- Oct 2019
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s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.comp.pdf157
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romourJaintlatteroflaatfallyouwillinfarthatI.th1nkitbest,&desirennberemovadfromthisstationonaccountatSomeprejudicesagainatme,here,inthemindsofacmeoftheBnhnd.-I.stillthinkthegem
Ely wants to leave Fond du Lac because some of the Board has prejudices against him being there
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oreoftheIndianswishtosettledownasisnowantio-ipated,andshonldthe.missionbenomoreinterrupedinitscoursebytheIndianshostilities,threemalemissionariesmightbeveryprofitablyemployedat
Ayer is misleading in his attempts to appease Greene
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oubtlessalltheFamiliesoverwhomanyinfluencehasbeenex~ertedbythemissionwillgo.Thereisbutlittleprospectthateven8or3childrenfromtheFortcouldbegatheredforaschoolastheclerkwilltakehisfamilywithhim;.and,asisnowthecalculation,onebepladedhere,whohasnochildrenforschool.Itisnotneces—saryIpresumetotouchonotherpointshintedatinthejointlet—ter.Brsno
Ayer says the school at Fond du Lac isn't promising in terms of attendance
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Therehavebeann9indianaenoampedherewithén6‘0£‘V'H63k63'&ndnhene»p£obablyJ3ill—beLanaauxiugtn;win$er;to~remainanylanghh___cftime,Th
no Ojibwe camping near Fond du Lac still
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1gnawedthepaymentatLunest,area:nearitsanmmenwiththeHiasipRive}.nbersUtamareganazalaanzéfaetianthanwasapprehended-—themwagbimettnemerymanab.ahild---theyfellEbertfarthewomen,‘bun”fned§fte¢au6y*wat-madaup~£athoudawTherewasaIargésapply-ofHEmEmjun%n%Qnr&~nbbq
Missions are still providing for the Ojibwe
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IlegitL8Points»13ml“ofAug.&arrivedhereonthe11th¢~£oundnheEndsinaSkate6?unusualexcitemenn,&exasperationagainns[£333thewhiteswhphadcomeintonhecounnryfarthepurpase0fcuttingluMBer
Boutwell came to Pokegoma from La Pointe and encountered the same mindsets from the Ojibwe
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heérspeakerthenreplied"Itistree&wedonotwishyoutoleavethecount
the Ojibwe understand that if the Missionaries leave the area they will most likely die
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AtthistimeaprofessedlyfriéndlyIndtoldmenha$hiscountrymenhadbeenholdingacoEulneil&hadasterminedtadriveallthewhites£30mthepumehasedtémriboxythattheyweregoing£0killallcuraéntle&ifwewerestillherewhenthayhadkilled&eatenthemnhey[woulalkillusgMéantimetheywereinsistentintheexitemetheydiénotintendtoenterourhousewithouttheirdrawnknives0rwaralubsinnheirhands&snillcentinuednebagforfood.
Seymour says a Native told him that they were planning on driving the white people out of the land
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nhattheyhadanindisputableclaimheourpity,
Seymour thinks that the Natives think that they have a right to Christian pity
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eshouldnotbesurprizedifthedisaffectedstateoffeelingamongtheIndiansshouldsoincreasethatitwouldheunadtisaiietoreestablishatLeechLake,buteventoabandonPokegc
It sounds like Ayer and Ely want to be done
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heAm.FurCoareabouttoreestablishatradinghouseatL.LakeinchargeofMrWmDavenport,formerlyincharg
AFC is about to open trade port at Leech Lake
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twastheopinionoftheBrethren,lastspring,thatLeechLakewasamorehopefulfieldthanthisplace&thatideahasbeforethemthatitmightbeexpedienttodiscontinuethis,&reoccupythatsta—tion.B
Leech Lake is more hopeful than Fond du Lac
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derallthesecircumstances,thequestionisseriouslypre—sentedtoourmindswhetherweareSpendingourstrengthtothebestedVentageinsinencingtheKingdomofchri
Ayer is questioning whether or not the Board is wise to continue operating at Fond du Lac
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SomelatemeasuresoftheAmFurCaAtoEiewallthemeetineustriousandenterprisingiggmhereanddrewethersaw
AFC is affecting population surrounding the missions
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rejudicesagainstusasAmericanshaveverymuchin,creasedandstrengthenedsincetheTr
prejudices against the white people elevated after the treaty
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heschonlsinceitsestablishmenthasbeenmadeupprincipal—lyofhalfbreedCatholicchildrenconnectedwiththeTradingho
School at Fond du Lac is primarily used by "half breed Catholic" children
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MrEhearingitfrequentlyrepeatedhydifferentindividualsthathisrighttore
Ely might be forced out
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incipallyagriculturaltools,asanequivalent.Theypreferringprovisions,Mt_EgavethemaBarrelofFlourandsomethinginadditio
Ojibwe prefer provisions
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WitnessingthesecasesandalsotheoneofthefirstChiefwhoprofessedfore'timetobeaProtestantChristian,butwithinayearturnedagainasthe"Dogtohisvomit"theIndianssuspectthehis—sionariesofsinistermotivesinattemptingtoconvertthemtothe_whitemansreligion,whichtheyimagineismadeupofforms
Ayer says the Natives are skeptical of Christianity
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hehostilityandindifferenceoftheIndianstotheGospe
Ayer is losing hope
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FormorethanayearpastIhavethoughtthatthefundsoftheBoardweremisappliedinsupportingamissionatthisplaceAf—tersomemonthsresidencehereIamfullysatisfiedofthefact.myreasonsImayprobablystateinasubsequentlette
Ayer basically says that the Board is wasting their money at Fond du Lac
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etholioismisdyingout.ThePriestvisitedherethelastsummerprobablyforthelasttime.AchiefhereinwhomthePriesthadplacedgreatconfidenceshookoffhisallegienceandreturnedtoPaganism.Sincemy
Ayer says "Catholicism is dying out"
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eyshot,stabbed,soalpeditd0.AChiefandhisbandfromMillsLac,2or5daysmarchfromP.requestedMrS.thatifheleftP.theMissionarieswould"stepovertotheirh
Mr. Seymour is threatened at Millie Lac
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isexcitedtoahighdegreetheangeroftheSiouxwhothreatenedtotakevengeanceontheChippewayswherevertheycouldfindthemAsPokegomawas'theirnearestpointofattacktheyweredaily(forsomeweeks,)expectedthere.TheSpiritorherseemedtohavetakenentirepossessionofthem.neanwhiletheyassenbledtoaconsiderablenumbernearourhousetoholda.ned1cineDanceforthebenefitofawomanwhohadburnther—selfinash§kingmannerwithpowder'AfterbeingthereafewdaystheyheldtheirDance.TheynowshowedtheiranimositytowardthePrayingIndiansthoseespeciallywhohadrecentlyrenouncedthemiteui.‘A-pertofth
Chippeway murder 13 Sioux, and Sioux seek revenge
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hetheIndiansgenerallyappearedtogrowmoredisaffectedtowardourGertforrealorimaginarywrongs,yettheyhadasyetshownnohostilefeelingsinparticulartowar
Ayer notes that the Natives are growing more and more hostile toward the US government
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obligedtobeabsentfromPokegom
lack of resources caused most of the Ojibwe around Pokegoma to relocate for winter
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10nothavebeen,butfortheconfidentempectationthatweshouldhavebeensustainedbymorelabourers.Weought,atleastsomeofus,tohavebeensofreefromotherengagements,thatwecouldhavemadeitourfirst,andalmostexclusiveobjecttoacquiretheOjibwalan—guageasperfectlyaspossible.Butinsteadoffindingtimeforthisweallfoundourselvesinvolvedincaresandlaboursofvariouskinds,whichforbadourgivingourundividedattentiontothisobject.Henceourmeansofintercoursewiththepeeplehasbeenlimited.Wehaveneverbeenabletoprocureefficientinterpreters.Wehavebeenwork—ingh
Hall feels like the missionaries jumped into everything too soon, or bit off more than they could ever chew
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heWantoffundshasbeenanothersourceofseveretrial,espec—iallyatPokegomaduringthepastyear
money is an issue, especially at Pokegoma
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omeofmybrethren,Ifear,aregettingdiscouraged.R
Hall thinks some of the missionaries are getting discouraged at the mission
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uttheycarelittleforamission-'ary,unlesshewillfeedandclothethem
according to Hall, natives see traders as good and missionaries as bad unless the missionaries will provide for them
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Possessingthischar—acter,theydonotregardtheobjectforwhichweresideamongthemasanythingverydesirable.T
Hall does not think much of them
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enerallyatthisplacetheyfeedandclothesthemselvesfarbetterthantheydidwhenIfirstknewthem.ButgenerallytheIndiansmanifestveryA“littledesiretoimprovetheircondition,aswretchedasitis
Hall says the Natives are more willing to "work" but still "don't want to improve their lives"
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ostofthemregardworkasdegradingandafitemploymentonlyforwomenandslaves
according to Hall, most male Ojibwe see labor as a female or slave task
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changetheirmodeoflifewouldbevirtuallytochangetheirreligion.T
that is literally what it is
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tFondduLacalsothingsatpresentwearadiscouragingas
also not great at Fond du Lac according to Hall
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tPokegumathingshavewornaverydiscouragingaSpectduringthepastsummer.TheIndianshavekilledseveralofthecattlebe-longingtothemissionandhavecommittedotherdepredati
rough relations at Pokegoma
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heCatholicsatthisplacearebecomingconsiderablenumerous,andaredoingwhattheycantodrawsoulsintothevortexoftheirer—ror.TheCanadiansandhalf-breedsofCanadiandescentareofcourseRomanCatholic
stronger catholic presence at La Pointe
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isexamplehasdonemuchtoprejudicethemindsofthepeopleagainstvitalpiet
Warren is a bad influence on the Natives at La Pointe
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Weareatpresentthrongedwithcompany,governmentbeingaboutmakingatreatywiththeseIndiansforalargetractoflandlyingsouthofus.MorethantwothousandIndiansarepresen
more than 2000 Natives are present for the land treaty
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rs.HallhasabeautifullittlebabebornthelastofJan,atthebirthofwhichshehadonlyMr.H.andmyselfasassistants,hebeingmidwife&Inurse,soyouseethatIhavegottenintoanentirelynewbusiness.Mrs.H.isveryfeebleandhasbeensoeversinceherconnneme
Mrs. Hall gave birth in January and is still "feeble"
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twasabeggingdance,theywerehungryandaskedforsomethingtoeat.Mr.Hallgavethemaverylittleatthesmallnessofthewhichtheylaugheda
the "scary" appearance of the Natives was a begging dance
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NotfeelinganydangerIwaspleasedwithmyride,excitedwithlaughter,whilethosethatwepassedlookedoninastonishment
She isn't afraid of social perception
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Wehavehadratherofastillwintertherebeingnoin~dians,butourownband,nearus.Butthisplaceisfastnllingwithindiansfromtheinteriorforthereistobeheldatreatywiththemforlan
There weren't many Natives during the winter, but there are more now because of the Treaty
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still-born.
Mills had a stillbirth
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TomorrowIgointotheschooltoassistmyhus-bandinteachingthesmallerclass
Mills helps Sproat in the classroom
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oyouseeIhavenotescaped,eventhisyearourspring,dreadedwor
Mills is in charge of all the household affairs basically
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OurfamilyisnowenlargedbyMr.[EdmundF.]ElyandMr.Air[FrederickAyer]andson,whoarestayingwithusaweekorso,theyappeartobejustmenwalkinginthefearoftheLor
Ely and Ayer visit Mills and Sproat
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heschoolisinteresting,butourbrethrenatPokegamaandFonduLacaretriedverymuchbythehostilityoftheindians,theyarebeginningtobestirred.bythestoryoftheoppres-sionoftheirsouthernbrethrenwhichhasreachedthem,theyarebeginningtofeelthatthewhitemenwilloppressthemasmuchastheycan,andareafraidthatgovernmenthassentthemissionariestoFavourtheirdesigns.TheCherokeeshavesentwampumtoseveralofthenortherntribestojointhemainsttheAmericanssoinsteadoflisteningtotheWordeirmindsareontheunjustnessesofthewhitemen.Ourbandhavenotyetbeenthusexcited.Ihopeitwillbealongtimebeforetheywill.Werewetolookuponthesemis-sionswiththeeyeofsense,weshouldbeentirelydiscouraged,buttheeyeoffaithdiscernsinthedistancetheredmanofthewildernessbendingthekneetotheonetrueGod;to18.-bourforthisendwemusthavefaithandpatienc
Mills has a really good understanding of the mission situation in relationship to the government
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V‘ithregardtosuccessofthemissions,Mr.I‘Iall5wassayinga.fewdayssincethathehasnever,sincehehasbeeninthecountry,seenthetimewhenthingsappearedmorenat-teringthantheydonow,ortheindiansmorefriendly
Mills says Hall is impressed by the success of missions
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Ihavegivenmyselftotheheathen.Iam.willingtostaywiththemifIcandothemanygo
Hall claims to have "given" himself "to the heathen"
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.Yousayyourhusbandisnotpious.Rememberthenyourresponsibility.S
Hall tells his sister that it is her duty to make her husband pious
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Iamhappytolearnthatyouaresohappilysituatedastodomesticenjoyment.Idonotdoubtthatitcontributesmuchtoyourhappinesstohaveahomeandfamilyofyourown
Hall assumes his sister is happy because she has family now
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WehaveassociatedwithusnowMrSproat&hisw
Hall and Sproat are working together
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Everythingthatcanbepurchasedatall,isprocuredatanexpensedoublethatforwhichitcanbeprocuredwithyo
provisions are expensive out there in the wild west
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hefollowingarethereasonsforcontinuingFond.duLa
Reasons for staying at Fond du Lac
- property
- agriculture
- school
- less Catholicism than in past
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Iwillonlyadd,thatinleavingL.LakeIleftmygarden&houseinthecareoftheC
Boutwell left things in the charge of the Chief at Leech Lake
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eInds.bythetreatyhavebeendis—0;—concerted,perplexed&seemtohavelostallenerquenterpriseinhuntingasformerl
retrogression in Natives returning to missions after the treaty
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WithregardtoL.Lakeweallwereoftheopinion,thatitismoreimportantinanultimatepointofview,thanFondduLa
Why Leech Lake is better to occupy than Fond du Lac
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WewereunanimousinourviewswithregardtoreoccupyingLeechLake&inabandoningFondduLacincasetheBoardcannotsustainboth.Todowhichrequirestwo
Boutwell, Ayer, and Ely are all in agreement that if finances are bad, they should reoccupy Leech Lake and abandon Fond du Lac
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r5-teachers,thoughtheyupsetallcornersoftheIndiancoun-trywithlargebribesandrichpresents,havenotbeenabletoerectasizablemissionanywhereamongtheIndia
reasons why Protestants haven't been able to establish a lasting mission in the NW
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cantruthfullyassertthattheIndiansareaphlegmatic,good-natured,unusuallypatientanddocilerace,whoarecapableofgoodimpulsesandwhointheiroriginalwildcon-dition,whentheyareawayfromtheevilworld,donotliveinawickedanddissolutemanner;theylistentoavisitingpriestwithadesireforknowledge;theygladlyacceptre-ligionandallowthemselvestobeeducatedasgoodandtrueChristians.Ontheotherhand,whereverthepoorIndianshavebeencontaminatedbygrossvicesof.whiteChristians,orhavebeenruinedthroughdrinkandmisledintofalseconcep-tionsofourholyreligionbyitsenemies,theybecomemuchmorestubborntoconversionandciviliz
Pierz notes that the Ojibwe are shocker actually people,and get corrupted by white vices, like alcohol
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nArbreCrochehehasmadehundredsofsuchexcellentChristiansoutofthecoarsestsavagesthat,asfarasIknowthempersonally,theycouldbeplacedbeforeallChristendomasanexampleofpiety.
Pierz reveres Baraga
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Iintendtoerectanewmissionther
Pierz wants to start a new mission, when personnel is already short
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journeyshewishestheBoardto
Cooke wants the Board to pay for her travels back into "society" - I'm not sure she mentioned this in previous letters to Greene
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earenotabandoningLeechLakeforgood,buthopetoresumeitagain.WeareunderthenecessityofleavirgoneofourstationsforthepresentormaintainthematthedisadvantageofmyremainingaloneatL[eech]Lake&MrElyatFduLac
Boutwell tells Sibley that Leech Lake isn't abandoned long term
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Catholiccongregationhereisverynumerous
Strong Catholic presence at La Pointe
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ouwillbealittlesurpriedwhenItellyouMrElyslittlegirlafewdaysagowastakenoutofthecreekfrdead.Theyworkedseveralhoursbeforeshediscoveredanywarmthinhrbody&hardlyanysymptomsofanimation.ImentionthisthatyoumaydoubleyourwatchfulnessoverlittleJulia
Boutwell tell Aitkin that Ely's daughter nearly drowned
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orthpresentembarrassedstateofthetreasury,whichislittle,ifatallrelievedfromtepressurefeltlastsummer,wouldnotwarranttheCommitteeinsendingoutayadditionalmissionaries,unlessthecallinProvidencewasverypec
the Board won't send out anymore missionaries until they get their financial situation in check
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eshallleaveitforhim&hisbrethrentodecid
Greene tells Ely that Boutwell will decide where to stay for the next year
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ndiansshallbequiteexterminat
he is preparing for the extermination of the Natives
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hereality‘ofevilwillcomesoonenough,andinthemeantimewemustdowhatwecantosavetheIndians,&preparethemtobeartheapproachingevilwithlessinjuryorsufferin
it's almost as if he is saying to prepare the Ojibwe for a cultural genocide
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owever,ifhecancomewithoutexpensetotheBoard,canbekeptunderyoureye,andcangobackwithoutbeingheldupmuchforashow,Ithinkweshallnotobjecttohis
But as long as the Chief of Leech Lake is Boutwell's problem, Greene is fine with him traveling with him
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wouldprobablyoccasionsometalk,perhapsunfavorabletotheinterestsoftheBoard,ifyoushouldbeseentravellingacrossthecountrywithanIndi
this is so hypocritical - "civilize" them, but don't let them be seen with you because they will always be inferior
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YourrequestrelativetovisitingNewEnglandwaslaidbeforetheCommittee,andtheyassentedtoyourproposal.ShouldyoucometoNewHaMpshire,weshallexpectyouofcoursetovisitBoston,asweshallwishtoconferwithyouonsometopicscogéntedwiththemissio
Greene and the Board let Boutwell vacation in New England
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itwillbebest,probably,foryoutousethatforpayingallyourexpensesonyourway,tillitisexpanded,andpostponere-'oeivinganyonaccountoftheBoard,tillyouactuallynee
Greene advises Sproat to use his own money until he runs out, and only then to use the Board's money
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GreenetoSproat,Jan27‘“,Boston,18
Greene leaves it up to Sproat to decide if the womyn from his hometown should be his missionary wife
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ThefollowinghoweverIthinkoughttonbe]possessedinsomegoodde-greebyeverymissionaryandmissionary'srifeamongtheheathen,judgingfromthelittleexperienceIhavehadamongourIndianmis-eione
Sproat describes what he feels are the qualities necessary for missionaries
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ahaysbeensomanhabafflizatedth13.seaéonbysickn
Fond du Lac has sickness
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Wefeelmorethaneverthewantofanordainedmini
Ayer wants Pokegoma to have an ordained minister
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ncreoeverhereare5familiessettledbyuschemwe5333helpinagricultur
Ayer argues that Pokegoma deserves a higher ration of money because they have more missionaries and more natives that need help with agriculture
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ButGodhasseenfittoblesstheworkofour,handaherefromthebeginnin
Ayer suggests that Pokegoma is the most comfortable and successful of all the Missions
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tin"nowornever“asitregardstheprosperityofthishis?eio
Ayer says it is "now or never" in regards to the success of Pokegoma
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3darenotcommitourselves,inmakingSpecialpremisestoassistthem.Todarenotturnthemawa
Ayer is conflicted because he doesn't want to turn any natives away, but he hasn't the resources to help them
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ThenumberofIndiansdenominatedbythehogan_“PrayingIndian?is17adultsandaboutasmanychildren.Thereare8meu.and9women.Threeofthemenareunitedwiththechurchoa~wethinkthatanotherisachristian.Also3womenTwootheryoungwomenentertainhopesbutwehavenotsufficientevidenceoftheinternalteachingoftheSpirittoencouragethemtoh
numbers for the church at Pokegoma
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herselfwithherchildrenamongthosewhowereseekingafterGod".Shedesiredthepardonofhersine,andtheoins¢ofherchildrenmorethananythingelse.Inaccordancewithouradviceonherreturnhomesherearedthefamilyaltar,andeversincemorning&eveninghasbeenheardthevoiceofprayer&praiseinherdwelling.SheappearsverydesirousthatherPaganrelativesshouldcomeandlistentothewordofGo
one Native mother wants to convert herself and her children
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versincethelittlerevivalweenjoyedlastwintertherehasbeenmarkedatientiontoinstructionandtheseriousimpressionsthanmadeonsomeminds.hsvsneveraltogethersubsided—«butwehopein2or3oaseshaveresultedinconversio
Ayer says Pokegoma is enjoying some conversion "success"
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hysicalAspectofthegounu'y.Thisplace&theimmediateVicinityoffersveryfewinducementtoAgriculralists.Smallspotsofexcellentalluviallandaretobefoundhere,butnotsufnienttolocateanynumberoffamilies.Thereisgoodlandalso—a[t]variousdistncesintheVicinity.ASIhavetraveledverylittleinthesurroundingcountry,it'11notbeexpectedofmetoattemptadescriptio
the land is good for several people to farm, but not for whole communities
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Theprejudiceagotherwise.ItisinsistedthatsomesecretmotivefordoingformerwordsconceringourmgMen,2Boys,4YoungWomen,7dnggoodprogress,consideringhichinallcaseshasbeenveryfewdaysintheschool—thenonsentSchoolarestudyingbothOjibue&English.Youngmenmadesomepronciency,r,inthetwonrstprinciplesofspectsforusefulnessaredarkerthanheretoforethey.ainstusasAmericansisincreasingratherthanwearesentherebyGovernment,&thatGovthavegso
Ely tells Bushnell that favor toward the Whites in Ojibwe country isn't favorable
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TeacherPupi
Ely explains attendance to Daniel Bushnell, Indian Agent
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IquestionmuchwhetheritismydutytoreturntoLaPointet
Sproat isn't sure he wants to return to La Pointe
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Thethoughthasoccurredtomethatsixmonthsspentinthestudyofmedicine,withsomeablepractitioner,wouldbeofgreaterservicetomeasamissionarythananyothercoursewhichIcouldpursue.Willyoupleasewriteandinformmehowtheplanpresentsitselftoyou,andifyouthinkthattherewouldbeanobjectio
Sproat "agrees" with Greene that he would do well at La Pointe, but then "offers" that perhaps he would be more useful longterm if he studied in New England over the winter
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MissCoo
Even though miss cooke has been released, she doesn't know and so she stays there
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uttheproposalwasrejected,andtheyreplied,thattheywishedtoreceivetheoompeneationfortheirlands,insomethingtheycouldeatorwear.This19thegeneralfeelingthroughoutthecountryinrespecttoimprovementsofallkin
the Natives don't like the treaty and want compensation for land in the form of clothing and food
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hestateofreligionherethepastyearhasbeenlow.
Low religious prosperity at La Pointe
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argeafamilyoughttobesupportedhereunderthepresentembarrassmentsoftheBoard.IftheembarrassmenteoftheBoardarelikelytobesogreatfromthewantoffunds,thattheeemissionsmustbecometoocircumscribedintheirexpen
Hall tells the Board that if they are broke enough to be embarrassed, to not send more help
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educethenumberoflabourers
It is ironic that Hall mentions this since all the missionaries have been asking for female help
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ManuscriptsRelatingtotheFrederickAyertoPresidAttherequestoftheChiefsVIpenned,andnowforwardiShouldyousir,astheyhavesubjectoftheforegoingspeecommunicationtoF.Ayer,IUpperMississippieItisbutrecentlythatIhavebodyregrettedthesaleofthopinionasfarasIamacquacompensationfortheland—thosechiefswhocededthelbymanyIndianswhodid—woulddisputetheClaimoftsupposedclosedtheirspeeclcalculatedtointimidateIto]toholdtheirheadsalthoughrequestsandholdtheland.theirpovertyandmiseryto]considertheircaseandwoNorthwestMissionsP489.entoftheUSASeptember301837Pokegamawhosenamesareappendedtotheforegoingspeeches,:hemforyournotice.requestedinformthembyletterofyourviewsonthe-chesyouwill(ifitisyourpleasure)addressthe’uhkahummahcareofH.H.SibleyEsqStPeterslearnedfromtheIndiansthemselvesthattheyasaairlandbytherecentTreaty
Ayer tells the president that the Natives regretted "giving" their land up in the treaty
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henthewhitescomeamonguéwherewillourChildiengo
primary concern of Buffaloe is there children
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IquestionmuchwhetheritismydutytoreturntoLaPointethis
Sproat tells Greene he's not sure he should return to La Pointe
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MrBoutwellwritesmefromFondduLac,thathehasdeterminedtoleavehisfamilytherewhilehegoeshimselftoLeechLaketoseetheIndiansthere,andtakecareofthepropertyhehasthere,andthenwillreturntoFduLtospendthewinter
Boutwell is going to leave his family at Fond du Lac while he travels to Leech Lake
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snotcarrieaintoeffect-onthecontrarytheclerksaresentbacktoallthepostssaveone-RedCedarLakewherehissonwaskill
Aitkins didn't remove the AFC, just the one post near Red Cedar Lake
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ThetimehasnowcomeIthinkforourMissionstodeclarethem—selvesindipendentoftheh.M.F.Compan
Seymour suggests to Greene that the missions severe connection to the American Fur Company
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ug-13[1837
Boutwell's son is baptized Ramsey Crooks
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SHalltoDavidGreene,LaPointe
Hall apologizes to Greene for sending Sproat to look for help because the Board is so broke
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Bro.Elysooncametoseemen,andinformedmethatbothourlittleonesareillwithcoughandso;ethroat.Ifoundthemquiteill,especiallydearAntoinett
Boutwell and Ely's children are ill
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heywillgrantit.
Greene grants Cooke permission to leave missionary work
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Determinedthatthebestandmostefficientwayformetodogoodamongthispeoplewasbyitineratingamongthem,asIhavedonefor4weekspast,enteringintotheirhuts,sittingdownamongthem,instructingtheirchildren,andendeavouringtoimparttothemthewordofLife,asGodshallenable
best mode of Christianization for Sproat is to visit all the Natives as individuals, rather than calling them together
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uringthenightIhadsucharavishingviewofthegloryofGodinChristthatIcouldnotsleep.Icouldonlylookupthroughtheholeatthetopofmybutandsin
Sproat is extremely religious
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enttovisitasickchild.FounditinsasufferingconditionaNoclothessaveamiserableblanketthrownoveritsshoulders;itsbreastandlimbsexposed.Itappearedtobeverymuchafflictedinitslimbs,itshandsandfeetbeingpartiallywithere
Sproat visits a sick child
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llappearedgladtoseeme,andwillingtohavetheirchildreninstructed.O
Sproat finds that most of the Natives at Sugar Bush are okay with their children being educated at a school
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mbarkedwithMr.Aitkinf1:SandyLake,toaccompanyhimtoSaintPeter'stoattendtheTreaty.LeftmydearfamilyatFondduLacwithBr
Boutwell and Aitkin travel to Sandy Lake for a treaty
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rrivedatFondduLa
Boutwell arrives at Fond du Lac (for permanent placement)
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erhapstheywillnotjustifytheexponceI'havc’imrggdymade.IsometimestremolowhenIthinkofitbutnruamiiihavc‘errcdyouwillpardontheerror&be-lievemestil
Seymour is worried he spent more of the Board's money than he should have
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TheypassedaresolutionwhiletogetheratPokegomsthatonmyvisittotheStatesImakeitaspecialobjecttohiresor4piousyoungmenforthetermoz3.4or5yearstolaborforareasonablecompensationatthevariousstationsinthatregi
Seymour left to Connecticut and Ohio, was ill, and also looked for 3 - 4 pious people to work at the missions
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theywerenotunderthenecessityoftakingtheirfamilieswiththemtosubsistupontheChaseastheyfor-merlyhaddon
because of an increase in long term agriculture, men spending fall and winter hunting is not necessary, but done almost out of habit according to Ayer
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Idonotwish,norshouldIbCyanymeansfeelwillingtotakesuchastep,unlesstheindicationsofProvidenceshouldseemclearlytorenderitadvisable
Cooke really wants to quit from all connection with the Board
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IfeartheeepoorIndianawillnotverymuchlongerbe-leftundisturbedinpossessionoftheircountry.Whatwedofortheirsalvation,inhumen.probabilltymustbedoneso
Ayer can see the influx of White people and understands that soon no land with belong to the Natives
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naformerletterImentionedthsfEeasy-ourInnerprcterwishedtobeconsideredasandesistennhiseionary.Recenteventsrelatingtohiswifeandherconnexionsrendereditexpedienhthatheshoulddissolvehisimmeddeneconnictionwiththe-Missionandsettledownb
Henry (Ayer's interpreter) had to leave suddenly and Ayer is left alone for preaching and all other affairs
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Weverymeshneedheiean-erdainedministertobreakthebreadoflife,andadministertne.ozdinanoeetothispeople
while things are going very well at Pokegoma, Ayer still desires a preacher
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Hehasabandonedeveryheathenishpracticeisbecomingmoreandmoreassimilatedin_custometousisindustriousandthriveing.ThegradeofGodhasmadehimaltogetheraneg
the new chief of the Natives surrounding Pokegoma has converted to Christianity
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heChangeintheChiefistrulywonderfu
Change in the Chief was big for the mission
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FromthismomenttheworkofGodgrahnally‘deolined—
Ayer feels as though God's presence surrounding Pokegoma has declined the new year
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WilliamTBoutwellPapers,MNHS.1Box.P2528M
Boutwell departs for Sandy Lake with his whole family and a 2 week old baby
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remainYaursaffectionately&truly
This is one of the only letters he signs without a Christian ending
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till,ifitberepenition,wewishtolearnhowyouare;&‘whan‘yeuaredeing.&wheegraeheetearebeforeyoutocheerordepressyen:heart.Yenneednen:efhenwritefully,orgointoanyexee£;deta;leAsummaryViewcfyeqrileboreintheseveraldepartmenteandthegeneralprogressofnhinge-ieallthanisnecessary;exceptbeéeayear,whenwewantafull'reportgunlegeyouhavecommunicationenemakewhicharecalledferhhbyeventsofspecialintere
Greene wants Hall to write more about the affairs of the Mission
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itinwellforthemissionthathaleavesit,whileitwouldatthesametimemakenofearthathewouldoftenwhar~everhemaybelocated,speakinanunaavioedandunfriendlyman»norofhisbrethrenandofthemissio
Greene is okay with Town leaving La Pointe
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ove&pitythemiserablecreatures,how.everhostiLa&unreasonabletheymay[be].
Greene tells Boutwell to love and pity the Natives
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tomothatyouhadbetterremovetooneofthosestationsandtakeupyourabo
Greene lists reasons why Boutwell should relocate
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greateratPokegummathanatFonduLac
Greene suggests that Boutwell relocate to Pokegoma or Fond du Lac
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acceptsherresignati
Miss Cooke resigns
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hewholecountryseemstobebankrup
really pointed statement by Greene here: "The whole country seems to be bankrupt."
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ftheIndianscontinuetoharasshimasmuchastheyhavedoneatLeechLake,itseemstomebestthatheshould,thecomingfall,joinyouandmakehishometherefortheprese
Greene suggests sending Boutwell to Ayer because the Natives are harassing him at Leech Lake
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bout4.pm.mywifepresentedmewithann
Mrs. Boutwell gave birth to a son
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MrSproatwhohasthechargeoftheschool,hasnointention,sofarasIknow,ofbeingmarried.Hadheawife,Iwouldnotaskforanyotheraidinthepresentscarcityof
Hall wants Sproat to get married
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ytimeggghttg_b§.whollydevotedtogivingreligiousinstruction,translating,andperfectingmyselfintheknowledgeofthenativelanguage,togetherwithcollectingmatarialsforavocabularyandgrammarofit
Hall's opinion is that he is wasting his own time doing manual labor and not preaching
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heformerrendershimlesstobedependedonthanisdesirable;hislackofjudgmentexposeshimtosomeindiscretions;andhisweaknervesexposehimtodisquietudeanddiscontentmentwhichabridgeshisenjoyment,andsometimesrendersthoseunhappywhoareassociatedwithh
Town's negative characteristics
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ThecomplaintwhichIhavemostfrequentlyheardhimmakeagainstthepresentplanofoperationshere,is,thatthetimeofthemissionariesistoomuchoccupiedinmanuallabourandinprovidingfortheirfamili
Town's chief complaint is too much manual labor
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vemelesstimetodevouttodirectlaboursfortheIndiansthanIcouldwish.IhavesaidtohimallIthoughtwouldbeofanyuse,toinducehimtostayandlabourinthesemissions,wherehemightrenderessentialservice.Butifhismind-couldnotberenderedmoresettledinregardtoremaining,thanithasbeenforseveralmonthspast,hewouldrenderusbutlittleaidbyremainingwithus
Hall tried to convince Town to stay so that Hall's workload wasn't crazy, but no dice
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ewasdesiroustoleavethusearly,inordertoestablishhimselfinsomekindofbusiness,andprocurethemeanstomakehisfamilyocomfortablebeforeanotherwinte
Mr. Town left La Pointe to start a business and his wife will join him soon
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heAmer.FurCo.haveitincontemplationtoabandontheirtradingpostsinthosequarters.Iftheydo,itissomewhatdoub[t]fulwhetheritwillbesafeforamissionfamilytoattempttoresideatL[eech]Lakeatpresent.TheIndianswillbesomewhatexasperatedifthetradersWithdraw.Bythelatestintelligencefromthatquarter,welearntthattheexcitementhassomewhatsubside
Hall also informs Greene about the situation at Red Cedar Lake (Boutwell said it was Sandy Lake?) but says that it seems to have calmed down
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rsGamagebringsyouthis.Shestillfeels,Ibelieve,astrongdispositiontogooutwithus.Ihaveendeavouredfaithfullyandplainlytorepresenttoherthetrialsandtoilsofmissionarylife,asfarasIknow.Butsheisnotatalldisinheartened[sic
Mrs. Gamage wants to join the missionaries, but Sproat has tried to convince her not to
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IshallstandmygrounduntilIseetheprovclearlyindicatesthatIshouldremove.Iknownotwhatthefuturewilldevelop.
Boutwell is scared of another attack, but resolves to stay on
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isdeterminedtowithdrawallthepostswestofSLak
Aitkins wants to withdraw all posts west of Sandy Lake, which greatly worries Boutwell
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tthetimeofthemelancholly[sic]occurrenceMrA.wasabsentfromthecountry.Hereturnedtohispost(SandyLake)onthenrstofJan.&ontheeightharrivedherewithapartyofmeninpursuitofthemurdere
Aitkins oldest son was murdered, and he went out with a party for the killer
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AlthoughI.amnotChiaf,yetI.awrightfulowneroftheland.-(liecannot:sellthelanci,wewilllandittoyou)Youcanamenygurhouseonthepointwhereyounowl
Nindipen says Ely can build on land at Fond du Lac
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whoarebutlittlebetterinformedthan.the.India
The Catholics around Fond du Lac are comparable to the Natives, according to Ely
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IhOpayouhavebeforethistimereceivedtheManuscriptofLuke'sGospelwhichIsentlastfall.IftheBoardseefittoprintit,Ihopegreatcarewillbetakentomakeitascorrectasposs
Hall sent a manuscript to the Board
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esaidhewoulddoit,iftheyshouldbethereinseason.Theyshiptheirgoodsaboutthe10thMay.
Hall says that Greene can send goods to the Mission through the American Fur Company
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aosit——ChiefofthisBand,agedabout50yrs,&WilliamTalcott(namedfromW.H.TalcottofAlbany)agedabout21
Masosit and William Talcott were Christianized
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WearebutMissCook,hrs.Ely,self&littleDaughter.Howlonr3138Cookwillremainisuncertain
Miss Cooke is still at Fond du Lac
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tisthepolicyoftheCo.tokeeneverygoodmanindebt,forthentheyholdthemintheirpow
The Company tries to keep people in debt
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.will,as
Ely is not requesting transfer yet
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WerecdonSat.Evelast,thedistressingintelligenceoftheMurderofMr.AitkinseldestSonAlfred
Mr. Aitkin's son is murdered
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YouwishmetoshowcharitytotheIndians——DoyouexpectmetofeedeveryManwhoasksproviéionsofme——or——thosewhocomeininthewinter,indistress-—evenasweheredonethepastWinter?He_repliedthe[?MS.torn]latter.Afterthetalk,I.invitedthemhomewithme,&tookanritingineffect,asabove,whichN.signed&'E.witnesse
Ely's conversation with Natives around Fond du Lac
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Wedonothateyou--wehatethosewhosentyouhere
Natives at Fon du Lac not highly receptive to missionary presence
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Ourcookingroomwas8by10infrontofchimney.ThiswasalsoourSchoolroo
Mission at Fond du Lac is very tiny
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butclothingisbetterthanalmostanythingelsetopaythelabourwehavetohire.
new clothing is the best payment method for Native labor
Tags
- Ojibwe
- Red Lake
- money
- Warren
- marriage
- Aitkins
- death
- childcare
- Mr. Seymour
- Gamage
- Pokegama
- missionaries
- baptism
- Mrs. Hall
- Sproat
- labor
- sickness
- childhood
- Sandy Lake
- hunting
- Mr. Boutwell
- Delia Cooke
- religion
- pregnancy
- Mr. Hall
- La Pointe
- trade
- war
- Leech Lake
- piety
- Gertrude Mills
- school
- Native Agriculture
- Fond du Lac
- language
- Native Religion
- mission
- Mille Lac
- President
- Baraga
- sioux treaty
- chief
- Mrs. Boutwell
- Mr. Town
- government
- stillbirth
- Mr. Greene
- mission family
- Bushnell
- Nindipen
- protestant
- American Fur Company
- native customs
- Board
- Chippeway
- Buffaloe
- childbirth
- Mr. Ayer
- Middleboro
- travel
- Catholicism
- Mr. Ely
- Christianization
- Miss Cook
- alcohol
- Pierz
- Sugar Bush
- Sioux
Annotators
URL
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Local file Local file
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IeXpecttohavenodifficultyingettingthroughwith8CanoestoRedLak
Ayer is heading back to Red Lake
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GrandPortag
Ayer is now writing from Grand Portage
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heythereforelookedtotheirfarmertoplowforthem&nngnishseedatotheheaohertheylookedtoinstructtheirohildxen;ThisisthepresentpositionofthingsatPokegana—-peacezgragrtheyassuxedustheywoulddome,fortifythamselvea&plantm
promise of 30-40 Native families at Pokegoma in the Spring
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WeallfeelthatbothLeechLakeandRedLakegg§§_beoccupiedimmodalate
all the current missionaries want Leech Lake and Red Lake occupied immediately
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hereseemstobeamovementonthemindsoftheOjibsssgenerallyinfavourofbeinginstructed
Ojibwe appear as desiring Christianization
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lloLacisalsoaninvitingfield,exceptasitisexposedtoattacksfromtheSfijou
Mille Lac has a strong Sioux presence
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ohelpcan.uoll»bo39paxodatpresentfrouLayointotofoxmanewstation.Theno.iaao’uuchtobedonetharokaiaoreaontasthemia¢aionaricacanwelldo,includingtheireffornsinpreparingbooksforprinting.Thereismoreencouragementtolabourtherenowthanatal»mostanytimesincetheetanionwa
Seems to suggest that these proposed new missions will need an entirely new set of people, because all the current missions require too much work
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tRedLakeandLeechLake,asitseemstousaretwoveryinvit-ingfieldsoflabour.
Red Lake and Leech Lake are promising for missions
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havedenelookingforhisreturn,andthinkhehasleftusaltogeth
has Boutwell left altogether?
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hilenreA.etaid.a£ln£d.bake.heheldmeetingsseveraltimes.with.the‘indianeghfwhichtimeehepreachedtoaaeheidereblenumberofattentiveligfenene.~IheIndianatherewerewillingtoallowmisaaionarieeasmuehlandaseeuldbenecesearyfez~thehto
Red Lake Band was receptive to the mission and the gospel
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henumberofIndiansbelongingtothebandisaboutonehundredhuntingmen,andfrom500to600womenandchild
Red Lake Ojibwe Band: 100 men, 500-600 womyn and children
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heyvisitedLeechLakeandRedLakeandotherplacesontheway,toascertainwhataretheprospectsinthatregionformissionaryOperation
Ayer visited Red Lake and Leech Lake to access them for missions again
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lyfemalethatisa515,byinacond
Mrs. Wheeler is the only female at La Pointe able to perform domestic duties
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erethewifeofamiasionaryoanmostthefenmalenowhereofthechurch,themothoraandthat;danghtono.onaexertanimportantinfluencewhereitwomlnbeimpossibloforthemissionaryhimselftolaborwithmuah
According to Wheeler, missions needs more womyn because they can exert more domestic influence than men on the Natives
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efindourselvesheresituanedinacommunity.ofpeoplenotonlyheathenanddestitutaofatrueaknowledgeofGod,outlivingintheloweststateofhumanSoci
Wheeler's view of Native life is low
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theboom39mg:garnish:nre»withsomefemaleassistantEgg]tolaboras.dom1o££o{gig}Helploouéfami
The Wheeler family has been at La Pointe for a year and a half and asks the Board for a female assistant
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Local file Local file
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PomschristianawhereWevisitedlabtSummertho'tthatifthachurchtowhichnheybelongeag.could,incampanywithtwoorthreeotherchurchessuppart-a.é£ationamongtheIndians&keepupacor»respondenoewith.themissionarieaatthatstation,theyshoulddomuchmore&taksaiar‘deaper‘tnterestthantheyshouldtosendwhattheyraised_ngrtheBeardnotknowingwhereitwasappropriated.whatwouldyou;committeathinkofta
Mrs. Ely offers a suggestion to Mr. Greene about a sort of collection of churches in the area supporting the Natives and doing missionary work as a whole
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shallhavethemeansofaidingtheInds,iftheyreturn&supportingmyfamilywithoutcallingupontheBeardanotheryaa
Boutwell has resources, now that most Natives have fled war
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sMrAgm&~E§.amebénhgoneitismyautyfornhe.presenttoabidebytheatuiifEufhowlongyourcommitteewillhhink1tem-pediennformene:emalniftheSiouxtreatyisnon’ranifleé&theprospectsofwar‘contlnuo,fsubmittoyourself&the
Boutwell also leaves it up to Greene and the Board to decide if he should stay
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heyhavenotyetfrightenedmeaway,thoughnheirthreatshavesomewhatdis-turbedmywife
The Sioux say they will kill the first white man's wife they find, and Boutwell seems to be confused as to why his wife is uneasy
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SiouxTrea
Sioux Treaty
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fourlaboursdonotaccomplishennughtamakeitanobjecttomaintainushere.itisforyoutoredallusfromthefiel
Hall again leaves it up to the Board and Greene to decide if they are doing good enough work to stay at the Mission
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ButIwouldsayinreplythatIregardthemasmuchobjectsofmissionaryeffort,astheIndian
Hall states that he views his efforts towards mixed race individuals the same as toward the Natives - heathens needing conversion
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etitinalaboriousanddiscourag-ingworktogivetnamnire'gétspahTheyareignorant,degraded,anddepzxav54.Ithinktheirgreatestobgtahiontochristianitywillbefoundinitsoppeaingtheirdepraveddoairaéanapraen
Hall finds the process of conversion tiresome because of the depravity of the Natives
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mixedblood
"Mixed blood" by Catholic fur traders intermarrying with Natives
So Catholics exert much influence on the Natives, because any children born in these marriages is baptized a Catholic at birth
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hisisinc-atncngholdofCatholicinfluenceinthiscountry.Thefurtradéhac.bcen.nheoccasionofintroducingaconsidera
fur trade brings catholicism
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hitemen,eepeoia11ytraders,have.muchinfluencewiththem.Itisvery.-jmp'oaétamthattheyshouldexertareligiouginf
Hall mentions the influence of Whites, especially traders, on the Natives and mentions they should be pious and "exert a religious influence"
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TheChurchatthisplaoowagorganizedonznho'BGEhofAug.133
Demographics of the church at La Pointe
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nOctoberlast,oneofournumber,aninfantoftenmonnhsold;ardtheonlychildofMr.andMrsSproat,wasremoved_framthisrorldafterashortilln
Mrs. Sproat's child died after sickness
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Ybu,§reprobablyawarethat‘odhastakentwoofournhreechildrent
two of Ely's children died
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hefruitsoftheschoolatFondulacareabundantaaeng—thefewhavelost,Remyimproved.GodmayyetgettohimselfGloryfrommypoorweaklaboursnhe
Fond du Lac now seems to be the only mission currently doing well in both labor and mission work
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oaso'ourIndianashouldgointothewoods,itmaybeexped-ientthatImwinto;itFondulaaratherthanatLepoin
Ely doesn't know whether he will need to be at Fond du Lac or La Pointe for the winter yet
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hichtheywillpayinlabour,beag¢ing,fish,&
to keep the Natives in his area, Ely bought them fishing and hunting supplies, to be repaid through labor and game
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GodinhieProvidencehasagainbroughtmyoelf'afamilywithinashortdistanceofFeeon1&0!&thereasonofthisMovement,13,inshortth
After war erupted at Pokegoma, the mission families decided to leave, some of whom wanted to go to La Pointe and others to Fond du Lac
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ewasthesonofoldBuffalo,andthesecondthathehaslostsinceIhavebeenhere.Hewaskilledbya.fallingtreewhileouthunting.
A second chief, son of Old Buffalo, died while hunting
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ethinksmyhealthhasbeenfailin
author getting ill
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receivedyourletterdaybeforeyesterday,mydearmother,andhappywasItohavenewsfromhom
She finally hears from her mother in May
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Ithinkyoumaybetired,too,ofmyjourney,butcouldIseeyouIcouldtenyouofmanythingsofwhichIhavenottimetowri
Author really wants to see her family
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dgivenbirthtosixstill-bornchildren.ButafteratriptoEnglandandherhealthmuchimprovedshehasgivenbirthtotwolivingchildre
Mrs. Jones had 6 stillbirths, then two healthy children
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Shespokeofhermarriagewithfreedom
This is important enough that another womyn noted it, and then decided to write it in her diary (the married womyn is Mrs. Copway
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WearrivedatFondulacaboutnoon.
The travel party arrives at Fond du Lac on the 3rd day of travel
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WeexpecttostartonourtourtoFondulaciftheweatherbefairsoIhavetospendtheremainderoftheweekinpreparingour“wapon"——awordmeaning,inthiscountry,provisionforajourne
Traveling to Fond du Lac
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IwrotethatIthoughtofgoingwithMr.Hallbutashewillnotstartun-tilthemiddleofsummerIhavegivenuptheideaasmycon-ditionwouldmakeitimpossibleformetotravelatthatt
"my condition" is she pregnant?
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