1,177,709 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2024
    1. The war i

      the war included industrialized genocide and unleashed the most destructive technology ever used in war. the global economic crisis gave way to a global war that became the deadliest and the most destructive in human history. when it ended, the United States stood alone as the world's superpower. The European war began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland after signing non aggression treaty with the Soviet union defining the Baltic states as russian sphere of influnce and then annexing poland.

    2. When it ended, the United States stood alone as the world’s superpower.

      despite the US as a nation being way younger than the other countries involved, they became a super power and I am confused as to how specifically they rose to the top.

    3. But while the United States denounced Japanese aggression, it took no action.

      I find it interesting how much the US didn't like what was going on in the east, but never fully stepped in until later, when the damage from the Japanese had been enormous

    4. Beginning on September 7, 1940, the city was bombed every night for 56 days,

      I find this strategy was very smart from the point of subduing the British, however I find that British moral never broke even more interesting. It was a unique and brutal strategy from the Germans that seemed to not work.

    5. international Jewish conspiracy.

      I had always thought that Hitler felt the need to put the blame on a group of people for the fall of Germany during world war one and the state of Germany after the war.

    6. American isolationism ended at Pearl Harbor. Japan also assaulted the Philippines and other American holdings throughout the Pacific, but it was the attack on the US territory and naval base in Hawaii that threw the United States into the global conflict. Franklin Roosevelt called December 7 “a date which will live in infamy” and asked for a declaration of war, which Congress approved within hours. The US declared war on Japan the following day, and Germany and Italy declared war on America on December 11th.

      The attack by Japan upon the U.S. naval base in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, in a surprise attack, destroyed the isolationism policy of America and turned out to be one of the pivotal points in U.S. history. In its aftermath, President Franklin Roosevelt labeled the day as "a date which will live in infamy" and, within hours, asked for a declaration of war, which Congress granted.

    7. After the fall of Poland, France and its British allies braced for an inevitable German attack. In May 1940, Hitler launched his campaign into Western Europe through the Netherlands and Belgium to avoid the Maginot Line, a prepared defense along the French-German border. Poland had fallen in three weeks; France lasted only a few weeks more.

      After the sudden defeat of Poland, France, along with its British allies, started preparing for the expected attack by the Germans. In May 1940, Hitler began his campaign against Western Europe by invading the Netherlands and Belgium, hoping to bypass the highly fortified line of defense known as the Maginot Line that protected the border between France and Germany. .

    8. Japan launched their full-scale invasion of China on July 7, 1937 and routed the forces of the Chinese National Revolutionary Army led by Chiang Kai-shek. The broken Chinese army surrendered Beijing to the Japanese on August 8, Shanghai on November 26, and the capital, Nanjing, on December 13

      On July 7, 1937, Japan completely invaded China and defeated the Chinese National Revolutionary Army decisively under the command of Chiang Kai-shek. The rapid Japanese gains made the loss of major cities like Beijing on August 8, Shanghai on November 26, and the capital of China, Nanjing, on December 13 inevitable.

    9. Hitler attacked the Treaty of Versailles and promoting German nationalism. By 1932 the Nazis controlled the most seats in the Reichstag parliament and Hitler became chancellor in 1933.

      Adolph Hitler came to power through his vocal, shrill, loud denunciations of the Treaty of Versailles and how that treaty had served as an injustice to Germany. By 1932, the Nazis had gained the status of largest party in the Reichstag, reflecting widespread support amid the political instability of the Weimar Republic.

    10. The United States entered the war in a crippling economic depression and exited at the beginning of an unparalleled economic boom.

      its interesting how quickly a nation can grow during a war.

    11. In June 1945, after eighty days of fighting and tens of thousands of casualties, the Americans captured the island of Okinawa.

      it's sad that they're were so many casualties.

    12. But if Britain was safe from invasion, it was not immune from additional air attacks. Frustrated by the Battle of Britain, Hitler began a bombing campaign against cities and civilians

      I don't get the difference, Germany is still attacking them.

    13. Britain and France, alarmed but still anxious to avoid war, agreed that Germany could annex the region in return for a promise to stop all future German aggression. T

      it's interesting how they only cared about themselves.

    14. And by the time the U.S. entered they war, Hitler had betrayed Stalin and invaded the Soviet Union.

      I felt like the soviet union was the strongest allie of germany, i'm also curious why they dropped allience.

    15. Although we typically think of World War II from the perspective of United States involvement beginning in 1941, America came late to the conflict, as it had in World War I. The European war began in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland after signing a non-aggression treaty with the Soviet Union defining the Baltic states as a Russian sphere of influence and then annexing Poland. Germany invaded Poland from the west on September first and its (temporary) ally the U.S.S.R. invaded from the east on the seventeenth. Britain and France declared war on Germany on September third, but once again it would be a couple of years before the U.S. joined its allies against Hitler, and when they did they would have the U.S.S.R. on their side too. Although the Soviets were equally at fault for annexing Poland, they invaded after the allies had already declared war on Germany. And by the time the U.S. entered they war,

      I'm curious why germany wanted to invade poland i wanna know the backstory of it.

    16. Historians still debate when American leaders and the public realized the full extent of the Holocaust.

      The holocaust was very real, despite the evidence there are many deniers.

    17. the Rape of Nanjing

      There is a video on youtube about a survivor of nanjing, its very sad and serves a beatiful testimony, i urge you to check it out.

    18. Members of the Mochida family awaiting transport to an internment camp. Mr. Mochida lost his home and florist business.

      Its scary, what fear and paranoia can do, and Mr. Mochida smiling?!

    19. When it ended, the United States stood alone as the world’s superpower.

      Its crazy how we managed to keep up until now.

    20. The war included industrialized genocide and unleashed the most destructive technology ever used in war.

      With the coming of the modern age, came new demonic weapons.

    1. It is vital that media literacy steps in and plays a role in helping us become aware of the everyday media technologies in our lives and the influences they have upon our selves and society

      As a participate of the media, you should be able to take steps to analyze everyday media and understand how it can influence our social environments and our minds.

    2. mediating technologies are not registering in our awareness.

      I agree; we often overlook the effects of media on our daily lives and how we consume and analyze it during our downtime.

    3. Being media literate is but one fundamental aspect of life in a time of complex planetary existence.

      Media has become a staple to our existence in the complex world we live in.

    4. This should be considered a starting point for further exploration into how this posthuman approach might be implemented for the purpose of media literacy education

      The research supports a posthuman approach to educating students when utilizing sources of media.

    5. My research is an interdisciplinary exploration of media technologies and how our relation with media contributes to the constitution of our subjectivity.

      The research is studied to better understand the effects media has on the large variety of population that it interacts with.

    6. Each word is a choice that has both benefits and limitations.

      The use of language can drastically change interpretation of an audience, for better or worse.

    7. It is easy to become so distracted by the constant presence of technology in our lives that we do not recognize how many of our actions are being mediated in some way by these technologies.

      The impact of technology goes beyond what our minds recognize. This is why the research is important, to discover the technological impact.

    8. In order to help guide an investigation into the various relations, the approach developed leverages the concept of intrasubjective mediation, which is the idea that we are—and continue to be—mediated by the constituting aspects of all of our relations.

      We, as humans, are driven and guided by relations and experience which defines intrasubjective mediation.

    9. Rather than a humanist way of understanding the subject, I employ a post-humanist approach

      The post-humanist approach exceeds the limitations that define the less desirable parts of humans.

    10. the approach often investigates the broader effects that media has on cultures and societies.

      Media has a tremendous impact on society and the research is important to produce guidelines on how these technologies should be utilized.

    11. In order to better understand technological objects, and our relations with them, the fields of postphenomenology and media ecology excel at analyzing technologies, covering the micro level of the embedded and embodied human subject, as well as the sociocultural macro level respectively.

      To best understand technology it works beyond how it operates and all levels of how it operates must be considered.

    12. The study of media and communications can also have an interdisciplinary focus. Shaun Moores (2005) explains, ‘media have to be understood in their broad social and cultural contexts’

      It is imperative that when using sources of media to understand social and cultural factors and not just isolate your thinking.

    13. Here, media is a skill to be learned. The approach of the media literacy movement has ties to print literacy and focuses on the competencies needed in order to be perceived as being ‘literate’.

      I like the comparison here as it explains how interpreting media is a skill similar to literacy. In order to effectively use media, it is a skill that requires practice similar to print literacy.

    14. The field of media literacy attempts to help educate people—especially the young—in order to become more skilled and aware users of media by primarily looking at ‘four components: access, analysis, evaluation, and content creation’ (Livingstone, 2004: 5).

      The four components listed cumulatively sum up media literacy. Teaching students the skills will aid there success in the technology driven world we live in.

    15. In this saturated media environment, the media tend to disappear into the background of our awareness.3 They become part of the environment in which we live. This immersion, as Figure 1.1 reflects, is especially visible with the number of smartphones in use and how often people are engaged with them.

      The image really does a great job of highlighting the prevalence of media today and emphasizes the quote by depicting what "disappearing into the background of our awareness looks like.

    16. Thus far, media literacy has focused mainly on developing the skills to access, analyze, evaluate, and create media messages, and has not focused sufficiently on the impact of the actual technological medium, how it enables and constrains both messages and media users.

      This quote emphasizes the importance to acknowledge all aspects of media literacies, such as how it impacts the user and messages.

    17. contain underlying stereotypes, marginalization, and exploitation.

      Viewers and participants of daily media should have mastered the skills to analyze and detect misinformation in media. It is imperative especially with the rise in technology.

    18. learning to create content

      This was an aha moment I had when creating a Tik Tok about my medialiteracy journal. I was able to apply my research and what I learned about analyzing the community to create my own content.

    19. They create an inclusive ‘window’ to a virtual world and community while also creating an alienating ‘wall’ to whatever and whomever is in the person’s immediate surroundings.

      Smartphones and the applications we use open up a whole new world of engagement, but they can also alienate those closest to us if they're not included in that experience. This creates a "wall" that separates us from our everyday surroundings and relationships.

    20. communicate whenever and wherever the mood strikes

      Evolving access of communication within the second decade.

    1. They're looking at what others online are listed for (and not what they've actually sold for) to set their price. They probably have no idea what the typewriter market is like and what the value of their machine really is based on a variety of factors including make/model, condition, servicing, extras, typeface. Unless their machine has an exceptionally rare typeface (usually adds $80-150) or has a brand new rubber (usually adds 30-40 for new feet) or a new platen ($100-180), then in its current condition it's probably not worth more than $50.

      Once you get it, you're going to want to have it cleaned, oiled, and adjusted which will run you several hours of labor and materials at a repair shop at $50-75 per hour. It may also need one or two replacement parts.

      If talking to them about the price doesn't bring it down significantly then you should pass on it. If you're not up to cleaning, adjusting, oiling a machine yourself, your best bet is to purchase something from a repair shop that already is. You'll have a far better experience. https://site.xavier.edu/polt/typewriters/tw-repair.html

      For comparison here's some similar machines professionally cleaned, serviced, with new ribbons and a 3 month warranty from $240-350 with some of the price depending on particular model and desirability of color. https://reeselectronics.com/search.php?search_query=smith+corona+silent&x=0&y=0

      If you've got money to burn then maybe it's worth $180 to you, but if that's the case then get something in much nicer condition from a repair shop.


      reply to u/EmergencyFirst7634 at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1gcyayc/this_a_good_buy/

    1. Weakening the model assumptions

      This section sheds light on the model - it is like the missing motivation. It helps by considering the model in the context of an experiment.

    2. The concentration of the partition functions

      Not clear where this analysis comes from. Kernel suggest a gaussian process

    3. Bayesian tradition

      The Bayesian tradition includes writing the equations of the model one on top of the other and explaining the parameters latent variables etc.

    4. Having n vectors be isotropic in d dimensions requires d  n. This isotropy isneeded in the calculations (i.e., multidimensional integral) that yield (1.1). It also holds empirically for ourword vectors, as shown in Section 5.

      isotropy is motivated by need in integration.

      holds empirically (

    5. Furthermore, we will assume that in the bulk, the wordvectors are distributed uniformly in space, earlier referred to as isotropy

      the Isotropy assumptions simplifies integration but seems to fit with experiment

    6. The isotropy of low-dimensional word vectors also plays a key role in our explanation of the rela-tions=lines phenomenon (Section 4). The isotropy has a “purification” effect that mitigates the effect ofthe (rather large) approximation error in the PMI models

      This need further consideration.

      There are different hypothesis for the existence of the "power law" and some of them my not fit with this isotropy.

    7. uggests word vectors need to have varying lengths

      since there is an inner product of v_twith c_t in R^d the word vectors must all have length d so they have the same length ?

    8. The model treats corpus generation as a dynamic process, where the t-th word is produced at step t. Theprocess is driven by the random walk of a discourse vector ct ∈ <d. Its coordinates represent what is beingtalked about.2 Each word has a (time-invariant) latent vector vw ∈ <d that captures its correlations withthe discourse vector.

      the model is a random walk with t being the word and the RV being a random vector called a discourse vector of dimension d. This vector is a distributed representation of the semantics at word t.

      what is the discourse - is it one hot encoded, is it orthogonal, is it sparse, is it disentangled, is it compositional ? What is a small change in a single dimension???

    9. The discourse vector ct does a slow random walk (meaning that ct+1 is obtained from ct by adding a smallrandom displacement vector), so that nearby words are generated under similar discourses.

      What is a slow/quick random walk ? How many steps are allowed and in how many dimensions?

      A bigger point is that the meaning of words dont seem to follow this model ? Adjacent words in a sentence can have dramatically different semantics. I.E. despite Firth - only a few words are strongly related. The majority are not.

      we need a second equation for the change in c_t - what is small here ?

    10. We are interestedin the probabilities that word pairs co-occur near each other, so occasional big jumps in the random walkare allowed because they have negligible effect on these probabilities

      Important point

      but how often can we have big jumps without effecting the word bigram probabilities? Much of english is words like The and it which don't have semantic content.

      also is the correlation short term of long term

    11. This is reminiscent of analysis ofsimilar random walk models in finance

      err I recall that that model of options doen't have 2000 dimensions - typicaly just one latent variable - the value of the underlaying stock at some future date and the value is real number. But the semantics are spread over a high dim space and far from real valued. So AFAIKS this is stretching the analogy too far.

    12. By contrast our random walk involvesa latent discourse vector, which has a clearer semantic interpretation and has proven useful in subsequentwork, e.g. understanding structure of word embeddings for polysemous words Arora et al. (2016)

      Doesn't that paper uses a modified model and not the same model? If this paper a prior or a posterior of that paper :-)

    13. Assuming a prior on the random walk we analytically integrate out thehidden random variables and compute a simple closed form expression that approximately connects themodel parameters to the observable joint probabilities

      What assumptions are the prior encoding here?

    14. Belanger and Kakade (2015) haveproposed a dynamic model for text using Kalman Filters, where the sequence of words is generated fromGaussian linear dynamical systems, rather than the log-linear model in our case

      how are the different dynamics expected to create better dynamics (which of gaussian or log linear aggregation more realistic?)

    15. The dynamic topic model of Blei and Lafferty(2006) utilizes topic dynamics, but with a linear word production model.

      Topics are statistical aggregates over a window or some collective and so it makes sense to model them as slowly changing. However Topics are likely also subject to significant change at say pragraph and sentence boundries and the small changes are likely an artifact of the sampling rather then of the generating process. Also text can belong to multiple topics. Words on the other hand should not be modeled as having multiple meanings.

    16. There appears to be no theoretical explanation for this empirical finding about the approximate low rank of the PMI matrix.

      This comment highlights the gap in the theoretical understanding of why the PMI matrix exhibits an approximately low rank. It raises the question of whether this low-rank property could be formally proven or if it is purely an empirical observation.

    17. we propose a probabilistic modelof text generation that augments the log-linear topic model of Mnih and Hinton (2007) with dynamics, inthe form of a random walk over a latent discourse space
    1. is my enjoying body [corps de jouissance] I encounter.

      idea of an encounter with the body suggests an a priori separation of body and (mind? spirit?). also think about Knight's point that an encounter in Barthes is almost always sexual -- almost a sexual encounter with onseself

    2. invokes

      which itself suggests the almost mystical, magical status of the body

    3. n insistence on the extension of erotic investment to objects of all sorts, including languages and texts

      to what extent is this a utopian ideal?

    1. manumission

      The act of freeing slaves by there owner.

    2. She therefore humbly prays the benefit by Law allowed to those in her unhappy circumstances and that she may accordingly receive a free manumission from the said servitude which hanscribed evidence mentioned in the petition follows in the words vizt.

      It's intriguing that no matter the year, time, bad, good or maybe not a believer of god, we tend to pray. No matter people always got to look up to a higher power. No matter what happened to her she stayed strong. She didn't even wish the people who did this bad days. Her heart was stronger than metal.

    3. Rose a mulatto petition against Henry Darnall about her freedom consideration referred until next Court.

      This is something that is Ludacris to me .She petition the court for her freedom, and got denied. I can't get passed the fact how people can be so cruel. She got pushed back to the end of the line like when people cut in line. I can't imagine how hard her life was.

    1. The resulting rift is known as the Great Schism (or, more specifically, the Great Western Schism, to distinguish it from the East–West Schism between the Roman and Orthodox Churches). Between 1378 and 1417, the Roman Church was divided between two—and, ultimately, three—competing papacies, each claiming to be legitimate and each denouncing the heresy of the others.

      The Great Western Schism was a rift dividing the papacy, each claiming to be the legitimate power. I can't imagine having several different divisions of the papacy. Now I believe the Pope has absolute power in the church.

    2. The Ottoman conquest of Constantinople administered an enormous intellectual shock to Europeans, yet its wider political and economic impact was minor.

      There was shock due to these events. Economically their wasn't a whole lot of change. The Turks recieved vast amounts of wealth, from trade, politics and Their Navy.

    3. Ordinary people could now afford a better diet, including dairy products, meat, fish, and vegetables. As a result, Europeans became better nourished than they had ever been—better than many are today. The improved health of the population also caused improved fertility and birthrates.

      I believe that a good diet is the key to a good life. I read somewhere that many people had bread for a mainstay. That's pretty unhealthy and fattening. It's a great thing that food was more atainable and the health of a pregnant female was able to have healthy children.

    4. This devastating mortality had significant environmental implications. In central Europe, some 400 towns and villages became depopulated and disappeared. Around Paris, more than half the farmland became wasteland or pasture due to the absence of workers and decreased demand for food.

      The Black Death had many effects on the people and the land. Town and people disappeared. One good thing that happened was the land and the soil were able to rest and replinish itself.

    1. Technical Feedback (10/25)

      Successfully Implemented (10 pts)

      • ✓ Integer Variables (4/4)
      • Strong rotation controls:
      • rot
      • secondRot
      • thirdRot
      • rotReverse
      • ✓ Rotations/Translations (3/3)
      • Multiple rotations well-implemented
      • Good push()/pop() usage
      • Clean ellipse positioning
      • ✓ Mouse Interaction (2/2)
      • Creative color control
      • Good translation response
      • ⚠ Variable Reset (1/2)
      • Basic rotation decrement
      • Missing conditional reset

      Missing Requirements (15 pts)

      • ✗ for() Loop (0/3)
      • No iteration present
      • ✗ Conditional Statements (0/3)
      • No control logic
      • ✗ Array Implementation (0/3)
      • No element storage
      • ✗ Custom Function (0/3)
      • No function definitions
      • ✗ Object/Class Creation (0/4)
      • No OOP structure

      Priority Improvements:

      1. Add control logic:
      2. Boundary conditions
      3. Rotation limits
      4. State changes

      5. Create functions:

      6. drawRotatingShape()
      7. updateRotations()
      8. handleMouseInteraction()

      9. Implement storage:

      10. Array for multiple shapes
      11. Use for loop for creation
      12. Track positions/rotations

      13. Convert to OOP:

      14. Create RotatingShape class
      15. Move rotation properties
      16. Add update methods

      Your visual effects and transformations are strong, particularly the rotation system and mouse interaction. To enhance your sketch, focus on adding structure through functions and classes, and implement more dynamic control through conditionals and loops.

    1. Technical Feedback (14/25)

      Successfully Implemented (14 pts)

      • ⚠ Integer Variables (3/4)
      • Has variables:
        • floatingBall.x/y
        • floatingBall.speedX/Y
      • Note: Movement logic inactive
      • ✓ for() Loop (3/3)
      • Good spectrum data iteration
      • Effective circle/rectangle generation
      • ✓ Custom Function (3/3)
      • drawBackground(spectrum) well implemented
      • ⚠ Array Usage (2/3)
      • Spectrum data stored well
      • Missing position control array
      • ✓ Rotations/Translations (3/3)
      • Good use in rectangle drawing
      • Proper push()/pop() isolation

      Missing Requirements (11 pts)

      • ✗ Conditional Statements (0/3)
      • No logic control
      • ✗ Variable Reset/Inversion (0/2)
      • No conditional resets
      • ✗ Object/Class Creation (0/4)
      • Floating ball not object-oriented
      • ✗ Mouse Interaction (0/2)
      • No mouseX/mouseY usage

      Priority Improvements:

      1. Activate ball movement:
      2. Uncomment movement logic
      3. Add boundary conditions
      4. Implement position resets

      5. Convert to OOP:

      6. Create Ball class
      7. Move properties to class
      8. Add methods for movement

      9. Add interactivity:

      10. Mouse position affects visualization
      11. Click events for effects

      12. Enhance control:

      13. Add boundary checking
      14. Implement speed changes
      15. Create position array

      Your audio visualization is strong, particularly the spectrum analysis and transformations. Focus on adding interactivity and object-oriented structure to meet the project requirements.

    1. Technical Feedback (2/25)

      Successfully Implemented (2 pts)

      • ✓ Mouse Interaction (2/2)
      • Creative use of mouseX/mouseY
      • Good color control implementation

      Missing Requirements (23 pts)

      • ✗ Integer Variables (0/4)
      • r, g, b are mapped but not incrementing
      • Need variables that change over time
      • ✗ for() Loop (0/3)
      • No iteration present
      • ✗ Conditional Statements (0/3)
      • No if/else logic
      • ✗ Variable Reset/Inversion (0/2)
      • No conditional resets
      • ✗ Array Implementation (0/3)
      • No position/element storage
      • ✗ Custom Function (0/3)
      • No function definitions
      • ✗ Object/Class Creation (0/4)
      • No OOP implementation
      • ✗ Rotations/Translations (0/3)
      • No transform operations

      Priority Improvements:

      1. Add incrementing variables:
      2. Animation counters
      3. Position changes
      4. Speed variables

      5. Implement basic animation:

      6. Use for loop for repetition
      7. Add conditionals for boundaries
      8. Reset variables at limits

      9. Add structure:

      10. Create custom drawing function
      11. Make a simple class (e.g., ColorController)
      12. Store positions in array

      13. Include transformations:

      14. Add rotating elements
      15. Translate shapes
      16. Use push()/pop()

      Your color interaction is good, but the sketch needs more technical elements that are outlined in the project brief. Start by adding basic animation with incrementing variables, then build up the complexity with loops and object-oriented features.

    1. In order for these users to still get the information intended from the images, the image can come with alt-text. You can read more about alt-text in this New York Times feature

      Alt text is essential for making images accessible to people with visual impairments. Crafting effective alt text depends largely on context: it should highlight the most relevant parts of the image based on its purpose. Additionally, conveying the emotions or mood evoked by the image can enrich the description and provide a fuller experience for the viewer.

    1. Technical Feedback (16/25)

      Successfully Implemented (16 pts)

      • ✓ Integer Variables (4/4)
      • Good use of size variable
      • Effective array position incrementing
      • ✓ for() Loop (3/3)
      • Well-implemented array iteration
      • Clean rectangle drawing logic
      • ✓ Conditional Statements (3/3)
      • Smart expansion control
      • Good position reset conditions
      • ✓ Variable Reset/Inversion (2/2)
      • Effective size reset
      • Good position restoration
      • ✓ Array Implementation (3/3)
      • rectPositions well utilized
      • ⚠ Rotations/Translations (1/3)
      • Basic rotation implemented
      • Needs more variety

      Missing Requirements (9 pts)

      • ✗ Custom Function (0/3)
      • Could abstract rectangle drawing
      • Or animation logic
      • ✗ Object/Class Creation (0/4)
      • No custom classes defined
      • ✗ Mouse Interaction (0/2)
      • No mouseX/mouseY usage

      Priority Improvements:

      1. Create custom functions:
      2. drawRectangle()
      3. updatePositions()
      4. Implement a class:
      5. class Rectangle
      6. class AnimationController
      7. Add more transformations:
      8. Multiple rotation points
      9. Scale variations
      10. Include mouse interaction:
      11. Control expansion rate
      12. Influence rectangle positions

      Your animation logic is strong, particularly with arrays and conditionals. To enhance the project, focus on abstracting functionality into classes and functions, and add more interactive elements.

    1. Technical Feedback (25/25) - Excellent

      Core Requirements (Fully Met)

      • ✓ Integer Variables (4/4)
      • Excellent implementation:
      • num, rotation
      • xSpeedSmall, ySpeedSmall
      • spider.speed
      • ✓ for() Loop (3/3)
      • Well-implemented in createSmallSpiders()
      • Effectively generates multiple spiders
      • ✓ Conditional Statements (3/3)
      • Smart border detection
      • Good movement control logic
      • ✓ Variable Reset/Inversion (2/2)
      • Clean implementation in moveRandomly()
      • Good directional changes
      • ✓ Array Usage (3/3)
      • smallSpiders array well utilized
      • Good position management
      • ✓ Custom Function (3/3)
      • createSmallSpiders()
      • display() method
      • ✓ Object/Class Implementation (4/4)
      • Spider class
      • SmallSpider class
      • ⚠ Rotations/Translations (3/3)
      • Good push()/pop() usage
      • Could add more variety
      • ✓ Mouse Interaction (2/2)
      • Creative color control with mouse position

      Extra Credit Opportunities:

      1. Add keyPressed():
      2. Spider direction control
      3. Speed adjustments
      4. Implement mouseClicked():
      5. Spawn new spiders
      6. Change behaviors

      Great job! You've hit almost every requirement perfectly. The only minor improvement would be adding more varied transformations. Consider adding the bonus features to make it even more interactive!

    1. Technical Feedback (12/25)

      Successfully Implemented (12 pts)

      • ✓ Integer Variables (4/4)
      • Good use of movement variables:
      • rot, x, y
      • xSpeed, ySpeed
      • grassxMove, grassxSpeed
      • ✓ Conditional Statements (3/3)
      • Effective grass movement limits
      • Good reset conditions
      • ✓ Variable Reset/Inversion (2/2)
      • Smart implementation with grassxSpeed
      • ✓ Rotations/Translations (3/3)
      • Well-implemented push()/pop()
      • Good transform isolation

      Missing Requirements (13 pts)

      • ✗ for() Loop (0/3)
      • ✗ Array Implementation (0/3)
      • ✗ Custom Function (0/3)
      • ✗ Object/Class Creation (0/4)
      • ✗ Mouse Interaction (0/2)
      • No mouseX/mouseY usage

      Suggestions for Full Score:

      1. Add a for loop:
      2. Could use for grass repetition
      3. Or bunny multiplication
      4. Implement an array:
      5. Store grass positions
      6. Or bunny coordinates
      7. Create a custom function:
      8. drawBunny()
      9. createGrass()
      10. Add object-oriented elements:
      11. class Bunny
      12. class GrassBlade
      13. Include mouse interaction:
      14. Bunny follows cursor
      15. Click-based movement

      Your animation fundamentals are strong. The variable management and transformations show good understanding. Adding the missing technical elements would easily improve your grade.

    1. Technical Feedback (7/20)

      HTML Structure (2/5)

      • ✓ Main <h1> present
      • ✗ Missing subheadings (<h2>, <h3>)
      • ✗ HTML errors:
      • Missing </p> closing tags
      • Broken link syntax (<a"web"</a>)
      • Orphaned <li> elements
      • ✓ Images properly implemented with alt text
      • ✗ List structure needs parent elements

      CSS Implementation (4/10)

      • ✓ ID implementation:
      • #AncientForest
      • #EldersRecess
      • Others for layout
      • ⚠ Class usage:
      • .container used well
      • Missing second reusable class
      • ✗ Critical style errors:
      • Invalid: background-color: #rgb(255, 255, 255)
      • Incorrect: border-color: #red
      • Excessive z-index values
      • Overuse of absolute positioning

      Code Quality (1/5)

      • ✗ Major structural issues:
      • Missing closing tags
      • Broken link syntax
      • Invalid CSS color values
      • ✗ Layout problems:
      • Excessive absolute positioning
      • Unnecessary z-index stacking
      • ✗ Redundant CSS declarations

      Priority Fixes:

      1. Fix HTML structure:
      2. Close all paragraph tags
      3. Correct link syntax
      4. Add <ul> or <ol> for list items
      5. Add subheadings for better hierarchy
      6. Fix CSS syntax:
      7. Remove # from RGB values
      8. Correct color declarations
      9. Improve layout approach:
      10. Reduce absolute positioning
      11. Simplify z-index usage
      12. Add second reusable class
      13. Clean up redundant styling

      Your content and layout ideas are good, but the code needs significant cleanup. Focus on fixing the HTML structure first, then work on simplifying your CSS approach to avoid potential layout issues.

    1. Technical Feedback (8/20)

      HTML Structure (2/5)

      • ✗ Critical structure issues:
      • <div> inside <h1> (invalid)
      • Multiple <body> tags
      • Missing closing tags for <a> and <ol>
      • ✗ Invalid <frame> usage (should be <iframe>)
      • ⚠ Heading issues:
      • Uses <h1> and <h3>
      • Improper nesting
      • ⚠ Custom paragraph ID used instead of <p> tag
      • ✓ Images have alt attributes

      CSS Implementation (5/10)

      • ⚠ Problematic ID usage:
      • #heading
      • #heading2
      • #p (should be tag selector)
      • Split styles that should be unified
      • ✗ Class issues:
      • Invalid .container: syntax
      • Missing second reusable class
      • ✗ Style problems:
      • Redundant h1/h3 styles
      • Inline styles in <body>
      • Misplaced colons
      • Missing semicolons

      Code Quality (1/5)

      • ✗ Major structural issues:
      • Multiple body tags
      • Broken closing tags
      • Improper element nesting
      • ✗ Redundant styling
      • ✗ Invalid HTML/CSS syntax
      • ✗ Disorganized code structure

      Critical Fixes:

      1. Fix HTML structure:
      2. Remove extra <body> tag
      3. Fix tag nesting
      4. Close all tags properly
      5. Correct element usage:
      6. Replace <frame> with <iframe>
      7. Use proper <p> tags
      8. Fix CSS:
      9. Remove .container: syntax error
      10. Consolidate heading styles
      11. Move inline styles to CSS file
      12. Clean up redundant code
      13. Fix all closing tags

      Hi Collin, I really enjoyed your projects concept; however, your project needs significant technical improvements to function properly. Focus first on fixing the HTML structure and closing tags, then work on organizing your CSS more efficiently.

    1. But here’s the trick: show your hands. Bringing at least one hand into the camera view shows that you’re not browsing, typing, or doing anything but listening.

      I think this is an incredibly underrated strategy to show you're engagement towards the presenter. It's something that most don't think to do but I believe it's meaningful. In the back of the presenters mind (especially in a virtual scenario), they know that there is always going to be a handful of people that are not engaged. So by showing the speaker that they have your full intention, you are simultaneously improving the quality of their presentation. In turn, that individual will likely become a more confident speaker in the future.

    1. First, on account of the very species of the acts employed for the purpose of fun, and this kind of jesting, according to Tully (De Offic. i, 29), is stated to be "discourteous, insolent, scandalous, and obscene," when to wit a man, for the purpose of jesting, employs indecent words or deeds, or such as are injurious to his neighbor, these being of themselves mortal sins.

      I wonder what Thomas Aquinas had in mind here specifically. Was he thinking of violent games leading to injury, or of games leading to taunting and argument, or of gambling?

    2. I answer that, In all things dirigible according to reason, the excessive is that which goes beyond, and the deficient is that which falls short of the rule of reason. Now it has been stated (Article 2) that playful or jesting words or deeds are dirigible according to reason. Wherefore excessive play is that which goes beyond the rule of reason

      It seems that Thomas Aquinas's overall position is that games and play can play a positive role as an opportunity for rest from work and serious obligations when done in moderation, but that they can become problematic when done excessively and when prioritized over work, personal morals, and religion. Aquinas reaches this conclusion using theological arguments, and the purpose of this text seems to be to provide a theological perspective on games and play. This differs significantly from Isidore of Seville's writings on games which present information and opinion as fact rather than as debate/discussion (Cambridge University Press 371), and from FitzStephens writings on games and play, which approach the topic much more from a description of the mostly-positive ways in which he observed them in day-to-day life in Medieval London (FitzStephens, 1170s/1860).

    1. Technical Feedback (11/20)

      HTML Structure (4/5)

      • ✓ Clear use of <h1> tags
      • ✗ Missing <h2> and <h3> for better hierarchy
      • ⚠ Inconsistent paragraph capitalization (#Content P)
      • ✓ YouTube iframe well-implemented
      • ✓ Images properly formatted with alt text

      CSS Implementation (5/10)

      • ✗ No IDs used (need at least 5)
      • ⚠ Class usage:
      • .container used well
      • Missing second reusable class
      • ✗ Style issues:
      • Invalid syntax: margin-left:100x
      • Misplaced attributes outside CSS blocks
      • Redundant text-align:center declarations
      • ⚠ Font declarations improperly placed in h1 block

      Code Quality (2/5)

      • ✗ CSS organization needs work:
      • Attributes outside proper blocks
      • Invalid margin values
      • Inconsistent spacing
      • ⚠ Inline styles should move to CSS
      • ✗ Redundant style declarations

      Priority Fixes:

      1. Add 5 unique IDs for styling
      2. Create second reusable class
      3. Fix CSS syntax:
      4. margin-left:100xmargin-left:100px
      5. Move misplaced attributes into proper blocks
      6. Add heading hierarchy (<h2>, <h3>)

      Your layout and functionality work well. Focus on meeting the technical requirements (IDs and classes) and cleaning up CSS organization to improve your score significantly.

    1. Technical Feedback (8/20)

      HTML Structure (3/5)

      • ✓ Main heading (<h1>) used correctly
      • ✗ Custom tags used instead of standard <p> tags (<p1>, <p2>, <p4>)
      • ⚠ Links present but have syntax errors (missing >)
      • ✓ Image (elio2.jpeg) implemented correctly
      • ✗ Needs more section headings

      CSS Implementation (4/10)

      • ⚠ IDs implemented:
      • #containerone
      • #containertwo
      • #floatingpup
      • Need 2 more to meet requirements
      • ⚠ Classes:
      • .container used well
      • Need another reusable class (3+ instances)
      • ✗ Style issues:
      • Invalid syntax (opacity: .7.5)
      • Missing semicolons
      • Broken custom tag selectors

      Code Quality (1/5)

      • ✗ Invalid HTML elements (<div1>, <p1>, <p2>, <p4>)
      • ✗ Improper CSS formatting
      • ✗ Missing closing brackets
      • ✗ Invalid font-family declarations
      • ✗ Misused quotes in div1 styling

      Priority Fixes:

      1. Replace custom tags (<p1>, <p2>, <p4>) with standard <p> tags
      2. Add 2 more unique IDs
      3. Create another reusable class
      4. Fix link syntax
      5. Clean up CSS syntax (semicolons, opacity values)

      Enjoyed this project overall! Address the technical issues listed here and this will be a solid submission.

    1. More than half of the country’s 50 million K-12 students are people of color, and a similar rate receive free or reduced-price meals.

      Good stat to highlight about economic disadvantages and how they affect educational opportunity.

    1. Technical Feedback (14/20)

      HTML Structure (4/5)

      • ✓ Good use of heading hierarchy (h1-h6)
      • ✓ Paragraphs properly tagged
      • ✗ Two empty <p> tags need content
      • ✗ Missing navigation links
      • ⚠ Images work but need better organization

      CSS Implementation (7/10)

      • ✓ Multiple IDs used effectively
      • ✓ Good reuse of .container class
      • #rain1 ID exists in CSS but not in HTML
      • .container class missing style definitions
      • ✗ Layout issues due to undefined container styles

      Code Quality (3/5)

      • ✗ HTML syntax errors:
      • Missing > in <link> tag
      • Unclosed final <div>
      • ✗ Unused CSS selectors (p2, h2, #rain1)
      • ✗ Inconsistent margin spacing
      • ✗ Div structure needs optimization

      Key Improvements:

      1. Add navigation links
      2. Define .container styles
      3. Fix HTML syntax errors
      4. Clean up unused CSS
      5. Improve div organization

      Overall I really enjoyed your concept and visuals that reinforced the theme of the page. Focus on cleaning up the technical details and completing the missing style definitions to take this to the next level.

    1. (for we were all boys once)

      Although in context, this line seems to mean something to the effect of, "we were all young once", the use of the word "boys" does imply that FitzStephen was intending to write to a male audience. That does give a sense that gender roles were present in Medieval London, and that both physical play and scholarly reading were possibly considered to be activities for boys and men. It's interesting because although it's maybe not quite this explicit, gender does play a role in the way in which sports today are perceived as well.

    2. you can see their inner passions aroused as they watch the action and get caught up in the fun being had by the carefree adolescents.

      It's interesting how this section on ball games focuses on the joy, passion, and sense of community brought by ball games, while in The Etymologies of Isadore of Seville, the focus is much more on the rules and mechanisms of the ball games themselves rather than the ways in which they fit into day-to-day life (Cambridge University Press 371).

    3. On holy days, the schoolmasters assemble their students at the churches associated with the particular festival, for purposes of a training exercise. There the students debate, some using demonstrative rhetoric, others using dialectical logic. Yet others "hurtle enthymemes", while those who are more advanced employ syllogisms. Some undergo the debating exercise just to be put through their paces, it being like a wrestling match of the intellect; for others it is to help perfect their skills in determining the truth.

      I found this section to be really interesting. I love the comparison of debate to wrestling, a very physical sport. This way of viewing debate as falling into a similar category of activity to physical sports seems similar to me to the way debate is viewed as an activity today. It's interesting, too, how despite it encouraging a similar competitiveness to physical sports which were not always viewed positively (Milliman 609), debate here is shown as an activity very much encouraged by schools and by churches.

    1. even ask them whether or not they have voter ID

      I was shocked by the fact that ID is not mandatory in US. This is so horrible. And mailing your vote - OMG, hilarious...

      In Ukraine we have special people going with closed buckets from home to home if you have something going on with health, but no mailing!!

    1. cementum lines

      Cementum lines are growth rings in the teeth of animals, similar to tree rings, which help estimate the animal’s age by reflecting periods of growth and dormancy.

    2. habitat heterogeneity

      Habitat heterogeneity describes the variety and complexity of environmental features within a landscape. Diverse habitats can influence the risk of predation by providing areas that offer more or less protection for prey.

    1. On an internet without hyperlinks, where every post must be completely digestible in someone’s feed within microseconds of a user seeing it, your face, your physical body, is the last thing left that can connect across platforms. And creators like Cho have figured out that that’s one of the last reliable ways to keep their personas consistent across every platform they have to post on. It just so happens to turn out that the only impulse strong enough to still reliably motivate someone to figure out how to find your website is horniness.
    2. And because it’s not just porn that’s going through this transition from top-down platform to bottom-up creator, it also means that a lot of viral content is beginning to feel a little porny.

      affect of video production itself, too

    3. this breakdown between porn world and not-porn world is having strange side effects on culture.

      SEO speak and metadata slurry, too

    1. The financing strategy was widely used during the 1997-2010 Labour government, and finally ditched by the Conservatives in 2018 after several NHS trusts required bailouts stemming from the high cost of the PFI schemes. Existing contracts were untouched.A report by the National Audit Office, the spending watchdog, that year found taxpayers had incurred billions of pounds in extra costs for no clear benefit through PFIs, with yearly fees running at £10bn.PFI deals are on average 31 years long and generally involve the assets reverting back into public hands at the end. Nearly 71 PFI contracts worth about £4bn are coming to an end in the next four years. More than 300 PFI contracts will expire in the next decadeNumber of PFI contracts expiring, by financial year20502045204020352030202520200604020344 expirations344 expirationsSource: National Audit OfficeA common trigger for clashes when contracts near expiry is the condition of the assets, and the question of who should pay for any deficiencies.

      Oh, so this is useful and interesting because I remember hearing about these when they were first proposed. Essentially, one of the problems even when infrastructure revert to public hands is that it's in crap shape and it's not clear whose job it is to pay to fix it up.

    1. governments, businesses, and other organisations

      What knowledge, personal attributes or skills do you possess that you can offer to the benefit of this role/team?

      I have experience working in the private sector (i.e. businesses), public sector (i.e. government) and civil society (i.e. organisations) which which has strengthened to speak different organisational language and build relationships.

    1. Annotation 3: "Origin countries benefit most from labor migration when they make it an explicit part of their poverty reduction strategy... These benefits could be amplified by lowering the costs of sending remittances."

      This section presents an epiphany about the role of structured migration in poverty reduction. Understanding that migration, when managed properly, can contribute to economic stability through remittances and knowledge transfer offers a new perspective. This insight encourages a rethinking of migration as a strategic tool for poverty reduction rather than just a social issue. This thought connects with the inquiry question by reframing migration as a structured development strategy with tangible, targeted benefits.

      https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2023

    2. Annotation 2: "Climate change is compounding the economic drivers of migration. About 40 percent of the world’s population—3.5 billion people—live in places highly exposed to the impacts of climate change: water shortages, drought, heat stresses, sea level rise, and extreme events."

      This passage raises questions about the specific ways climate change contributes to migration patterns. It invites inquiry into potential policies that could mitigate climate-related migration. A question might be, "What strategies could both origin and destination countries employ to address climate-driven migration effectively?" This aligns with the inquiry question by prompting further exploration into how environmental factors intersect with migration policy.

    3. Annotation 1: "Migration has proved to be a powerful force for development, improving the lives of hundreds of millions of migrants, their families, and the societies in which they live across the world. But there are challenges as well—for migrants, their countries of origin, and their countries of destination."

      This passage addresses one of the main ideas of the text: migration as both a beneficial and challenging force in global development. It connects to today's inquiry question by exploring the dual nature of migration’s impact—both as a driver of progress and a source of issues that require careful management. The author seems to convey the necessity of understanding both benefits and challenges to implement policies that maximize positive outcomes.

    1. Additionally, social media might collect information about non-users, such as when a user posts a picture of themselves with a friend who doesn’t have an account, or a user shares their phone contact list with a social media site, some of whom don’t have accounts

      I don't understand how this is permitted. I feel like for people's data to be used by a company, they should at least have to recieve the benifit of using whatever service that company is provided.

    1. One of the main goals of social media sites is to increase the time users are spending on their social media sites.

      I find this to be a very disturbing and ethically questionable buisiness model. The fact that these companies are explicitly made to make society less productive is something I find very concerning.

  2. pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca pressbooks.library.torontomu.ca
    1. And this same flower that smiles today Tomorrow will be dying.

      The author is saying that the adulthood and youngness isn't always going to stay. Its here today but will be gone tomorrow. You have beauty today and everyone is attracted by your beauty today but they wont be anymore once your beauty is gone by tomorrow.

    1. When the limitation of consumption is combined with thisrelease of acquisitive activity, the inevitable practical result isobvious: accumulation of capital through ascetic compulsion tosave.

      What is left? Accumulation through ascetic compulsion to save

    2. For when asceticism was carried out of monastic cells intoeveryday life, and began to dominate worldly morality, it did itspart in building the tremendous cosmos of the modern eco-nomic orde

      Puritan values are now inflicted on everyone

    3. the psychological sanc-tion of it through the conception of this labour as a calling, asthe best, often in the last analysis the only means of attainingcertainty of grace.

      THIS>>>>

    4. Finally, it gave him the comforting assurance that the unequaldistribution of the goods of this world was a special dispensationof Divine Providence, which in these differences, as in particulargrace, pursued secret ends unknown to men

      UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF GOODS- result of divine providence

    5. The power of religious asceticism provided him in additionwith sober, conscientious, and unusually industrious workmen,who clung to their work as to a life purpose willed by God

      bourgeois also powered by industrious workmen

    6. A specifically bourgeois economic ethic had grown up. Withthe consciousness of standing in the fullness of God’s graceand being visibly blessed by Him, the bourgeois business man,as long as he remained within the bounds of formal correctness,as long as his moral conduct was spotless and the use to which heput his wealth was not objectionable, could follow his pecuniaryinterests as he would and feel that he was fulfilling a duty in doingso.

      bourgeois man, if he remained ethical, could morally justify financial pursuits

    7. This worldly Protestant asceticism, as we may recapitulate upto this point, acted powerfully against the spontaneous enjoy-ment of possessions; it restricted consumption, especially ofluxuries. On the other hand, it had the psychological effect offreeing the acquisition of goods from the inhibitions of trad-itionalistic ethics. It broke the bonds of the impulse of acquisi-tion in that it not only legalized it, but (in the sense discussed)looked upon it as directly willed by God.

      Protestant asceticism restricted enjoyment of possessions but also morally legitimized occupational labor

    8. Man is only a trustee of the goods whichhave come to him through God’s grace. He must, like the servantin the parable, give an account of every penny entrusted tohim,75 and it is at least hazardous to spend any of it for a purposewhich does not serve the glory of God but only one’s ownenjoyment.76

      expectation that individual spend all their money only on Godly things

    9. Old Testament morality was able togive a powerful impetus to that spirit of self-righteous and soberlegality which was so characteristic of the worldly asceticism ofthis form of Protestantism

      Job and mosaic law- God will bless his own and legitimacy of the law as moral standard- fueled Protestant spirit of self-righteousness and sober legality

    10. s astock remark about those good men48 who had successfully fol-lowed the divine hints

      Diction- use of divine hints - a righteous man takes up on the opportunities God has provided him

    11. The emphasis on the ascetic importance of a fixed callingprovided an ethical justification of the modern specialized div-ision of labour. In a similar way the providential interpretation ofprofit-making justified the activities of the business man.

      Calvinism found way to justify div of labour and profit making

    12. Hence the faithful Christian must follow the call bytaking advantage of the opportunit

      following call conflated with taking up of opportunities

    13. A man without a calling thuslacks the systematic, methodical character which is, as we haveseen, demanded by worldly asceticism

      calling is inherently systematic and methodical

      • interesting to consider how much quality non-methodical work exists in the world
    14. Even the wealthy shall not eat without working, for eventhough they do not need to labour to support their own needs,there is God’s commandment which they, like the poor, mustobey.

      wealthy should also work just because it is God's command and whatnot

    15. “He who will not workshall not eat” holds unconditionally for everyone.25 Unwilling-ness to work is symptomatic of the lack of grace

      lack of grace as in lack of status grace

    16. Labour is, on the one hand, anapproved ascetic technique, as it always has been20 in the West-ern Church, in sharp contrast not only to the Orient but toalmost all monastic rules the world over.21 It is in particular thespecific defence against all those temptations which Puritanismunited under the name of the unclean life, whose rôle for it wasby no means small.

      labor as defense against worldly temptations

    17. t does not yet hold, with Franklin, that time ismoney, but the proposition is true in a certain spiritual sense. Itis infinitely valuable because every hour lost is lost to labour forthe glory of God

      doesn't say directly that time is money but it translates well

    18. Waste of time is thus the first and in principle the deadliest ofsins

      BARS- deadliest sin is a waste of time

      I could literally think about this all day what the church has managed to truly demonize is wasted time

    19. The real moral objection is to relaxation in the security ofpossession,8 the enjoyment of wealth with the consequence ofidleness and the temptations of the flesh, above all of distractionfrom the pursuit of a righteous life

      relaxation seen as more of a danger than just wealth

    20. Hence he permitted them to employ their means profitably.Examples of the condemnation of the pursuit of money andgoods may be gathered without end from Puritan writings, andmay be contrasted with the late mediæval ethical literature,which was much more open-minded on this poin

      Puritan writings were anti-wealth in a way mediaeval ethical literature was not

    21. Wealth as such is a great danger; its temptations never end, andits pursuit 7 is not only senseless as compared with the dominat-ing importance of the Kingdom of God, but it is morally suspect.asceticism and the spirit of capitalism 103

      to Richard Baxter- wealth = morally suspect

    22. . But naturally, even in the first generation, the strictly apos-tolic way of life was not maintained as absolutely essential to theproof of rebirth for everyone. Well-to-do bourgeois there were,even in this generation and even before Menno, who definitelydefended the practical worldly virtues and the system of privateproperty; the strict morality of the Baptists had turned in prac-tice into the path prepared by the Calvinistic ethic

      like in all denominations- promoting ascetic way of life not sustainable and therefore feeding into Calvinistic worldliness

    23. The purpose of this silent waiting is to over-come everything impulsive and irrational, the passions and sub-jective interests of the natural man. He must be stilled in order tocreate that deep repose of the soul in which alone the word ofGod can be heard

      Baptists waiting for the spirit required things resembling Calvinists stoic action and character

    24. But all Baptist communities desired to be pure Churches in thesense of the blameless conduct of their members. A sincererepudiation of the world and its interests, and unconditionalsubmission to God as speaking through the conscience, were theonly unchallengeable signs of true rebirth, and a correspondingtype of conduct was thus indispensable to salvation. And hencethe gift of God’s grace could not be earned, but only one whofollowed the dictates of his conscience could be justified in con-sidering himself reborn.

      Despite distinction from other manifestations of Protestantism, Baptists sill needed to have blameless congregation. So, even though God's grace couldn't be earned and rebirth had a stronger tie to a single action, rebirth was incomplete or unjustified without continual good action

    25. Baptist communities, and this principle ofavoidance of the world never quite disappeared so long as theold spirit remained alive

      Baptists believed in a sort of avoidance of the world

    26. to resist its coming by a sinful attachment to the world.

      Spirit offered to anyone and accepted by resisting sin

    27. t consisted rather intaking spiritual possession of His gift of salvation. But thisoccurred through individual revelation, by the working of theDivine Spirit in the individual, and only in that way

      Baptists took spirit of salvation through individual revelation and working through Divine Spirit

    28. reated only a supplement to the pure doctrine of works, areligious basis for ascetic conduct after the doctrine of pre-destination had been given up

      Methodism- although emotional- still just resulted in world works for the Lord

    29. from our view-point the Methodist ethic appears to reston a foundation of uncertainty similar to Pietism. But the aspir-ation to the higher life, the second blessedness, served it as a sortof makeshift for the doctrine of predestination.

      methodists rest on uncertainty of salvation but aspiring to a sort of transcendence??? replaced pre-destination

    30. On the onehand by increased emphasis on the normative authority of theBible and the indispensability of proof ; 161 on the other by, ineffect, strengthening Wesley’s anti-Calvinistic faction within themovement with its doctrine that grace could be lost

      previous point led to two responses- stronger ideas of bible as only authority versus anti-Calvin ideas that grace is in fact earned and lost

    31. For thoseMethodists who were adherents of the doctrine of predestin-ation, to think of the certitudo salutis as appearing in the immediatefeeling 159 of grace and perfection instead of the consciousness ofgrace which grew out of ascetic conduct in continual proof offaith—since then the certainty of the perservantia depended onlyon the single act of repentance—meant one of two things

      methodism- in its emphasis on "the act" - posed issue with predestination doctrine for Methodists

    32. henever Wesley attacked the emphasis on works ofhis time, it was only to revive the old Puritan doctrine that worksare not the cause, but only the means of knowing one’s state ofgrace, and even this only when they are performed solely for theglory of God.

      Although Wesley attacked centralization of grace by works it was to clarify that salvation is not caused by works- even though works are necessary to identifying your own status of grace

    33. ecause it finally guarantees the certitudo salutis and sub-stitutes a serene confidence for the sullen worry of the Calvin-ist.

      it is difficult but guarantees the certitudo salutis and frees Calvinists of their worry

    34. pure feeling of abso-lute certainty of forgiveness, derived immediately from the tes-timony of the spirit, the coming of which could be definitelyplaced to the hour.

      Methodism required immediate feeling of forgiveness

    35. he methodical,systematic nature of conduct for the purpose of attaining thecertitudo salutis

      Methodism- methodical, systematic nature of conduct to attain certitudo salutis

    36. contrasted with other Churches lay in an activeChristian life, in missionary, and, which was brought into con-nection with it, in professional work in a calling, 143 remained avital force with them.

      the missionary- as opposed to the monk lifted up for their work outside church circles

    37. hese were: (1) that themethodical development of one’s own state of grace to a higherand higher degree of certainty and perfection in terms of the lawwas a sign of grace; 124 and (2) that “God’s Providence worksthrough those in such a state of perfection”, i.e. in that He givesthem His signs if they wait patiently and deliberate methodic-ally. 125 Labour in a calling was also the ascetic activity par excellencefor A. H. Francke; 126 that God Himself blessed His chosen onesthrough the success of their labours was as undeniable to him aswe shall find it to have been to the Puritans.
      1. nearing perfection of the law developed the state of grace and was a sign of it.
      2. He provides for his chosen who wait patiently and deliberately
    38. penetration of methodically controlled and super-vised, thus of ascetic, conduct into the non-Calvinistic denomin-ations

      Pietism entered- with the ethic of "the calling" - into non Calvinistic denominations

    39. han the mere worldly respectability ofthe normal Reformed Christian, which was felt by the superiorPietist to be a second-rate Christianity.

      emotions only heightened ethic of calling

    40. Moreover, the emotion wascapable of such intensity, that religion took on a positively hys-terical character, resulting in the alternation which is familiarfrom examples without number and neuropathologically under-standable, of half-conscious states of religious ecstasy withperiods of nervous exhaustion, which were felt as abandonmentby God

      Pietism had emotional element foreign to Calvinism

    41. t wished tomake the invisible Church of the elect visible on this earth.Without going so far as to form a separate sect, its membersattempted to live, in this community, a life freed from all thetemptations of the world and in all its details dictated by God’swill, and thus to be made certain of their own rebirth by externalsigns manifested in their daily conduct

      Pietism- movement away from heady church of theologians and invisible Christians towards the community distinct in the way the go about daily tasks

    42. Modifi-cations in the constitution of the Church resulted from theattempt to separate regenerate from unregenerate Christians,those who were from those who were not prepared for thesacrament, to keep the government of the Church or someother privilege in the hands of the former, and only to ordainministers of whom there was no question

      while you no longer needed to earn your salvation from God- you had to prove to the church that you deserved it and belonged to an IN crowd

    43. his conscious-ness of divine grace of the elect and holy was accompanied by anattitude toward the sin of one’s neighbour, not of sympatheticunderstanding based on consciousness of one’s own weakness,but of hatred and contempt for him as an enemy of God bearingthe signs of eternal damnation

      more us and then in pre-destination- drove towards hatred for the enemy

    44. he idea of the necessity of proving one’sfaith in worldly activity

      proving one's faith- not necessarily earning it- an endless pursuit not derived out of attaining something but closer to deserving what you've given

    1. When designers and programmers don’t think to take into account different groups of people, then they might make designs that don’t work for everyone. This problem often shows up in how designs do or do not work for people with disabilities. But it also shows up in other areas as well.

      I think it is important for programmers to make designs that can work for everyone. When designers and programmers overlook the needs of different groups of people, including those with disabilities this can lead to some users not being able to access there designs.

    1. For example, kids who are nearsighted and don’t realize their ability to see is different from other kids will often seek out seats at the front of classrooms where they can see better.

      Kids who are nearsighted may instinctively sit toward the front of the classroom understanding why they need to sit there. They are simply responding to their visual needs in a way that helps them engage better with their learning environment. I never thought of it this way but it makes sense.

    1. So we are going to win the war and we are going to win the peace that follows.

      In both speeches, he shows his belief that we will win the war.

    2. This Government will put its trust in the stamina of the American people, and will give the facts to the public just as soon as two conditions have been fulfilled: first, that the information has been definitely and officially confirmed; and, second, that the release of the information at the time it is received will not prove valuable to the enemy directly or indirectly. Most earnestly I urge my countrymen to reject all rumors

      He seems to be more urgent in this speech.

    3. We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way. Every single man, woman and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.

      Before in his December 8, 1941: Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War he made it seem more like we needed to rely on the army but now it's ourselves.

    4. The sudden criminal attacks perpetrated by the Japanese in the Pacific provide the climax of a decade of international immorality.

      His tone at the start of this speech differs from his December 8, 1941, Address to Congress Requesting a Declaration of War, which showed the changing situation between the U.S. and Japan.

    5. We Americans are not destroyers—we are builders. We are now in the midst of a war, not for conquest, not for vengeance, but for a world in which this nation, and all that this nation represents, will be safe for our children.

      He justifies his coming actions by asserting as being for the good of his people.

    6. We are now in this war. We are all in it—all the way. Every single man, woman and child is a partner in the most tremendous undertaking of our American history.

      Roosevelt expresses here the total commitment needed from every citizen.

    1. Mr. Vice President, and Mr. Speaker, and Members of the Senate and House of Representatives: Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan.

      His way of speaking at the start of this speech shows the importance of his words.

    2. With confidence in our armed forces—with the unbounding determination of our people—we will gain the inevitable triumph, so help us God.

      Here Roosevelt invokes divine intervention, asserting that they are backed by a higher power.

    3. No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory.

      This statement highlights the determination and resolve , projecting Americas confidence.

    1. Last Updated: August 7, 2023 Published: May 31, 2019

      The article was written nearly 5 years ago now but it was updated just over a year ago which goes to show how important the issue of Voter Restoration is in the democracy and how important it is to be more up to date with the information in this political environment.

    1. Florida Amendment 4, Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative (2018) From Ballotpedia Jump to: navigation, search

      The Voting Rights Restoration for Felons Initiative which was passed and approved in 2018 and it is something that will always be current in the topics that come up when talking about voting rights as in America, there is a very strained relationship between it's citizen and how they see felons because of the way that the Prison Industrial Complex is set up and the stigma surrounding people who have committed crimes. This article would definitely be a good place to start when it comes to the discussion on the topic and the overwhelming popularity for this amendment in Florida.

    1. whilst it has been argued that the event is inseparablefrom the sense to come of the proposition expressing it, this sense isdisplaced throughout the dimensions normally associated with theproposition and hence cannot finally be grounded in any of them.

      helpful

    2. primacyover signification (and thus, by extension, manifestation

      So this clarifies that signification has primacy over manifestation, which I suppose means that concepts have an inherited durability that antecedes the sage and affects their manifestation. This also calls into question the envelopment of the prior paragraph, because that sentence seems to imply the intentionality of the subject and control over signification. But perhaps I'm missing that that's only partly how it works - the clause 'this dimension also has a role to play.'

    3. constancy

      ...stability (temporary, partial, cannot be assumed) of the signified concept.

      then, desires and beliefs articulated in words depend on the primacy of concepts that make them significant. But desires are greater than the simple urgency of needs, and beliefs greater than simple opinions, so the quote points toward the congealment of a manifested [subject], someone formed by concepts (sense-events) that emerge out of prior sayables. But I find this quote does not at all establish the claim of the prior paragraph, which is making an altogether different point about the meaning (development) of words being independent of particular persons. And the tension between the subject who envelops signification and its later de-velopment is sloppy and seems attributed on the part of Bowden. 'signification... may also be developed (unwrapped) independently of any speaking person' - that's a fine point but I'm cautious about attributing it to Deleuze because it concerns the status of the subject which so far is thoroughly ambiguous, 'personal manifestation' - it seems to import much more general implications from a generic post-war continental philosophy.

    4. hiatus between sense or significationunderstood as the ‘condition of truth’, and the truth of the condi-tioned proposition in relation to the world.

      ok, that's a different direction - conditions of possibility (underlying assumptions?) versus execution of truth. I'm still holding out for a distinction between the truth of sense versus correct facts.

    5. it is generally agreed that it is, quitestraightforwardly, a question of denotation, that is, of the propo-sition’s ‘correspondence’ (or lack thereof) with a factual state ofaffairs

      Exactly - so how do we tease this apart? The truth of sense is not the same as denotative correctness. But what is the falseness of sense? A totally senseless comment is absurd, neither true nor false, but some superficially correct statements can be dangerously wrong if they carry along with them particular assumptions

    6. thanks to the Stoic ontological divisionbetween bodies and incorporeals – the reference and the sense of theproposition – the pure event can be said to subsist in the propositionwhich expresses it as the ‘sense’ or ‘sense-event’ of that proposition

      Note also that the proposition itself is body, not event. But it presumably is caused by the event of the sayable.

    7. the ‘sense’ of the proposition, understood as a ‘sense-event’, that is, as an effect of the way in which language is effectivelybrought to bear on itself.

      When a proposition - perhaps a speech act - characterizes an event it is language used in a particular way which composes the event of sense, much in the way Derrida says somewhere that the event of an utterance or of writing is the sentence. Might be interesting to look again at signature event context.

    8. events

      Kimmerer - the being of the bay, the event of the bay

    9. two points with regard to the logical dimen-sion of incorporeal sense to be related to the physical notion of theincorporeal event-effe

      incorporeal event-effect = sayable, the thing that can be said logical dimension = Sinn = sense-events, the extra meaning of any statement is an event constituted in relation to the sayable. Sinn is an event that captures the sayable, itself an event.

    10. Sense is something ‘extra’ – an altogetherdifferent type of entity – added on to or extracted from the actualutterance. It thus follows that in order to explicitly state the sense ofwhat I say, the sense of my utterance must be taken as the object ofa second utterance. But this second utterance also expresses a sensewhich is, in turn, not identical with that utterance

      tracking Derrida here

    11. incorporeal sense

      remember that paper I wrote I think for Ashley Thompson where I talked about the penumbral quality of things... But also th paper i wrote for Stephania in which the thing that exists is the thing (person) that continually is recreated - three papers now from early grad school I need to try to find!

    12. Zeichen-Sinn-Bedeutung

      Sinn could be sense or deeper meaning, meaning of life but also reason (eg senseless) or orientation, direction Bedeutung - dictionary definition, narrow meaning. these bear relevantly on my trying to figure out the meaning of meaning, mean, orientation, direction, intention - the etymology. Glass half full/empty - same bedeutung, very different Sinn. Zeichen = sign

      Oxford reference" Sign" - "Gottlob Frege invented a method of investigating the relationships in such a triangle through mathematical modeling. His terms for the three parts of the sign are Zeichen, Sinn, and Bedeutung. His study proceeded through a meticulous and mathematically strict analysis of synonymy and in a novel manner linked the logic of representation to truth relations."

    13. two are bodies – the utterance and the name-bearer; but one isincorporeal – the state of affairs signified and sayable, which is true orfalse.

      the event is a sayable in the sense that it is a [thing] that can be said. sayable /= the words but das ding.

    14. The predicate shouldperhaps be thought of less as an extra entity that appears on the scenethan as an aspect of the cut flesh which we abstract in order to present aproper causal analysis

      interesting, not totally sure I follow the ramifications

    15. For the Stoics, whena physical body acts upon another such body, it produces an effector event which is not itself a body but an incorporeal predicate orsayable, corresponding to the verb of the proposition

      helpful

    Annotators

    1. Managers engage in many different types of planning. In this section you’ll learn about the differences between strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans and how these plans relate to organizational goals.

      There are 4 common types of plans. strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency plans.

    1. Royal Strengthen Shift Springs KMM Typewriter by [[Phoenix Typewriter]]

      I picked this up from a repair manual, but good to see my reading was correct.

      Forming the tabs on the shift assembly inwards will increase the tension and responsiveness of the shift assembly on older Royal standard typewriters.

    1. Darfur conflict

      Conflict in which appx 200,000 people were killed in a conflict between the Rapid Support Forces and the Sudanese Armed Forces, located between the capital city of Khartoum and the western region of Darfur

    1. RSF is commanded by General Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo

      known as Hemedti or Little Mohamad - also holds position of deputy head of Sudan's ruling soverign council

    1. Since June the government of Sudan has been pushing into the Nuba Mountains. We have documented numerous cases of the Sudan army targeting civilian, burning villages, raping women and engaging in indiscriminate bombing of civilian areas.

      all familiar

    2. Sudan People's Liberation Movement-North decided to fight back in order to protect its people and achieve representation in the Sudan government.

      This is where our guy went

    3. peace agreement

      After 24 years of conflict between the people of Southern Sudan and the Sudanese government in an effort to create a democratic government in Khartoum, the nation's capital, a peace agreement was signed and separated North and South Sudan.

      The people of the Nuba mountains, fought for South for independence; yet after the peace treaty was signed their lives became increasingly dangerous.

    1. The conceptualization of a cooperative, interdependent Native environ-ment emerges from within Native space as a prominent trope in thespeeches and writings of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, reflectedin the metaphor of the “common pot.”

      The concept of cooperation and interdependence in Native culture means that man and nature coexist harmoniously and share resources together. It is fascinating to see such a topic in 2024.

    1. like a doe in the shade of a woodland rock. Sprawling at her lapped breasts, was her wide-awake fawn, stark naked, its black little body half lifted from the deck, crosswise with its dam’s; its hands, like two paws, clambering upon her; its mouth and nose ineffectually rooting to get at the mark; and meantime giving a vexatious half-grunt, blending with the composed snore of the negress.

      He is compairing people to animals yet again

    2. His hand, black with continually thrusting it into the tar-pot

      This would hurt so bad

    3. suddenly he thought that one or two of them returned the glance and with a sort of meaning. He rubbed his eyes, and looked again; but again seemed to see the same thing

      What is he seeing

    4. But if that story was not true, what was the truth?

      And again we inch closer and closer

    5. as if hiding something.

      we are getting closer to the truth.

    6. The Spaniard, still with a guilty shuffle, repeated his question:

      very interesting roles for master and servant

    7. The slave there carries the padlock, but master here carries the key.”

      Interesting, I dont think hes really carring it willingly

    8. a black man’s slave was Babo, who now is the white’s.”

      justice for Babo hes getting tossed around

    9. The black

      or ya know we could call him by his name

    10. An iron collar was about his neck, from which depended a chain, thrice wound round his body; the terminating links padlocked together at a broad band of iron, his girdle.

      Very strong man

    11. Again quivering, the Spaniard paused.

      Hes hiding something

    12. I know no sadder sight than a commander who has little of command but the name

      Because of his idea of a colonizer and how certain people should never be above others

    1. coloured cards on the floor or large table. Identify the user’s goal: say, to reserve a seat on the bus. Identify the high-level steps for achieving that goal, i.e. open the app, search for the appropriate bus and reserve a seat.

      Storyboarding is also a personal favorite of mine! While visualizing the problem and ideal future, it becomes easier to understand which solutions would help address the issue. Additionally, it is a great way to ensure that we are actually coming up with solutions that address the root causes. During EDUC 789, my teammates and I had different visions for how to address our wicked problem (or thought we did). When I felt we were getting stuck, I suggested that we all storyboarded our understandings and what we thought would address the issue. Doing this exercise helped us understand how to build on each other's ideas, while also realigning with our problem statement. After all, "a picture is worth a thousand words."

    2. Mind maps are visual diagra

      ​On a slightly different note, I love journey/process mapping. While it is commonly used in the initial 'Empathy' phase (although not limited to this), I think it is also a valuable tool for identifying areas for ideation. In fact, I once showed a stakeholder the process map I created about students' experiences before and during in-school therapy, and it was a valuable exercise. Not only did it help with identifying potential solutions, but it also clarified my understanding of the wicked problem's causes.

    1. activity areas are all next to each other and radiate from this social hub, something like a village commons

      What would be the hub on the farm?

    1. If the "Hanks Effect" was really so prominent, then we should see the commensurate rise in price of 5 Series Smith Coronas and particularly the Clipper and the Silent which he's also mentioned several times. In fact, he's said these would be the typewriter he'd keep if he had to get rid of all others. Given this fact, it has to be, in part, a variety of other factors which inflates the prices.

      Personally I think that it's a combination of the fact that they were manufactured at the peak of typewriter use and manufacturing and before companies began using more plastic and cheaper manufacturing methods, but were also done in a later timeperiod when exterior design and color were on the rise as a differentiator in the marketplace. Quality, form, and function become part of a trifecta which drive desire and collectability.

    1. What does it mean exactly to recognise properties and relations as objective entities?

      This is very close to what Bowden is saying about the Stoics in Logic and Sense