criminal stigmabecomes a wellspring of racial stigma

Brandedas criminals, individuals experience limited access to social, political, and economic goods, rangingfrom jobs, professional licensing, and even school opportunities to social welfare benefits andvoting

Rather, political actors construct and reconstruct race as they use institutions to dividepopulations, define the terms of their relations, and subject them to different modes of governance

Yet our subfield has little to say about how policing and criminal justice constructrace and class themselves, or indeed how policing itself may “recreate and enforce the country’sracial divide

functions that provided broad and amorphous powers to deeply intervene into the daily lives ofthe urban poor

In the JimCrow South, welfare officials facilitated the exploitation of black workers by applying “employablemother” rules, using vague eligibility rules to deny benefits, inspecting homes for moral violations,or simply shuttering the welfare office when hands were needed in the fields

Trump says Iran war will end in 2-3 weeks, no word on ground troops

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CanadaMan sentenced to 25 years for 'horrendous' sexual abuse in Manitoba after survivors spoke out

urning the fruitful feud of hers and his

ex to sweet sex with lips and limbs is wed,

There are absolute moral rules and duties to follow (regardless of the consequences). They can be deduced by reasoning about the objective reality.

Taoism# Sources [b19] [b20] [b21] Act with unforced actions in harmony with the natural cycles of the universe. Trying to force something to happen will likely backfire. Rejects Confucian focus on ceremonies/rituals. Prefers spontaneity and play. Like how water (soft and yielding), can, over time, cut through rock. Key figures: Lao Tzu [b22] ~500 BCE China Zhuangzi [b23] Zhuangzi ~300 BCE China

Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society.

Live a rooted, balanced life of moderation. Virtue is a group effort. Individuals can’t be virtuous on their own because “the earth is slippery, slick” (meaning it is easy for an individual to fall into bad actions, they need support and moderation)

What do you think is the responsibility of tech workers to think through the ethical implications of what they are making?

How often do you hear phrases like “social media isn’t real life”?

James Hutton (1726–1797)

friction experiments

Tsze-kung asked, saying, ‘Is there one word which may serve as a rule of practice for all one’s life?’ The Master said, ‘Is not reciprocity such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to others.’” Confucius, Analects 15.23 [b9] (~500 BCE China)

To be sure, smartphones, for example, are designed with elements like push notifications to hold the attention of users. However, users can easily adjust these settings, and they are hardly an innovation of modern technology (books often end chapters mid-scene for the same reason).

And certainly not in ways that happen to coincidentally flatter people’s preexisting moral conceits.

explainer

Technology, such as video games or social media, simply doesn’t influence dopamine receptors the way illicit substances do.

confirmed in humans:

Once the dataset is uploaded, a data checking step is performed to ensure the uploaded summary statistics adhere to necessary formatting standards for the analysis, minimizing common user errors.

Rather than requiring users to find and download a LD reference panel or generate their own LD reference data, a computationally intensive and error-prone process, LDscore provides immediately accessible LD reference panels.

including summaries by minor allele frequency for given dataset in PLINK [10] format (e.g.,*.bed, *.bim, and *.fam files).

Our tool, LDscore, addresses these limitations by first providing a massive technical overhaul of the method, migrating the core LDSC framework to Python 3.

You might have noticed another big problem, too: the period of the hospitalisations (2001-13) hardly covers any of the “smartphone era” from 2010 onwards that people are worried about, and contains a lot of data from before modern social media was even a glint in Mark Zuckerberg’s eye.

Does my essay contain the following elements? An engaging introduction A reasonable, specific thesis that can be supported by evidence A varied range of evidence from credible sources Respectful acknowledgement and explanation of opposing ideas A style and tone of language that is appropriate for the subject and audience Acknowledgement of the argument’s limits A conclusion that will adequately summarize the essay and reinforce the thesis

Disseminate existing, or develop new,self-assessment tools and resources foreducators to assess and reflect on theirimplicit biases

As a potential tech worker that might work for a social media site, we hope you learn how to analyze the ethical tradeoffs made in designing automated systems.

They are not about how people actually live in contemporary society—and that is what young children need to understand. Information and images about how people really live now is what enables young children to build connections to people who are from different cultures while countering stereotypes that children have already absorbed

During World War II, the Air Force was still a branch of the U.S. Army and soldiers served in ground and air crews. World War II saw the institutionalization of massive bombing campaigns against cities and industrial production. Large bombers like the B-17 Flying Fortress required pilots, navigators, bombardiers, radio operators, and four dedicated machine gunners.

Hitler unleashed his U-boat “wolf packs” into the Atlantic Ocean with orders to sink anything carrying aid to Britain, but Britain’s and the United States’ superior tactics and technology won them the Battle of the Atlantic.

After the fall of Poland, France and its British allies braced for an inevitable German attack.

The 1930s and 1940s were trying times.

What do you think is the responsibility of tech workers to think through the ethical implications of what they are making?

I know that all my group identities arepart of me—but that I am always ALLme.

Confucianism# Sources [b13] [b14] [b15] [b16] Being and becoming an exemplary person (e.g., benevolent; sincere; honoring and sacrificing to ancestors; respectful to parents, elders and authorities, taking care of children and the young; generous to family and others). These traits are often performed and achieved through ceremonies and rituals (including sacrificing to ancestors, music, and tea drinking), resulting in a harmonious society.

Virtue Ethics

The use of qualitative and quantitative measures to assess text complexity is balanced in the Standards’ model by theexpectation that educators will employ professional judgment to match texts to particular students and tasks.

Per the March 31 interview, this is solved via what Cohn terms the "grandfathered" supply pool — specifically, the conversion of existing foreign-origin import contracts held by merchant operators, principally Constellation.

dents

4. If you have been instructed to annotate as part of a group:

he c

F

Challenges for the Ukrainian national criminal justice system caused by the full-scale armed conflict

The stone auditorium offered seating that “with a cushion, would be tolerable, though still somewhat cramping for a long day’s sitting” [Pickard-Cambridge 140]

Though gladitorial contests in the theatre did not cease, the Athens seemed to have agreed with Dio Chysostumus that it was no longer the proper venue for religious activities.  The performances given in honor of Dionysos were eventually moved to the theatre of Herodes Atticus.

The type of entertainment that took place in the Romanized theatre was of a decidedly different flavor than the tragedies and comedies of the earlier periods.  The theatre became a venue for gladiatorial contests. Dio Chrysostumus chastised the Athens for this saying that “in their theatre under the very walls of the Acropolis, in the place where they put up their Dionysos in the orchestra, so that often a fighter is slaughtered among the very seats in which the heirophant and the other priests must sit”

Roman Reconstruction – 1st to 4th Century CE

Every mainland Greek city of note built a theatre, and every Greek colony followed suit. Athens was at the epicenter with its Theatre of Dionysus: it was the first theatre built in Greece, the first theatre to stage the plays of Sophocles, Euripides, Aeschylus, and Aristophanes, and the model for hundreds of stone theatres the Greeks and Romans would eventually build.

4.3.3 Key FindingsThe metadata-based subgrouping approach yields several important insights:Organ-specific models outperform global models: Colon-specific TabPFN (R2 = 0.7217) sub-stantially outperforms naive TabPFN on the full dataset (R2 = 0.6074)Sex stratification provides additional gains: Sex-aware blood models achieve R2 = 0.705 compared to R2 = 0.657 for blood-only modelsCombined strategy achieves best performance: Organ + Sex Aware TabPFN reaches R2 = 0.75, representing a 23Biological relevance matters: Performance gains align with known biological differences between tissues and sexes in gene expression patternsThis approach demonstrates that TabPFN can be successfully applied to genomic data when its architectural constraints are respected through intelligent data partitioning rather than circumvented through complex adaptations.

"I am reminded of the man who filled in an application for an insurance policy. One of the questions he had to answer was, 'How old was your father when he died and of what did he die?' "Well, his father had been hanged, but he did not want to put that in his application. He puzzled it out for a while. He finally wrote, 'My father was 65 when he died. He came to this end while participating in a public function when the platform gave way.'"

My favorite illustration of a euphemism is one offered by Everett Dirksen, a former senator from Illinois, on the Senate floor: "Mr. President, there is such a word as 'euphemism.' I do not think I have looked it up for years, but I suppose 'euphemism' is something that seems like what it ain't. Perhaps that is as good a definition as I can give.

"Prettified language is all around us. A 'graffiti sprayer' is a 'wall artist,' a 'prostitute' is a 'sexual service provider,' and one of the causes of death among young American males is 'legal intervention' (e.g. 'getting shot by cops')."

Instructive resources cannot assume the user has prior knowledge of all the neighbouring issues of the task at hand

it is crucial to prioritize and direct human efforts toward more "suspicious" outputs from LLMs

we advocate a collaborative approach where humans and LLMs work together to produce reliable and high-quality labels

LLM annotators and human annotators should not be treated the same, and annotation tools should carefully design their data models and workflows to accommodate both types of annotators

it is advisable to either mask any confidential information or only use in-house LLMs

it is recommended that the format of a prompt be similar to the one used in training as some LLMs have different prompt format than the others

the selection of label options may work better if it is similar to common options for given tasks, such as [positive, neutral, negative] > [super positive, positive, ..., negative] for sentiment classification

designing an annotation task and a prompt similar to more widely used and standardized NLP tasks is beneficial

errors encountered during API calls are handled in two ways: handle within our system or delegate to users. We handle known LLM API errors that can be solved by user-side intervention. This would be in cases such as a Timeout or RateLimitError in OpenAI models

errors such as APIConnectionError in OpenAI models occur because of an issue with the LLM API server itself and requires intervention from OpenAI.

While MEGAnno+ is designed to support any open-source LLM or commercial LLM APIs, in this work, we only demonstrate OpenAI Completion models for clarity and brevity.

Data Model MEGAnno+ extends MEGAnno's data model where data Record, Label, Annotation, Metadata (e.g., text embedding or confidence score) are persisted in the service database along with the task Schema.

To implement our system as an extension to MEGAnno (Zhang et al., 2022), an in-notebook exploratory annotation tool.

MEGAnno+ is designed to provide a convenient and robust workflow for users to utilize LLMs in text annotation. To use our tool, users operate within their Jupyter notebook (Kluyver et al., 2016) with the MEGAnno+ client installed.

LLM annotators and human annotators should not be treated the same, and annotation tools should carefully design their data models and workflows to accommodate both types of annotators.

we go beyond using LLMs to assist annotation for human annotators or to replace human annotators. Rather, MEGAnno+ advocates for a collaboration between humans and LLMs with our dedicated system design and annotation-verification workflows.

Despite these advancements, it is essential to acknowledge that LLMs have limitations, necessitating human intervention in the data annotation process. One challenge is that the performance of LLMs varies extensively across different tasks, datasets, and labels. LLMs often struggle to comprehend subtle nuances or contexts in natural language, making involvement of humans with social and cultural understanding or domain expertise crucial.

Large language models (LLMs) can label data faster and cheaper than humans for various NLP tasks. Despite their prowess, LLMs may fall short in understanding of complex, sociocultural, or domain-specific context, potentially leading to incorrect annotations. Therefore, we advocate a collaborative approach where humans and LLMs work together to produce reliable and high-quality labels.

translingualism as a verb requiresconcrete actions from all English users, the so-called mainstream, monolin-gual, native speakers of English and the othered alike.

the potentials for translingualism to function as a verb—an active force withconcrete actions to tear down the English-only wall,

It is worth clarifying that the (re)imagination of translingualism as a verb thatI am proposing here is not a radical celebration to vandalize grammar; grammarinstruction still has its place in college composition classrooms. Instead, I arguethat grammar should never be taught as the golden rule of English articulation.Writing teachers need to “destabilize” English

Translingualism, which values linguistic diversity, is an important forcein challenging the zero point of English. Rather than regarding a multilingualbeing as multiple monolinguals in one, translingualism acknowledges the fluid-ity, dynamics, and richness of one’s linguistic repertoire

Mary E Sesto, Curtis B Irwin, Karen B Chen, Amrish O Chourasia, and Douglas A Wiegmann. 2012. Effect of touch screen button size and spacing on touch characteristics of users with and without disabilities. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54, 3 (2012), 425–436.

Janan Al-Awar Smither and Curt C Braun. 1994. Technology and older adults: Factors affecting the adoption of automatic teller machines. The Journal of General Psychology 121, 4 (1994), 381–389.

Hironobu Takagi, Akihiro Kosugi, Tatsuya Ishihara, and Kentarou Fukuda. 2014. Remote IT education for senior citizens. In Proceedings of the 11th Web for All Conference. ACM, 41.

Karen Renaud and Judy Van Biljon. 2008. Predicting technology acceptance and adoption by the elderly: a qualitative study. In Proceedings of the 2008 annual research conference of the South African Institute of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists on IT research in developing countries: riding the wave of technology. ACM, 210–219.

Chee Wei Phang, Juliana Sutanto, Atreyi Kankanhalli, Yan Li, Bernard CY Tan, and Hock-Hai Teo. 2006. Senior citizens' acceptance of information systems: A study in the context of e-government services. Engineering Management, IEEE Transactions on 53, 4 (2006), 555–569.

Bjorn Niehaves and Ralf Plattfaut. 2014. Internet adoption by the elderly: employing IS technology acceptance theories for understanding the age-related digital divide. European Journal of Information Systems 23, 6 (2014), 708–726.

HH Nap and HP de Greef. 2010. Self-efficacy & stress in senior computer interaction. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics. ACM, 227–230.

Tracy L Mitzner, Wendy A Rogers, Arthur D Fisk, Walter R Boot, Neil Charness, Sara J Czaja, and Joseph Sharit. 2014. Predicting older adults' perceptions about a computer system designed for seniors. Universal Access in the Information Society (2014), 1–10.

Vicki L Hanson. 2011. Technology skill and age: what will be the same 20 years from now? Universal Access in the Information Society 10, 4 (2011), 443–452.

Mary C Gilly and Valarie A Zeithaml. 1985. The elderly consumer and adoption of technologies. Journal of consumer research (1985), 353–357.

Nancy M Gell, Dori E Rosenberg, George Demiris, Andrea Z LaCroix, and Kushang V Patel. 2013. Patterns of technology use among older adults with and without disabilities. The Gerontologist (2013), gnt166.

Helene Gelderblom, Tobie van Dyk, and Judy van Biljon. 2010. Mobile phone adoption: Do existing models adequately capture the actual usage of older adults?. In Proceedings of the 2010 annual research conference of the south african institute of computer scientists and information technologists. ACM, 67–74.

Anna Dickinson, Alan F Newell, Michael J Smith, and Robin L Hill. 2005. Introducing the Internet to the over-60s: Developing an email system for older novice computer users. Interacting with Computers 17, 6 (2005), 621–642.

Luca Buccoliero and Elena Bellio. 2014. The adoption of silver e-Health technologies: first hints on technology acceptance factors for elderly in Italy. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Electronic Governance. ACM, 304–307.

Today's generations of older adults have not grown up with information and communications technologies that are widely available these days. Thus, there is "a natural confound of age and experience, since today's older adults are exposed to these technologies at a different point in their lives than today's young adults." [17]

Older people are less likely to have peers with sufficient technology experiences compared to their younger counterparts.

Incorporating these human factors and practical design suggestions for older adults, Fisk et al. proposed key recommendations for designing mobile devices for this age group [12].

Studies have shown that typical interaction components and techniques of a smartphone often prevent older adults from smooth and instant interactions with it. For example, the small size and the low contrast of buttons on a mobile display has a significant negative influence on interaction performance such as speed and accuracy [18], and decline in motor skills is correlated with time required to complete a task [30].

Lee and Coughlin reviewed studies of older adults' technology acceptance and identified ten factors that are critical facilitators or determinants of older adults' acceptance of technology: value, usability, affordability, accessibility, technical support, social support, emotion, independence, experience, and confidence [20].

most works point out that an individual's personal context [38] and the social context [36] in which the technology is introduced are the primary factors influencing the perception of, experience with, and evaluation of new technological developments among older adults [19].

One exception is the senior technology acceptance model (STAM) [28]. Using TAM, UTAUT, and several other works as theoretical underpinning, Renaud and Biljon proposed a model to explain older adults' mobile phone adoption.

Several studies have attempted to determine older adults' acceptance of technologies in general, and healthcare-related systems in particular, using the UTAUT framework. (e.g., email [14], a telehealth service [7]).

As a result, older adults and their adoption of new technologies have been a topic of active research since the advent of consumer technologies (e.g., automated teller machine [32], scanner-equipped grocery stores [41], electronic funds transfer [15]).

Seniors have historically been late adopters to the world of technology compared to their younger counterparts [24, 40].

Nowadays, older adults are increasingly adopting and adapting to information and communication technologies [5].

smartphone ownership among older adults has significantly risen in recent years [3]. However, its adoption levels among older adults in the US still sit at 27% as of 2015, whereas some 85% of Americans aged 18-29 are smartphone owners [31].

We also identified the factors that are critical to older adults but did not appear in the existing models. Finally, we applied the existing vocabulary to our model to comply with the conventional terms in the field.

Again following grounded theory practices from [33], we compared the model that emerged from our data with existing theoretical models of technology acceptance to determine differences and similarities between them.

Again following grounded theory practices from [33], we compared the model that emerged from our data with existing theoretical models of technology acceptance to determine differences and similarities between them.

Employing the grounded theory method [33], we allowed recurring themes and concepts in relation to technology acceptance behaviors to arise from the data itself.

We inductively analyzed the first-round interview data using thematic analysis based on a grounded theory approach [33]. Grounded theory methods build theory iteratively from the data, using rigorous coding practices. Initial open codes are primarily descriptive. These may be combined into more sophisticated related sets of descriptors, in which each set is referred to as an axial code. Subsequently, axial codes are combined into more theoretically powerful code complexes, called selective codes. Our approach included a process of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.

In lightof our preliminary results, we propose a tentative theoreticalmodel that extends the existing theories to explain the waysin which the participants come to accept (or reject) mobiletechnologies.

Lastly, while our findings are based on only 24 participants, the sample size is commensurate with the Ground Theory approach.

We analyzed the second-round interview data using inductive and deductive approaches informed by grounded theory and other qualitative analysis methods [33, 22].

With these findings, we propose a tentative theoretical model that extends the existing theories to explain the ways in which our participants came to accept mobile technologies.

Components in red boldface in Figure 3 provide a preview of the new elements we have identified and their relationship to the components proposed in earlier models.

Triangulating the empirical findings from our preliminary results with the existing theoretical models, we proposed an extension of the existing theoretical models that explains the technology acceptance behavior of our participants who were aged 60 or over. Our proposed model incorporates key elements of prior models and introduces novel components that significantly influence the participants' technology acceptance, namely one new phase, intention to learn, and three factors, self-efficacy, conversion readiness and peer support.

Consolidating our preliminary findings with the existing models, we propose an extended technology acceptance model for older adults illustrated in Figure 3. Extending to the predecessor theories, our tentative model introduces the perceived effort of learning a new technology as an obstacle for older adults' technology acceptance, which has not been reported in any studies of younger adults' technology acceptance.

In particular, we identified an additional phase that is prominent among the participants, intention to learn, but did not appear in prior models. Then, we identified three new factors that significantly influence their technology acceptance but which are, again, not represented in the existing models: self-efficacy, conversion readiness, and peer support.

Triangulating the empirical findings from our preliminary results with the existing theoretical models, we proposed an extension of the existing theoretical models that explains the technology acceptance behavior of our participants who were aged 60 or over.

Consolidating our preliminary findings with the existing models, we propose an extended technology acceptance model for older adults illustrated in Figure 3. Extending to the predecessor theories, our tentative model introduces the perceived effort of learning a new technology as an obstacle for older adults' technology acceptance, which has not been reported in any studies of younger adults' technology acceptance.

Extending the original TAM and consolidating the constructs of several other existing models, Venkatesh et al. proposed the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) [37].

Azjen's theory of planned behavior [1, 2] posits that a specific behavior is the result of an intention to carry it out, and that intention is determined by attitudes, norms, and the perception of control over the behavior. Drawing upon this theory of planned behavior, Davis et al. developed the technology acceptance model (TAM) [10].

Then, by triangulating our empirical findings with existing theoretical models from the literature, we found out that the existing models of technology adoption require new theory components to be able to describe technology adoption processes of our participants.

Technology acceptance has been widely studied, and several models have been proposed and tested [10, 37]. However, the HCI literature lacks a comprehensive explanation of technology acceptance among older adults.

We believe supporting students’ linguistic and cultural flexibility will prepare them for success in the world (Garcia, 2009). We are considering encouraging children to show cultural artifacts in illustrations, as a common strategy used by illustrators. We want to encourage children’s use of translanguaging in nonfiction reading and writing.

to have insisted dogmatically that only medieval architecture was trulyChristian

Just as scriptwriters use special media-related vocabulary, they also mould their text into a specific format that is designed to accommodate the needs of their readers. This audience of potential collaborators needs to be able to glean certain information at a glance. Actors will want to see how many lines they have, producers will want a sense of the locations involved for budgetary reasons, and comic book artists will want to know how much space they have on a given page and how much will be eaten up by dialogue. It's for this reason that some script formats call out certain words in 'all caps' (LIKE THIS) or break text into chunks that feature consistent heads and typography. Overlong sentences or a convoluted structure will, therefore, not only keep readers from enjoying the content--as with any type of writing--but will also prevent them from actually being able to produce a script effectively. In a sense, this is a major trade-off in all forms of scriptwriting --it offers less of an opportunity to develop an authorial voice, but it provides a constant vehicle to practise trimming words and expressing ideas as efficiently as possible.

Specifically, the writing process involved in creating scripts--in its brainstorming, drafting, revision, rehearsal, second revision and performance stages--offers new opportunities to reach students with the following multiple intelligences

At the same time, media-based writing represents an authentic and powerful way to tackle problem-solving and decisionmaking skills. All scriptwriters--students and professionals alike --constantly grapple with questions like, How can I convey story elements indirectly, using devices such as sound? How can I use the script format and specialised vocabulary to help readers of the script see the same mental images that I do? Is my writing sufficiently clear for those who may help produce my video or graphic novel--and are the choices I've made realistic in terms of ability, budget and other real-world factors?

When students learn about how scripts are written and then practise scriptwriting themselves, they get a behind-the-scenes glimpse of media techniques and production. This knowledge can transform their understanding of other texts they encounter both in school and outside of school--making them more media-literate. For example, by grasping how scriptwriters compose for different audiences and purposes, students will learn about the parameters and formal elements of diverse media and discover more about the jobs of those who collaborate with scriptwriters--actors, directors, Foley artists, editors and producers. (Are any of your students interested in pursuing these as vocations or avocations? If so, scriptwriting provides a powerful vehicle for connecting these skills and talents to the writing curriculum.)

The bottom line is, having taught various forms of scriptwriting since the early 1990s, I can confidently say that there is nothing like seeing students for whom extended writing was previously a chore suddenly experience an awakening when it comes to scripts. Their focus becomes laser-like even as their eyes widen in response to a new realm of creative possibilities opening up to them. Writing no longer becomes a matter of staring at a blank sheet of paper or a computer screen. Sketches are quickly made on odd scraps of paper, muffled giggling can be heard here and there, and hands shoot up with urgent questions. Most gratifying of all, there's an overwhelming urge to share one's writing--even one's plans for writing--with others. In short, the joy of writing, and reading, comes vibrantly to life.

The assertion in the heading above might not seem so bold when one considers that scriptwriting is not just a subset of creative writing or narrative writing: it encompasses all modes. In fact, it's not even a genre of writing--that would be like saying 'book-writing' is a genre. Books can cover any topic and do so on a modest or vast scale, featuring a variety of tones and purposes. The same can be said for scripts.

Of course, translingualism should not be regarded as a "replacement" to thediscipline of second language writing

Insisting on theseparateness of languages and discourse styles according to monolingual normsis not only theoretically uninformed and contradictory to everyday languagepractices, it is also a means of marginalizing linguistic minority students.

she did not quite fit into

The softness which should characterize thevery being of Christians—I am tempted to call it "ontic gentleness"—must not be givenup even when we are (from our own perspective) persuaded that others are either wrongor evil.

It is the open life-stance of the strong, who feel no need to support their own uncertainty by aggression to-ward others.

differentiated acceptance and rejection of the surrounding culture

who were being persecuted about how they might become socially-politically acceptable to their society.

hurling threats against the unbelieving and aggressive non-Christian neighbors

of the suffering Christ (2:21ff)

the community did not seek to exert social or political pressure, but to give pub-lic witness to a new way of life.

an ecclesia! way of bang that is dis-tinct from the way of being of the society at large.

Sundays of theChurch, translations of English hymns, and, especially English Tractarian ones, and it also gavean impetus to Evangelical Anglicans to look to the past and to translate some of the glories of theearly Christian Church into Welsh

what is the destination of the story and, what are the aspirations of the characters?

writing from the inside not the outside

1 Discover the Core Premise of the story 2 Define the genre of the story 3 Agree on the destination of the story 4 Describe the characters and their aspirations 5 Extend the Core Premise into a storyline

Screenwriting is very much concerned with steps, and at each step of the screenplay development, the document gets longer and more detailed

students can be asked to consider the first rule of screenwriting: what is your story about?

. "The crowd" was "the lie." "To exist" was "to stand out"from the crowd

The beauty of the GP-TSM technique lies in its simplicity: at its core, all GP-TSM does is change the visual saliency of words by adjusting their opacity. This preserves the integrity of the original text and minimizes "ergonomic obtrusiveness" [100] while providing readers with a form of "contextual cuing" to arm them with "incidental knowledge about global context", which they can harness to better assign visual attention and memory when reading [40].

Furthermore, according to Stevens's power law, people perceive changes in gray scale not linearly, but rather by a factor of approximately 0.5 [71]. For instance, a threefold increase in opacity might only be perceived as 1.5 times more significant, further complicating the differentiation of levels.

This sequence resonates with efficient content absorption strategies highlighted in speed reading literature, where readers first capture the gist and then delve deeper [1, 63]. The interface, therefore, may inadvertently facilitate this structured, layered reading approach, which might explain the improvement in reading efficiency and comprehension.

We adopt the term "saliency" based on its definition (a "bottom-up, stimulus-driven perceptual quality which makes some items stand out from their neighbors") [42], and its use in augmented reality [85, 88], computer vision [17, 55], and cognitive science [37, 56].

Modulating text saliency is a widely studied aspect of textual information representation. This technique modifies the visual attributes of text to promote words of interest and guide readers' attention, making pertinent information more perceptible and thereby enhancing comprehension and the user experience [12, 42].

compressive summarization aims to select the shortest subsequence of words within a sentence that yields an informative and grammatical sentence [64]. This framework allows for a more concise representation of the original content while retaining the essence of its meaning.

Given the cognitive effort reading requires, readers frequently resort to skimming, which is a rapid, selective, and non-linear form of reading [2]. Eye tracking studies [30, 74] validate that such behavior is extremely common. However, multiple studies have suggested a significant trade-off between reading speed and comprehension [65, 66, 76, 87].

Automated text summarization techniques, including but not limited to crowd-powered systems [10], prompting large language models (LLMs) [105], and other AI technologies, can address a subset of these difficulties, i.e., the resulting text may be shorter, with simpler sentence structures and fewer unusual words [62]. However, unless there is information within the original document that is truly redundant, the result is a lossy representation of the original document, regardless of whether the process is abstractive or extractive.

Our goal is to modulate the saliency of words in the original text so that users can easily bypass certain words during skimming while maintaining an uninterrupted reading flow.

Be resilient to AI errors by enabling the reader to (a) notice, (b) have enough context to judge, and (c) easily recover from, automated decisions they disagree with.

Support skimming without interrupting flow. The system should improve skimming of text while minimizing the impact on the user's natural reading flow. In particular, as much as possible, it should avoid presenting users with salient text that is unparsable as a coherent thought, i.e., the system should present a complete sentence rather than a phrase or sentence fragment.

Support reading at multiple levels of detail. The system should help users navigate the full complexity of a text, shifting focus seamlessly between different levels of semantic coverage, or granularity, from the big picture to the fine details.

Integrate seamlessly into existing reading experiences. The system should complement and not interfere with the existing digital reading workflow that people are used to. It should provide all the functionalities in the same view, minimizing the overhead of mode and context switching.

Remain faithful to the original text. The system should not automatically reword or add new words or phrases to the original text. It should preserve the original text, while rendering it in a way that aids reading, skimming, or information retrieval.

We aspired to design a text rendering interface that alleviates some of the cognitive demands of reading, skimming, or performing information retrieval on natural language documents—particularly those with long, complicated sentences—without compromising the integrity of the original content.

Established theories of human cognition describe how exposure to variation and consistency within prescribed structures can help people more robustly form mental models of a phenomenon, e.g., how an LLM behaves. Specifically, in line with Variation Theory [35], the features we instantiate identify patterns of consistency (Figure 1d, "Exact Matches"), variation (Figure 1c, "Unique Words"), or both (Figures 1a, 1b, "Positional Diction Clustering (PDC)"—a novel algorithm we introduce in this paper). In line with Analogical Learning Theory [13], PDC highlights analogous text across LLM responses, i.e., positionally consistent and similar in diction, such that users can see emergent relationships.

users may want to select the best option from among many, compose their own response through bricolage, consider many ideas during ideation, audit a model by looking at the variety of possible responses, or compare the functionality of different models or prompts.

One prior piece of HCI work, ParaLib [51], does explicitly exploit these theories for system feature design, but does this in the domain of code.

There are two hypothesized benefits of this view. One is based on an understanding of human perception: the grid layout should help users compare more LLM responses because the spatial arrangement assists their memory. The other benefit is based on Variation Theory, which posits that discerning the impact of a critical aspect, for example model temperature, is only possible when experiencing variation along that dimension, isolated from variation along other dimensions.

Given that the features implemented in this work are in line with design implications of Variation Theory and Analogical Learning Theory, the results suggest that there may be further utility of these theories for guiding the design of future systems that help users make sense of data and form mental models from examples.

Theories of human concept learning suggest that a key step in forming accurate, robust mental models of a phenomenon is to be able to discern the underlying dimensions of variation (Variation Theory) and any latent structures beneath superficial details (Analogical Learning Theory). By detecting and communicating which sentences are both structurally analogous (by virtue of their position within the response) and semantically related (by virtue of highly overlapping content), users should be able to more easily identify emergent structures, as well as compare and contrast particular compositions of structural elements across responses and syntactic elements that may vary in meaningful ways across analogous sentences within those responses. These theories assert that these subtasks are key ingredients in forming those robust accurate mental models, i.e., learning from the LLM responses in order to better perform their overarching task.

In this work, in line with Variation Theory, the existing and novel features instantiated and described in the next subsection collectively identify patterns of consistency, variation, or both; they are explicitly designed to make emergent dimensions of consistency and variation easier for the user to perceive.

Variation Theory describes how helping people perceive the different dimensions of consistency and variation across examples (here, LLM responses) of the object of learning helps them more quickly and robustly leap to more accurate mental models. Analogical Learning Theory describes how people can form mental models or schema from perceiving structural analogical relationships across superficially varying examples (again, here LLM responses).

participants seemed to prefer engaging with the text directly without having to articulate a lens with which to look at the corpus, since their analysis goal may be initially under-defined.

In our formative study, we found that automated analysis rarely captured what the participants were looking for when inspecting LLM responses.

We want to support a wide range of tasks that involve sensemaking. For example, we want to support the detection of similarities and differences between individual responses as well as groups of responses, and support the detection of

We aim to make 10s to 100s of LLM responses cognitively comfortable to peruse, as this was the scale we found to be most relavent in our formative study.

Da Silva, M. (2021). The Traces Left Behind: On Appropriate Responses to Right Acts with Wrong Features. Social Theory & Practice, 47(1), 63–89. https://doi-org.rpa.sccl.org/10.5840/soctheorpract2021115112

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range of audiences

this profile fits nearly perfectly the classic Europeanmodel of a state against which the U.S. is usually contrasted.

Residents turnto the police in an effort to mobilize state powers on their behalf, and they target police when theyrise up to contest state powers over their lives.

police stops and criminal custody have become normal and expected experiencesof government

governcitizens, regulate their behaviors, revoke their freedoms, redefine their civic standing, and imposeviolence on them

urban neighborhoods and serviced race- andclass-based residential segregation

The new regime “creat[ed]hundreds of thousands of additional contacts between police and the policed

disciplining poor and disordered communities,targeting people not because they were serious criminals but because they were precarious andpowerless: policing based on “their status as people with problems but without property

were to the newgeneration what the Jim Crow rituals had been to the generation before

Figuratively speaking, it was thewindows community members had broken and failed to repair that now conveyed and fomenteddisrespect and disregard for the law

Written for the screen by June Mathis

Visser describes an episode in the career of his fellow Dutch humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam, on whom he has published extensively in a scholarly capacity, which illustrates (among other things) that what is at stake in this sort of conflict of intellectual values is ultimately the danger of cultural loss. The preservation of intellectual culture depends not only on the continued physical existence of the texts that make it up (even a digital edition exists physically on the server that hosts it) but also on the transmission of the interpretive tradition that makes those texts meaningful. Judaism, for example, could not exist without the Hebrew Bible, but it also could not exist without the Talmud. And the Talmud would not exist if Jews had not continued to see value in the same exegetical minutiae for thousands of years. But the substrate of any such interpretive tradition is linguistic competence: no one could study either without Hebrew.

Visser invites us to see pedantry as a valuable and necessary corrective to the various social forces, including faddishness, ideology, and simple laziness, that degrade skills and knowledge, and the institutions that preserve both. Although many intellectuals could certainly work to make themselves less abrasive and opaque, and more like Visser, the irritations and anxieties they provoke are fundamentally unavoidable as long as specialized intellectual work exists.

Incorrect fillings and crowns cause varioushyperplasia and inflammatory granulomasin the gums.

They are located so that they cover theentire dorsal surface of the tongue. Theregion where they are most concentrated isthe tip of the tongue. These papillae havethe ability to detect the smallest particlesin the mouth, roughness or changes on themucosa surface

it is not necessarily wrong for a synthesis to include any of the writer’s opinions; indeed, in a thesis-driven paper this is essential; however, the reader must be able to identify which opinions originated with the writer of the paper and which came from the sources).