1. Last 7 days
    1. Since the value in adding it only to the options bag is quite small (for it would require an app developer to develop a UI for the user to control their oxford comma preference and then pass it to the constructor of ListFormat all around their app), I believe that this feature should be primarily handled by the language tag in CLDR first, and we can then consider adding support for it into ECMA402.

      It is always valuable to give the option to developers to use it how they want. The developer may want to use it without necessarily making it a user-controllable UI preference!!

    2. I'm a little--maybe more than a little--concerned with trying to encapsulate every possible stylistic variation in every API into locale identifiers. A certain amount of this, sure. But this model won't scale and it will be difficult for developers and customers to use.
    1. One of the ways social media can be beneficial to mental health is in finding community (at least if it is a healthy one, and not toxic like in the last section). For example, if you are bullied at school (and by classmates on some social media platform), you might find a different online community online that supports you. Or take the example of Professor Casey Fiesler finding a community that shared her interests (see also her article):

      I think the people have forgotten what social media was created for - a means to connect people around the world. Forgetting this core idea is probably what has made social media so harmful as now it is used for almost every aspect of our life except the simplicity of connecting with someone.

    1. (Karpsinki also set a Guinness World Record in 2006 for the fastest single-fare journey across the whole of New York City’s subway system; he’s a determined guy who doesn’t like to waste time.)

      Me parece algo totalmente genial (dejando de lado de que no todo el mundo tiene un récord guinness y todos los requisitos que solicitan para tenerlo) sino por el hecho de que no es algo aleatorio.

      Recuerdo haber leído sobre ese récord hace un tiempo y si no me equivoco era sobre recorrer cierta cantidad de estaciones de metro (unas 400 y algo) en un tiempo de 24 horas ("pasaditas") y que estuvo vigente hasta cierto tiempo, lo que me parece fascinante es que cómo dije anteriormente, no fue algo esporádico, fue algo planeado, algo planificado en equipo

    2. Like many revolutionary changes in human history, it started with a flash of frustration.

      Cómo toda gran idea novedosa o innovadora que nace de la incomodidad ...

      Ser disruptivo y crear algo que cambie y mejore las reglas convencionales es algo que siempre he de admirar. Tener la convicción de diseñar algo que se sabe que reúne lo mejor de varios sistemas es algo que no todo el mundo hace, si bien quisieron hacer algo más "pequeño, propio y privado" (que se entiende muy bien, no por el tema de envidia o privatización sino porque quizá uno cómo persona no dimensiona el impacto de sus creaciones), algo que me llamó la atención es que fueron de lleno a crear algo a la altura de los lenguajes de alto nivel (básicamente que se pueden hacer más y mejores cosas sin tantas líneas de código), ósea que simplemente no fue un típico proyecto que ya existía, sino que intentaron ir más allá de una vez, simplemente adelantados a su tiempo, es increíble

    1. “If [social media] was just bad, I’d just tell all the kids to throw their phone in the ocean, and it’d be really easy. The problem is it - we are hyper-connected, and we’re lonely. We’re overstimulated, and we’re numb. We’re expressing our self, and we’re objectifying ourselves. So I think it just sort of widens and deepens the experiences of what kids are going through.

      I think this really highlights the difficulty we're facing with social media these days as while we all know the toxic aspects of it we cannot get it our of lives as in truth it's not as toxic if used in moderation. However due to it's addictive nature most people cannot use it in moderation and therefore it only adds harm to people's life.

    2. “If [social media] was just bad, I’d just tell all the kids to throw their phone in the ocean, and it’d be really easy. The problem is it - we are hyper-connected, and we’re lonely. We’re overstimulated, and we’re numb. We’re expressing our self, and we’re objectifying ourselves. So I think it just sort of widens and deepens the experiences of what kids are going through. But in regards to social anxiety, social anxiety - there’s a part of social anxiety I think that feels like you’re a little bit disassociated from yourself. And it’s sort of like you’re in a situation, but you’re also floating above yourself, watching yourself in that situation, judging it. And social media literally is that. You know, it forces kids to not just live their experience but be nostalgic for their experience while they’re living it, watch people watch them, watch people watch them watch them. My sort of impulse is like when the 13 year olds of today grow up to be social scientists, I’ll be very curious to hear what they have to say about it. But until then, it just feels like we just need to gather the data.” Director Bo Burnham On Growing Up With Anxiety — And An Audience - NPR Fresh Air (10:15-11:20)

      This quote shows why it’s so hard to address most issues around social media. It’s almost a necessary evil, as it is an essential part of all of our lives. It is difficult to keep up with real life if you’re not connected online too, so solutions to social media addiction or negative effects must be found on the other end — the developers’ end.

    3. Some researchers have found that people using social media may enter a dissociation state, where they lose track of time (like what happens when someone is reading a good book).

      I like how this compares social media to reading a book, because it shows the effect isn’t automatically negative. But the difference is that platforms are designed to keep extending that state indefinitely. It feels less like getting absorbed in something and more like getting stuck.

    4. Some people view internet-based social media (and other online activities) as inherently toxic and therefore encourage a digital detox, where people take some form of a break from social media platforms and digital devices. While taking a break from parts or all of social media can be good for someone’s mental health (e.g., doomscrolling is making them feel more anxious, or they are currently getting harassed online), viewing internet-based social media as inherently toxic and trying to return to an idyllic time from before the Internet is not a realistic or honest view of the matter. In her essay “The Great Offline,” Lauren Collee argues that this is just a repeat of earlier views of city living and the “wilderness.” As white Americans were colonizing the American continent, they began idealizing “wilderness” as being uninhabited land (ignoring the Indigenous people who already lived there, or kicking them out or killing them).

      This highlights how “digital detox” can be helpful as a personal tool, but treating the internet as inherently toxic turns into the same kind of nostalgia we’ve seen before. Collee’s point is that idealizing a return to “offline” can ignore who is actually included or excluded in that fantasy, similar to how “wilderness” was romanticized while Indigenous people were erased.

    5. Many have anecdotal experiences with their own mental health and those they talk to. For example, cosmetic surgeons have seen how photo manipulation on social media has influenced people’s views of their appearance:

      This is such a real issue—when edited photos become the “normal” standard, people can start feeling like their unfiltered face or body isn’t good enough. Cosmetic surgeons are noticing that some patients now bring filtered selfies as goals, which shows how social media can reshape self-image in unhealthy ways. It’s a good reminder that what we see online is often curated or altered, not a fair baseline for how real people should look.

    1. GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND SHIFTING STYLES: KNOWLEDGEPRODUCTION AND CODIFYING LANGUAGE USE IN STYLEGUIDES

      GENDER, SEXUALITY, AND SHIFTING STYLES: KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION AND CODIFYING LANGUAGE USE IN STYLE GUIDES

    1. Cleavage theory, originating in Lipset and Rokkan (Citation1967), conceives a national party system as the expression of underlying social conflicts.

      CLEAVAGE THEORY ORIGINALLY says that national politics is representation not of party organisation, but of "UNDERLYING SOCIAL CONFLICTS" and therefore input from electorate.

      Seems remarkably democratic in that electorate are ultimately the ones who are steering the electoral ship / [arty platform directions.

      PAST examples of cleavages (which, again, in this context simply means disruption or shock) include industrialisatioon and the urban/rural divide -> nationalism vs obligations to the supranational Church, etc. -> In other words, the cleavage NOW is between supranational supporters (EU) and NATIONAL supporters reacting to perceived encroachments on EU identity.

    2. Radical right parties take more extreme positions on these issues, place more salience on them, and exhibit greater internal unity than mainstream parties. By virtue of their commitment to GAL values, green parties are located at the alter-pole. Just as the religious cleavage and the class cleavage were raised by Catholic and socialist parties on one side of the divide, so the transnational cleavage is mobilized by radical right parties at one extreme. As the transnational divide has become salient, mainstream parties have been compelled to compete on issues that lie far from their programmatic core.

      TO CONCLUDE -> authors aregue that transnational cleavage is EXPLOITED BY FAR RIGHT PARTIES BECAUSE THEY BECOME SINGLE ISSUE AND FOCUS ON THESE ISSUES VERY KEY TO VOTERS, while mainstream parties are not primarily devoted to immigration, etc -> are at a disadvantage -> like that thesis that says that actors in referendums who CONTROL THE NARRATIVE of referendums have the advantage -> can make it about a single issue, etc.

      "Radical right parties take more extreme positions on these issues, place more salience on them, and exhibit greater internal unity than mainstream parties. By virtue of their commitment to GAL values, green parties are located at the alter-pole. Just as the religious cleavage and the class cleavage were raised by Catholic and socialist parties on one side of the divide, so the transnational cleavage is mobilized by radical right parties at one extreme. As the transnational divide has become salient, mainstream parties have been compelled to compete on issues that lie far from their programmatic core."

    3. They suggest that party systems are subject to discontinuities rather than to incremental change, and that the response of a party system to exogenous change comes from voters rather than parties.

      Whole idea of cleavage theory is that parties and their platforms respond to CRISES and a shift in voter attitude as opposed to any internal decision making process. THEREFORE -> policy shifts by parties are SUDDEN as opposed to INCREMENTAL

      "They suggest that party systems are subject to discontinuities rather than to incremental change, and that the response of a party system to exogenous change comes from voters rather than parties."

      Again, all of this IS REACTION TO immigrqtion, increased supranational govt / control by "foreigners," Eurozone, etc. All about loss of sovereignty basically.

      "as a reaction to reforms that have weakened national sovereignty, promoted international economic exchange, increased immigration and exacerbated cultural and economic insecurity."

    4. ocal point the defense of national political, social and economic ways of life against external actors who penetrate the state by migrating, exchanging goods or exerting rule. T

      TRANSNATIONAL CLEAVAGE: - i.e., the cleavage is the term for the DISRUPTOR / SHOCK - THIS shock is transnational -> i.e., EROSION OF NATION STATE SOVEREIGNTY (This is the shock) - Penetration of nation state politics by "external actors" (immigratants, "foreign" governments, etc.)

    5. The European Union (EU) is itself such a shock, because it introduces rule by those who are regarded as foreigners, diminishes the authority exercised by national states over their own populations, produces economic insecurity among those who lack mobile assets, and facilitates immigration. Immigration is perceived as a particular threat by those who resent cultural intermixing and the erosion of national values, by those who must compete with immigrants for housing and jobs, and, more generally, by those who seek cultural or economic shelter in the rights of citizenship.

      OKAY -> so it is EU project as a whole that is a "shock" to the elecoral system (comparable to previous crises outlined in 1967 article, unclear what those are) BECAUSE it strips nations of absolute sovereignty and hands some of that sovereignty to "foreigners" (i.e., other member state govts) ALSO facilitates immigration -> seen as competition w/ jobs and housing BY electorate.

      "The European Union (EU) is itself such a shock, because it introduces rule by those who are regarded as foreigners, diminishes the authority exercised by national states over their own populations, produces economic insecurity among those who lack mobile assets, and facilitates immigration. Immigration is perceived as a particular threat by those who resent cultural intermixing and the erosion of national values, by those who must compete with immigrants for housing and jobs, and, more generally, by those who seek cultural or economic shelter in the rights of citizenship."

    1. Cuando publicas algo en la web, debería pertenecerte a ti, no a una empresa. Demasiadas compañías han cerrado y perdido todos los datos de sus usuarios.

      Si bien esto puede ser un ganchazo comercial muy bueno, es una razón valida para optar por herramientas gratuitas y propias que de verdad se preocupen y sean garantes de la protección de los datos, datos personales y contenidos de las páginas web que creen las personas

    2. Crea sitios web autónomos, agradables y personalizables de manera ágil y resiliente. Brea es un generador y gestor de sitios web enfocado en la personalización interactiva y la autonomía, que permite publicar información integrada desde distintas fuentes, con presentaciones a la medida.

      Si bien comparten ciertas características cómo algunos referentes que son lideres en la generación rápida de sitios web cómo GoDaddy o Wix, me llamó la atención que sean laxos en cuanto a funciones, contenidos e infraestructura, mientras que otros sitios que de cara ya son de pago o restringen el uso de cierto tipo de contenido, esta promesa que compite contra estos lideres potencia y libera la capacidad creativa de los usuarios de forma gratuita, propia e intuitiva

    1. NOTE DE SYNTHÈSE : Dans la tête d'un colérique

      Introduction

      Cette note de synthèse explore les facettes de la colère présentées dans les extraits de l'émission "Dans la tête d'un colérique".

      Le documentaire examine la nature de cette émotion souvent perçue négativement, sa gestion individuelle et collective, ses manifestations, ses fonctions insoupçonnées, et les conséquences de son refoulement ou de son expression violente.

      À travers des témoignages, des analyses de spécialistes et des expériences, l'émission offre un éclairage nuancé sur une émotion complexe et puissante.

      Thèmes Principaux

      La perception sociale de la colère et son contrôle: La colère est largement considérée comme une émotion négative et "mal vue".

      L'éducation et les règles de bienséance nous incitent à la contrôler.

      La fonction intrinsèque et l'utilité de la colère: Malgré sa mauvaise réputation, les spécialistes affirment que la colère est nécessaire.

      Elle peut nous protéger et, de manière surprenante, augmenter considérablement nos performances physiques et cognitives.

      Les manifestations et mécanismes de la colère individuelle:

      Le témoignage d'Eduardo illustre comment la colère peut être déclenchée par la peur (face à une agression) ou la frustration (avec ses enfants), entraînant des réactions physiques intenses ("tout ton corps qui change si ce mr bouillir... les yeux qui devient pour les rouges tout ça").

      Chez un colérique, la tension monte vite et très haut, rendant difficile la prise en compte d'autres perspectives ("il est plus capable de penser... il n'ya plus que son point de vue qui compte").

      La colère dans les relations proches:

      Les émotions, y compris la colère, débordent davantage avec ceux qu'on aime.

      L'anticipation des réactions de l'autre ("je savais que tu allais faire ça") et le système d'attachement (sécurisé ou insécure) influencent la gestion de la colère dans les relations intimes.

      Un système d'attachement insécure peut amplifier les émotions négatives ("ça va alimenter active est encore plus mes émotions de tristesse de colère").

      La réaction face à la colère d'autrui:

      Être confronté à la colère d'un inconnu provoque souvent la "pétrification" ou la "sidération".

      La colère fait peur car elle "menace potentiellement l'intégrité d'autrui", mais aussi "l'intégrité des règles de civilité".

      On ne sait jamais quelles sont les "limites" de la personne en colère, d'où la peur et le retrait.

      Les conséquences de la colère non maîtrisée et violente:

      La colère, surtout lorsqu'elle devient violente, fait souffrir non seulement les proches mais aussi les personnes colériques elles-mêmes.

      Dans les cas extrêmes, elle peut empêcher de vivre et mener à des comportements autodestructeurs ou hétéro-agressifs.

      Le témoignage de Mischa, une femme violente, met en lumière la honte et le caractère dévastateur de sa colère ("c'est très violent c'est c'est comme un tremblement de terre").

      La gestion et la canalisation de la colère:

      Refouler la colère est comparé à un "cancer" qui peut créer des "pathologies physiques".

      Apprendre à réguler sa colère ne signifie pas l'éradiquer, mais trouver d'autres stratégies pour soulager la tension interne.

      L'utilité fonctionnelle de la colère: Communication et positionnement:

      La colère est un "outil de communication" dès l'enfance et permet, à l'âge adulte, de "mettre des limites" et de ne pas se faire "bouffer par les autres".

      Performance physique: Une expérience a démontré que la colère (induite par un sentiment d'injustice) peut augmenter la force physique ("augmentent leur force physique").

      La colère agit comme un "moteur", un "booster" qui "permet d'optimiser les performances" physiques car elle est associée à un niveau d'"activation" et d'"éveil" élevé.

      Performance cognitive (inconsciente):

      Une autre expérience suggère que l'activation inconsciente du concept de colère (par des images subliminales) peut faciliter les performances cognitives et rendre le cœur plus efficace ("économise son énergie et devient plus efficace").

      Ce processus doit être inconscient pour fonctionner.

      Performance sociale et politique: La colère peut être utilisée consciemment pour "faire passer un message", comme le fait l'entraîneur Bernard Challandes.

      La "colère sociale" est perçue comme un "moteur" essentiel pour "changer les choses" et maintenir l'engagement dans les mouvements collectifs (comme la grève du climat).

      Les colères collectives ont historiquement fait peur car elles sont "synonyme d'émeutes" et de "révolution", mobilisant les individus en une force collective qui peut ébranler l'ordre établi.

      Le traitement de la colère:

      L'approche pour gérer la colère dépend de sa nature.

      La psychiatrie peut être pertinente si la difficulté à contrôler la colère est constante, survient dans différents contextes et est associée à des comportements délétères, suggérant un trouble psychiatrique sous-jacent (comme une dépression).

      Cependant, pour des difficultés comportementales, des approches se concentrant sur l'apprentissage de la gestion des émotions et le renforcement de l'estime de soi sont également efficaces, notamment pour les femmes violentes qui recherchent souvent de l'aide comportementale plutôt que psychiatrique.

      Idées ou Faits Importants et Citations Clés

      La colère, une émotion nécessaire:

      "pourtant les spécialistes l'affirment nous ne pourrions pas vivre sans colère elle nous protège et vous le verrez dans cette émission elle augmente considérablement nos performances physiques et cognitives".

      La montée rapide de la colère chez certains:

      "[chez Eduardo] la tension monte très vite un très rapidement mais aussi très haut et qu'à ce moment là sur une émotion qui semble être de la colère il est plus capable de penser".

      La colère dans les relations proches:

      "les psychologues le disent les émotions déborde davantage avec ceux qu'on aime".

      L'influence du système d'attachement:

      Un système d'attachement insécure "va très vite interpréter les signaux que me donne l'autre comme il est en train de me laisser tomber... ça va alimenter active est encore plus mes émotions de tristesse de colère ou tout autre émotion négative".

      La peur face à la colère d'autrui:

      "les émotions de colère elles elles font peur parce que menace potentiellement l'intégrité d'autrui... face à la colère d'autrui surtout des personnes inconnues on est plutôt dans un état de pétrification de sidération".

      Les conséquences du refoulement:

      "je pense que la colère c'est comme un cancer c'est que si on la garde à l'intérieur qu'on laval caen laval caen laval... réellement je pense que oui ça rend malade sa c'est sûr ça j'en suis sûre et certaine".

      La fonction de communication de la colère:

      "c'est un outil de communication déjà depuis la petite la prime enfance c'est un outil qui me sera utile aussi plus tard à l'âge adulte pour me positionner dans la vie mettre des limites... Si je me mets jamais en colère je me fais bouffer par les autres".

      La colère comme moteur de performance physique:

      "la colère c'est une sorte de moteur un booster qui va permettre d'optimiser les performances mais certaines performances performance physique".

      La colère et la performance cognitive inconsciente:

      "cette activation d'une idée de la colère de penser à la colère peut influencer comment je m'applique pendant une tâche... la colère peut faciliter nos actions". "tout ça doit être inconscient".

      La colère collective comme moteur du changement social: "il faut une colère sociale pour changer les choses Sinon c'est quoi le moteur". "les colères collective elles ont toujours fait extrêmement peur parce que ça a été synonyme d' émeutes synonyme de l'annoncé de révolution".

      Conclusion

      L'émission "Dans la tête d'un colérique" démystifie la colère en la présentant non pas uniquement comme une émotion destructive, mais aussi comme une force intrinsèque et potentiellement utile.

      Si sa manifestation violente ou constante peut avoir des conséquences dévastatrices pour l'individu et ses proches, la colère, lorsqu'elle est comprise et gérée de manière appropriée, peut servir d'outil de communication, de motivation et même de catalyseur pour le changement social.

      Il est crucial d'apprendre à canaliser cette énergie plutôt que de la refouler ou de la laisser déborder de manière incontrôlée.

    1. specifically, the development of educatio"the eradication of all traces of tribal identity and culture, recommonplace knowledge and values of w

      thats crazy

    2. ves. Shortly thereafter, however, this sametechnologywould be used to change the

      !!! important in a way that I cannot describe at the moment

    1. “Incel” is short for “involuntarily celibate,” meaning they are men who have centered their identity on wanting to have sex with women, but with no women “giving” them sex. Incels objectify women and sex, claiming they have a right to have women want to have sex with them. Incels believe they are being unfairly denied this sex because of the few sexually attractive men (”Chads”), and because feminism told women they could refuse to have sex. Some incels believe their biology (e.g., skull shape) means no women will “give” them sex. They will be forever alone, without sex, and unhappy. The incel community has produced multiple mass murderers and terrorist attacks.

      The internet certainly accelerates dangerous communities, especially when users are lonely and struggle with mental health. The incel community has only continued to expand and grow, developing into the looksmaxxing and blackpill communities today and even connecting with major right wing content creators and politicians.

    2. One form of digital self-harm is self-bullying, where people set up fake alternate accounts which they then use to post bullying messages at themselves.

      This surprised me because it shows how social validation online can become internalized in a strange way. Instead of avoiding negativity, people recreate it themselves, almost to confirm a belief they already have. That makes online harm feel psychological, not just social.

    3. Given the complex relationship between internet-based social media and mental health, let’s first look at some social media activities that people may find harmful to their mental health. Here are a few examples: 13.2.1. Doomscrolling# Doomscrolling is: “Tendency to continue to surf or scroll through bad news, even though that news is saddening, disheartening, or depressing. Many people are finding themselves reading continuously bad news about COVID-19 without the ability to stop or step back.” Merriam-Webster Dictionary Fig. 13.1 Tweet on doomscrolling the day after insurrectionists stormed the US Capital (while still in the middle of the COVID pandemic).# The seeking out of bad news, or trying to get news even though it might be bad, has existed as long as people have kept watch to see if a family member will return home safely. But of course, new mediums can provide more information to sift through and more quickly, such as with the advent of the 24-hour news cycle in the 1990s, or, now social media.

      Doomscrolling isn’t a totally new impulse, people have always sought information during scary times, but social media makes it much harder to stop because the stream is endless and constantly updating. That’s why newer platforms can intensify anxiety even when the underlying desire (staying informed) is understandable.

    1. While Hermeticism predates this modern usage, its principles offer existential heuristics—rules of thumb for living, self-mastery, and spiritual insight rather than logical deduction

      hermeticism is cosmic heuirtics

      myth metaphor and mysticism

    1. Rather, it gives allwriters permission to keep learning, to fail, and to engage in newkinds of writing in new situations

      Again a skill that can not be mastered. There will always be something new you learn each time you go to write something.

    2. SDUHQWV VKRXOG H[SHFW WKDWtheir child might struggle when writing in a new class, or whenmoving from high school to college because learning takes timeDQGUHTXLUHVEHLQJLPPHUVHGLQWKHFRQWH[W

      Reading this statement will help me give my daughter some grace in her classes. When it comes to her writing.

    3. but she will have to learn new things and notexpect that what she already knows about writing is easily appli-cable in new situations.

      What I have gathered is that writing is a skill that can not be learned and when you think you have mastered it, You have to learn something knew. Its an UNMASTERABLE SKILL.

    4. writerswho believe it are easily discouraged because they don’t know howto learn what they need to learn in new writing situations

      There is a certain tone and energy that every piece of writing has from a one page journal entry to the biggest award winning piece ever written, everything in-between. They all have their own structure, energy, setting , Their own VOICE!

    5. AsVWXGHQWV ZULWH DFURVV WKHLU JHQHUDO HGXFDWLRQ FRXUVHV WKH\ ÀQGthemselves repeatedly asked to write essays or research papers, butoften learn the hard way that their history teacher, poetry teacher,DQGSKLORVRSK\WHDFKHUDOOPHDQDQGH[SHFWYHU\GLŲHUHQWWKLQJVby “essay” or “research paper.

      This statement alone hits home with me. As i write a bio paper and the paper I am currently writing in this class are both very different writing styles. The papers i have written in other classes as well are all different than this one. The structure are all taught differently

    6. It’s not just common sense that tells us that learning to write ingeneral is not possible.

      SIDE NOTE: Not speaking about learning to write your A,B,C's: Even though there is meaning behind that as well.

    7. Writing is always in particular

      Wardle makes a statement to emphasize: The meaning behind something that is written, can always change however there is always a particular reason its written

    1. Impact of social media on people and industry

      Este apartado tiene un poder y peso bastante grandes. El impacto de las redes sociales en las personas y en la industria es algo de doble filo, si bien se mencionan cosas tales cómo que "el impacto de la opinión pública puede extenderse de maneras inimaginables" y que las personas están interesadas en las nuevas formas en cómo se recibe la información, hay que tener en cuenta que esta misma información queda expuesta en la red (a veces hasta sin consentimiento ni conocimiento de las personas), Facebook y su creador se han vuelto inmersos en varias polémicas cómo ya sabemos, pero es este el riesgo de manejar datos sensibles, los algoritmos moldean a las personas, las redes sociales vuelven dependientes a estas personas, si bien la forma en cómo nos comunicamos y consumimos información ha crecido a pasos gigantes cabe recalcar que vamos perdiendo humanidad e identidad propia a base del consumismo provisto por la industria

    2. Dissemination has historically been interpreted as unilateral communication of information. With the advent of the internet, and the explosion in popularity of online communities, social media has changed the information landscape in many respects, and creates both new modes of communication and new types of information",[36] changing the interpretation of the definition of dissemination. The nature of social networks allows for faster diffusion of information than through organizational sources.[37] The internet has changed the way we view, use, create, and store information; now it is time to re-evaluate the way we share and spread it.

      Si bien, se define la comunicación de la información cómo algo "unilateral" -que está muy bien, dependiendo desde que arista se vea- cambiaría esto (Incluso con la mención "desde antes de la llegada del Internet") al hecho de que esto puede llegar a modificarse cómo algo BILATERAL en algunos o en la gran mayoría de casos.

      Un caso puntual sería, donde un individuo difunde información y esta llega a un receptor o un espacio receptivo que está a la espera de este conocimiento para seguir difundiéndolo interactúa con este primer individuo y su conocimiento compartido creando y generando el famoso "intercambio de saberes".

      Esto nace de que no es que haya un solo creador de conocimiento que simplemente se encarga de difundirlo y ya, sino que en su lugar, aparecería un agente externo que lo recibe e intercambia conocimiento con este

    3. Information science[1][2][3] (abbreviated as infosci) is an academic field that is primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification, manipulation, storage, retrieval, movement, dissemination, and protection of information.[4]

      Si bien es una concepción general muy contundente y clara, desde un punto subjetivo no deja de ser susceptible a cambios y redefiniciones dependiendo de la persona y el campo desde el que se explique, ya que esto es un campo de acción tan amplio que no se puede limitar a una simple (o única) definición

    4. Históricamente, la ciencia de la información ha evolucionado como unacampo transdisciplinario, que se nutren y contribuyen a diversos ámbitos.

      Esto es algo completamente cierto que muchos de nosotros podemos llegar a olvidar o no tener en cuenta y es que se vive esa cooperación o integración de varios campos de acción, conocimiento o profesiones que permiten buscar soluciones más integrales en cooperativo

    5. No debe confundirse con teoría de la información , tecnología de la información , ingeniería de la información , ciencia de datos , informática , bibliotecología o sistemas de información (disciplina) .

      Si bien podría considerarse algo "básico" no puedo dejar pasar que es un bien necesario el hecho que es bueno eso de aclararle de forma inicial, a la audiencia y/o lectores que no hay que confundir o tergiversar conceptos por más parecidos o afines que sean.

    1. O romance histórico é um gênero literário em prosa em que a narrativa ficcional se ambienta no passado. Geralmente, os romances históricos são marcados pela influência (em menor ou maior grau) de eventos e personagens históricos no desenrolar da trama. Ao longo da história, o gênero teve um papel importante em trazer

      I'm sure I shouldn't be able to do that.

    2. grau) de eventos e personagens históricos no desenrolar da trama. Ao longo da história, o gênero teve um papel importante em trazer para um público leitor conhecimentos históricos através das narrativas de ficção. Apesar de tradicionalmente a origem do roma

      hi devs?

    1. inquiry often treatsculture as an object (or context), as a process (or assemblage), or some combination of the two

      also stated in the other article from this week "our story"

    Annotators

    1. An assignment sheet may be lengthy, but resist the temptation to skim it. Observe and interpret every detail of the text

      Doing this definitely makes it harder than It is truly is because we tend to look at it and think "Omg this is a lot" and we start getting overwhelmed by it.

    2. That process works for her; however, that process might not work for you. We are all different. Our brains respond differently to the task of writing

      This is very true we all take information in different ways and we all respond different to it due to us thinking and doing our work differently.

    3. waiting until the night before the due date, writing until far past her bedtime, getting only three hours of sleep, and turning in the assignment.

      I think we all tend to do that from time to time and it does affect our quality of writing.

    1. Rejet, victimisation par les pairs et émotions négatives : Synthèse des dynamiques d'influence en milieu scolaire

      Synthèse opérationnelle

      Ce document présente une analyse approfondie des recherches récentes menées par l'Institut universitaire Jeunes en difficulté concernant les liens entre l'isolement social, la victimisation par les pairs et les émotions négatives chez les élèves du primaire.

      Les points saillants de cette étude sont les suivants :

      Prévalence élevée : Un nombre significatif de jeunes, particulièrement les filles, éprouvent une détresse émotionnelle quotidienne et un sentiment de non-acceptation dès le début du secondaire, des tendances amorcées au primaire.

      Renversement de la perspective traditionnelle :

      Contrairement à l'idée reçue voulant que les problèmes relationnels causent les émotions négatives, les résultats indiquent que les émotions négatives (tristesse, désespoir) précèdent et prédisent souvent la victimisation.

      Boucle de rétroaction pour l'isolement : Il existe une relation bidirectionnelle entre l'isolement et les émotions négatives, créant un cycle d'aggravation mutuelle.

      Stabilité des traits vs États changeants : L'étude distingue les caractéristiques chroniques des élèves des fluctuations momentanées, révélant que si les relations sociales peuvent se réinitialiser partiellement entre deux années scolaires, les émotions négatives ont tendance à persister, voire à s'intensifier lors des transitions.

      Nécessité d'interventions multidimensionnelles : La simple prévention de l'intimidation est jugée insuffisante.

      Les interventions doivent impérativement intégrer la promotion du bien-être et la gestion des émotions pour rompre les cycles de victimisation.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. État des lieux : Un portrait préoccupant chez les jeunes

      Les données statistiques issues d'enquêtes canadiennes et québécoises révèlent une réalité complexe pour les élèves :

      | Indicateur | Garçons | Filles | | --- | --- | --- | | Tristesse ou désespoir quotidien (début secondaire) | 19 % | 36 % | | Sentiment de ne pas être accepté tel que l'on est | 36 % | 52 % | | Victimes d'intimidation (12 derniers mois - Québec) | ~11 % | ~11 % |

      Note sur la victimisation : Bien que le chiffre de 11 % soit cité, la proportion peut grimper jusqu'à 20 %, voire 40 % pour des événements isolés, soulignant la difficulté de cerner précisément ce phénomène.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      2. Définition des concepts fondamentaux

      L'étude s'articule autour de trois réalités distinctes mais interconnectées :

      Émotions négatives : Comprennent la tristesse, le sentiment de désespoir et les idées négatives.

      Elles sont considérées comme des précurseurs de la dépression, bien qu'elles ne correspondent pas nécessairement à un diagnostic clinique à ce stade (primaire).

      Isolement des pairs : Fait d'avoir peu d'interactions sociales, que ce soit par choix ou par rejet subi. Le rejet est la forme d'isolement non volontaire la plus fréquente.

      Victimisation : Actes d'agressivité intentionnels et répétitifs caractérisés par un déséquilibre des forces (physiques ou de réputation).

      Elle peut être directe (frapper, insulter) ou indirecte (nuire à la réputation, propager des rumeurs).

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      3. Modèles théoriques de la relation pairs-émotions

      Trois modèles alternatifs tentent d'expliquer l'interaction entre ces variables :

      1. Modèle des risques interpersonnels : Les expériences difficiles avec les pairs agissent comme des stresseurs qui s'accumulent et génèrent des émotions négatives.

      C'est le modèle le plus testé et documenté à ce jour.

      2. Modèle axé sur les symptômes : Les émotions négatives (ou l'affectivité négative) entraînent un retrait social ou une vulnérabilité qui fait de l'élève une cible privilégiée pour la victimisation.

      3. Modèle transactionnel : Suppose une influence réciproque et un renforcement mutuel entre les émotions et les expériences sociales.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      4. Méthodologie de la recherche

      L'étude a suivi 992 élèves de la 3e à la 6e année du primaire (Québec) sur deux années scolaires, avec quatre points de mesure.

      L'originalité de l'approche réside dans l'utilisation de modèles statistiques ("modèles à décalage croisé avec intercept aléatoire") permettant de distinguer :

      Le Trait (stable/chronique) : La tendance d'un élève à être d'une certaine façon sur le long terme.

      L'État (changeant) : Les fluctuations d'un élève autour de sa propre tendance stable à un moment précis.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      5. Analyse des résultats : Des dynamiques différenciées

      Interrelations stables (Traits)

      De manière chronique, les trois dimensions sont liées : un élève ayant une tendance stable à l'isolement aura également une tendance stable à la victimisation et aux émotions négatives.

      Ces réalités co-occurrent sans ordre temporel défini.

      Dynamiques temporelles (États changeants)

      L'analyse des fluctuations d'un moment à l'autre révèle des mécanismes distincts :

      Émotions négatives et Isolement : Suivent un modèle transactionnel.

      Un niveau élevé d'émotions négatives en début d'année prédit un isolement accru en fin d'année, et inversement. C'est une boucle d'accentuation.

      Émotions négatives et Victimisation : Suivent un modèle axé sur les symptômes.

      Les émotions négatives en début d'année prédisent une victimisation accrue plus tard, mais la victimisation ne semble pas augmenter les émotions négatives de manière immédiate.

      Ce lien est direct et ne passe pas par l'intermédiaire de l'isolement.

      Stabilité temporelle :

      ◦ La victimisation et l'isolement sont plus stables au sein d'une même année qu'entre deux années.

      Le changement de classe ou d'enseignant atténue l'effet de réputation.    ◦

      Les émotions négatives sont plus stables entre les années scolaires, suggérant une anticipation anxieuse de la rentrée ou une persistance des traits internes malgré les changements d'environnement.

      Constat important : Ces mécanismes sont identiques pour les garçons et les filles, ainsi que pour les élèves plus jeunes ou plus vieux au sein du primaire.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      6. Conclusions et orientations pour l'action

      Pour la recherche

      Les résultats de cette étude québécoise, bien que novateurs, ne font pas encore consensus au niveau international, d'autres études montrant parfois des résultats inverses ou sexués.

      Une réplication du modèle est prévue en Belgique (Flandre) pour valider ces observations.

      Pour l'intervention en milieu scolaire

      L'étude remet en question les stratégies d'intervention uniquement centrées sur le comportement social :

      Insuffisance de la lutte contre l'intimidation seule : Retirer un élève d'une situation de victimisation ne garantit pas la disparition de ses émotions négatives.

      Approche multifactorielle : Il est impératif d'agir simultanément sur l'environnement social et sur le bien-être psychologique interne.

      Priorité à la promotion du bien-être : La prévention de la dépression et la gestion des émotions négatives dès le primaire sont des leviers essentiels pour réduire, par ricochet, les risques de victimisation et d'isolement.

      "Les efforts de prévenir la victimisation sont essentiels, mais nos résultats suggèrent qu'ils ne sont potentiellement pas suffisants parce qu'il y a une dynamique plus large."

    1. we made the argument that cultural practices are built, shaped, and dismantled based on theencounters people have with one another within and across particular systems of shared belief. Mari providesan excellent example here of how responsibility is not a set of static practices but is dependent on theencounters we have in particular communities.

      connecting earlier with now

    2. "decolonial," we're referring specifically to stories from the perspective ofcolonized cultures and communities that are working to delink from the mechanisms of colonialism.

      term

    3. discipline, built, as Foucault tells us:by groups of objects, methods, their corpus of propositions considered to be true, the interplay ofrules and definitions, of techniques and tools: all these constitut[ing] a sort of anonymous system,freely available to whoever wishes, or whoever is able to make use of them, without there beingany question of their meaning or their validity being derived from whoever happened to inventthem. (222)

      Term.

      Discipline, Foucault

    4. to instruct its participants in thedominant practices of that cultural community and to reward them for following the rules of that community

      The importance of instruction in the academic discipline

    5. the way that different cultures have different waysto draw relations between stars in the sky, and how naming those relations, those constellations (Ursa Major,the Bear, the Big Dipper, the pathway to Sagitarrius) is an act of meaning-making

      an act of meaning-making. - I really like that

    6. constellation, however, allows for all the meaning-making practices and their relationships tomatter. It allows for multiply-situated subjects to connect to multiple discourses at the same time, as well asfor those relationships (among subjects, among discourses, among kinds of connections) to shift and changewithout holding a subject captive

      reasoning behind the use of constellations

    7. people11 make things (texts, baskets, performances), people make relationships, people make culture.

      very simple way of explaining how culture is constructed

    8. It's interesting how you chose De Certeau to talk about rhetoric—not a lot ofpeople really think of him as a "rhetorician.

      I didn't know this about De Certeau

    9. to understand how the making of culture occurs through everyday practice instead of through official,sanctioned dominant acts of cultural installation (xiv).

      i like this line

    10. scholars in rhet/comp rely on this object-oriented approach to cultures because itallows us to select "exemplars" from specific oppressed cultural traditions as a way of feeling good about howinclusive our discipline has become.

      this feels like a call out

    11. "object-oriented,"8 we mean scholarship that identifies "culture" as an object of inquiry, one that can be isolated fromother human, economic, political, geographical, historical frameworks that exist around and within it.

      Object Oriented Definition

    12. anthropology, sociology, cultural studies andfrom the borrowings that folks in rhet/comp studies have initiated from these inter/disciplines.

      I like that they highlight the particular areas

    13. as themselves, representing their ownexperiences with cultural rhetorics practice/methodology apart from the collective

      Its good to establish this early

    14. , the questions that s/he asks have helped us think more deeply, more persistently, and more broadlyabout our collective work and its relationship to the discipline of rhetoric and composition.

      I wonder if this is a fictional character. someone they have created.

    15. name using one of the original languages of the place6 where much of this article waswritten,

      a way of (kinda) honoring the space that they are in

    16. working through ideas for the article, yes, but also working throughour relationships with one another; renewing familiar patterns, starting new ones.

      This paints a nice collaborative picture

    Annotators

    1. Have missionaries practice offering one of the bullets in “Give Experiences or Information They Would Value” (171) that may be helpful.

      How could this experience help this person come closer to the Savior? What's an experience you've had with this that you could testify of?

    2. Help missionaries identify a few bullet points in “Talk with Everyone” that could improve the interaction

      What principle could help the person I'm talking to come closer to the Savior? What have you learned about the significance of that principle?

    1. In the U.S., both Facebook and Twitter users spend more time on these services via mobile devices (7 h/day and 2 h/day respectively) than via personal computers (6 h/day and 20 min/day respectively)

      does this relate to you? what is your screen time? what are you using your phone for? is it healthy or unhealthy?

    1. Briefing : L’autorégulation chez les enfants victimes d’agression sexuelle

      Résumé exécutif

      Ce document synthétise les résultats de recherches doctorales portant sur l’autorégulation des enfants ayant survécu à une agression sexuelle (AS).

      L’autorégulation, définie comme la capacité à moduler ses réponses cognitives et émotionnelles pour générer des comportements adaptatifs, est un processus clé souvent altéré par le trauma.

      Les conclusions principales soulignent que si l’agression sexuelle est globalement associée à des difficultés de fonctionnement exécutif (inhibition et flexibilité cognitive), l'impact n'est pas uniforme.

      La recherche identifie quatre profils distincts d'autorégulation chez les victimes : disrégulé, inhibé, flexible et régulation identifiée par les parents.

      L'étude démontre également que des facteurs tels que le sexe de l'enfant, l'historique de maltraitance multiple et l'environnement socio-économique (défavorisation du quartier) influencent de manière significative les capacités d'autorégulation.

      Les implications cliniques suggèrent d'abandonner les approches universelles au profit d'interventions différenciées et d'évaluations multi-méthodes (tâches cognitives et questionnaires) impliquant plusieurs répondants (parents et enseignants).

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. Cadre théorique et définitions

      L'agression sexuelle est une problématique de santé publique mondiale touchant environ une fille sur cinq et un garçon sur dix avant l'âge de 18 ans.

      Elle entraîne des conséquences psychologiques variées, notamment des problèmes de comportement intériorisés (dépression, retrait) et extériorisés (agression, opposition).

      L'autorégulation

      Le concept d'autorégulation repose sur deux composantes interdépendantes :

      La régulation émotionnelle : Stratégies et compétences modulant l'expression et l'expérience des émotions.

      Les fonctions exécutives : Processus mentaux orientés vers un but, incluant :

      L'inhibition : Capacité à freiner une réponse automatique face à un stimulus (ex: répondre "nuit" quand on montre un soleil).    ◦ La flexibilité cognitive : Capacité à s'adapter au changement de règles dans l'environnement.

      Le mécanisme biologique du trauma

      L'exposition précoce à un stress intense (maltraitance, pauvreté) provoque une dysrégulation des hormones de stress, entraînant des atteintes structurelles et fonctionnelles au cerveau, ce qui fragilise les capacités d'autorégulation.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      2. Impact de l'agression sexuelle sur les fonctions exécutives

      Les recherches présentées indiquent que l'agression sexuelle est un prédicteur significatif de difficultés exécutives, même après avoir contrôlé d'autres facteurs comme le TDAH ou la défavorisation sociale.

      Constats par type de fonction

      Flexibilité cognitive : L'agression sexuelle est directement associée à une moins bonne performance dans les tâches mesurant cette capacité.

      Inhibition : Les enfants victimes montrent une performance significativement inférieure aux enfants non victimes.

      Effet modérateur du sexe

      L'étude révèle des différences marquées selon le sexe de l'enfant :

      Garçons : Les enseignants rapportent beaucoup plus de difficultés de fonctionnement exécutif chez les garçons victimes que chez les non-victimes. Ils affichent également des performances plus faibles aux tâches d'inhibition.

      Filles : Il y a peu de différence significative entre les filles victimes et non victimes sur le plan de l'évaluation des fonctions exécutives par les enseignants ou dans les tâches d'inhibition.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      3. Typologie des profils d'autorégulation

      L'analyse a permis de dégager quatre profils types chez les enfants victimes d'agression sexuelle (échantillon de 225 enfants) :

      | Profil | Proportion | Caractéristiques principales | Problèmes de comportement associés | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Disrégulé | 39 % | Faible performance cognitive, forte labilité émotionnelle, difficultés rapportées par les parents. | Problèmes intériorisés et extériorisés élevés (comorbidité). | | Inhibé | 19 % | Excellente performance aux tâches d'inhibition, mais faibles compétences émotionnelles perçues par les parents. | Niveaux les plus élevés de problèmes intériorisés. | | Flexible | ~28 % | Autorégulation supérieure à la moyenne, profil concordant (maison/école), résilience. | Faible symptomatologie. | | Régulation (Parents) | 14 % | Performance cognitive faible, mais parents rapportant de très bonnes capacités (profil discordant). | Symptômes visibles par les enseignants mais sous-estimés par les parents. |

      Analyse des profils spécifiques

      Le profil "Inhibé" : Ces enfants semblent utiliser une sur-régulation cognitive pour contrôler leurs impulsions, mais au prix d'une grande détresse interne.

      Chez les filles, ce profil est un facteur de risque pour les problèmes intériorisés, tandis que chez les garçons, il semble agir comme un facteur de protection apparent contre les problèmes extériorisés.

      Le profil "Discordant" : Souvent associé à des agressions sexuelles intrafamiliales (80-90 % des cas dans ce groupe). Les parents peuvent surévaluer les compétences de l'enfant par désir de normalité ou sous l'effet d'un cadre familial trop rigide.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      4. Facteurs de risque et de protection contextuels

      L'autorégulation ne dépend pas uniquement de l'acte traumatique, mais d'un écosystème de facteurs :

      Historique de maltraitance : Les profils "disrégulé" et "inhibé" sont corrélés à une exposition à un plus grand nombre de formes de maltraitance.

      Défavorisation du quartier : Les enfants vivant dans des quartiers favorisés présentent une meilleure autorégulation. Cela s'expliquerait par l'accès aux ressources (bibliothèques, musées, espaces verts) et une moindre exposition à la violence communautaire.

      Éducation parentale : Un niveau d'études plus élevé chez les parents favorise le développement des compétences langagières, lesquelles soutiennent directement l'autorégulation de l'enfant.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      5. Recommandations pour l'intervention clinique

      Évaluation multidimensionnelle

      Il est impératif de multiplier les sources d'information :

      1. Multi-modalité : Combiner les questionnaires (perceptions) et les tâches cognitives (mesures objectives), car les résultats sont souvent divergents.

      2. Multi-répondants : Inclure systématiquement le point de vue des enseignants pour identifier les difficultés qui pourraient être masquées dans le cadre familial.

      Approche différenciée

      L'intervention ne doit pas être identique pour tous les profils :

      Pour les enfants disregulés : Approche standard axée sur le renforcement des fonctions exécutives et de la régulation émotionnelle.

      Pour les enfants inhibés : Éviter de renforcer l'inhibition (potentiellement néfaste). Prioriser la reconnaissance, la compréhension et l'expression des émotions, ainsi que la flexibilité cognitive.

      Pour les enfants "flexibles" : L'intervention sur l'autorégulation peut être inutile. Se concentrer sur le soutien psychosocial et la prévention de la revictimisation.

      Pour le profil discordant : Évaluer la flexibilité des parents et utiliser des sources d'évaluation externes pour pallier la sous-estimation parentale des difficultés.

      Pistes d'activités pratiques

      Pour l'inhibition : Jeux de type "1, 2, 3 Soleil", coloriage attentionnel (arrêter au signal), ou jeux de rôle où l'enfant doit attendre son tour face à une frustration.

      Pour la flexibilité : Jeux avec changement de règles fréquent (ex: varier qui gagne à "Roche-Papier-Ciseau"), résolution de problèmes avec des solutions multiples ou inversions de rôles.

      Implication des parents : Travailler sur l'autorégulation propre des parents et favoriser un attachement sécurisant, facteur de protection majeur pour l'enfant.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Conclusion

      La recherche souligne la complexité des trajectoires de développement après une agression sexuelle.

      Le constat majeur est que le trauma n'entraîne pas systématiquement une dysrégulation.

      Près de 42 % des enfants présentent des profils adaptés.

      L'enjeu clinique réside dans l'identification des profils "surrégulés" ou "discordants", qui peuvent passer inaperçus tout en présentant des risques élevés de pathologie à long terme.

    1. No matter what field of study you are interested in, you will most likely be asked to write a research paper during your academic career. Boundless Writing explains that a research paper is an expanded essay that relies on existing discourse to analyze a perspective or construct an argument. Because a research paper includes an extensive information-gathering process in addition to the writing process, it is important to develop a research plan to ensure your final paper will accomplish its goals. As a researcher, you have countless resources at your disposal, and it can be difficult to sift through each source while looking for specific information. If you begin researching without a plan, you could find yourself wasting hours reading sources that will be of little or no help to your paper. To save time and effort, decide on a research plan before you begin.

      You need to learn to develop your writing skills regardless of your field of study or area of ​​interest. You'll most likely be asked to write a research paper during your academic career, so being able to write an essay is essential. Have a plan for how you'll gather information and implement it in your writing in a way that looks professional.

    1. As you do this you might consider personality differences (such as introverts and extroverts), and neurodiversity, the ways people’s brains work and process information differently (e.g., ADHD, Autism, Dyslexia, Face blindness, depression, anxiety). But be careful generalizing about different neurotypes (such as Autism), especially if you don’t know them well. Instead try to focus on specific traits (that may or may not be part of a specific group) and the impacts on them (e.g., someone easily distracted by motion might…., or someone sensitive to loud sounds might…, or someone already feeling anxious might…).

      This is a really thoughtful way to approach it—focus on specific traits and needs, not labels. Different people can react very differently to the same app feature: autoplay videos, constant alerts, or crowded layouts might overwhelm one person but not another. Designing with flexibility (like mute options, reduced motion, clear layouts, and notification control) helps more people feel comfortable and included.

    1. A thesis statement must concentrate on a specific area of a general topic. As you may recall, the creation of a thesis statement begins when you choose a broad subject and then narrow down its parts until you pinpoint a specific aspect of that topic. For example, health care is a broad topic, but a proper thesis statement would focus on a specific area of that topic, such as options for individuals without health-care coverage.

      Being specific when writing is important, both for your readers and for yourself. Know the order in which you will write and be specific about the key points of the text.

    1. . In the course of their work, the team con-cluded that people who remember being abducted by aliens were reallysuffering from sleep paralysis in the liminal state between sleeping andwaking.

      Although modern scientists have a very scientific way to explain why so many people have abduction experiences with aliens, it is still worth exploring why it is aliens and not something else. Why do so many people have the same descriptions? Maybe later people are influenced by alien stories. How did the first people have the alien experience?

    1. Preparation implies developing competency in the secure management of information, which makes it possible to establish levels of perfection and mastery in the protection of data.

    1. enthusiastically supporting the political parties that oversaw and facilitated thedestruction of their communities

      and fair enough, but shouldn,t they attach that to both parties, or to specific policies

    2. From scrapyards in theupper Midwest, material was loaded on otherwise empty trains and ships forthe return trip to China.

      Midwest city was literally being robbed of its livelhood

    3. Much less commented upon is theeffects of extreme devalorization on the physical structure of the region’s neigh-bourhoods and communities.

      Which was not happening in the city

    4. unions were still hamstrung, a freetrade regime in international commerce was being established, and disinvest-ment was continuing unchecked in the upper Midwest

      His policies hurt the people of the midwest besides just ignoring them

    5. Rather than beingthe ‘universal class’ associated with America, the industrial working class wasreclassified as a ‘special interest’ that was scuttling the American economy withits greed.

      Dark

    6. incentivize a shift ofinvestment from manufacturing to finance, tech and services, and ensure theinvestment would pay off due to lower risk and higher profits than other invest-ments

      Midwest to coast shift

    7. While it is notthe most important inter-group tension in American society, it is one of themost clearly evident ones

      And also as professionals defect to the democratic larty, one with clear political implications

    8. Indeed, looking atvoting behaviour in this election it would appear that the poor and workingclass of the region are unified in their growing hostility to the Democratic Partyeven if they are not unified in their attraction to Trump.

      Because trump remains at least in part decided by race while the hostility towards democrats is more ubiquitsly economic

    9. More importantly, the inevitable transformation and decline of place will shapethe values of those living there, just as the initial development of industrial soci-ety once did

      Getting ignored dismantled the institutions that kept the midwest democratic and now they are revolting

    10. Organizations, institutions, networks and associations, in turn, poten-tially shape these into political subjectivities and moral values which can beinstrumentalized and expressed in politics, development strategies, and culture,which we can summarize as a ‘communal ethos’

      Individuals feeling is shaped by the institutions in their community

    11. . For the first time in the history of thetwo parties, Republicans did better among poor white voters than among afflu-ent whites

      Saying this was a long time coming but I have trouble buying that it was not also connected to trump

    12. but what is more recent isthe collapse of the institutions that had been built to incorporate industrialworkers and their communities into the mainstream political life of the country,including governance arrangements, work and consumption arrangements, civicassociations, social policies, party organizations, and labour unions

      Why now?

    13. But the collapse of the regional economy has alsoresulted in the collapse of the institutions and organizations that provided thoseconnections.

      But the dems might have been oblivious

    14. This paper argues that the election of Donald Trump is the product of a con-fluence of historical factors rather than the distinctive appeal of the victorhimself. B

      Ready to buy that

    Annotators

    1. Comportements Parentaux Disrégulés et Fonctionnement des Enfants Victimes de Maltraitance : Document de Synthèse

      Résumé Analytique

      Ce document synthétise les résultats d'une thèse doctorale portant sur les liens entre les comportements parentaux disrégulés (CPD) et le développement socio-émotionnel de jeunes enfants suivis par les services de protection de la jeunesse.

      L'analyse met en lumière un cycle de transmission intergénérationnelle de la maltraitance : les parents ayant vécu des traumatismes durant leur propre enfance sont plus susceptibles de manifester des comportements parentaux atypiques, effrayants ou intrusifs.

      Les conclusions majeures de la recherche indiquent que :

      1. Impact des CPD : Des niveaux élevés de comportements parentaux disrégulés sont directement associés à l'attachement désorganisé et à des problèmes de comportement (intériorisés et extériorisés) chez l'enfant.

      2. Effet Protecteur : L'attachement sécurisant agit comme un modérateur crucial, protégeant l'enfant des impacts néfastes des CPD sur son développement comportemental.

      3. Efficacité de l'Intervention : L'Intervention Relationnelle (IR), basée sur la rétroaction vidéo, réduit significativement la sévérité des comportements parentaux disrégulés, offrant ainsi une avenue clinique prometteuse pour les services de protection de l'enfance.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. Caractérisation des Comportements Parentaux Disrégulés (CPD)

      Les comportements parentaux disrégulés sont des manifestations atypiques et perturbatrices qui surviennent lors des interactions avec l'enfant, particulièrement face à sa détresse.

      Ces comportements sont souvent observés chez les parents signalés pour abus ou négligence.

      Typologie des comportements selon l'échelle AMBIANCE

      La recherche s'appuie sur la mesure AMBIANCE pour catégoriser cinq sous-types de comportements disrégulés :

      | Sous-type de comportement | Description | | --- | --- | | Erreurs de communication affective | Minimiser, ignorer ou répondre de manière inappropriée à la détresse (ex: rire ou imiter l'enfant qui pleure). | | Confusion des rôles | Le parent aborde l'enfant comme s'il devait répondre aux propres besoins du parent (renversement de rôle) ou traite l'enfant comme un partenaire intime. | | Comportements effrayants ou apeurés | Manifestations d'effroi face aux besoins de l'enfant ou adoption d'une posture menaçante. | | Intrusion et négativité | Hostilité physique ou verbale, contrôle excessif des mouvements ou des interactions. | | Retrait | Création active d'une distance physique ou verbale, position d'impuissance et évitement de l'enfant lors des réunions. |

      Le paradoxe de la peur sans solution

      Ces comportements placent l'enfant dans un paradoxe insoluble.

      La source habituelle de réconfort (le parent) devient simultanément la source de menace ou de détresse.

      L'enfant ne peut donc pas élaborer de stratégie cohérente pour réguler son stress, ce qui mène à une désorganisation de l'attachement.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      2. Analyse des Impacts Développementaux et Facteurs de Protection

      L'étude de 70 familles signalées au centre jeunesse de Montréal révèle les dynamiques entre l'exposition aux CPD et le fonctionnement de l'enfant.

      Corrélations entre CPD et dysfonctionnement

      L'exposition à des niveaux élevés de CPD est associée à :

      L'attachement désorganisé : Présent chez 50 % des enfants de l'échantillon.

      Problèmes de comportement : Augmentation des comportements agressifs (extériorisés) et des symptômes de retrait ou d'anxiété (intériorisés).

      Difficultés sociales et cognitives : Méfiance envers autrui, difficultés d'apprentissage et déficits de régulation émotionnelle.

      L'attachement sécurisant comme bouclier

      Un résultat central de la recherche montre que l'attachement sécurisant joue un rôle de facteur de protection.

      • Pour les enfants ayant un attachement insécurisant, il existe un lien direct et significatif entre la sévérité des CPD et la présence de problèmes de comportement.

      • À l'inverse, chez les enfants ayant un attachement sécurisant, ce lien n'est pas significatif.

      Ces enfants présentent moins de problèmes de comportement malgré l'exposition aux mauvais traitements ou aux CPD.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      3. L'Intervention Relationnelle (IR) : Mécanismes et Efficacité

      La recherche a évalué l'efficacité de l'Intervention Relationnelle par rapport aux services habituels (psycho-éducatifs).

      Protocole de l'intervention

      L'IR se déroule généralement sur 8 séances d'environ 1h30 et utilise la rétroaction vidéo comme levier de changement :

      1. Discussion thématique : Aborde le rôle parental et le développement de l'enfant.

      2. Période de jeu filmée (10-15 min) : Le parent réalise une activité spécifique avec une consigne orientée (ex: "observez votre enfant et décrivez ce qu'il fait").

      3. Rétroaction vidéo : L'intervenant souligne les forces du parent et ses comportements sensibles.

      Cela permet au parent de constater l'impact positif de ses actions sur son enfant (contacts visuels, rires, apaisement).

      Résultats cliniques

      L'intervention a démontré une réduction significative de plusieurs types de CPD comparativement au groupe contrôle :

      • Diminution des erreurs de communication affective.

      • Diminution des comportements d'intrusion.

      • Diminution des comportements de retrait.

      • Amélioration du score global de régulation parentale.

      Note : Les comportements apeurés/effrayants et la confusion des rôles se sont révélés plus difficiles à modifier, étant plus subtils et moins facilement identifiables par le parent lors de la rétroaction vidéo.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      4. Implications pour les Services de Protection

      L'étude conclut à la nécessité d'intégrer l'évaluation des CPD dans les pratiques cliniques courantes.

      Utilisation d'outils adaptés : L'adoption de l'instrument AMBIANCE brief est recommandée pour permettre aux intervenants de terrain de repérer les CPD sans nécessiter les protocoles lourds de recherche.

      Ciblage de l'attachement : Les interventions doivent viser prioritairement la sécurité d'attachement comme levier pour atténuer les conséquences des traumatismes.

      Formation continue : Former les intervenants à la reconnaissance des signaux de disrégulation subtils (hésitations, expressions faciales, postures) pour mieux accompagner les parents dans la réparation des interactions perturbées.

      En résumé, l'Intervention Relationnelle s'avère être un outil puissant non seulement pour optimiser la sensibilité parentale, mais aussi pour réduire les placements à l'extérieur du milieu familial en améliorant la qualité fondamentale du lien parent-enfant.

    1. But if the visuals are only included to make the materials “pretty,” the learner will waste cognitive energy processing the visual material without gaining new information or meaning.

      I have noticed I feel like I have a more limited cognitive load space during lectures when my professor uses really active slides. I've gotten distracted or lost during instruction before, and felt like a "bad" student. As pretty and fun as they are, animations often distract me, and it can be hard to note-take when the audio doesn't match the transcriptions, as mentioned above. This felt validating!

    2. Also, some readers cannot distinguish color, so we should never use color to convey meaning.

      As someone who color codes things often, I wouldn't have considered this on my own! I always thought lighter colors were better for highlighting because it allows me to see more text, but I can see how different students will have different visual/contrast needs. I never knew that bolding and underlining text were recommended over colored text or highlight tools.

    1. pers and magazines the “Trump Democrats” narrative and its historicalantecedent—stories about Ronald Reagan’s capture of the industrial Mid-west—will return with a vengeance once campaigning for the 2020 presi-dential election begins in earnest

      But the question is will trump leave behind the urban centers that screwed over reagan? does he even need them?

    2. Yet, as compelling as these critiquesmight be, they have had little effect on the broader narratives. Indeed, thepublication of articles on “Trump Democrats” continued without sign ofabatement.

      This is whats being studied in the other paper

    3. politics was often shaped or driven moreby a desire to resolve problems that seemed to imperil the whole commu-nity than by deeply held ideological principles

      Fickle, easily changed

    4. challenges narratives that depict the 1980s as a de-cade of growing antitax, antigovernment conservatism.

      At least in the industrial midwest, basically the republicnas help coause the decay but then the dems turn a blind eye to it which makes midwesterns ultimatly turn back towards rep

    5. At a state level, tax rises were even more commonplace. Much as withCleveland and Detroit, it was often fear of default and fiscal emergencydriving these decisions.

      And they were not getting helped out by Reagan

    6. the political centerof gravity in the industrial Midwest did not shift decidedly to the rightduring the Reagan years. Perhaps most importantly, it also demonstratesthat though national politicians may have rediscovered the market andembraced a politics of antistatist individualism, this was not a develop-ment that inevitably led (or trickled down) to state and municipal politics

      There was a schism between state and federal support, which would eventually have secondhand influence on the common wealth

    7. Cleveland’s Republican mayor George Voinovich described cuts infederal government urban programs as being carried out with “a meatax” rather than a “scalpel.

      Some might call this tension between the municipal and the federal government

    8. Young and his diverse coalition of public and private sector supportersembraced the Ford administration’s offer of funding for the constructionof a major new mass transit network.

      Ignored once

    9. Sincemost US cities depended on property and income tax revenues to providemunicipal services and maintain infrastructure, this eroded municipalrevenues

      And then people went out of work, white flight is a real bitch ya know.

    10. The economic shockwaves created by these events helped producetwo recessions and the worst economic downturn since the Great De-pression.

      Which the midwest felt disproportionately as their industry was outsourced

    1. Settler Colonialism which “destroys to replace” (Itsuji Saranillio, in Teves, Smith & Raheja, 2015) adopts and promotes the same rapist genocidal mentality as colonialism, should actually be termed "invader colonialism" because to use the term "settler" seems to be innocuous and implies that the land and the people needed to be "settled" because it was/they were "wild" and "out of control" at the time of the invasion.

      settler colonialism concept

    2. Self-determination refers to the social movements, legislation, and beliefs by which Native American tribes in the United States exercise self-governance and decision making on issues that affect their own people. Self-determination is an integral piece of sovereignty and the right of a people to decide upon its own form of government, without outside influence and relates to the freedom and free will of the people of a given area to determine their own political status and independence.

      piece of sovereignty concept

    1. Give feedback and re-practice.

      What promptings did you receive as you were teaching? What is Heavenly Father teaching you to apply with this friend?

      How do you think applying this principle is helping you fulfill your missionary purpose? What would Heavenly Father have you do to build and expand on what we've practiced?

    2. briefly demonstrate how you might teach a portion of what you planned to address the person’s needs.

      Where did you see me apply the principle we identified? What impact did it make on the Spirit we felt during that demonstration?

    3. After you demonstrate, ask missionaries what impact using the scriptures to teach had on them as learners.

      What experiences have you had when you've felt the Spirit when studying the scriptures? How can you apply that to help the people you are teaching?

      Why was this scripture impactful to you as a learner? Why is the Lord asking you to use the scriptures when teaching your friends?

    1. qui se trouvent à l'intérieur d'autres balises

      <div style="color: blue;">

      Ce texte sera bleu.

      </div>

      C'est ça l'héritage de style, la couleur bleue est appliquée au div et à tout ce qu'il contient, en tant que balises imbriquées (Mais toutes les propriétés ne sont pas héritables)

    1. Consider the following very common academic goal as you read about SMART goals.

      Smart Goal- Specific- My goal is to become balanced in things I have to do in my schedule to succeed with getting a 3.0 GPA or higher.

      Measurable- To do this I will plan out my schedule with a to do list, and work on. Things one at a time while checking it off, and working hard on assignments but ask for tutoring or help if needed to succeed on the tests and overall get the 3.0 GPA or higher

      Attainable- This goal is attainable if I ask for help, stay focused, disciplined, and timely.

      This goal is realistic.

      Time- This will be by the end of 2026 spring semetster, while making sure I plan my time out each day in my schedule.

    2. Lasting relationships with diverse individuals in a learning community—peers, faculty, and staff

      My leadership qualities are more of resilience and team appreciation which relate to Lightning Mcqueen’s leadership qualities because he learns to work in a team and keep pushing through even when he just wants to get the end result and not do the work.

      To develop my leadership qualities I should talk to new people, maybe even join a group with the same interests as me, and keep pushing to ask for help with the struggles of college.

      The greatest barrier I have in accomplishing this is fear. I get scared to fail, so I hold back and don’t let opportunities succeed as well as I could which is something I am trying to work on.

    1. OpenClaw, like many other open-source tools, allows users to connect to different AI models via an application programming interface, or API. Within days of OpenClaw’s release, the team revealed that Kimi’s K2.5 had surpassed Claude Opus and became the most used AI model—by token count, meaning it was handling more total text processed across user prompts and model responses.

      Wow, I had no idea that Kimi 2.5 had subbed in for Claude Opus so quickly.

    1. the conflicts that arise over competing theoretical interpretations.

      conflicts between therohetical perspectives arise from the parts of theory that are left out or what is considered irrelevant

    Annotators

    1. Meanwhile, under China's 'Eastern Data, Western Computing' initiative in the early 2020s, numerous startups constructed large AI and cloud data centers across western regions of China, where electricity costs are lower, with the goal of serving demand from economically stronger eastern provinces. While the strategy reduced power expenses, it turned out that longer distances increased latency and made these facilities less attractive for many latency-sensitive applications, which limited actual usage

      Is this what happened with them? They got,built and weren’t used as much in the end?

    1. Abigail and John Adams Converse on Women’s Rights, 1776
      • It Is an Early Call for Women’s Rights Abigail’s request to “remember the ladies” is one of the earliest and clearest arguments for women’s legal protections in American history. She challenges male authority in marriage and government.
      • It Shows Women’s Political Awareness. Her letter shows that women were thinking critically about government and justice even if they were excluded from formal power.
      • It Exposes Gender Roles in the 18th Century John’s joking tone reflects common attitudes of the time, that women’s demands were not to be taken seriously. His response helps historians understand how deeply rooted patriarchal systems were.
    1. Fifthly, They are to have a Governor and Council appointed from among themselves, to see the Laws of the Assembly put in due execution; but the Governor is to rule but 3 years, and then learn to obey; also he hath no power to lay any Tax, or make or abrogate any Law, without the Consent of the Colony in their Assembly

      Talking about freedom of choosing their government

    1. Without further federal commitments, 70,000 programs might close, wiping out 3.2 million slots and $9 billion in annual parent earnings,

      Establishing what's at stake, showing that not passing the funding isn't a neutral act, it's harmful.

    1. Synthèse du Séminaire sur l'Enseignement Explicite : Des Coulisses à la Classe

      Ce document de breffage synthétise les interventions du séminaire organisé par l'Université de Mons (UMons) et l'Institut d'administration scolaire.

      Il détaille les fondements théoriques, les modalités pratiques et les outils de recherche liés à l'enseignement explicite, une approche pédagogique éprouvée pour favoriser l'équité et l'efficacité des systèmes éducatifs.

      Résumé Exécutif

      L'enseignement explicite (EE) est une approche pédagogique issue de l'observation de pratiques de classe efficaces, particulièrement dans les milieux défavorisés.

      Son principe central est de « rendre visible » ce qui est invisible : les démarches cognitives de l'enseignant et les processus d'apprentissage des élèves.

      Fondée sur le modèle PIC (Préparation, Interaction, Consolidation), cette méthode suit une progression rigoureuse : ouverture, modelage (« Je fais »), pratique guidée (« Nous faisons »), pratique autonome (« Tu fais ») et clôture.

      Au-delà de la transmission des savoirs, l'EE s'applique également à la gestion des comportements et s'appuie sur une « vision professionnelle » que les outils technologiques, comme le suivi oculaire (eye-tracking), permettent désormais d'objectiver.

      La formation des enseignants repose sur une collaboration étroite au sein d'une triade (stagiaire, maître de stage, superviseur) visant à transformer le novice en un praticien réflexif capable d'ajuster ses gestes professionnels aux besoins de ses élèves.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      1. Cadre de Référence et Principes Fondamentaux

      L'intérêt de l'Université de Mons pour l'enseignement explicite s'inscrit dans une réflexion de vingt ans sur l'amélioration des systèmes éducatifs.

      Objectifs de l'Éducation

      Équité et Efficacité : L'objectif est de réduire les écarts entre les élèves et d'élever la moyenne des résultats, tant sur le plan cognitif (instruction) que comportemental (éducation).

      Liberté et Responsabilité : Si la liberté d'enseignement est garantie, elle doit s'appuyer sur des choix documentés et éclairés par la recherche pour éviter les modes passagères.

      Libération du Déterminisme : L'école doit permettre à chaque individu de se libérer des déterminismes sociaux dont il n'est pas responsable.

      Le Modèle de l'Enseignant Efficace

      L'enseignement est comparé à la médecine ou au sport de haut niveau : c'est un métier complexe qui repose sur des savoir-faire qui ne sont pas innés, mais qui s'apprennent et se développent par l'accumulation de connaissances et la pratique.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      2. Le Modèle de l'Enseignement Explicite

      L'enseignement explicite n'est pas une théorie abstraite mais une approche issue de recherches corrélationnelles débutées dans les années 70.

      La Structure PIC (Préparation, Interaction, Consolidation)

      Préparation (Planification) : Travail de l'enseignant en amont de la classe.

      Interaction : Le cœur de la leçon, décomposé en cinq étapes chronologiques.

      Consolidation : Automatisation des acquis et évaluation.

      Les 5 Étapes de l'Interaction en Classe

      | Étape | Rôle de l'Enseignant | Description Clé | | --- | --- | --- | | Ouverture | Présenter | Annonce des objectifs, du plan de cours et réactivation des connaissances préalables. | | Modelage | « Je fais » | L'enseignant met un « haut-parleur sur sa pensée » pour expliciter ses démarches à voix haute. | | Pratique Guidée | « Nous faisons » | Vérification constante de la compréhension. L'enseignant questionne les élèves jusqu'à obtenir 80 % de réussite. | | Pratique Autonome | « Tu fais » | L'élève travaille seul. L'enseignant circule pour apporter un support individualisé. | | Clôture | Objectiver | Synthèse de la leçon, métacognition et lien avec la leçon suivante. |

      Caractère Itératif : Cette démarche n'est pas figée. Si la pratique guidée échoue, l'enseignant doit revenir au modelage. Elle permet ainsi une différenciation pédagogique réelle en fonction des besoins des élèves.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      3. Gestion de Classe et des Comportements

      L'enseignement explicite considère que la gestion des apprentissages et la gestion de classe sont deux rouages indissociables : l'un ne peut fonctionner sans l'autre.

      L'Objectivation de la Compréhension

      L'enseignant doit rendre observable le cheminement de pensée des élèves. On distingue plusieurs types d'objectivations :

      Stéréotypée : « Ça va ? Vous avez compris ? » (Peu efficace car l'élève répond souvent par l'affirmative sans preuve).

      Spécifique : « Peux-tu reformuler avec tes propres mots ? » ou « Cite les caractéristiques de... ».

      Métacognitive : Questionner les étapes par lesquelles l'élève est passé pour trouver une réponse.

      L'Enseignement Explicite des Comportements

      Plutôt que de punir l'élève qui ne sait pas se comporter, on lui enseigne les attentes sociales.

      1. Définir les valeurs : (ex: Respect, Responsabilité, Sécurité).

      2. Traduire en comportements observables : Utiliser des formulations positives (ex: « Je marche calmement » au lieu de « Ne pas courir »).

      3. Appliquer la démarche EE : Modelage du comportement attendu, pratique guidée et renforcement en contexte réel (classe, couloirs, réfectoire).

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      4. Vision Professionnelle et Observation des Pratiques

      L'expertise enseignante réside dans la capacité à balayer l'environnement, repérer les indices pertinents et raisonner avant d'agir.

      Différences entre Novices et Experts (Apports de l'Eye-Tracking)

      Grâce au suivi oculaire, la recherche à l'UMons a identifié des différences marquées dans l'observation d'une classe :

      Enseignants Experts / Formateurs :

      ◦ Focus prioritaire sur les élèves, notamment ceux à risque ou discrets.  

      ◦ Balayage visuel dynamique et itératif (stratégies de « coup d'œil »).  

      ◦ Raisonnement basé sur l'anticipation des conséquences et les cadres théoriques.

      Enseignants Novices / Futurs Enseignants :

      ◦ Focus excessif sur l'enseignant ou les éléments visuels saillants (bruit, mouvement).   

      ◦ Attention portée uniquement aux élèves « hyper-participatifs » ou très perturbateurs.   

      ◦ Difficulté à se détacher de la gestion disciplinaire immédiate.

      Outils de Formation

      Micro-enseignement : Entraînement en milieu sécurisé devant ses pairs avant de faire face à de vrais élèves.

      Grille Miroir : Outil de codage des gestes professionnels permettant un feedback objectif basé sur la vidéo.

      Vidéos enrichies : Utilisation de prompts (indices visuels) pour orienter le regard du novice vers les zones importantes.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      5. La Triade de l'Accompagnement en Stage

      Le développement du futur enseignant repose sur une interaction entre trois acteurs clés : le stagiaire, le maître de stage (terrain) et le superviseur (institution).

      Le Dialogue Collaboratif

      La recherche souligne l'importance de dépasser le simple échange « question-réponse » pour viser la co-construction.

      Style de Supervision : Les superviseurs doivent être capables de moduler leur style (directif ou non-directif) comme un musicien change de registre.

      Défis de la Collaboration : Le dialogue peut être freiné par la peur de l'évaluation ou par des visions discordantes entre l'université et le terrain.

      Objectif : Transformer le stage en un espace de réflexion où le stagiaire n'est pas un simple exécutant, mais un praticien capable d'analyser ses propres erreurs comme des leviers d'apprentissage.

      --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

      Conclusion

      L'enseignement explicite est une approche pragmatique qui refuse l'opposition entre instruction et éducation.

      En outillant les enseignants avec des gestes professionnels documentés et en développant leur vision professionnelle, ce modèle vise à instaurer une culture de la réussite où l'enseignant est pleinement responsable de la progression de chaque élève, tout en conservant sa liberté pédagogique au sein d'un cadre scientifique rigoureux.

    1. eLife Assessment

      Stearns and Poletti present a technically impressive study that aims to uncover a deeper understanding of microsaccade function: their role in perceptual modulation and the associated temporal dynamics. The question is useful, and advances prior work by adding temporal granularity. However, the strength of the evidence is currently incomplete. Additional analysis is needed to control for the effects of endogenous attention and to demonstrate changes in perceptual performance.

    2. Reviewer #1 (Public review):

      Summary:

      Using high-precision eyetracking, the authors measure foveolar sensitivity modulations before, during, and after instructed microsaccades to a centrally cued orientation stimulus.

      Strengths:

      The article is clearly written, and the stimulus presentation method is sophisticated and well-established. The data provide interesting insights that will be useful for comparisons between trans-saccadic and trans-microsaccadic sensitivity modulations.

      Weaknesses:

      Nonetheless, I have major concerns regarding the interpretation of the measured time courses (in particular, inconsistencies in distinguishing enhancement from suppression), the attempt to disentangle these effects from endogenous attention shifts, and the overstatement of the findings' novelty.

      (1) Overstatement of novelty

      The authors motivate their study by stating that "the temporal dynamics of these pre-microsaccadic modulations remain unknown" (l. 55-56). However, Shelchkova & Poletti (2020) already report a microsaccade-aligned sensitivity time course. I understand that the present study uses shorter target durations and thus provides a more resolved estimate. Nonetheless, a fairer characterization of the study's novelty would be that observers' discrimination performance is continuously measured across the pre-, intra-, and post-movement interval, within the same observers and experimental design. Relatedly, the authors state that it is unclear whether pre-microsaccadic sensitivity modulations reflect "suppression at the non-foveated location, enhancement at the microsaccade target, or both" (l. 70). Guzhang et al. (2024) examined the spatial spread of pre-microsaccadic sensitivity modulations by measuring performance at the PRL, the movement target, and several other equidistant locations. They report that "whereas fine spatial vision is enhanced at the microsaccade goal location, it drops at the very center of gaze". The current authors' reasoning seems to be that performances at locations that are neither the target nor the PRL may behave differently. Why would that be the case? If my understanding is correct, I would recommend incorporating these clarifications into the motivation paragraph, so that readers less familiar with the literature do not overestimate the novelty of the findings. Moreover, and related to point 3, I am unsure if the current analyses provide decisive evidence to distinguish enhancement from suppression, as claimed by the authors.

      (2) Distinction from endogenous attention

      To "rule out the possible influence of covert attention" (l. 232), the authors compute a cue-aligned in addition to the movement-aligned performance time course. A difference in alignment cannot rule out the influence of a certain mechanism; it can only dilute it. Just like endogenous attention may contribute to the movement-aligned time course, movement preparation will necessarily contribute to the cue-aligned time course, since these timelines are intrinsically correlated: as the trial progresses, observers will be in later and later stages of saccade preparation. For this and several additional reasons, an effect in the cue-aligned time course is in fact expected-and, in my view, clearly present (see below). As the authors themselves note, endogenous attention has been shown to operate within the foveola and should therefore be engaged in the present experiment in addition to movement-related attentional shifts (unless the authors believe that specific design features, e.g., stimulus timing, preclude its involvement?). Regardless of the theoretical considerations, the empirical data show a pronounced, near-linear increase in performance at the target location, with d′ doubling from approximately 1 to 2. Although the interaction between condition and time does not reach significance (p = 0.09), this result should not be taken as conclusive evidence against a plausible and perhaps expected contribution of endogenous attention. I suggest an additional analysis that could more directly address these issues. In previous work (Rolfs & Carrasco, 2012; Kroell & Rolfs, 2025; see Figure 3), the relative contributions of cue-alinged influences and pre-saccadic attention were disentangled by reweighting each data point according to its position on both the cue-locked and saccade-locked timelines. Applied to the present study, the authors could compute, for each cue-to-target offset bin, its proportional contribution to each pre-movement time bin. Microsaccade-locked sensitivities could then be reweighted based on these proportions. As a result, each movement-locked time bin would contain equal contributions from all cue-locked time bins, effectively isolating the effect of microsaccade preparation.

      (3) Interpretation and analysis of the time course

      (3.1) Discrimination before microsaccade onset<br /> In lines 151-153, the author state "While the enhancement at the target location did not reach significance relative to baseline, the impairment at the non-target location did", suggesting that pre-movement sensitivity advantages for information presented at the target location are due to a decrease in performance at the non-target location and not an enhancement at the target location per se. After analyzing the difference between the two locations, the authors state, "These results show that approximately 100 milliseconds before microsaccade onset, discrimination rapidly improved at the intended target location while decreasing at the non-target location." (l. 159-161). How is the statement that discrimination performance rapidly improved (which is repeated throughout the manuscript) justified by the results?

      More generally, the authors may benefit from applying bootstrapping or permutation-based analyses to their data. Such approaches would, for example, allow direct comparisons between congruent and incongruent conditions at every individual time point in Figure 3B and may be more sensitive to temporally confined sensitivity variations while requiring fewer assumptions than analyses based on manually segregated temporal bins and aggregate measures. If enhancement at the target location does not reach significance even in these analyses, all corresponding statements should be removed throughout the manuscript. The term "enhancement" should then be rephrased as "detection advantage" or "relative performance benefit" to emphasize the contrast to enhancement effects classically associated with pre-saccadic attention shifts.

      Relatedly, the authors state that pre-microsaccadic enhancement peaks around 70 ms before microsaccade onset, which is earlier than sensitivity enhancements preceding large-scale saccades that often increase monotonically up until movement onset. The authors suggest potential reasons for this in the Discussion, yet an additional one seems conceivable based on Figure 3B. Performances at both the cue-congruent and incongruent location decrease leading up to the movement, reaching values even below their early baselines around 100 ms and 25 ms before movement onset for the incongruent and congruent location, respectively. A spatially non-specific decline that drives sensitivities toward a common absolute minimum may thus dictate the time course of detection advantages. In other words, a spatially widespread decrease in foveolar sensitivity likely contributes to both "suppression" at the non-target location and the decrease in "enhancement" at the target location. If this general decrease is due to saccadic suppression, as the authors suggest, it appears to exert a much more pronounced influence on sensitivity modulations than it does before large-scale saccades (which is interesting). Are there other findings suggesting an increased magnitude of micro-saccadic (as compared to saccadic) suppression? Another potentially related phenomenon is the decrease in pre-saccadic foveal detection performances reported twice before (Hanning & Deubel, 2022; Kroell & Rolfs, 2022). It is possible that whatever mechanism triggers this decrease is engaged by the preparation of microsaccadic and saccadic motor programs alike. In any case, I would ask the authors to acknowledge this general decrease early on to clarify that any currently significant advantage for the target location relies on varied degrees of suppression, and not on true enhancement similar to pre-saccadic attention shifts.

      Moreover, in Figure 3C, the final 25 ms before microsaccade onset are excluded from the aggregate measure, presumably since including this interval substantially reduces the effect size. Since the last 25 ms before movement onset is the interval most commonly associated with saccadic suppression, I think that this choice can be justified. Nonetheless, it should be mentioned explicitly in the main text. On a minor note, the authors state that "Performance (evaluated as percent of correct responses) was averaged within a 50 millisecond sliding window, advancing in 1 ms steps (with 24 ms overlap)". Why is the overlap not 49 ms?

      (3.2) Discrimination during the microsaccade:<br /> The authors state that "in the "during" trials the target must be presented during the peak speed of the microsaccade." Since the target was presented for 50 ms and the average microsaccade duration was around 60 ms, this implies that the intra-microsaccadic condition includes many trials in which the target overlapped with the pre- or post-movement fixation interval. Were there not enough trials to isolate purely intra-microsaccadic presentations? Are the results descriptively comparable?

      (4) Additional analyses

      Several additional analyses could strengthen the authors' conclusions. If there are enough trials in which observers erroneously saccaded to the uncued (i.e., wrong) location, these trials could experimentally isolate the influence of pre-microsaccadic attention, assuming that endogenous attention went to the cued location. In addition, the authors speculate whether differences in saccadic and microsaccadic movement latencies may underlie the differences in perceptual time courses. The latency distributions provided in the manuscript look sufficiently broad, such that intra-individual variation could be harnessed to explore this question. Do sensitivity time courses differ before microsaccades with shorter vs. longer latencies?

      (5) Clarifications regarding the design

      At 50 ms, the duration of the to-be discriminated stimulus, although shorter than in previous investigations, is still rather long. What is the reason for this? I would encourage the authors to state in the main text that the duration of the analyzed/plotted time bins is often shorter than the stimulus duration (i.e., there is some overlap between bins that likely introduces smoothing). In Figure 3A, it would be helpful to plot raw data points computed from non-overlapping bins on top of the moving-window estimates, to allow readers to assess the degree of smoothing and potential temporal delays introduced by this analysis. Moreover, I wonder whether the abrupt onset of the target unmasked by flickering noise masks might induce saccadic inhibition, which would manifest as a transient dip in saccade execution probability. The distributions shown in Figure 2B appear too smoothed or fitted to clearly reveal such a dip. How exactly are all distributions in the manuscript computed (e.g., binning, smoothing, fitting procedures)? Finally, on a minor note, explicitly stating on line 105 that two different orientations can be presented at the cued and non-cued location would help avoid potential confusion.

    3. Reviewer #2 (Public review):

      Summary and overall evaluation:

      The authors assessed how visual discrimination of stimuli in the foveola changes before, during, and after small instructed eye movements (in the "micro" range). Consistent with (and advancing) related prior work, their main finding regards a pre-saccadic modulation of visual performance at the saccade target vs. the opposite location. This pre-saccadic modulation in foveal vision peaks ~70 ms prior to the instructed small saccade.

      Strengths:

      The study uses an impressive, technically advanced set-up and zooms in on peri-saccadic modulations in visual acuity at the micro scale. The findings build on related prior findings from the literature on smaller and larger eye movements and add temporal granularity over prior work from the same lab. The writing is easy to follow, and the figures are clear.

      Weaknesses:

      At the same time, the findings remain relatively empirical in nature and do not profoundly advance theoretical understanding beyond adding valuable granularity to existing knowledge. Relevant prior literature could be better introduced and acknowledged. In addition, there remain concerns regarding potential cue-driven attentional influences that may confound the reported effects (leaving the possibility that the reported effects may be related to cue-driven attention, rather than saccade planning/execution per se). There are also some issues regarding specific statistical inferences. I detail these points below.

      Major Points:

      (1) Novelty framing and introduction of relevant prior literature

      At times, this study is introduced as if no prior study explored the time course of changes in visual perception surrounding small (micro) saccades. Yet, it appears that a prior study from the same lab, using a very similar task, already showed a time course (Figure 5 in Shelchkova & Poletti, 2020). While this study is discussed in the introduction, it is not mentioned that at least some pre-saccade time course was already reported there, albeit a more crude one than the one in the current article. Moreover, the 2013 study by Hafed also specifically looked at "peri-microsaccade modulation in visual perception" and also already showed a temporal modulation that peaked ~50 ms before microsaccade onset. I appreciate how the current study differs in a number of ways (focusing on visual acuity in the foveola), but I was nevertheless surprised to see the first reference to this relevant prior finding in the discussion (and without any elaboration). Though more recent, the same could be argued for the 2025 study by Bouhnik et al. on pre-microsaccade modulations in visual processing in V1, which, like the Hafed study, is first mentioned only in the discussion. Perhaps these studies could be introduced in the paragraph starting at line 48, or in the next paragraph, to do better justice to the existing literature on this topic when motivating the study. This would likely also help to better point out the major advances provided by the current study.

      Relatedly, in Shelchkova & Poletti (PNAS, 2020), an apparently similar congruency effect on performance was reported >200 ms milliseconds before saccade onset, as evident from Fig 5 in that article. How should readers rhyme this with the current findings? Ideally, the authors would not only acknowledge that such a time course was already reported previously, but also discuss the discrepancies between these findings further: why may the performance effects appear much earlier in this prior study compared to in the current study, where the congruency effect emerges only ~100 ms prior to the instructed small saccade?

      (2) Saccade- or cue-driven? (assumption that attention is unaltered in failed saccade trials)

      Because the authors used a cue to instruct saccade direction, it remains a possibility that the reported modulations in visual performance may be driven directly by the spatial cue (cue-related attentional allocation), rather than the instructed small saccade per se. While the authors are clearly aware of this potential confound, questions remain regarding the convincingness of the presented control analyses. In my view, a more compelling control would require an additional experiment.

      The central argument against a cue-locked (purely attentional) modulation is the absence of a performance modulation in so-called "failed" saccade trials. However, a key assumption here is that putative cue-driven attention was unaltered in these trials. This is never verified and, in my opinion, highly unlikely. Rather, trials with failed microsaccades could very well be the result of failing to process the cue in the first place (indeed, if the task is to make a saccade to the cue, failure to make a saccade equates failure to perform the task). In such trials, any putative cue-driven influences over spatial attention would also be expected to be substantially reduced. Accordingly, just because failed saccade trials show little performance modulation does not rule out cue-driven attention effects, because attention may also have "failed" in these failed saccade trials. The control for potential cue-driven attention effects would be more convincing if the authors included a condition with the same cues, where participants are simply not instructed to make any saccades to the cues. Unfortunately, such an experimental condition appears not to have been included here. The author may still consider adding such a control experiment.

      Another argument against a cue-driven effect is that the authors found no interaction with time in the cue-locked data, whereas they did find such an interaction in the saccade-locked data. However, the lack of significance in the cue-locked data but significance in the saccade-locked data is not strong evidence against a cue-driven influence. Statistically, there is no direct comparison here, and more importantly, with longer delays, the cue-locked data may also start to show a dip (this could potentially be tested by the authors if they have enough trials available to extend their cue-locked analysis further in time). Indeed, exogenous attention, that may have been automatically evoked by the spatial cue, is known to be transient and to eventually even reverse after a brief initial facilitation (see e.g., Klein TiCS, 2000).

      Finally, the authors consistently refer to "endogenous" attention (starting at line 221) when addressing potential cue-driven attention confounds. However, because the cue is not predictive, but is a spatial cue that differs in a bottom-up manner between left and right cues, "exogenous" attention is a more likely confound here in my view. Specifically, the spatial cue may automatically trigger attention in the direction of the target location it points to (and such exogenous effects would be expected even for unpredictive cues).

      (3) Benefit and cost, or just cost?

      Line 151 states that no statistically significant benefit for the saccade target was found compared to the neutral baseline. Yet, the claim throughout the article is distinct, such as in line 159: "These results show that approximately 100 milliseconds before microsaccade onset, discrimination rapidly improved at the intended target location". I do not question the robustness of the congruency effect, but the authors should be more careful when inferring "improved" perception at the target location because, as far as I could tell (as well as in the authors' own writing in line 151), this is not substantiated statistically when compared to the neutral baseline.

      Related to this point, in Figure 3B, it would be informative to also see the average performance in the neutral cue condition (for example, as a straight line as in some other figures). This would help to better appreciate the relative benefits and/or costs compared to the neutral condition, also in the time-resolved data.

      (4) Statistical inference for the comparison between failed and non-failed trials

      Currently, the lack of modulation in the failed saccade trials hinges on a null effect. It would be stronger to support the claims with a significant difference in the congruency effect between failed and non-failed trials. Indeed, lack of significance in failed saccade trials does by itself not constitute valid evidence that the congruency effect is larger in saccade compared to failed saccade trials. For this, a significant interaction between saccade-trial-type (failed/non-failed) and congruency (congruent/incongruent) should be established (see e.g., Nieuwenhuis et al., Nat Neurosci, 2011).

      (5) Time window justification

      While the authors nicely depict their data across the full time axis, all statistics are currently performed on data extracted from specific time windows. How exactly were these time windows determined and justified? Likewise, how were the specific times picked for visualizing and statistically quantifying the data in e.g., Figures 3D and E? It would be reassuring to add justification for these specific time windows and/or to verify (using follow-up analyses) that the presented results are robust when different time windows are chosen.

      (6) Microsaccade definition

      Microsaccades are explicitly defined as being below half a degree. This appears rather arbitrary and rigid. Does the size of saccades not ultimately depend on the task and stimulus (e.g., Otero-Millan et al., PNAS, 2013) rather than being a fixed biological property? Perhaps this could be stated less rigidly, such as by stating how microsaccades are often observed below 0.5 degrees.

      (Relatedly, one may wonder whether the type of instructed saccades that the authors studied here involves the same type of eye movements as the type of fixational microsaccades that have been the focus of ample prior studies. However, I recognize that this specific reflection may open a debate that is beyond the scope of this article.

    1. Who owns the order of Black memory? The person who brought it to the White institution

      Archives shift power and ownership of Black history to the White institutions and collectors, rather than the Black individuals and communities who originally lived and created those memories.

    2. archives are institutions defining documentary history: the things within the archive are the facts and the things without are suspect

      This shows how archives have the power to determine what is considered true. If something is included in an archive, it is treated as fact, but if it is not archived, people may questions its legitimacy even if it is real.

    3. Here is a photo of a baptism, in a river a few minutes walk from my family homestead, cataloged: date, unknown; individuals, unknown; creator, unknown

      Shows that archives lose important contextual knowledge, even when the originating community knows exactly who and what is represented.

    1. BLOG: How NOT to Answer the Salary Question
      • The article argues that answering the "What is your current/expected salary?" question with a single number is a strategic mistake that limits your earning potential.
      • Giving a specific number early in the process creates an "anchor" that recruiters will use to keep the offer as low as possible.
      • Instead of providing a number, the author suggests pivoting the conversation toward the value you bring to the role and the total compensation package.
      • A key strategy is to ask for the company's budgeted range for the position first, which puts the onus on the employer to disclose their limits.
      • If forced to give a range, ensure the bottom of your range is the minimum you would actually accept, while the top represents your "dream" scenario.
      • The goal of salary discussions in early interviews should be to establish "alignment" rather than a final price tag.
      • Delaying the specific salary talk until after you have "wowed" the team gives you more leverage, as they are now invested in hiring you specifically.

      Hacker News Discussion

      • Many commenters emphasize that while "not answering" is a common piece of advice, it can be impractical for those who lack extreme leverage or are in urgent need of work.
      • A popular counter-strategy mentioned is to confirm the salary range during the very first recruiter call to avoid wasting hours on interviews for a role that cannot meet your financial requirements.
      • Users suggested that if you do provide a number first, you should always include a disclaimer that you "look at the entire package holistically" (benefits, equity, PTO) to maintain flexibility for later negotiation.
      • There is a consensus that once a final offer is made, you should almost always ask, "Is there any way you can come up a little bit from that?" as this simple question frequently results in a 5-10% bump with minimal risk.
      • Some participants shared "pleasant surprise" stories where refusing to name a price led to offers significantly higher (+50% or more) than what they would have asked for.
      • The discussion highlights a shift toward transparency, with many noting that asking for the "salary band" is becoming a standard and respected practice in tech hiring.
    1. What about engaging in a virtual game world where you can have a conversation with a character that knows you and your backstory?

      Hmmm intriguing and somewhat creepy at the same time.

    2. spending time engaging in popular games such as Minecraft or Fortnitemay foster an appreciation of exciting experiences in high-fidelity immersive

      Note to self.

    3. Online reading needs to be supported by other cognitive skills such as cyber-safe skills and relatedly, internet cognition: that is, accurate conceptions of the internet (Edwards et al., 2018).

      When collecting COTR data students didn't have an accurate conception of the internet.

    1. Anthropologists are quick to put dates on our existence in North America because of their colonized mindset to attempt to "prove" we have no history or "not enough" history in our homelands to lay claim to it. By trying to date our existence closer to the invasion of the Americas, they are attempting to dismiss our connection to our place of origin and our creation.

      after reading this paragraph it remain me of the history they told us in elementary about Europeans being tht goos guys in the stories.