The HHS Secretary may also choose to approve other independent, not-for-profitaccrediting bodies. [§472(k)(4)(G); P.L. 115-123 §50741]

Program eligibility requirements:o Mental health services, substance use services, or parenting skillso Evidence-based & trauma-informed

Family First Prevention Services Act:Judicial and Legal Practice ConsiderationsBefore a Petition is Filed: Prevention ServicesSeptember 1, 2021

Children’s Bureau leadership has noted court’s important role inprevention efforts:o“[J]udges and attorneys play absolutely critical roles inprevention in and out of the courtroom”; andoEnhanced attention to reasonable efforts will have a “rippleeffect across the justice system. Prevention is the work of thecourts.” - Jerry Milner, Former Assoc. Comm., Children’s Bureau, HHS

If you are appointed after a petition for removal is filed, advocate forprevention services for the parent, kinship caregiver, or child to be offered asan alternative to removal

LaMDA was not designed as a writing tool. LaMDA was explicitly trained to respond safely and sensibly to whomever it’s engaging with.

The workshop cohort consisted of 13 professional writers, who were given 8 weeks to use Wordcraft. Unlike more constrained user studies run in the past, we gave writers freedom to write anything they wanted using any workflow they could devise. We share below some of the insights we learned through this process.

Human capital consists of those skills and resources that eachof us brings into the labor market. They include the quantity and quality ofeducation we have attained, job training received, acquired skills and experi-ence, aptitudes and abilities, and so on.

I do not like to do empirical work if I can possibly avoidit. It m e a n s a great deal of trouble if one has no staff; if onedoes e m p l o y a staff, then the staff is often more troublethan the work itself. Moreover, they leave as soon as theyhave b e e n trained and made useful.

Fortunately, it doesn’t take special talent or training or even a lot of time to teach in the same way that star managers do. Simply follow the precedent they’ve set. Learn what to teach, when to teach, and how to make your lessons stick.

Learn Data Science from IIT Madras faculty & Industry experts and earn a Data Science certification from India's best Engineering College. Become a Data Scientist through multiple data Science courses covered in this 7-month data science certification program with hands-on exercises & Project work.

In a study carried out by Susan Goldin-Meadow and colleagues at theUniversity of Chicago, a group of adults was recruited to watch video recordingsof children solving conservation problems, like the water-pouring task weencountered earlier. They were then offered some basic information aboutgesture: that gestures often convey important information not found in speech,and that they could attend not only to what people say with their words but alsoto what they “say” with their hands. It was suggested that they could payparticular attention to the shape of a hand gesture, to the motion of a handgesture, and to the placement of a hand gesture. After receiving these simpleinstructions, study subjects watched the videos once more. Before the briefgesture training, the observing adults identified only around 30 to 40 percent ofinstances when children displayed emerging knowledge in their gestures; afterreceiving the training, their hit rate shot up to about 70 percent.

Only recently has "memory training" become a butt of ridicule and a refuge of charlatans.

課上多次強調Plagiarism, quotation, paraphrasing的差別，也在課程中了解到Quotation和Paraphrasing的使用方法與時機，明辨這三種的區別在往後無論是報告、中英論文或是撰寫任何的文章都十分重要，畢竟學術不端是一件嚴重且不道德的事，須極力避免。

As online and blended learning become more common, it is important for instructor resources, such as those provided by Centers for Teaching and Learning (CTL), to work on providing pedagogical training that can be applied across modalities