romourJaintlatteroflaatfallyouwillinfarthatI.th1nkitbest,&desirennberemovadfromthisstationonaccountatSomeprejudicesagainatme,here,inthemindsofacmeoftheBnhnd.-I.stillthinkthegem
Ely wants to leave Fond du Lac because some of the Board has prejudices against him being there
oreoftheIndianswishtosettledownasisnowantio-ipated,andshonldthe.missionbenomoreinterrupedinitscoursebytheIndianshostilities,threemalemissionariesmightbeveryprofitablyemployedat
Ayer is misleading in his attempts to appease Greene
oubtlessalltheFamiliesoverwhomanyinfluencehasbeenex~ertedbythemissionwillgo.Thereisbutlittleprospectthateven8or3childrenfromtheFortcouldbegatheredforaschoolastheclerkwilltakehisfamilywithhim;.and,asisnowthecalculation,onebepladedhere,whohasnochildrenforschool.Itisnotneces—saryIpresumetotouchonotherpointshintedatinthejointlet—ter.Brsno
Ayer says the school at Fond du Lac isn't promising in terms of attendance
Therehavebeann9indianaenoampedherewithén6‘0£‘V'H63k63'&ndnhene»p£obablyJ3ill—beLanaauxiugtn;win$er;to~remainanylanghh___cftime,Th
no Ojibwe camping near Fond du Lac still
1gnawedthepaymentatLunest,area:nearitsanmmenwiththeHiasipRive}.nbersUtamareganazalaanzéfaetianthanwasapprehended-—themwagbimettnemerymanab.ahild---theyfellEbertfarthewomen,‘bun”fned§fte¢au6y*wat-madaup~£athoudawTherewasaIargésapply-ofHEmEmjun%n%Qnr&~nbbq
Missions are still providing for the Ojibwe
IlegitL8Points»13ml“ofAug.&arrivedhereonthe11th¢~£oundnheEndsinaSkate6?unusualexcitemenn,&exasperationagainns[£333thewhiteswhphadcomeintonhecounnryfarthepurpase0fcuttingluMBer
Boutwell came to Pokegoma from La Pointe and encountered the same mindsets from the Ojibwe
heérspeakerthenreplied"Itistree&wedonotwishyoutoleavethecount
the Ojibwe understand that if the Missionaries leave the area they will most likely die
AtthistimeaprofessedlyfriéndlyIndtoldmenha$hiscountrymenhadbeenholdingacoEulneil&hadasterminedtadriveallthewhites£30mthepumehasedtémriboxythattheyweregoing£0killallcuraéntle&ifwewerestillherewhenthayhadkilled&eatenthemnhey[woulalkillusgMéantimetheywereinsistentintheexitemetheydiénotintendtoenterourhousewithouttheirdrawnknives0rwaralubsinnheirhands&snillcentinuednebagforfood.
Seymour says a Native told him that they were planning on driving the white people out of the land
nhattheyhadanindisputableclaimheourpity,
Seymour thinks that the Natives think that they have a right to Christian pity
eshouldnotbesurprizedifthedisaffectedstateoffeelingamongtheIndiansshouldsoincreasethatitwouldheunadtisaiietoreestablishatLeechLake,buteventoabandonPokegc
It sounds like Ayer and Ely want to be done
heAm.FurCoareabouttoreestablishatradinghouseatL.LakeinchargeofMrWmDavenport,formerlyincharg
AFC is about to open trade port at Leech Lake
twastheopinionoftheBrethren,lastspring,thatLeechLakewasamorehopefulfieldthanthisplace&thatideahasbeforethemthatitmightbeexpedienttodiscontinuethis,&reoccupythatsta—tion.B
Leech Lake is more hopeful than Fond du Lac
derallthesecircumstances,thequestionisseriouslypre—sentedtoourmindswhetherweareSpendingourstrengthtothebestedVentageinsinencingtheKingdomofchri
Ayer is questioning whether or not the Board is wise to continue operating at Fond du Lac
SomelatemeasuresoftheAmFurCaAtoEiewallthemeetineustriousandenterprisingiggmhereanddrewethersaw
AFC is affecting population surrounding the missions
rejudicesagainstusasAmericanshaveverymuchin,creasedandstrengthenedsincetheTr
prejudices against the white people elevated after the treaty
heschonlsinceitsestablishmenthasbeenmadeupprincipal—lyofhalfbreedCatholicchildrenconnectedwiththeTradingho
School at Fond du Lac is primarily used by "half breed Catholic" children
MrEhearingitfrequentlyrepeatedhydifferentindividualsthathisrighttore
Ely might be forced out
incipallyagriculturaltools,asanequivalent.Theypreferringprovisions,Mt_EgavethemaBarrelofFlourandsomethinginadditio
Ojibwe prefer provisions
WitnessingthesecasesandalsotheoneofthefirstChiefwhoprofessedfore'timetobeaProtestantChristian,butwithinayearturnedagainasthe"Dogtohisvomit"theIndianssuspectthehis—sionariesofsinistermotivesinattemptingtoconvertthemtothe_whitemansreligion,whichtheyimagineismadeupofforms
Ayer says the Natives are skeptical of Christianity
hehostilityandindifferenceoftheIndianstotheGospe
Ayer is losing hope
FormorethanayearpastIhavethoughtthatthefundsoftheBoardweremisappliedinsupportingamissionatthisplaceAf—tersomemonthsresidencehereIamfullysatisfiedofthefact.myreasonsImayprobablystateinasubsequentlette
Ayer basically says that the Board is wasting their money at Fond du Lac
etholioismisdyingout.ThePriestvisitedherethelastsummerprobablyforthelasttime.AchiefhereinwhomthePriesthadplacedgreatconfidenceshookoffhisallegienceandreturnedtoPaganism.Sincemy
Ayer says "Catholicism is dying out"
eyshot,stabbed,soalpeditd0.AChiefandhisbandfromMillsLac,2or5daysmarchfromP.requestedMrS.thatifheleftP.theMissionarieswould"stepovertotheirh
Mr. Seymour is threatened at Millie Lac
isexcitedtoahighdegreetheangeroftheSiouxwhothreatenedtotakevengeanceontheChippewayswherevertheycouldfindthemAsPokegomawas'theirnearestpointofattacktheyweredaily(forsomeweeks,)expectedthere.TheSpiritorherseemedtohavetakenentirepossessionofthem.neanwhiletheyassenbledtoaconsiderablenumbernearourhousetoholda.ned1cineDanceforthebenefitofawomanwhohadburnther—selfinash§kingmannerwithpowder'AfterbeingthereafewdaystheyheldtheirDance.TheynowshowedtheiranimositytowardthePrayingIndiansthoseespeciallywhohadrecentlyrenouncedthemiteui.‘A-pertofth
Chippeway murder 13 Sioux, and Sioux seek revenge
hetheIndiansgenerallyappearedtogrowmoredisaffectedtowardourGertforrealorimaginarywrongs,yettheyhadasyetshownnohostilefeelingsinparticulartowar
Ayer notes that the Natives are growing more and more hostile toward the US government
obligedtobeabsentfromPokegom
lack of resources caused most of the Ojibwe around Pokegoma to relocate for winter
10nothavebeen,butfortheconfidentempectationthatweshouldhavebeensustainedbymorelabourers.Weought,atleastsomeofus,tohavebeensofreefromotherengagements,thatwecouldhavemadeitourfirst,andalmostexclusiveobjecttoacquiretheOjibwalan—guageasperfectlyaspossible.Butinsteadoffindingtimeforthisweallfoundourselvesinvolvedincaresandlaboursofvariouskinds,whichforbadourgivingourundividedattentiontothisobject.Henceourmeansofintercoursewiththepeeplehasbeenlimited.Wehaveneverbeenabletoprocureefficientinterpreters.Wehavebeenwork—ingh
Hall feels like the missionaries jumped into everything too soon, or bit off more than they could ever chew
heWantoffundshasbeenanothersourceofseveretrial,espec—iallyatPokegomaduringthepastyear
money is an issue, especially at Pokegoma
omeofmybrethren,Ifear,aregettingdiscouraged.R
Hall thinks some of the missionaries are getting discouraged at the mission
uttheycarelittleforamission-'ary,unlesshewillfeedandclothethem
according to Hall, natives see traders as good and missionaries as bad unless the missionaries will provide for them
Possessingthischar—acter,theydonotregardtheobjectforwhichweresideamongthemasanythingverydesirable.T
Hall does not think much of them
enerallyatthisplacetheyfeedandclothesthemselvesfarbetterthantheydidwhenIfirstknewthem.ButgenerallytheIndiansmanifestveryA“littledesiretoimprovetheircondition,aswretchedasitis
Hall says the Natives are more willing to "work" but still "don't want to improve their lives"
ostofthemregardworkasdegradingandafitemploymentonlyforwomenandslaves
according to Hall, most male Ojibwe see labor as a female or slave task
changetheirmodeoflifewouldbevirtuallytochangetheirreligion.T
that is literally what it is
tFondduLacalsothingsatpresentwearadiscouragingas
also not great at Fond du Lac according to Hall
tPokegumathingshavewornaverydiscouragingaSpectduringthepastsummer.TheIndianshavekilledseveralofthecattlebe-longingtothemissionandhavecommittedotherdepredati
rough relations at Pokegoma
heCatholicsatthisplacearebecomingconsiderablenumerous,andaredoingwhattheycantodrawsoulsintothevortexoftheirer—ror.TheCanadiansandhalf-breedsofCanadiandescentareofcourseRomanCatholic
stronger catholic presence at La Pointe
isexamplehasdonemuchtoprejudicethemindsofthepeopleagainstvitalpiet
Warren is a bad influence on the Natives at La Pointe
Weareatpresentthrongedwithcompany,governmentbeingaboutmakingatreatywiththeseIndiansforalargetractoflandlyingsouthofus.MorethantwothousandIndiansarepresen
more than 2000 Natives are present for the land treaty
rs.HallhasabeautifullittlebabebornthelastofJan,atthebirthofwhichshehadonlyMr.H.andmyselfasassistants,hebeingmidwife&Inurse,soyouseethatIhavegottenintoanentirelynewbusiness.Mrs.H.isveryfeebleandhasbeensoeversinceherconnneme
Mrs. Hall gave birth in January and is still "feeble"
twasabeggingdance,theywerehungryandaskedforsomethingtoeat.Mr.Hallgavethemaverylittleatthesmallnessofthewhichtheylaugheda
the "scary" appearance of the Natives was a begging dance
NotfeelinganydangerIwaspleasedwithmyride,excitedwithlaughter,whilethosethatwepassedlookedoninastonishment
She isn't afraid of social perception
Wehavehadratherofastillwintertherebeingnoin~dians,butourownband,nearus.Butthisplaceisfastnllingwithindiansfromtheinteriorforthereistobeheldatreatywiththemforlan
There weren't many Natives during the winter, but there are more now because of the Treaty
still-born.
Mills had a stillbirth
TomorrowIgointotheschooltoassistmyhus-bandinteachingthesmallerclass
Mills helps Sproat in the classroom
oyouseeIhavenotescaped,eventhisyearourspring,dreadedwor
Mills is in charge of all the household affairs basically
OurfamilyisnowenlargedbyMr.[EdmundF.]ElyandMr.Air[FrederickAyer]andson,whoarestayingwithusaweekorso,theyappeartobejustmenwalkinginthefearoftheLor
Ely and Ayer visit Mills and Sproat
heschoolisinteresting,butourbrethrenatPokegamaandFonduLacaretriedverymuchbythehostilityoftheindians,theyarebeginningtobestirred.bythestoryoftheoppres-sionoftheirsouthernbrethrenwhichhasreachedthem,theyarebeginningtofeelthatthewhitemenwilloppressthemasmuchastheycan,andareafraidthatgovernmenthassentthemissionariestoFavourtheirdesigns.TheCherokeeshavesentwampumtoseveralofthenortherntribestojointhemainsttheAmericanssoinsteadoflisteningtotheWordeirmindsareontheunjustnessesofthewhitemen.Ourbandhavenotyetbeenthusexcited.Ihopeitwillbealongtimebeforetheywill.Werewetolookuponthesemis-sionswiththeeyeofsense,weshouldbeentirelydiscouraged,buttheeyeoffaithdiscernsinthedistancetheredmanofthewildernessbendingthekneetotheonetrueGod;to18.-bourforthisendwemusthavefaithandpatienc
Mills has a really good understanding of the mission situation in relationship to the government
V‘ithregardtosuccessofthemissions,Mr.I‘Iall5wassayinga.fewdayssincethathehasnever,sincehehasbeeninthecountry,seenthetimewhenthingsappearedmorenat-teringthantheydonow,ortheindiansmorefriendly
Mills says Hall is impressed by the success of missions
Ihavegivenmyselftotheheathen.Iam.willingtostaywiththemifIcandothemanygo
Hall claims to have "given" himself "to the heathen"
.Yousayyourhusbandisnotpious.Rememberthenyourresponsibility.S
Hall tells his sister that it is her duty to make her husband pious
Iamhappytolearnthatyouaresohappilysituatedastodomesticenjoyment.Idonotdoubtthatitcontributesmuchtoyourhappinesstohaveahomeandfamilyofyourown
Hall assumes his sister is happy because she has family now
WehaveassociatedwithusnowMrSproat&hisw
Hall and Sproat are working together
Everythingthatcanbepurchasedatall,isprocuredatanexpensedoublethatforwhichitcanbeprocuredwithyo
provisions are expensive out there in the wild west
hefollowingarethereasonsforcontinuingFond.duLa
Reasons for staying at Fond du Lac
Iwillonlyadd,thatinleavingL.LakeIleftmygarden&houseinthecareoftheC
Boutwell left things in the charge of the Chief at Leech Lake
eInds.bythetreatyhavebeendis—0;—concerted,perplexed&seemtohavelostallenerquenterpriseinhuntingasformerl
retrogression in Natives returning to missions after the treaty
WithregardtoL.Lakeweallwereoftheopinion,thatitismoreimportantinanultimatepointofview,thanFondduLa
Why Leech Lake is better to occupy than Fond du Lac
WewereunanimousinourviewswithregardtoreoccupyingLeechLake&inabandoningFondduLacincasetheBoardcannotsustainboth.Todowhichrequirestwo
Boutwell, Ayer, and Ely are all in agreement that if finances are bad, they should reoccupy Leech Lake and abandon Fond du Lac
r5-teachers,thoughtheyupsetallcornersoftheIndiancoun-trywithlargebribesandrichpresents,havenotbeenabletoerectasizablemissionanywhereamongtheIndia
reasons why Protestants haven't been able to establish a lasting mission in the NW
cantruthfullyassertthattheIndiansareaphlegmatic,good-natured,unusuallypatientanddocilerace,whoarecapableofgoodimpulsesandwhointheiroriginalwildcon-dition,whentheyareawayfromtheevilworld,donotliveinawickedanddissolutemanner;theylistentoavisitingpriestwithadesireforknowledge;theygladlyacceptre-ligionandallowthemselvestobeeducatedasgoodandtrueChristians.Ontheotherhand,whereverthepoorIndianshavebeencontaminatedbygrossvicesof.whiteChristians,orhavebeenruinedthroughdrinkandmisledintofalseconcep-tionsofourholyreligionbyitsenemies,theybecomemuchmorestubborntoconversionandciviliz
Pierz notes that the Ojibwe are shocker actually people,and get corrupted by white vices, like alcohol
nArbreCrochehehasmadehundredsofsuchexcellentChristiansoutofthecoarsestsavagesthat,asfarasIknowthempersonally,theycouldbeplacedbeforeallChristendomasanexampleofpiety.
Pierz reveres Baraga
Iintendtoerectanewmissionther
Pierz wants to start a new mission, when personnel is already short
journeyshewishestheBoardto
Cooke wants the Board to pay for her travels back into "society" - I'm not sure she mentioned this in previous letters to Greene
earenotabandoningLeechLakeforgood,buthopetoresumeitagain.WeareunderthenecessityofleavirgoneofourstationsforthepresentormaintainthematthedisadvantageofmyremainingaloneatL[eech]Lake&MrElyatFduLac
Boutwell tells Sibley that Leech Lake isn't abandoned long term
Catholiccongregationhereisverynumerous
Strong Catholic presence at La Pointe
ouwillbealittlesurpriedwhenItellyouMrElyslittlegirlafewdaysagowastakenoutofthecreekfrdead.Theyworkedseveralhoursbeforeshediscoveredanywarmthinhrbody&hardlyanysymptomsofanimation.ImentionthisthatyoumaydoubleyourwatchfulnessoverlittleJulia
Boutwell tell Aitkin that Ely's daughter nearly drowned
orthpresentembarrassedstateofthetreasury,whichislittle,ifatallrelievedfromtepressurefeltlastsummer,wouldnotwarranttheCommitteeinsendingoutayadditionalmissionaries,unlessthecallinProvidencewasverypec
the Board won't send out anymore missionaries until they get their financial situation in check
eshallleaveitforhim&hisbrethrentodecid
Greene tells Ely that Boutwell will decide where to stay for the next year
ndiansshallbequiteexterminat
he is preparing for the extermination of the Natives
hereality‘ofevilwillcomesoonenough,andinthemeantimewemustdowhatwecantosavetheIndians,&preparethemtobeartheapproachingevilwithlessinjuryorsufferin
it's almost as if he is saying to prepare the Ojibwe for a cultural genocide
owever,ifhecancomewithoutexpensetotheBoard,canbekeptunderyoureye,andcangobackwithoutbeingheldupmuchforashow,Ithinkweshallnotobjecttohis
But as long as the Chief of Leech Lake is Boutwell's problem, Greene is fine with him traveling with him
wouldprobablyoccasionsometalk,perhapsunfavorabletotheinterestsoftheBoard,ifyoushouldbeseentravellingacrossthecountrywithanIndi
this is so hypocritical - "civilize" them, but don't let them be seen with you because they will always be inferior
YourrequestrelativetovisitingNewEnglandwaslaidbeforetheCommittee,andtheyassentedtoyourproposal.ShouldyoucometoNewHaMpshire,weshallexpectyouofcoursetovisitBoston,asweshallwishtoconferwithyouonsometopicscogéntedwiththemissio
Greene and the Board let Boutwell vacation in New England
itwillbebest,probably,foryoutousethatforpayingallyourexpensesonyourway,tillitisexpanded,andpostponere-'oeivinganyonaccountoftheBoard,tillyouactuallynee
Greene advises Sproat to use his own money until he runs out, and only then to use the Board's money
GreenetoSproat,Jan27‘“,Boston,18
Greene leaves it up to Sproat to decide if the womyn from his hometown should be his missionary wife
ThefollowinghoweverIthinkoughttonbe]possessedinsomegoodde-greebyeverymissionaryandmissionary'srifeamongtheheathen,judgingfromthelittleexperienceIhavehadamongourIndianmis-eione
Sproat describes what he feels are the qualities necessary for missionaries
ahaysbeensomanhabafflizatedth13.seaéonbysickn
Fond du Lac has sickness
Wefeelmorethaneverthewantofanordainedmini
Ayer wants Pokegoma to have an ordained minister
ncreoeverhereare5familiessettledbyuschemwe5333helpinagricultur
Ayer argues that Pokegoma deserves a higher ration of money because they have more missionaries and more natives that need help with agriculture
ButGodhasseenfittoblesstheworkofour,handaherefromthebeginnin
Ayer suggests that Pokegoma is the most comfortable and successful of all the Missions
tin"nowornever“asitregardstheprosperityofthishis?eio
Ayer says it is "now or never" in regards to the success of Pokegoma
3darenotcommitourselves,inmakingSpecialpremisestoassistthem.Todarenotturnthemawa
Ayer is conflicted because he doesn't want to turn any natives away, but he hasn't the resources to help them
ThenumberofIndiansdenominatedbythehogan_“PrayingIndian?is17adultsandaboutasmanychildren.Thereare8meu.and9women.Threeofthemenareunitedwiththechurchoa~wethinkthatanotherisachristian.Also3womenTwootheryoungwomenentertainhopesbutwehavenotsufficientevidenceoftheinternalteachingoftheSpirittoencouragethemtoh
numbers for the church at Pokegoma
herselfwithherchildrenamongthosewhowereseekingafterGod".Shedesiredthepardonofhersine,andtheoins¢ofherchildrenmorethananythingelse.Inaccordancewithouradviceonherreturnhomesherearedthefamilyaltar,andeversincemorning&eveninghasbeenheardthevoiceofprayer&praiseinherdwelling.SheappearsverydesirousthatherPaganrelativesshouldcomeandlistentothewordofGo
one Native mother wants to convert herself and her children
versincethelittlerevivalweenjoyedlastwintertherehasbeenmarkedatientiontoinstructionandtheseriousimpressionsthanmadeonsomeminds.hsvsneveraltogethersubsided—«butwehopein2or3oaseshaveresultedinconversio
Ayer says Pokegoma is enjoying some conversion "success"
hysicalAspectofthegounu'y.Thisplace&theimmediateVicinityoffersveryfewinducementtoAgriculralists.Smallspotsofexcellentalluviallandaretobefoundhere,butnotsufnienttolocateanynumberoffamilies.Thereisgoodlandalso—a[t]variousdistncesintheVicinity.ASIhavetraveledverylittleinthesurroundingcountry,it'11notbeexpectedofmetoattemptadescriptio
the land is good for several people to farm, but not for whole communities
Theprejudiceagotherwise.ItisinsistedthatsomesecretmotivefordoingformerwordsconceringourmgMen,2Boys,4YoungWomen,7dnggoodprogress,consideringhichinallcaseshasbeenveryfewdaysintheschool—thenonsentSchoolarestudyingbothOjibue&English.Youngmenmadesomepronciency,r,inthetwonrstprinciplesofspectsforusefulnessaredarkerthanheretoforethey.ainstusasAmericansisincreasingratherthanwearesentherebyGovernment,&thatGovthavegso
Ely tells Bushnell that favor toward the Whites in Ojibwe country isn't favorable
TeacherPupi
Ely explains attendance to Daniel Bushnell, Indian Agent
IquestionmuchwhetheritismydutytoreturntoLaPointet
Sproat isn't sure he wants to return to La Pointe
Thethoughthasoccurredtomethatsixmonthsspentinthestudyofmedicine,withsomeablepractitioner,wouldbeofgreaterservicetomeasamissionarythananyothercoursewhichIcouldpursue.Willyoupleasewriteandinformmehowtheplanpresentsitselftoyou,andifyouthinkthattherewouldbeanobjectio
Sproat "agrees" with Greene that he would do well at La Pointe, but then "offers" that perhaps he would be more useful longterm if he studied in New England over the winter
MissCoo
Even though miss cooke has been released, she doesn't know and so she stays there
uttheproposalwasrejected,andtheyreplied,thattheywishedtoreceivetheoompeneationfortheirlands,insomethingtheycouldeatorwear.This19thegeneralfeelingthroughoutthecountryinrespecttoimprovementsofallkin
the Natives don't like the treaty and want compensation for land in the form of clothing and food
hestateofreligionherethepastyearhasbeenlow.
Low religious prosperity at La Pointe
argeafamilyoughttobesupportedhereunderthepresentembarrassmentsoftheBoard.IftheembarrassmenteoftheBoardarelikelytobesogreatfromthewantoffunds,thattheeemissionsmustbecometoocircumscribedintheirexpen
Hall tells the Board that if they are broke enough to be embarrassed, to not send more help
educethenumberoflabourers
It is ironic that Hall mentions this since all the missionaries have been asking for female help
ManuscriptsRelatingtotheFrederickAyertoPresidAttherequestoftheChiefsVIpenned,andnowforwardiShouldyousir,astheyhavesubjectoftheforegoingspeecommunicationtoF.Ayer,IUpperMississippieItisbutrecentlythatIhavebodyregrettedthesaleofthopinionasfarasIamacquacompensationfortheland—thosechiefswhocededthelbymanyIndianswhodid—woulddisputetheClaimoftsupposedclosedtheirspeeclcalculatedtointimidateIto]toholdtheirheadsalthoughrequestsandholdtheland.theirpovertyandmiseryto]considertheircaseandwoNorthwestMissionsP489.entoftheUSASeptember301837Pokegamawhosenamesareappendedtotheforegoingspeeches,:hemforyournotice.requestedinformthembyletterofyourviewsonthe-chesyouwill(ifitisyourpleasure)addressthe’uhkahummahcareofH.H.SibleyEsqStPeterslearnedfromtheIndiansthemselvesthattheyasaairlandbytherecentTreaty
Ayer tells the president that the Natives regretted "giving" their land up in the treaty
henthewhitescomeamonguéwherewillourChildiengo
primary concern of Buffaloe is there children
IquestionmuchwhetheritismydutytoreturntoLaPointethis
Sproat tells Greene he's not sure he should return to La Pointe
MrBoutwellwritesmefromFondduLac,thathehasdeterminedtoleavehisfamilytherewhilehegoeshimselftoLeechLaketoseetheIndiansthere,andtakecareofthepropertyhehasthere,andthenwillreturntoFduLtospendthewinter
Boutwell is going to leave his family at Fond du Lac while he travels to Leech Lake
snotcarrieaintoeffect-onthecontrarytheclerksaresentbacktoallthepostssaveone-RedCedarLakewherehissonwaskill
Aitkins didn't remove the AFC, just the one post near Red Cedar Lake
ThetimehasnowcomeIthinkforourMissionstodeclarethem—selvesindipendentoftheh.M.F.Compan
Seymour suggests to Greene that the missions severe connection to the American Fur Company
ug-13[1837
Boutwell's son is baptized Ramsey Crooks
SHalltoDavidGreene,LaPointe
Hall apologizes to Greene for sending Sproat to look for help because the Board is so broke
Bro.Elysooncametoseemen,andinformedmethatbothourlittleonesareillwithcoughandso;ethroat.Ifoundthemquiteill,especiallydearAntoinett
Boutwell and Ely's children are ill
heywillgrantit.
Greene grants Cooke permission to leave missionary work
Determinedthatthebestandmostefficientwayformetodogoodamongthispeoplewasbyitineratingamongthem,asIhavedonefor4weekspast,enteringintotheirhuts,sittingdownamongthem,instructingtheirchildren,andendeavouringtoimparttothemthewordofLife,asGodshallenable
best mode of Christianization for Sproat is to visit all the Natives as individuals, rather than calling them together
uringthenightIhadsucharavishingviewofthegloryofGodinChristthatIcouldnotsleep.Icouldonlylookupthroughtheholeatthetopofmybutandsin
Sproat is extremely religious
enttovisitasickchild.FounditinsasufferingconditionaNoclothessaveamiserableblanketthrownoveritsshoulders;itsbreastandlimbsexposed.Itappearedtobeverymuchafflictedinitslimbs,itshandsandfeetbeingpartiallywithere
Sproat visits a sick child
llappearedgladtoseeme,andwillingtohavetheirchildreninstructed.O
Sproat finds that most of the Natives at Sugar Bush are okay with their children being educated at a school
mbarkedwithMr.Aitkinf1:SandyLake,toaccompanyhimtoSaintPeter'stoattendtheTreaty.LeftmydearfamilyatFondduLacwithBr
Boutwell and Aitkin travel to Sandy Lake for a treaty
rrivedatFondduLa
Boutwell arrives at Fond du Lac (for permanent placement)
erhapstheywillnotjustifytheexponceI'havc’imrggdymade.IsometimestremolowhenIthinkofitbutnruamiiihavc‘errcdyouwillpardontheerror&be-lievemestil
Seymour is worried he spent more of the Board's money than he should have
TheypassedaresolutionwhiletogetheratPokegomsthatonmyvisittotheStatesImakeitaspecialobjecttohiresor4piousyoungmenforthetermoz3.4or5yearstolaborforareasonablecompensationatthevariousstationsinthatregi
Seymour left to Connecticut and Ohio, was ill, and also looked for 3 - 4 pious people to work at the missions
theywerenotunderthenecessityoftakingtheirfamilieswiththemtosubsistupontheChaseastheyfor-merlyhaddon
because of an increase in long term agriculture, men spending fall and winter hunting is not necessary, but done almost out of habit according to Ayer
Idonotwish,norshouldIbCyanymeansfeelwillingtotakesuchastep,unlesstheindicationsofProvidenceshouldseemclearlytorenderitadvisable
Cooke really wants to quit from all connection with the Board
IfeartheeepoorIndianawillnotverymuchlongerbe-leftundisturbedinpossessionoftheircountry.Whatwedofortheirsalvation,inhumen.probabilltymustbedoneso
Ayer can see the influx of White people and understands that soon no land with belong to the Natives
naformerletterImentionedthsfEeasy-ourInnerprcterwishedtobeconsideredasandesistennhiseionary.Recenteventsrelatingtohiswifeandherconnexionsrendereditexpedienhthatheshoulddissolvehisimmeddeneconnictionwiththe-Missionandsettledownb
Henry (Ayer's interpreter) had to leave suddenly and Ayer is left alone for preaching and all other affairs
Weverymeshneedheiean-erdainedministertobreakthebreadoflife,andadministertne.ozdinanoeetothispeople
while things are going very well at Pokegoma, Ayer still desires a preacher
Hehasabandonedeveryheathenishpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreassimilatedin_custometousisindustriousandthriveing.ThegradeofGodhasmadehimaltogetheraneg
the new chief of the Natives surrounding Pokegoma has converted to Christianity
heChangeintheChiefistrulywonderfu
Change in the Chief was big for the mission
FromthismomenttheworkofGodgrahnally‘deolined—
Ayer feels as though God's presence surrounding Pokegoma has declined the new year
WilliamTBoutwellPapers,MNHS.1Box.P2528M
Boutwell departs for Sandy Lake with his whole family and a 2 week old baby
remainYaursaffectionately&truly
This is one of the only letters he signs without a Christian ending
till,ifitberepenition,wewishtolearnhowyouare;&‘whan‘yeuaredeing.&wheegraeheetearebeforeyoutocheerordepressyen:heart.Yenneednen:efhenwritefully,orgointoanyexee£;deta;leAsummaryViewcfyeqrileboreintheseveraldepartmenteandthegeneralprogressofnhinge-ieallthanisnecessary;exceptbeéeayear,whenwewantafull'reportgunlegeyouhavecommunicationenemakewhicharecalledferhhbyeventsofspecialintere
Greene wants Hall to write more about the affairs of the Mission
itinwellforthemissionthathaleavesit,whileitwouldatthesametimemakenofearthathewouldoftenwhar~everhemaybelocated,speakinanunaavioedandunfriendlyman»norofhisbrethrenandofthemissio
Greene is okay with Town leaving La Pointe
ove&pitythemiserablecreatures,how.everhostiLa&unreasonabletheymay[be].
Greene tells Boutwell to love and pity the Natives
tomothatyouhadbetterremovetooneofthosestationsandtakeupyourabo
Greene lists reasons why Boutwell should relocate
greateratPokegummathanatFonduLac
Greene suggests that Boutwell relocate to Pokegoma or Fond du Lac
acceptsherresignati
Miss Cooke resigns
hewholecountryseemstobebankrup
really pointed statement by Greene here: "The whole country seems to be bankrupt."
ftheIndianscontinuetoharasshimasmuchastheyhavedoneatLeechLake,itseemstomebestthatheshould,thecomingfall,joinyouandmakehishometherefortheprese
Greene suggests sending Boutwell to Ayer because the Natives are harassing him at Leech Lake
bout4.pm.mywifepresentedmewithann
Mrs. Boutwell gave birth to a son
MrSproatwhohasthechargeoftheschool,hasnointention,sofarasIknow,ofbeingmarried.Hadheawife,Iwouldnotaskforanyotheraidinthepresentscarcityof
Hall wants Sproat to get married
ytimeggghttg_b§.whollydevotedtogivingreligiousinstruction,translating,andperfectingmyselfintheknowledgeofthenativelanguage,togetherwithcollectingmatarialsforavocabularyandgrammarofit
Hall's opinion is that he is wasting his own time doing manual labor and not preaching
heformerrendershimlesstobedependedonthanisdesirable;hislackofjudgmentexposeshimtosomeindiscretions;andhisweaknervesexposehimtodisquietudeanddiscontentmentwhichabridgeshisenjoyment,andsometimesrendersthoseunhappywhoareassociatedwithh
Town's negative characteristics
ThecomplaintwhichIhavemostfrequentlyheardhimmakeagainstthepresentplanofoperationshere,is,thatthetimeofthemissionariesistoomuchoccupiedinmanuallabourandinprovidingfortheirfamili
Town's chief complaint is too much manual labor
vemelesstimetodevouttodirectlaboursfortheIndiansthanIcouldwish.IhavesaidtohimallIthoughtwouldbeofanyuse,toinducehimtostayandlabourinthesemissions,wherehemightrenderessentialservice.Butifhismind-couldnotberenderedmoresettledinregardtoremaining,thanithasbeenforseveralmonthspast,hewouldrenderusbutlittleaidbyremainingwithus
Hall tried to convince Town to stay so that Hall's workload wasn't crazy, but no dice
ewasdesiroustoleavethusearly,inordertoestablishhimselfinsomekindofbusiness,andprocurethemeanstomakehisfamilyocomfortablebeforeanotherwinte
Mr. Town left La Pointe to start a business and his wife will join him soon
heAmer.FurCo.haveitincontemplationtoabandontheirtradingpostsinthosequarters.Iftheydo,itissomewhatdoub[t]fulwhetheritwillbesafeforamissionfamilytoattempttoresideatL[eech]Lakeatpresent.TheIndianswillbesomewhatexasperatedifthetradersWithdraw.Bythelatestintelligencefromthatquarter,welearntthattheexcitementhassomewhatsubside
Hall also informs Greene about the situation at Red Cedar Lake (Boutwell said it was Sandy Lake?) but says that it seems to have calmed down
rsGamagebringsyouthis.Shestillfeels,Ibelieve,astrongdispositiontogooutwithus.Ihaveendeavouredfaithfullyandplainlytorepresenttoherthetrialsandtoilsofmissionarylife,asfarasIknow.Butsheisnotatalldisinheartened[sic
Mrs. Gamage wants to join the missionaries, but Sproat has tried to convince her not to
IshallstandmygrounduntilIseetheprovclearlyindicatesthatIshouldremove.Iknownotwhatthefuturewilldevelop.
Boutwell is scared of another attack, but resolves to stay on
isdeterminedtowithdrawallthepostswestofSLak
Aitkins wants to withdraw all posts west of Sandy Lake, which greatly worries Boutwell
tthetimeofthemelancholly[sic]occurrenceMrA.wasabsentfromthecountry.Hereturnedtohispost(SandyLake)onthenrstofJan.&ontheeightharrivedherewithapartyofmeninpursuitofthemurdere
Aitkins oldest son was murdered, and he went out with a party for the killer
AlthoughI.amnotChiaf,yetI.awrightfulowneroftheland.-(liecannot:sellthelanci,wewilllandittoyou)Youcanamenygurhouseonthepointwhereyounowl
Nindipen says Ely can build on land at Fond du Lac
whoarebutlittlebetterinformedthan.the.India
The Catholics around Fond du Lac are comparable to the Natives, according to Ely
IhOpayouhavebeforethistimereceivedtheManuscriptofLuke'sGospelwhichIsentlastfall.IftheBoardseefittoprintit,Ihopegreatcarewillbetakentomakeitascorrectasposs
Hall sent a manuscript to the Board
esaidhewoulddoit,iftheyshouldbethereinseason.Theyshiptheirgoodsaboutthe10thMay.
Hall says that Greene can send goods to the Mission through the American Fur Company
aosit——ChiefofthisBand,agedabout50yrs,&WilliamTalcott(namedfromW.H.TalcottofAlbany)agedabout21
Masosit and William Talcott were Christianized
WearebutMissCook,hrs.Ely,self&littleDaughter.Howlonr3138Cookwillremainisuncertain
Miss Cooke is still at Fond du Lac
tisthepolicyoftheCo.tokeeneverygoodmanindebt,forthentheyholdthemintheirpow
The Company tries to keep people in debt
.will,as
Ely is not requesting transfer yet
WerecdonSat.Evelast,thedistressingintelligenceoftheMurderofMr.AitkinseldestSonAlfred
Mr. Aitkin's son is murdered
YouwishmetoshowcharitytotheIndians——DoyouexpectmetofeedeveryManwhoasksproviéionsofme——or——thosewhocomeininthewinter,indistress-—evenasweheredonethepastWinter?He_repliedthe[?MS.torn]latter.Afterthetalk,I.invitedthemhomewithme,&tookanritingineffect,asabove,whichN.signed&'E.witnesse
Ely's conversation with Natives around Fond du Lac
Wedonothateyou--wehatethosewhosentyouhere
Natives at Fon du Lac not highly receptive to missionary presence
Ourcookingroomwas8by10infrontofchimney.ThiswasalsoourSchoolroo
Mission at Fond du Lac is very tiny
butclothingisbetterthanalmostanythingelsetopaythelabourwehavetohire.
new clothing is the best payment method for Native labor
IeXpecttohavenodifficultyingettingthroughwith8CanoestoRedLak
Ayer is heading back to Red Lake
GrandPortag
Ayer is now writing from Grand Portage
heythereforelookedtotheirfarmertoplowforthem&nngnishseedatotheheaohertheylookedtoinstructtheirohildxen;ThisisthepresentpositionofthingsatPokegana—-peacezgragrtheyassuxedustheywoulddome,fortifythamselvea&plantm
promise of 30-40 Native families at Pokegoma in the Spring
WeallfeelthatbothLeechLakeandRedLakegg§§_beoccupiedimmodalate
all the current missionaries want Leech Lake and Red Lake occupied immediately
hereseemstobeamovementonthemindsoftheOjibsssgenerallyinfavourofbeinginstructed
Ojibwe appear as desiring Christianization
lloLacisalsoaninvitingfield,exceptasitisexposedtoattacksfromtheSfijou
Mille Lac has a strong Sioux presence
ohelpcan.uoll»bo39paxodatpresentfrouLayointotofoxmanewstation.Theno.iaao’uuchtobedonetharokaiaoreaontasthemia¢aionaricacanwelldo,includingtheireffornsinpreparingbooksforprinting.Thereismoreencouragementtolabourtherenowthanatal»mostanytimesincetheetanionwa
Seems to suggest that these proposed new missions will need an entirely new set of people, because all the current missions require too much work
tRedLakeandLeechLake,asitseemstousaretwoveryinvit-ingfieldsoflabour.
Red Lake and Leech Lake are promising for missions
havedenelookingforhisreturn,andthinkhehasleftusaltogeth
has Boutwell left altogether?
hilenreA.etaid.a£ln£d.bake.heheldmeetingsseveraltimes.with.the‘indianeghfwhichtimeehepreachedtoaaeheidereblenumberofattentiveligfenene.~IheIndianatherewerewillingtoallowmisaaionarieeasmuehlandaseeuldbenecesearyfez~thehto
Red Lake Band was receptive to the mission and the gospel
henumberofIndiansbelongingtothebandisaboutonehundredhuntingmen,andfrom500to600womenandchild
Red Lake Ojibwe Band: 100 men, 500-600 womyn and children
heyvisitedLeechLakeandRedLakeandotherplacesontheway,toascertainwhataretheprospectsinthatregionformissionaryOperation
Ayer visited Red Lake and Leech Lake to access them for missions again
lyfemalethatisa515,byinacond
Mrs. Wheeler is the only female at La Pointe able to perform domestic duties
erethewifeofamiasionaryoanmostthefenmalenowhereofthechurch,themothoraandthat;danghtono.onaexertanimportantinfluencewhereitwomlnbeimpossibloforthemissionaryhimselftolaborwithmuah
According to Wheeler, missions needs more womyn because they can exert more domestic influence than men on the Natives
efindourselvesheresituanedinacommunity.ofpeoplenotonlyheathenanddestitutaofatrueaknowledgeofGod,outlivingintheloweststateofhumanSoci
Wheeler's view of Native life is low
theboom39mg:garnish:nre»withsomefemaleassistantEgg]tolaboras.dom1o££o{gig}Helploouéfami
The Wheeler family has been at La Pointe for a year and a half and asks the Board for a female assistant
PomschristianawhereWevisitedlabtSummertho'tthatifthachurchtowhichnheybelongeag.could,incampanywithtwoorthreeotherchurchessuppart-a.é£ationamongtheIndians&keepupacor»respondenoewith.themissionarieaatthatstation,theyshoulddomuchmore&taksaiar‘deaper‘tnterestthantheyshouldtosendwhattheyraised_ngrtheBeardnotknowingwhereitwasappropriated.whatwouldyou;committeathinkofta
Mrs. Ely offers a suggestion to Mr. Greene about a sort of collection of churches in the area supporting the Natives and doing missionary work as a whole
shallhavethemeansofaidingtheInds,iftheyreturn&supportingmyfamilywithoutcallingupontheBeardanotheryaa
Boutwell has resources, now that most Natives have fled war
sMrAgm&~E§.amebénhgoneitismyautyfornhe.presenttoabidebytheatuiifEufhowlongyourcommitteewillhhink1tem-pediennformene:emalniftheSiouxtreatyisnon’ranifleé&theprospectsofwar‘contlnuo,fsubmittoyourself&the
Boutwell also leaves it up to Greene and the Board to decide if he should stay
heyhavenotyetfrightenedmeaway,thoughnheirthreatshavesomewhatdis-turbedmywife
The Sioux say they will kill the first white man's wife they find, and Boutwell seems to be confused as to why his wife is uneasy
SiouxTrea
Sioux Treaty
fourlaboursdonotaccomplishennughtamakeitanobjecttomaintainushere.itisforyoutoredallusfromthefiel
Hall again leaves it up to the Board and Greene to decide if they are doing good enough work to stay at the Mission
ButIwouldsayinreplythatIregardthemasmuchobjectsofmissionaryeffort,astheIndian
Hall states that he views his efforts towards mixed race individuals the same as toward the Natives - heathens needing conversion
etitinalaboriousanddiscourag-ingworktogivetnamnire'gétspahTheyareignorant,degraded,anddepzxav54.Ithinktheirgreatestobgtahiontochristianitywillbefoundinitsoppeaingtheirdepraveddoairaéanapraen
Hall finds the process of conversion tiresome because of the depravity of the Natives
mixedblood
"Mixed blood" by Catholic fur traders intermarrying with Natives
So Catholics exert much influence on the Natives, because any children born in these marriages is baptized a Catholic at birth
hisisinc-atncngholdofCatholicinfluenceinthiscountry.Thefurtradéhac.bcen.nheoccasionofintroducingaconsidera
fur trade brings catholicism
hitemen,eepeoia11ytraders,have.muchinfluencewiththem.Itisvery.-jmp'oaétamthattheyshouldexertareligiouginf
Hall mentions the influence of Whites, especially traders, on the Natives and mentions they should be pious and "exert a religious influence"
TheChurchatthisplaoowagorganizedonznho'BGEhofAug.133
Demographics of the church at La Pointe
nOctoberlast,oneofournumber,aninfantoftenmonnhsold;ardtheonlychildofMr.andMrsSproat,wasremoved_framthisrorldafterashortilln
Mrs. Sproat's child died after sickness
Ybu,§reprobablyawarethat‘odhastakentwoofournhreechildrent
two of Ely's children died
hefruitsoftheschoolatFondulacareabundantaaeng—thefewhavelost,Remyimproved.GodmayyetgettohimselfGloryfrommypoorweaklaboursnhe
Fond du Lac now seems to be the only mission currently doing well in both labor and mission work
oaso'ourIndianashouldgointothewoods,itmaybeexped-ientthatImwinto;itFondulaaratherthanatLepoin
Ely doesn't know whether he will need to be at Fond du Lac or La Pointe for the winter yet
hichtheywillpayinlabour,beag¢ing,fish,&
to keep the Natives in his area, Ely bought them fishing and hunting supplies, to be repaid through labor and game
GodinhieProvidencehasagainbroughtmyoelf'afamilywithinashortdistanceofFeeon1&0!&thereasonofthisMovement,13,inshortth
After war erupted at Pokegoma, the mission families decided to leave, some of whom wanted to go to La Pointe and others to Fond du Lac
ewasthesonofoldBuffalo,andthesecondthathehaslostsinceIhavebeenhere.Hewaskilledbya.fallingtreewhileouthunting.
A second chief, son of Old Buffalo, died while hunting
ethinksmyhealthhasbeenfailin
author getting ill
receivedyourletterdaybeforeyesterday,mydearmother,andhappywasItohavenewsfromhom
She finally hears from her mother in May
Ithinkyoumaybetired,too,ofmyjourney,butcouldIseeyouIcouldtenyouofmanythingsofwhichIhavenottimetowri
Author really wants to see her family
dgivenbirthtosixstill-bornchildren.ButafteratriptoEnglandandherhealthmuchimprovedshehasgivenbirthtotwolivingchildre
Mrs. Jones had 6 stillbirths, then two healthy children
Shespokeofhermarriagewithfreedom
This is important enough that another womyn noted it, and then decided to write it in her diary (the married womyn is Mrs. Copway
WearrivedatFondulacaboutnoon.
The travel party arrives at Fond du Lac on the 3rd day of travel
WeexpecttostartonourtourtoFondulaciftheweatherbefairsoIhavetospendtheremainderoftheweekinpreparingour“wapon"——awordmeaning,inthiscountry,provisionforajourne
Traveling to Fond du Lac
IwrotethatIthoughtofgoingwithMr.Hallbutashewillnotstartun-tilthemiddleofsummerIhavegivenuptheideaasmycon-ditionwouldmakeitimpossibleformetotravelatthatt
"my condition" is she pregnant?