DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100249, RRID:AB_2734148)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2734148

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 646404, RRID:AB_2563005)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563005

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 748844, RRID:AB_2873247)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2873247

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3688169

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 110738, RRID:AB_2562565)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2562565

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 740956, RRID:AB_2740581)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2740581

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 612778, RRID:AB_2870107)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2870107

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 139304, RRID:AB_10612740)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10612740

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 128010, RRID:AB_1236550)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1236550

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 741047, RRID:AB_2870662)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2870662

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2874796

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 107622, RRID:AB_493727)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_493727

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 612840, RRID:AB_2870162)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2870162

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 613006, RRID:AB_2870274)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2870274

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_3684191

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 612921, RRID:AB_2870206)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2870206

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 566309, RRID:AB_2744489)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2744489

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 61-0114-82, RRID:AB_2574530)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2574530

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 117334, RRID:AB_2562415)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2562415

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 740280, RRID:AB_2740019)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2740019

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 48-0114-82, RRID:AB_1548654)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1548654

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# 48-3697-82, RRID:AB_2734837)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2734837

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101259, RRID:AB_2566568)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2566568

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2871385

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 563048, RRID:AB_2734778)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2734778

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4948, RRID:AB_2208963)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2208963

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103108, RRID:AB_312973)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312973

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2025.11.015

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 100114, RRID:AB_2563092)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2563092

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126484

Resource: (CCLV Cat# CCLV-RIE 1035, RRID:CVCL_0023)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0023

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.126484

Resource: (ATCC Cat# TIB-71, RRID:CVCL_0493)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0493

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149672

Resource: (IZSLER Cat# BS TCL 181, RRID:CVCL_0363)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0363

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149672

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_C0YQ

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149672

Resource: (ATCC Cat# CRL-3271, RRID:CVCL_7162)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_7162

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149672

Resource: (RRID:CVCL_0063)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0063

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.149494

Resource: Purdue Electron Microscopy Center (RRID:SCR_022687)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_022687

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.hpj.2025.07.024

Resource: Rfam (RRID:SCR_007891)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_007891

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab129002, RRID:AB_11144129)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_11144129

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Millipore Cat# AB152, RRID:AB_390204)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_390204

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab56416, RRID:AB_945626)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_945626

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4511, RRID:AB_2139682)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2139682

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9252, RRID:AB_2250373)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2250373

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 8690, RRID:AB_10999090)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10999090

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# PA5-36874, RRID:AB_2553794)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2553794

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# L7543, RRID:AB_796155)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_796155

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (BD Biosciences Cat# 610556, RRID:AB_397910)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_397910

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 4668, RRID:AB_823588)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_823588

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab178846, RRID:AB_2636859)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2636859

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab283654, RRID:AB_2922954)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2922954

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# PA1-036, RRID:AB_325773)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_325773

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (AgriSera Cat# AS13 2718, RRID:AB_2629502)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2629502

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115593

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA5-27726, RRID:AB_2735228)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2735228

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab177487, RRID:AB_2532109)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2532109

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab4674, RRID:AB_304558)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_304558

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Millipore Cat# MAB377, RRID:AB_2298772)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2298772

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 9661, RRID:AB_2341188)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2341188

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Millipore Cat# S7100, RRID:AB_2661855)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2661855

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Millipore Cat# OP80, RRID:AB_2057371)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2057371

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (R and D Systems Cat# AF2418, RRID:AB_2157554)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2157554

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Wako Cat# 019-19741, RRID:AB_839504)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_839504

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115590

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# MA1-24988, RRID:AB_794985)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_794985

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115557

Resource: RRID:BDSC_80940

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_80940

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115557

Resource: RRID:BDSC_50725

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_50725

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115557

Resource: RRID:BDSC_28666

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_28666

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115557

Resource: RRID:BDSC_78781

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_78781

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2025.115557

Resource: RRID:BDSC_33646

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_33646

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106058

Resource: (DSMZ Cat# ACC-256, RRID:CVCL_0395)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0395

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.106058

Resource: (ECACC Cat# 90112714, RRID:CVCL_0035)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:CVCL_0035

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.057

Resource: ggeffects (RRID:SCR_022496)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_022496

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.057

Resource: emmeans (RRID:SCR_018734)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_018734

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.057

Resource: Companion to Applied Regression (RRID:SCR_022137)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_022137

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.057

Resource: R Project for Statistical Computing (RRID:SCR_001905)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_001905

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.057

Resource: R package: lme4 (RRID:SCR_015654)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_015654

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: Wave Surfer (RRID:SCR_021529)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_021529

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: Psychophysics Toolbox (RRID:SCR_002881)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002881

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: Fiji (RRID:SCR_002285)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_002285

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: RRID:BDSC_86738

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_86738

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: (DSHB Cat# nc82, RRID:AB_2314866)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2314866

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: RRID:BDSC_75916

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_75916

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: Drexel University Cell Imaging Center Core Facility (RRID:SCR_022689)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_022689

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11006, RRID:AB_2534074)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2534074

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: Python Programming Language (RRID:SCR_008394)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:SCR_008394

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.035

Resource: RRID:BDSC_65403

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:BDSC_65403

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3879, RRID:AB_2255011)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2255011

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3501, RRID:AB_2156433)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2156433

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (Abcam Cat# ab191910, RRID:AB_2828000)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2828000

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (GE Healthcare Cat# NA934, RRID:AB_772206)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_772206

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 2794, RRID:AB_2183099)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2183099

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (DSHB Cat# G8.8, RRID:AB_2098655)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2098655

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: RRID:Addgene_109314

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_109314

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2025.11.010

Resource: (Cell Signaling Technology Cat# 3180, RRID:AB_2100796)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2100796

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101319, RRID:AB_1574973)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_1574973

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_10979294

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 101207, RRID:AB_312790)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_312790

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: (Thermo Fisher Scientific Cat# A-11008, RRID:AB_143165)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_143165

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 109219, RRID:AB_893626)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_893626

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_559939

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2025.11.008

Resource: (BioLegend Cat# 103151, RRID:AB_2565884)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2565884

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: None

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:Addgene_183502

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (LI-COR Biosciences Cat# 926-32211, RRID:AB_621843)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_621843

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (LI-COR Biosciences Cat# 926-32210, RRID:AB_621842)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_621842

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (LI-COR Biosciences Cat# 926-32221, RRID:AB_621841)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_621841

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (Interchim Cat# FP-SC4110, RRID:AB_2722539)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_2722539

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (LI-COR Biosciences Cat# 926-32220, RRID:AB_621840)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_621840

What is this?

DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116725

Resource: (Sigma-Aldrich Cat# V9131, RRID:AB_477629)

Curator: @scibot

SciCrunch record: RRID:AB_477629

What is this?

为什么不是 the main problem schools face

在这个语境中，"problem" 像一个障碍物，它主动地“面对”或“朝向”了学校，因此使用主动语态的 "facing" 是最自然和常见的表达。

Rainer Maria Rilke

Solang du Selbstgeworfnes fängst, ist alles

Geschicklichkeit und läßlicher Gewinn –; erst wenn du plötzlich Fänger wirst des Balles, den eine ewige Mit-Spielerin

dir zuwarf, deiner Mitte, in genau gekonntem Schwung, in einem jener Bögen aus Gottes großem Brücken-Bau: erst dann ist Fangen-Können ein Vermögen, –

nicht deines, einer Welt. Und wenn du gar zurückzuwerfen Kraft und Mut besäßest, nein, wunderbarer: Mut und Kraft vergäßest und schon geworfen hättest... (wie das Jahr

die Vögel wirft, die Wandervogelschwärme, die eine ältre einer jungen Wärme hinüberschleudert über Meere –) erst in diesem Wagnis spielst du gültig mit. Erleichterst dir den Wurf nicht mehr; erschwerst dir ihn nicht mehr. Aus deinen Händen tritt

das Meteor und rast in seine Räume…

Muzot, 31. Januar 1922

add patchwork and grateful

To Prof. Kassouf

Is this the email you want to be published in the paper?

Grouping your categories may give clarity when writing.

Keep these components in mind

Keep these key features in mind when it comes to writing. Make a checklist and check your boxes as you go

Try to keep this in mind when asked to write a synthesis essay. Connect ideas and information and don't forget to explain how it all connects.

Definition of synthesis, keep in mind.

addは追加するだけどremoveはアンインストールするなので表現が揃っていない。 追加/削除 or インストール/アンインストールに揃えて欲しい

Offset: 0xa0 Type: float Engine displacement (units: litres)

It was very interesting that this article was literally just the monologue of what Jimmy Kimmel said. There's not really any "think pieces" that sway any opinions

nits: コメントでどういうチェックを有効にしたかかいてあるといいかも

This is interesting that the dramatic imbalance in forces, showing how a small defending army relied on massive, historic walls to withstand a much larger invading army.

The sentence shows that Europe didn’t just recover after the plague, but also experienced major growth in learning and creativity.

399BoldItalic

Hard to beat an Islay, in my opinion. Cheers, friends!

High-Level Summary

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs protected by three outer layers and organized internally into the cortex, medulla, and renal pelvis. Nephrons in the cortex filter blood supplied by a highly branched vascular network that enters and exits through the renal hilum. Urine formed by nephrons flows through the renal pyramids into calyces, then the renal pelvis, and finally the ureter. Each kidney contains over one million nephrons, which are either cortical or juxtamedullary, depending on their position relative to the medulla.

Study Notes: Kidney Structure 1. External Kidney Structure

The kidney is surrounded by three protective layers (outer → inner):

• Renal fascia Tough connective tissue Anchors kidney to surrounding structures

• Perirenal fat capsule Cushions and stabilizes the kidney

• Renal capsule Thin, tough layer directly covering kidney surface

• Internal Kidney Regions

The kidney has three main internal regions:

Renal Cortex (outer region) Granular appearance Contains nephrons (functional units of the kidney) Site of blood filtration

Renal Medulla (middle region) Made of renal pyramids (cone-shaped tissue masses) Each kidney has ~8 pyramids Renal columns lie between pyramids and carry blood , vessels Pyramid tips = renal papillae, which point toward the , pelvis

Renal Pelvis (inner region) Located at the hilum Funnel-shaped urine collection area Drains urine into the ureter

1. Hilum of the Kidney

2. Concave region of the kidney

3. Entry/exit point for: Renal arteries Renal veins Nerves

4. Exit point for the ureter

5. Urine Flow Pathway

6. Minor calyces → Major calyces → Renal pelvis → Ureter → Urinary bladder

7. Renal Lobes

8. A renal lobe = one renal pyramid + surrounding cortical tissue

9. Functional subdivision of the kidney

Blood Supply of the Kidney (In Order) 1. Aorta 2. Renal arteries 3. Segmental arteries 4. Interlobar arteries (run through renal columns) 5. Arcuate arteries (arch at cortex–medulla boundary) 6. Cortical radiate arteries 7. Afferent arterioles 8. Glomerular capillaries (nephrons)

Venous return: Veins follow the same path in reverse. Same names as arteries except no segmental veins. Drain into the inferior vena cava.

Nephrons (Functional Units) Each kidney contains >1 million nephrons Located mainly in the renal cortex

Types of Nephrons Cortical nephrons (≈85%) Located deep in cortex Short loops of Henle Juxtamedullary nephrons Located near cortex–medulla boundary Long loops of Henle Important for urine concentration

Parts of a Nephron Renal corpuscle Renal tubule Associated capillary network

This passage connects to feminist frameworks that value lived and embodied knowledge. It reflects Moraga and Anzaldúa’s concept of “theory in the flesh,” where knowledge emerges from material experience, and aligns with feminist critiques of abstract, detached theory discussed in class.

This challenged my understanding of activism. I used to associate political action mainly with protests, but the authors show that decolonization also happens through everyday relational practices care, responsibility, and accountability to land and community.

This connects to class discussions on women of colour feminism, particularly critiques raised in This Bridge Called My Back, where Moraga and Anzaldúa show how white feminism has historically erased women of colour’s lived experiences. Similarly, Hunt and Holmes demonstrate how white queer politics can erase Indigenous queer and Two-Spirit perspectives, reinforcing the need to center those historically marginalized rather than expanding existing colonial frameworks.

This challenged my understanding of activism. I used to associate political action mainly with protests, but the authors show that decolonization also happens through everyday relational practices care, responsibility, and accountability to land and community.

Hunt and Holmes reject detached, objective ways of knowing. This aligns with bell hooks’ argument that feminist politics must be rooted in lived experience and Sara Ahmed’s idea that feminist theory is something we practice in everyday life.

The authors explain that mainstream queer theory and activism often overlook settler colonialism. In my own words, queer politics can reproduce colonial assumptions when it treats gender and sexuality as separate from land, Indigenous history, and sovereignty.

This helped me reflect on my own position as someone living on Indigenous land in Canada. The authors make clear that decolonization is not metaphorical it is about land, treaty responsibilities, and recognizing Indigenous sovereignty in everyday life.

In this verse, as well as in the previous one, 2Pac establishes a relation of identity between blackness, restriction and stress: being Black inevitably entails a heightened sense of danger, an alert about one's surroundings that can never falter without risking life itself. If this theme, closely related to the body, interests you, I recommend reading Ta-Nehisi Coates' Between the World and Me, in which the author explores what being Black in 1990s Baltimore was like in a heartfelt letter to his son and, ultimately, to all members of the Black community.

Strapped means constricted. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/strapped#dictionary-entry-2

Here, the condemnation towards the lack of equality and straight-up racism in America is explicit.

Given what has been already noted on the previous song, do you remember what is the war on drugs? Which President of the United States promoted it?

At the time in which 2Pac sang, there was a sharp rivalry among hip-hop singers of the East Coast and those of the West Coast, in which Shakur himself was implicated with and died for. Moreover, streets feuds among gangs were ferocious, mostly due to the control of drug markets. If you are interested in looking more into the topic, here is a 1990 short news special on L.A. youth gangs: https://youtu.be/-W_jhoknV1Y?si=8YSEmzi6PiZFwn5l.

Again, similarl to the "We gotta start makin' changes" verse, there seems to be glimpse of hope through intentional actions to improve the world.

This verse and the following ones delve into a moral dilemma: the only way to survive in this ruthless America for Black people is "operating the easy way", which means going behind the law. Already introduced at the beginning of the song, the idea of committing crimes as a result of poverty and lack of resources is here confirmed. The "G" is made illegally, by selling drugs to a child. When confronted with the immorality of his action, the man answers that he "gotta get paid", meaning that morals and ethics come second when the priority is making ends meet. https://americansongwriter.com/the-painful-meaning-behind-the-song-changes-by-tupac/

It means "What does a mother have to do?" This verse alludes to what has been examined in the "Setting the scene" section: the single-parent families.

What topic, already mentioned in the discussion, does this sentence point to?

What 2Pac considered impossible actually occurred in 2009, when Barack Obama was elected President of the United States and then again in 2012, when he was reelected. Nevertheless, his presidency was filled with conspiracy theories (especially revolving around his being born in the Unites States) and controversies that tried to undermine the figure of the President. Ultimately, this may suggest that the United States was not ready for a black President.

At times, hopelessness alternates with a heartfelt responsability to take action and making changes to transform society once and for all.

The "Huey" mentioned is Huey Newton was the co-founder (with Bobby Seale) of the Black Panther Party in 1966. (https://americansongwriter.com/the-painful-meaning-behind-the-song-changes-by-tupac/) The Black Panther was a 1960s revolutionary party whose original purpose was that of protecting Blacks from the attack of police officers and eventually extended its scope "to a Marxist revolutionary group that called for the arming of all African Americans, the exemption of African Americans from the draft and from all sanctions of so-called white America, the release of all African Americans from jail, and the payment of compensation to African Americans for centuries of exploitation by white Americans". (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Panther-Party)

Setting the scene: the song was recorded in 1992 and released six years later in 2Pac's posthumous album Greatest Hits. It features Talent, an R&B trio formed by Ernest “Bishop” Dixon, Marlon “Castor Troy” Hatcher and Keith “Casino” Murrell. As mentioned earlier, the song samples Bruce Hornsby and the Range's The Way It is and addresses the same social themes. A dive into the historical context: what happened in the 1990s? * A new President, the Democratic Bill Clinton, was elected and stayed in charge from 1993 to 2001. in 1996, he promoted the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act which restricted governmental assistance to families in distress. * In the early 1990s, the country entered a severe recession, which was apparently overcome by the mid-1990s. * Black businesses bloomed and Black celebrities (such as Micheal Jackson, Michal Jordan and Oprah Winfrey) started to appear and constituted the first "Black bourgeoisie". However, this was not the reality of common, middle or lower-class African-Americans: in some inner cities, between 30% and 43% of the population in poor neighborhoods (such as East New York, the South Bronx, South Central Los Angeles, Chicago's South Side) was jobless. Many of those "who had once held stable blue-color jobs, low-wage service jobs, such as in the fast-food industry" relied on occasional and informal activities (braiding hair, childcare, car repair...). * The abuse of drugs that had exploded the previous decade went on, especially among poors. * Mass incarceration persisted: in 1990, prisoners reached one million. "By 2000, one-third of all black males in their twenties were under the control of the criminal justice system—either in prison or jail, on parole, probation, or awaiting trial. The major reason for this disproportion in incarceration is the stark racism that continues to pervade the criminal justice system. […] The socio-economic and political consequences of mass incarceration for the black community have been profound. Hundreds of thousands of households have been destroyed". (https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html). As a consequence, in many instances, there were one-parent families: mothers were left to raise their children alone. https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html https://www.ncpedia.org/anchor/united-states-1990s#:~:text=Labor%20unions%20believed%20it%20would,countries%20with%20weak%20pollution%20controls

Just as the previous term, this one is charged with a derogatory connotation, so much as it is preferred to refer to it with the euphemistic expression "N-word", which emcompasses both this word and its -er variant. The phenomenon that allowed the erosion of the -er ending is called r-dropping: the -r is replaced by a schwa (ə), an indistinct vowel pronounced "uh". These terms have always been linked with white supremacy, racism and white power. Even though the two terms may seem synonyms, in fact there is a difference: the -er ending word is strictly connected with the all-encompassing hatred and contempt towards black people, whereas the second one is perceived as a term of endearment when uttered by someone belonging to the Black community. Indeed, starting from the 1980s, the word has underwent a process of reclaiming (also called semantic inversion or looping) which corresponds to "taking a word meant as a slur and reappropriating it as a term of endearment" (https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2014/11/09/the-n-word-an-entrenched-racial-slur-now-more-prevalent-than-ever/?utm_term=.1590a4928864). This strategy allows the originally oppressive term to be re-semantized (that is, to acquire a new meaning) and used to celebrate the community's unique identity and humanity as "an act of redemption by black folk. The word survives on the conditions that black folks have inscribed for it and nobody else can take that. And it becomes violent when other people try to take it and use it." Indeed, white people "have created the word in the first place, but […] they have lost the power to use it with impunity, they have lost the power to reclaim it." […] "If you understand the history of the word and how it's been used, it's not for white people to use […] So if you're not black you can't do that. You actually can't use the word in the way that we use it. It's not possible, because you're not in that space. So any other usage of it is completely wrong." (https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-53749800). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/N-word https://share.google/2p6rElVA4Vin0v2cC https://www.dailydot.com/irl/how-not-to-use-the-n-word/

Apart from the reference to crack, this verse has another important element to be noted: 2Pac is trying to debunk the myth that only African-Americans use drugs. In fact, this 1995 report clearly shows racial disparity in connection to arrests for drug sale and possession: https://bjs.ojp.gov/content/pub/pdf/rdusda.pdf. Although it is undeniable that the African-American community was deeply affected by the (ab)use of crack, it is also true that it was widespread among poors, including whites.

In Tupac's perspective, crime is a consequence of poverty. What do you think about it? Do you think crimes are response to people being unable to afford life?

Although in the previous verse, Huey Newton seems to be a source of inspiration for the singer, hope seems to be nowhere to be found in this verse. As any African-American, even Huey ends up being another victim of police brutality. Considering the bigger picture, it can be hypothesized that 2Pac was even questioning the actual impact and ideals that animated the Black Panther Party itself.

There is a missing word here: what is it? Clue: the following verb is in the present tense, so...

Do you notice anything strange in this line? For an answer, see the comment on the line "My mama didn't raise no fool".

In this disheartening scenario, 2Pac seeks refuge in the pleasant memories of an idealized childhood, which is perceived as the only moment in space and time where he may find solace.

As you can note, 2Pac seems picking up where Hornsby left off: he shares the same disillusionment towards the possibility of equality in the United States. The entire song, as a matter of fact, denounces the hardships of being Black in an America that refuses you. https://americansongwriter.com/the-painful-meaning-behind-the-song-changes-by-tupac/

In this verse and in the previous one, the singer is making explicit reference to the police brutality in the U.S.A: excessive use of force (also culminating in murder) by police officers towards specific categories has been documented since the early 19th century. The targets have varied through the centuries, but African-Americans are historically the most targeted group because of racial implications. In this case, the singer emphasizes policemen's impunity before the law; on the contrary, they are acclaimed and welcomed as "heros". https://www.britannica.com/topic/police-brutality-in-the-United-States-2064580/Police-brutality-after-World-War-II

Disclaimer: sensitive content.

In a world dominated by racism and in which nothing changes, the singer wonders whether the struggles he has to cope with on a daily basis make living worth it. He even contemplates the possibility to end his life in the same verse. If you have ever felt the same way the singer does in this verse, please seek help at https://azzurro.it/ or at least talk with an adult or a teacher.

Police officers. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cop

In the society in which the narrative voice lives, both poverty and blackness have a negative connotation. In other words, being Black adds up to being poor.

This is directly connected to what has been said about the pervasiveness of drugs (of crack, in particular) among poor families.

Setting the scene: the song was released in July 1986 as a single from the band's debut album The Way It Is. It was a great success and the band won the 1987 Grammy Awards in the Best New Artist category. The success of the song has had a long-lasting effect in the music industry: it was sampled by other artists and included in songs such as 2Pac's Changes and Polo G's Wishing for a Hero. The singer has "never counted it" but he has read that his song "has now been recorded 17 times by hip-hop artists" (https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/bruce-hornsby-interview-way-it-is-non-secure-connection-1036032/). In order to understand the following lyrics, it is necessary to place the song in its historical context. The 1980s were years in which several issues emerged: * The process of de-industrialization (that is, the process in which American companies moved their seats abroad, outside the country) deeply affected the job market: tens of thousands of workers lost their jobs. In particular, Blacks were the ones who suffered the most since the majority of them were employed in various industrial fields. As a consequence, poverty spread: 30% of black work force was jobless in 1982. * The conservative Reagan presidency (1981-1989) reduced federal (governmental, that is) economic support to people in need by 20%. The cut to financial measures combined with the ongoing industrial crisis was disastrous. * White supremacy movements and groups (such as the Ku Klux Klan) reignited and engaged in violent acts against African Americans, firebombing of churches and campaigns against affirmative actions programs and integration in schools. "Millions of white Americans had become convinced that “too much” had been given to blacks". * Poverty, hunger and hopelessness paved the way to the abuse of drugs; crack was especially consumed by poor Americans as it was inexpensive and easily available. As a consequence of the combination of low employment, educational poverty and drug popularity, drug dealing became the source of income for young people and violence increased significantly in Black neighborhoods.

What was the government's response? Aggravated levels of violence and crime were responded with the "War on Drugs", which entailed: 1. the elimination of parole (that is, the conditional release of a prisoner, often on the basis of good behavior in prison); 2. stricter penalties for drug sale and possession; 3. building a larger network of prisons.

Needless to say, African-Americans were most targeted. Mass incarceration as a system of control (see the "home" of the website for more on the topic) started to bloom.

https://www.amistadresource.org/the_future_in_the_present/social_and_economic_issues.html

for - Reagan slogan - blamed recession on taxes, social programs & regulations - Let's me America Great Again!

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - 2 political allies - Thatcher (1979) and Reagan (1980) came to power - cast taxes, social programs and regulation as the bogeyman

• SRG comment - Reagan and Thatcher policies - advocating for inequality - against the sacred

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - David Harvey - accumulation by dispossession. Defaulted countries signing with IMF: - increased poverty - exploded inequality - collapsed public service - gave up economic sovereignty to global financial institutions - continuation of colonialist practice of extractionism and appropriation

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - IMF Structural adjustment program - privatize public assets, - cut spending of welfare, - austerity across the board - deregulation, - open domestic markets to foreign corporations, - remove protection of local businesses and workers - IMF - a deal with the devil

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - defaulted countries turn to IMF

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - second casualties - Sub-Saharan African & Asian countries defaulted

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - first casualties - Latin American debt crisis - Mexico, Brazil, Argentina defaulted on loans

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - developing countries loans became unpayable overnight

for - economic history - 1979 - Paul. A. Volcker appointed chairman of Federal Reserve - Volcker Shock - shift - from employment to inflation - raised interest rates to an astounding 20%, intentionally causing a recession

for - economic history - Volcker Shock - used Milton Friedman's theory to provide cover to stop Keynesian commitment to full employment and instead protect capital from inflation. - Volcker raised interest rates to 20%,, causing massive plant shutdowns and unemployment to surge above 10%. - The recession closed shops, and labor lost its bargaining power when plants are shut down.

for - economic history - Milton Friedman - represented business elites - Monetarism - inflation seen as ultimate threat to elites

for - economic history - 1972 - Business Round Table established

for stats - economic history - corporate power - 10 years - American Chamber of Commerce - from 60,000 to 250,000 members

for - economic history - powell memo - Lewis Powell - inequality - corporate lawyer who became supreme court judge - memo that started a long term political campaign to exploit the elite crisis for corporations to take control of universities, media, law and public opinion FOR THE ELITES

A redação = The essay

Prédio (we say this more often) = building

early genetic and prenetal distrubances later stressful events that trigger the psychosis

itsalways nature and nurture together

Levar = To take Levá-los = To take them

Eram = Were

Emprestar = To lend Emprestá-los -> los = eles (os pratos) -> To lend them

Dar = To give

Dar uma jantar = Make some dinner

there is also mania : high mood, no need to sleep, higher energy followed by depressive episodes .

it is more based on the populations of European contries and don't cover all aspects

because it is subjective rather than objective and it can change through time and events

1-Apperance: how does the person look like wearing and pysical 2-mood: how emotions show itself 3- Cognition: aware of the time and location 4-insight and judgement: aware of the illness itself 5- intellectual functioning: the expression of the toughts are not distrupted and has a flow

詩人

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